The meaning of the word cardinal. Who is the gray cardinal? What does the expression "gray eminence" mean? Cardinals of the Catholic Church
In the structure of the Catholic Church hierarchy, the position is determined by the level of dignity. Cardinals are both a dignity and a position. The second degree of spiritual dignity after the Pope. Cardinals perform two main actions: they elect at a special college the viceroy of the deceased Pope and help him in the management of the most important affairs of the Catholic Church. In turn, the cardinals are appointed by the Pope. He also decides on their resignation: a petition is submitted for it after the cardinal reaches 75 years of age.
Collegium
- The entire number of cardinals makes up the college headed by the dean. She has three main roles.
- The College of Cardinals meets in a consistory (council) convened and chaired by the Pope to meet and discuss important issues.
- The College leads the leadership of the Catholic Church in the interim period after the death or resignation of the previous Pope and before the election of a new one.
- The College meets in a conclave to elect a new Pope.
Number of cardinals
The college in 1962 numbered 87 cardinals. This number was increased by Pope Paul VI in 1973 to 120. But today such a norm is not strictly observed and at the 2012 consistory, which was headed by the pope, the total number of cardinals reached 213 people. This is due to the formation of new titular churches and diakonias, for which cardinals of different ranks are required.
Ranks
The college is divided into three ranks: cardinals-bishops, cardinals-presbyters (priests), cardinals-deacons.
A clergyman of the episcopal rank in the college is the highest rank, to which a cardinal-presbyter, and occasionally a cardinal-deacon, is elevated. Their fixed number in the collegium since 1917 is six people. And until now, it remains unchanged. The Cardinal Bishop, the oldest of the ranks, is traditionally elected as the Dean of the College.
The College of Cardinal Priests is headed by the Cardinal First Presbyter. Due to the increase in the number of Roman titular churches, restrictions on the number of cardinals-presbyters in the college ceased to operate under Paul VI. Prior to that, their number was set from 1917 at 50 people. If there is a vacancy, those cardinal priests who are in the Roman ministry, taking into account their seniority, can be elevated to the dignity of cardinal-bishop. This action is performed only after the decision of the Pope.
The seven first deacons of Rome were installed by St. Peter (as recorded in the Liber Pontificalis). Rome in the 3rd century was divided into seven ecclesiastical districts, and a deacon was appointed at the head of each. Gradually, the number of Roman deaconies increased, and now there are 62 of them. Accordingly, a cardinal deacon is assigned to each. After ten years of service in their rank, they have the right to move to the rank of cardinals-presbyters. But they, with rare exceptions, are not allowed to become directly cardinals-bishops.
The Cardinal Deacon (Protodeacon) is the head of the College of Cardinal Deacons. In addition to his main duties, he leads the processions of the Papal services. There is a tradition: the Cardinal-First Deacon crowns by putting a tiara on his head. If a clergyman made two such coronations, then he can go directly to the rank of cardinal-bishop - this is an exclusive right. Since 1978, this tradition has not been applied, but it has not been canceled either. It is also the duty and privilege of the Cardinal-First Deacon to announce the newly elected Pope and to present him with a pallium, an ancient insignia of episcopal dignity.
Robe
The main elements of the external vestments of the cardinals are a purple robe and cap, symbolizing their dignity. Since 1245 and for a long time, only the red headdress was the external attribute of the cardinal dignity. The first was the galero, a wide-brimmed hat similar to those worn by pilgrims, with 15 tassels hanging from the brim. Canceled in 1969.
Biretta is a quadrangular beret crowned with three combs. He, elevating to the rank, the Pope puts on the head of the cardinal. This is a solemn and official headdress, and zuketto is considered everyday - a small cap covering tonsure, identical to Jewish yarmulkes, only with a small tail on the top of the head.
Other attributes
Items symbolizing cardinal dignity also include a red umbrella, a ring, a coat of arms and a throne, which is located in the church to which the cardinal is assigned.
Since the 19th century, the ring has become the most important external sign of the dignity of cardinals. This is a symbol of devotion to the Catholic Church. The gold ring is adorned with a sapphire, ruby or emerald. Outside there is a scene of a crucifixion, and inside is engraved with the coat of arms of the Pope, who appointed the cardinal.
Grey Cardinal
This is not a rank or a position. This nickname was given in the 17th century by Father Joseph (François Leclair), a French politician, secret commissioner and chief of the office of Cardinal Richelieu. In the world, the nobleman Leclair advanced in a military and political career. After 1599, having received tonsure in a monastery of the Capuchin order, he became a fanatical adherent of the Catholic faith. He became famous as a church reformer, a preacher, an influential spiritual person at court, who combined political and religious activities.
The courtiers called the monk cardinal and reverend because of his special unofficial powers and authority. And the nickname the gray cardinal indicated not only the color of the Capuchin robe, but also his implicit shadow deeds, and the fact that the monk was considered the shadow of Cardinal Richelieu. A few months before his death, he received the cardinal dignity.
Gray cardinals in politics and business are those who have exclusive influence and authority, but do not occupy major positions.
Cardinalis sanctæ romanæ Ecclesiæ(with lat.- "Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church"). In accordance with the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the functions of the cardinals include the election of the Pope at the conclave and assistance in the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church, which they provide collegially, performing advisory functions under the Pope during the consistories, and individually, leading departments and other permanent services of the Roman Curia and the Vatican City State. Taken together, the cardinals make up the college of cardinals (until 1983 - the Sacred College of Cardinals; despite the abolition of the epithet Sacred, it is still sometimes called so), headed by the dean.Ranks of cardinals
Title history
The history of the cardinals dates back to the first century AD. NS. - to the seven ancient deacons, chosen by the apostles and appointed to care for the needy Christians (Acts -6). Under the Roman bishop, the tradition of electing seven privileged archdeacons was preserved for a long time, who soon concentrated in their hands enormous financial, administrative and even spiritual power, since they were directly subordinate to the pope. Moreover, the popes themselves often depended on their closest and powerful subordinates - the papal archdeacons - who were respectfully called cardinals. The papal archdeacons did not lose the title of cardinal even when they were promoted in service, ordaining to presbyters and, further, to bishops. Over time, all cardinals began to be ordained bishops, but at the same time they received a double (parallel) clergy. That is, those Catholic bishops who bear the title of cardinal, in whatever part of the world they head their dioceses, are necessarily assigned to one of the parish churches of the city of Rome as a simple priest or even deacon.
"Lay Cardinals"
Until 1918, for appointment as a cardinal, it was not necessary to have not only episcopal, but also priestly dignity. Any man who was ranked only in the minor office of the Catholic Church could receive the rank of cardinal deacon. Such cardinals were traditionally called "lay cardinals" because they could not perform the sacraments and did not take a vow of celibacy, although they were clergy and received the first tonsure - tonsure. The last lay cardinal died in 1899.
Number of cardinals
The number of cardinals varied (in the XII century rarely more than 30, even went down to 7) until 1586, when, by decree of Pope Sixtus V, it was determined at 70 (according to the number of 70 elders of Israel and 70 disciples of Christ): of them 6 cardinals bishops, 50 cardinals-priests and 14 cardinals-deacons. As of March 2019, there are 222 cardinals, although according to the rules established by Paul VI, no more than 120 people have the right to vote in the conclave (as of March 2019, 122 cardinals have the right to elect the Pope). Cardinals-priests and cardinals-deacons bear titles after the names of the Roman churches and chapels to which they are nominated. In their own and subordinate churches, cardinals have episcopal jurisdiction and, in addition, many other privileges. Cardinals are appointed by the Pope, first in secret, and then in a solemn meeting of the consistory, with the observance of well-known rites. The pope can appoint cardinals, but for some time not announce their names, keep them "in his chest" (Italian in petto, lat. In pectore), and the seniority of such cardinals is kept from the day the pope announced the appointment. First appointed in pectore cardinals were Girolamo Aleander and Reginald Pole.
Information about the cardinals
Foreigners (non-Italians) who have received dignity cardinal on the recommendation of Catholic governments and representing their sovereigns at the papal elections, were called cardinals of the crown. The cardinals, together with the Pope, form the Sacred College, the dean of which is the oldest
In the Catholic Church hierarchy, as well as a person who has this dignity.
- ru (religious)
- - There is confusion among the people, screams, sobs, and now, at this very minute, he suddenly passes by the cathedral across the square. cardinal the grand inquisitor.
- ru (ornithol.)
- ru (ichthyol.)
- ru (mat.)
cardinal
m. the highest rank of the Catholic clergy, except for the pope, who is elected from among themselves by the cardinals.
Bird Tanagra. Cardinals belonging to him; cardanal, peculiar to them. Cardinal piece, lupik, rump tip of fried, boiled poultry, cupric. Cardinalism cf. the rank of cardinal.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
cardinal
cardinal, m. (Latin cardinalis - main).
One of the 70 highest clergymen of the Roman Catholic Church, appointed by the pope from bishops, priests and deacons, who help him in important matters and choose from among his midst a successor to the deceased pope (church). Cardinal's rank. Cardinals wear a red hat and robe.
Name of the red paint variety (special).
Name of the genus of American birds with red plumage (zool.).
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
cardinal
For Catholics: the highest (after the Pope) clergy, as well as a person who has this dignity.
unchanged The same as crimson (by the color of the cardinal's mantle). * The gray cardinal is a person with great power, but does not occupy a corresponding high position and remains in the shadows [by the name of the monk - Father Joseph, confidant, inspirer and participant in the intrigues of Cardinal Richelieu (mid-17th century)].
adj. cardinal, th, th (to 1 value).
cardinal
A, m. Small songbird of this. bunting with bright red plumage in males, inhabiting America.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
cardinal
-
Highest (after the Pope) clergy in the Catholic Church.
A person with such a dignity.
m. Songbird of the bunting family with bright red plumage at the male, living in America.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
cardinal
CARDINAL (from Lat. Cardinalis - chief) in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church is a clergyman who follows the Pope, a step higher than the bishop. Cardinals are the pope's closest advisors and assistants to the government of the church. Appointed by the Pope.
cardinal
a bird of the bunting family. Length approx. 20 Male is bright red. All in. America (USA, Mexico) and North Center. America.
cardinal
CARDINAL (false neon) fish of the carp family. Length up to 4 Golden stripe along the body, the middle of the caudal fin is bright red. In the fast flowing brooks Yuzh. China. Aquarium fish.
Big Law Dictionary
cardinal
(from Lat. cardinalis - chief) - in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, the clergyman following the Pope, a step higher than the bishop. K. - the closest advisers and assistants of the pope in the management of the church. Appointed by the Pope.
Cardinal
Cardinal- the highest cleric after the Pope of the Catholic Church, belonging to any of the three degrees of the priesthood. In Latin: Cardinalis sanctæ romanæ Ecclesiæ (Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church). In accordance with the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the functions of the cardinals include the election of the Pope at the conclave and assistance in the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church, which they provide collegially, performing consultative functions with the Pope during the consistory, and individually, leading the departments and other permanent services of the Roman Curia and the Vatican City State. Taken together, the cardinals make up the college of cardinals (until 1983 - the Sacred College of Cardinals; despite the abolition of the epithet Sacred, it is still sometimes called so), headed by the dean.
Cardinal (fish)
Cardinal- ray-finned fish of the carp family.
Cardinal (color)
Cardinal- bright shade red, so named because the robes of the cardinals were painted in it. Because of the coloring in this color, the name "cardinal" was given to the genus of birds.
Cardinal (grape)
Cardinal is an American table grape.
Cardinal (Church of England)
Cardinal in the Church of England is a title held by two high-ranking members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Paul in London. They are known as the Senior and Junior Cardinal. This term was used long before the English Reformation. In 1898, a complete list of cardinals was published.
Examples of the use of the word cardinal in literature.
But Councilor Albedo does not meet with anyone but the Pope and cardinal Lurdzamysky.
Dad nodded sadly: - Now we will listen cardinal Mustafu, cardinal du Noye, director of Isozaki and advisor to Albedo, and that's it.
Your suitors, daughters of Amati, are the fingers of dukes and bankers, cardinals and margraves!
At the end of the conference, in haste to return to Amiens, the king departed first, while Cardinal and both princes were delayed by some business for half an hour or a little longer.
In almost the same terms he wrote cardinals Aragon, Saniquatro, Ancona and Lavaglia.
In transparent jars fiery barbs were beating, cardinals, gourami, macropods, catfish, scalars and cockerels.
Richelieu was groundlessly accused even of the murder of Joseph's father, who allegedly sought to become a successor. cardinal.
Riesenkampf, Rajumsdal, cardinal Call, Wolf Claw, Demonic Gerla, abbot of strangers, Darkness, devils - all these are just vivid memories.
Julius appointed legate to Bologna cardinal Giovanni de Medici, wanting to keep Tuscany at gunpoint and quickly subordinate it to the rule of the Vatican.
Alexandra, don Cesare, cardinal Valencia, and don Giovanni, the standard-bearer of the Roman church, hating each other before Cain's fratricide because of an impure lust for his sister Lucretia.
If so, Olivares probably forwarded the treaty through the French commander in Catalonia de Brese, brother-in-law cardinal.
When Salviati and Buoninsegni wrote to him - one from Florence and the other from Rome - that the Pope and cardinal discouraged by the fact that Michelangelo still does not start work on the facade, he entered into an agreement with Francesco and Bartolomeo from Torano for the extraction of fifty new carts of marble, and the project of the facade advanced very little, determining only the size and shape of the blocks that were to be processed for him master masons.
And in fact: could France otherwise find herself in this war, if at that time he lived in it cardinal, on whose orders two of the Duke of Buckingham's pendants were despicably cut off once at a ball?
In the central pillar stood cardinal and looked at those who entered with glazed eyes with eyelids sewn to their eyebrows.