Children's encyclopedia History about Peter 1 read. Interesting stories about Peter I
Peter I Alekseevich - the last king of All Russia and the first emperor of All-Russian, one of the most prominent rulers of the Russian Empire. He was a real patriot of his state and did everything possible for his prosperity.
From Youth Peter I showed great interest in different, and was the first of the Russian kings who made a long journey through Europe.
Due to this, he was able to accumulate rich experience and conduct many important reforms that determined the direction of development in the 18th century.
In this article, we will consider in detail the features of Peter the Great, and pay attention to the features of his personality, as well as progress on the political arena.
Biography Peter 1.
Peter 1 Alekseevich Romanov was born on May 30, 1672 in. His father, Alexey Mikhailovich, was the king of the Russian Empire, and rules it for 31 years.
Mother, Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin, accounted for a daughter of a small nobleman. Interestingly, Peter was the 14th Son of his father and the first of his mother.
Childhood and Youth Peter I
When the future emperor turned 4 years old, his father Alexey Mikhailovich died, and on the throne was the elder brother Peter - Fyodor 3 Alekseevich.
The new king took up the upbringing of a little Peter, ordered to teach him to different sciences. Since at the time the struggle against foreign influence was carried out, his teachers were Russian devils who did not possess deep knowledge.
As a result, the boy failed to receive proper education, and he wrote to the end of his days with errors.
However, it is worth noting that the lack of basic education by Peter 1 managed to compensate for rich practical activities. Moreover, the biography of Peter I is notable for its fantastic practice, and not the theory.
History Peter 1.
Six years later, Fedor 3 died, and his son Ivan was to go to the Russian throne. However, the legal heir turned out to be a very painful and weak child.
Taking advantage of this, the family of Naryshkina, in fact, organized the state-screen. Having enlisted the support of the Patriarch of Joachim, Naryshkins have already made the king of young Peter the next day.
26-year-old Peter I. Portrait of Kneller's brush was donated by Peter in 1698 English king However, Miloslavski - relatives of Tsarevich Ivan, declared the illegality of such a transfer of power and infringement of their own rights.
As a result, in 1682, the famous Streletsky Riot occurred, as a result of which 2 kings were at the same time - Ivan and Peter.
From this point on, a lot of landmark events occurred in the biography of a young self-container.
It is worth emphasizing that from an early age, the boy was fond of military affairs. For his order, fortification structures were built, and real military equipment was involved in the staged battles.
Peter 1 put on his peers uniform and marched along with them on the city streets. Interestingly, he himself performed as a drummer going ahead of his shelf.
After the formation of their own artillery, the king created a small "fleet". Already then he wanted to dominate the sea and lead his ships into battle.
Tsar Peter 1.
Being a teenager, Peter 1 could not fully manage the state, so the reserve with him was a summary sister of Sofya Alekseevna, and then Mother Natalia Naryshkin.
In 1689, King Ivan officially conveyed all the power of his brother, as a result of which Peter 1 became the only full head of the state.
After the death of the mother, his relatives of Naryshkina helped him to manage the empire. However, soon the autocratic was freed from their influence and began to rule the empire independently.
Petra's Board 1.
From this time, Peter 1 stopped playing military games, and instead began to develop real plans for future military campaigns. He continued to lead the war in Crimea against the Ottoman Empire, and also repeatedly organized the Azov campaigns.
As a result, he managed to take the fortress of Azov, which became one of the first military successes in his biography. Then Peter 1 engaged in the construction of the port of Taganrog, although the fleet, as such, was still not in the state.
From this time, the emperor set aside by anything to create a strong fleet to have an effect on the sea. For this, he took care that young nobles can learn ship craft in European countries.
It is worth noting that Peter I also learned to build ships, working as an ordinary carpenter. Thanks to this, he received great respect among ordinary people who wanted him to work for the benefit of Russia.
Already then Peter the Great saw many flaws in the state system and was preparing for serious reforms, which forever give his name in.
He studied the state-owned device of the largest European countries, trying to adopt them all the best.
During this period, the biography vs. Peter 1 is a conspiracy, as a result of which the Streletsky uprising should occur. However, the king managed to suppress the riot in time and punish all the conspirators.
After a long confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, Peter first decided to sign a peace agreement with her. After that, he began the war from.
He managed to capture several fortresses at the mouth of the Neva River, at which the glorious city of Peter the Great will be built in the future.
War Peter Great
After a series of successful military campaigns, Peter 1 managed to open access to the Baltic Sea, which will later be called the "window to Europe".
In the meantime, the military power of the Russian Empire constantly increased, and Glory about Peter was rude throughout Europe. Soon eastern Baltic was attached to Russia.
In 1709, the famous, in which the Swedish and Russian army fought. As a result, the Swedes were completely defeated, and the remnants of the troops were captured.
By the way, this battle was greatly described in the famous Poltava poem. Here is a fragment:
There was that vague time
When Russia is young
In bors, the strength is straining,
Muddy with the genius of Peter.
It is worth noting that Peter 1 himself participated in battles, showing courage and courage in battle. With his example, he inspired the Russian army, which was ready to fight for the emperor to the last drop of blood.
Studying the relationship of Peter with soldiers, it is impossible not to remember the famous history about the negligent soldier. More about this.
Interesting the fact that in the midst of the Poltava battle, the enemy bullet shot Peter I hat, having passed in a centimeter from the head. This once again proved the fact that the autocrat was not afraid to risk his life for victory over the enemy.
However, numerous military campaigns not only took the lives of valiant soldiers, but also drained the country's military resources. It came to the point that the Russian empire was in a situation where it was necessary to fight at 3 front at the same time.
This forced Peter 1 to reconsider his views on foreign policy and take a number of important decisions.
He signed a peace agreement with the Turks, agreeing back to give them the fortress of Azov. Going to such a sacrifice, he was able to preserve many human lives and military equipment.
After some time, Peter the Great began to organize hiking to the east. Their result was the joining of such cities such as Omsk, Semipalatinsk and.
Interestingly, he even wanted to organize military expeditions to North America and India, but these plans were not destined to come true.
But Peter the first could brilliantly hold the Caspian campaign to Persia, won Baku, Derbent, Astrabad and many fortresses.
After his death, most of the conquered territories turned out to be lost, since their content was not profitable for the state.
Peter's reforms 1.
Throughout its biography, Peter 1 implemented many reforms aimed at the state. Interestingly, he became the first Russian ruler, who began to call himself the emperor.
The most important reforms on the importance of military affairs. In addition, it was during the reign of Peter 1 Church began to obey the state, which was previously never before.
Peter the Great reforms contributed to the development of industry and trade, as well as the departure from the obsolete lifestyle.
For example, he has fallen a wearing a beard, wanting to bump European standards of appearance to boyars. And although it caused a wave of discontent from the Russian nobility, they still obeyed all its decions.
Every year, medical, marine, engineering and other schools opened in the country, in which not only children of officials, but also simple peasants could be trained. Peter 1 introduced a new Julian calendar, which is used to this day.
While in Europe, the king saw many beautiful paintings that hit his imagination. As a result, on arrival at home, he began to provide financial support to artists to stimulate the development of Russian culture.
In fairness it must be said that Peter 1 was often criticized for the violent method of embodying these reforms. In fact, he forcibly forced people to change their thinking, as well as perform projects conceived by him.
One of the most vivid examples of this is the construction of St. Petersburg, which was carried out in the most difficult conditions. Many people could not withstand such loads and ran away.
Then the fugitives were in prisons and were there until then, until the culprits returned back to the construction site.
Peter I. Soon Peter 1 formed the political school and court organ, which was transformed into a secret office. Anyone forbidden to write in closed rooms.
If someone knew about such a violation and did not report the king about him - he was subjected to the death penalty. Using such tough methods, Peter tried to fight anti-government conspiractions.
Personal life Peter 1
Peter 1 loved to be in German Sloboda, enjoying a foreign society. It was there that for the first time he saw the Germans of Anna Mons, in which he immediately fell in love.
Mother was against his relationship with the German, so she insisted that he marry Eudokia Lopukhina. Interesting the fact that Peter did not move his mother, and took Lopukhin in his wife.
Of course, in this forced marriage, their family life could not be called happy. They had two boys: Alexey and Alexander, the last of which died in early childhood.
Alexey after Peter 1 should be the legitimate heir to the throne. However, due to the fact that Evdokia tried to overthrow the spouse from the throne and pass the power to the Son, everything came out completely differently.
Lopukhina was concluded in the monastery, and Alexey had to flee abroad. It is worth noting that Alexey himself never endorsed his father's reforms, and even called his despot.
Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei. Ga N. N., 1871 In 1717, Alexei found and arrested, and then suffered a death sentence for participating in the conspiracy. However, he died in prison, and with very mysterious circumstances.
By terminating the marriage with his wife, in 1703. Peter was first fascinated by 19-year-old Katerina (in the greatness of Martha Samuel Skavronskaya). A stormy novel has ringed between them, which lasted for many years.
Over time, they got married, but even before marriage, she gave birth to the emperor daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709). Elizabeth later became Empress (rules in 1741-1761)
Katerina was a very smart and insightful girl. She was able to reassure the king with the help of a caver and patience when sharp headaches occurred.
Peter I with the sign of the Order of St. Andrei of the First-Called on the Blue Andreev Ribbon and the Star on the chest. J.-M. Natsey, 1717. Officially, they got married only in 1712. After that, they had 9 more children were born, most of which died at an early age.
Peter the first truly loved Katerina. In her honor, the Order of St. Catherine was established and called the city of Yekaterinburg in the Urals. The name of Catherine I is also wearing the Catherine Palace in the royal village (built with her daughter Elizabeth Petrovna).
Soon, in the biography of Peter 1, another woman Maria Kantemir appeared, which remained the favorite of the emperor to the end of his life.
It is worth noting that Peter the first was very high growth - 203 cm. At that time, he was considered a real giant, and was headed above all.
However, his leg size did not comply with the growth. The autocrats wore shoes 39 sizes and was very narrow in the shoulders. As an additional support, he always wore a cane with him, which could rely on.
Death of Peter
Despite the fact that externally, Peter 1 seemed a very strong and healthy person, in fact he suffered from migraine attacks throughout his life.
In the last years of his life, it began to torment the renal disease, which he tried to not pay attention to.
At the beginning of 1725, pain became so strong that he could no longer get out of bed. The state of his health has deteriorated every day, and suffering became unbearable.
Peter 1 Alexeevich Romanov died on January 28, 1725 in the Winter Palace. The official reason for his death was inflammation of the lungs.
Copper rider - Monument to Peter I in Senatskaya Square in St. Petersburg However, the autopsy showed that death came due to inflammation of the bladder, which soon turned into Gangren.
Peter the Great buried in the Petropavlovsk fortress in St. Petersburg, and his wife Ekaterina became the heir to the Russian throne.
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Peter the first was born in Moscow in 1672. His parents are Alexey Mikhailovich and Natalia Naryshkin. Peter brought up nanny, he had a weak education, but the boy had a strong health, he had a sickness of all in the family.
When Peter was ten years old, His brother Ivan was proclaimed for reign. In fact, Sophia Alekseevna reigned. And Peter and Mother left for Preobrazhenskoye. There, the little Peter began to be interested in military activities, shipbuilding.
In 1689, the king was Peter I, and the Board of Sophia was suspended.
For his Board, Peter created a powerful fleet. The ruler fought against the Crimea. Peter went to Europe, as he needed allies that would help him to stand against the Ottoman Empire. In Europe, Peter devoted a lot of time to shipbuilding, the study of cultures of different countries. The ruler has mastered a lot of crafts in Europe. One of them is gardening. Peter I brought Tulips from Holland to the Russian Empire. The emperor liked to grow in the gardens different plants brought from abrade. Peter also brought Russia Russia and potatoes. In Europe, he caught fire the idea to change his state.
Peter I led the war with Sweden. He joined Kamchatka to Russia and the coast of the Caspian Sea. It is in this sea Peter I baptized people close to him. Peter's reforms were innovative. During the reign of the emperor there were several military reforms, the power of the state increased, and regular army and fleet were founded. And the ruler invests his strength to the economy and industry. Peter I has invested a lot of effort into the formation of citizens. Many schools were opened.
Peter I died in 1725. He was seriously sick. Peter handed over the throne of his wife. He was a strong and insistent person. Peter I made a lot of changes, both in the state system and the life of the people. He successfully ruled the state for more than forty years.
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In the Dutch town of Zalandam, on the shipyard, where the sea ships were built, one day a new carpenter appeared. Together with all he plasted the boards, scored nails, tuskled heavy logs. When a strict master duck him: "Hey, a carpenter Peter, go here!" He hurriedly robbed and residually listened to the orders. After work, he walked around the city for a long time, staining to see as much interesting as possible. In surprise, later residents of Zalandam were learned that the young carpenter Peter Mikhailov was actually Russian King Peter I, who went to an overseas travel. Not from idle curiosity went abroad. Young king. "I am a student and need teachers," he cut out on his personal press. And in fact, it was in fact it was necessary to learn a lot.
Three hundred years ago, in 1672, when Tsarevich Peter was born, there was not enough educated people in Russia. There were good connoisseurs of Latin and Greek languages, eloquent speakers, brave warriors, but almost no engineers and scientists. The army was poorly armed and trained, and the military fleet did not exist at all. It was necessary to bring Russia from backwardness, to build factories and plants, adopt new laws, attract energetic and educated people to the management of the state.
And King Peter studied himself and forced to learn his subjects. All changes in the country were conducted by order of Peter I and in his personal participation. In many ways, he was distinguished from other kings. It was an outstanding statesman, a talented commander and Flotodets, he participated in many battles. Peter I was an educated person, well knew mathematics, artillery and maritime business. He loved to work in a blacksmith, on the lathe, to carpent, follow. Contemporaries considered Peter the Best Ship Master in Russia.
With Peter I, Russia made a big step forward. Many manufactures were built - industrial enterprises of that time. There were schools, schools and the Academy of Sciences. The first newspapers appeared, the first permanent theater, the release of books was significantly expanded, including textbooks. A mighty military fleet was created. At the head of the army, educated officers stood. In the Poltava battle, Russia broke the Swedish army and returned to himself the coast of the Baltic Sea. Now the country has access to the sea, and she could freely trade with other states. A new capital was built on the disheveled coast - St. Petersburg.
Get acquainted with some features of Peter I: he had a height of 2 m 4 cm, he was strong - with his hands climbed horseshoes, filling silver plates. Peter walked so rapidly and so wide steps that the satellites barely slept behind him. He owned 14 crafts, in Holland, the king received the title of ship carpenter, in England - engineer. The French Academy of Sciences chose him with his member. In a complex international situation, Peter showed himself an outstanding diplomat.
Peter I was devoted to Russia, believed in her gigantic opportunities, and therefore he was not frightened and could not stop the failure. Almost the brightest feature of his personality was striking hardworking, which manifested everywhere. No wonder A. S. Pushkin called Peter I "Eternal Worker."
In the distant times of the reign of Peter I, you will transfer you to the book: Alekseev S. P. Satr. So.: V. 3 t. T. 1. M.: Dets. Lit, 1982. P. 10-156.
Dorofeev A.D. Ship paths. M.: Kid, 1989.
Crabaitilov V. A. Gangutsky fight. L.: Children. lit., 1989.
Many books are written about those transformations that have been performed in Russia in the first quarter of the XVIII century. and associated with the name of Tsar Peter I (1672-1725). Many artistic works are devoted to this outstanding statesman. But historians, and writers in different ways, sometimes exactly the opposite, they evaluated the identity of Peter I and the importance of his reforms.
Already contemporaries Peter I were divided into two camps: supporters and opponents of his transformations. The dispute lasted and later. In the XVIII century The great Russian scholar Patriot M. V. Lomonosov Slavs Peter, hesitated his activities, and a little later the court historian Karamzin, who was afraid of any change, accused Peter in the treason of "truly Russian" the beginning of his life, and his reforms called the "brilliant mistake."
In the middle of the XIX century, when it became obvious that the serfdom must be canceled, the reactionaries clinging for the taverged fasteners and autocracy, again fell against Peter. In transformations of that time, they saw the cause of all shocks experienced by the Russian monarchy. On the contrary, bourgeois historians - supporters of cancellation of serfdom - saw in Peter's an example of the king, if he wants to avoid the people's revolution.
Otherwise, the activities of Peter Russian revolutionaries were evaluated. At the end of the XVIII century. Radishchev, the enemy of serfdom and autocracy, saw in Peter's transformations not only their positive, but also negative side. He accused Peter in the final establishment of a despotic system.
Belinsky, Herzen, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov recognized the progressive importance of the reforms of the beginning of the XVIII century., Introduced Russia to European culture and accelerating its development. At the same time, the Democratic revolutionaries understood what unbearable severity was laying these transformations on the shoulders of the people, as they strengthened the unlimited power of the king and the serfdom.
What were the reforms of Peter, caused such hot spores?
At the end of the XVII century, when a young king Peter I was turned out to be in the Russian throne, our country experienced a turning point of its history. In Russia, then there were almost no large industrial enterprises capable of providing a country with weapons, tissues, agricultural instruments. But in England, for example, by this time the bourgeois revolution has already occurred and large manufactories increased rapidly (see page 413). Russia did not have exits to the seas - neither to black, nor to the Baltic. Russia did not have any other military fleet, which would protect her. The land army was built according to outdated rules and consisted mainly from the noble militia. The nobles reluctantly left their estates for military hikes, their weapons and military sweating lag behind the advanced European armies.
There was a fierce struggle for power between old, born boyars and seruners - nobles. In the country there were continuous uprisings of peasants and urban stands, which fought against the nobles, and against the boyars: after all, they were all feudals, serfs. Russia attracted greedy gazes of neighboring states - Sweden, Commonwealth. They were unused to capture and subjugate Russian lands.
It was necessary to reorganize the army, to build a fleet, master the coast of the sea, create a domestic industry, rebuild all the management of the country.
For the indigenous breakdown of the old lifestyle, a smart and talented leader was needed, an outstanding person. So was Peter I. He did a lot for the elevation and strengthening of the state of the noble landlords and the emerging class of the bourgeoisie. But Peter the least took care of the peasants, with it they were finally fixed.
In the backward Russia, where in the XVII century. There were only single manufactories, large enterprises began to be hurry. In the Urals there were ferrous plants. In the country, manufactory producing cloth for the army, a canvas for a sailing fleet, nails, glass, etc. On manufactory, everything was done by hand, without cars. The serfs worked here. Their work was so hard that they called Manufactory "hell", Katoroga (see p. 413).
It was necessary to provide a new industry with raw materials, army - food. Therefore, Peter I drew attention to agriculture. In Russia began to plant potatoes, grapes, crops of flax, tobacco, cannabis, sunflower expanded.
Twenty-one, Russia fought in order to strengthen on the Baltic Sea coast. K. Marx said that Peter I won just what was vital to the Russian state. In the course of the Northern War, the Russian army was reorganized with Sweden. She became regular, soldiers who came to the army in the recruitment sets were actually life in military service and were well trained in military business. A Russian navy was built (see p. 408). The new army and young fleet won a lot of victories. Among them are brilliant victories under Poltava in 1709 and at Cape Gangeut in 1714
Strengthening its power, Peter I relied on the whole class of feudal. He eliminated the difference between nobles and boyars. Now the nobles received the right to transfer their lands by inheritance. It was practiced before, but according to the law, the nobleman could own the estate only while I served as the king. In order not to crush the estates, the land was transferred only to one heir, and the rest of the noble "cheap" should have served. But they received no land for the service, but a cash salary, i.e. became officials. They monsterly depended on the king, served him faithfully, the king was relied on them, solely and self-disposable state.
It was Peter I created "Absolute Power" in Russia, nobody and unlimited. The old boyars of the Duma, with the help of which the Bogani Boyar tried to limit the power of the king, to divide the country's management with him, was destroyed. Instead, a higher institution was created - the Government Senate. There were robust orders, they were replaced by 9 (later than 12) colleges. Each person was strictly defined by the branch of the Office. Peter finally subjugated the church of secular power. A lot was done for merchants. They were transmitted state-of-manifacts, their trade was protected from foreign competition, the merchants received self-government - the city's town halls, the special college was engaged in the affairs of merchants.
Peter took care and that the noble "cheap" communicated to the knowledge, forced them to study in "Tsifi schools" and even special educational institutions (see p. 416). Fighting with "barbarism", Peter I organized the publication of the first newspaper - "Vedomosti", introduced a new calendar, in which the announcing was conducted, as in other European countries, from the so-called "Nativity of Christ", and the year began on January 1 (before The year began on September 1, and the year was conducted from the "creation of the world"). The first theaters were created, a civil font was introduced. War, construction, reforms required the tremendous costs of folk forces and means. All this was done primarily for the nobility and merchants due to the strengthening of the serfs, due to the labor nation. For cruel oppression, people responded with continuous uprisings. In 1705, Soldiers, Sagittarius, Posaly and Slave People rebelled in Astrakhan. They killed the warmer and "primary" people and created their government. From Astrakhan, the uprising was transferred to some other southern cities. The rebels dreamed of a campaign on the Volga to Moscow. In 1707-1708 The huge territory of Don, the Volga region and some central counties was covered by the peasant uprising under the guidance of Cossack Ataman Kondrati Bulavin. In the same 1708, Bashkirs rose. They could not make more exorbitant taxes, robbery and violence, which were reminiscent of the royal authorities. Other peoples of the Volga region and Priurally, Tatars, Mari, Udmurt joined Bashkiram. The uprisings were suppressed with the usual tsarism cruelty, the serf blowing was made more grave.
And yet the Russian state spent under Peter the reforms were forced to reckon with him in Europe and around the world. The transformations were aimed at overcoming the age-old backwardness of Russia.
Soviet historians gave an objective assessment of Peter I.. They noted the progressive importance of its reforms, but indicated their serfdom. The merits of Peter I are highly estimated. But the Soviet historians in all transformations were primarily seen not "Acts of the Great Tsar", but the case of the people. The people were great, who made this breakdown, stood in the fight against external enemies, strengthened Russia with his work.
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