Types, species, molds of human thinking: abstract, visual, effective, figurative, verbal and logical thinking, scientific. Description and examples of visualistic thinking people with figurative thinking

Decision, speed and flexibility of thinking, developed intuition, the ability to overcome the inner brakes and fears - this is not a complete list of qualities inherent in a person with developed figurative thinking. After all, with shaped thinking, the ruling activity is dominated by the Western man oh as not enough.

Development of figurative thinking- We suspend everything for and against? To start:
Thinking is a reflection of reality mediated by the word.
Types of thinking:
in form(1. Vite-effective; 2. Vintage-shaped; 3. Abstract-logical);
the nature(1. Practical; 2. Theoretical);
According to the degree of exploration(1. Discursive; 2. intuitive);
According to the degree of novelty(1. Reproductive; 2. productive).

Fashionable thinking is carried out on the basis of images, ideas that a person perceived earlier. As we understand, these images are removed from the memory, or they can be recreated by imagination. And during our mental problems, these images may be transformed in such a way that as a result of work on them we can find answers to new tasks.

That is why the development of figurative thinking is so relevant in our time. The development of figurative thinking increases creative abilities and trains creativity. The difference of creativity from creativity is the essence of creativity in the fact that having certain patterns, the person of them can invent new, and creativity is conceptually new ideas, the ability to generate them.

But it should also be borne in mind that the development of figurative thinking and perception is completely different directions. Often people unite these concepts. Fashionable thinking deals with existing objects that have ever seen a person, and the imagination is to recreate the image of the shape, as well as inventing a completely new one.

The development of figurative thinking is complicated, but performing the task. What can you try? For example, imagine your cabinet in the smallest details. The image turned out to be bright? Can you now imagine other wallpapers? This is now involved and imagination together with figurative thinking. The development of figurative thinking can be trained.

With permanent training, you can then use figurative thinking and in vitality and goals. For example, apply the visualization of the goal, forming a mental image of itself in the process and achieving the result.

Fashionable thinking is a weighty component, in all kinds of human activity. The development of figurative thinking contributes to the rapid digestibility of new information, memorization and develops the flexibility of thinking.

You can also be interested in books in the direction

Postalovsky I.Z. - Training figurative thinking - Development of figurative thinking is one of those fundamental features of the human intelligence, to which the XXI century will provide special requirements. Without highly developed figurative thinking, it will be impossible to solve many problems of personality development and society. In the proposed allowance, an attempt is made to create a systematic course of training and development of figurative thinking based on targeted and comprehensive training of our receptors, spatial representation and imagination. The course has passed a long-term practical test and showed quite high results.

Hicks Esther and Jerry - the law of attraction - The development of figurative thinking contributes to the rapid digestibility of new information, memorization and develops the flexibility of thinking. The authors are confident that, having learned about the action of the Law of Attraction, we will understand that the reality surrounding us we will do our thoughts! Our figurative thinking can help it. After reading this book, you can learn how to create life at your own accord! Decision, speed and flexibility of thinking, developed intuition, the ability to overcome the inner brakes and fears - this is not a complete list of qualities inherent in a person with developed figurative thinking. You can get rid of all unnecessary, achieve what you dream about, to defeat your fears and, finally, understand what they really are trying to ...

Psychotechnics in the direction

Psychologists continue to argue about what kind of cognitive mechanisms are based on human thinking. When we pronounce or hear the words "Elephant", "Street" or "Face of a friend", then images pop up in our consciousness thanks to the auditorium. And what helps us design images of such concepts as "speed", "contact," kindness "? After all, these words do not have a specific picture. But if we try to "draw" the meaning of this word, then, although everyone has their own drawings, however, with such a task you can cope.

Fashionable thinking helps us:

• expand our associative row
• "See" the problem or the task as a picture,
• complete its missing elements
• convert a picture according to changed conditions or our ideas.

In a word, figurative thinking is a tool that gives us additional opportunities for solving problems and tasks.

Such live mental images

Is there any differences in the images that we build in your brain and real objects that these species spent? The question that is interested not only by scientists, but also, let's say, investigators who ask witnesses of the incident. Remembering, we add something to our images, too much, and something, on the contrary, we miss. If you try to specifically revive the image in your mind, you can understand how strong your figurative thinking is.

Trying this simple exercise: consistently imagine the following figures and evaluate their brightness over a 10-point scale (1 - very weak image, 2 - weak image, 3 - bright image. 4 - very bright image):

1. Car standing at supermarket parking.
2. The same car moving along the mountain serpentine.
3. The same car moving away.
4. The same car, but turned over the wheels.
5. The same car returned to normal.
6. The same car overtaking another car.
7. He is on the seashore.
8. This car, removing and gradually disappearing from the view.
9. He also racing at high speed.
10. He, as gently traveling in the dark with the included headlights.

If all the images were bright, then in the amount you should get 40 points. If you have got less than 20 points, it is worth thinking about how to develop a figurative thinking.

What is the reason for your "champagne"?

In children, the figurative thinking develops very actively, thanks to plot players and child fantasies. Is it possible to develop figurative thinking in adults? Is it too late to talk about brain training for persons from 20 years and older? The answer is positive, because during this period and up to 50-60 years in adults develop, the so-called fluid intelligence that allows the brain to be flexibly rebuilt under new structures and images.

Here is one of the useful exercises. For this exercise, you must imagine yourself ... in different professional roles. Any phenomenon of professionals explore depending on their professional interest. So, try to explore from different points of view, for example, "champagne":

• You are a sommelier, and you are interested, first of all, the taste and aromatic qualities of this drink. Imagine the tastes of different varieties of "champagne" that you have experienced. Remember their flavors. Compare, find the difference.
• You are engaged in advertising and promotion of "champagne". Imagine how his bottles look, labels on them, description on these stickers. Compare, find the difference.
• You are an artist who wants to draw champagne, splashing and an assignant in a beautiful glass. What will this picture look like on the New Year's table? And in the cellar of the manufacturers of champagne? And on tasting, at the wine market?
• And finally, the most, perhaps, complex task. You create champagne from different terms, mixing several different varieties of wine. Imagine how you draw from different sources and mix these ingredients, and how the blend is born in your eyes - a modist of the future drink.

Such exercises can be done with different objects, both simple (sprouts made through the Earth) and more complicated (ship). Each time, changing the position, you are differently constructing an image. The subject remains the same, but its images born in your brain, different. Useful brain training!

Experiments in the field of cognitive psychology, showed that it is best to reproduce (and, it means, it is longer stored in memory and easier recall) interrelated images. That is why the advice of mnemonics, like "Want to remember that you need to omit the letter by passing by the mailbox? Connect in memory box and letter, imagine a bright picture, as you lower the letter in the box. And your brain will finish on all the work: when you see the box, your brain will remind you about the letter. "

Therefore, using pictures, developing figurative thinking, adults train not only the ability to design images, but also a shaped memory.

Exercises for the development of associative figurative series were used, for example, in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalyst offered a client to read any word in the book and then passively following his unconscious, describe pop-up images.

Try and you run from time to time a free associative series. Stripping from, anyway, what image (the face of the passerby, the word in the book, the floral aroma or the sounds of music), let your brain generate visual images and structures at its discretion. Passively follow this next, making pleasant images brighter, and unpleasant - muffled.

Gradually, interfere in the process and manipulate images at your discretion -

• increase and decrease,
• close and move away
• color and change the shape ...

Such an exercise with fantasies will serve for the brain with a useful training.

In the service of creative thoughts

Fashionable thinking is a tool that allows us to mentally construct a non-existent reality or, otherwise, being creative, creative personalities. Therefore, the answer to the question is how to develop a figurative thinking in adults, this is also the answer to the question of the development of creative abilities. Our brain willingly produce stereotypes - so much easier for him to perceive the world. As a result, we surround themselves with stereotypes. And from childhood. Look, for example, how children draw a house or a New Year tree. Even they use stamps instead of living images. And adults and are preferred to operate as templates. How to develop and maintain in these conditions creative abilities and their foundation - figurative thinking?

One of the techniques of creativity is receiving agglutination - mental connection together with parts borrowed from different images. This is how the serpent of Gorynych (snake's body + bird wings) appeared (the body of the bird) and the hut on the chicken legs. This principle today has emerged beyond fiction and is used, in particular in Bionics - science, creating technical devices based on the principles borrowed from nature (so, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe submarine "prompted" dolphins).

One of the projective tests can be used to develop agglutination skills. Here is his task: "Draw a picture of a non-existent animal." Try this task. After some time, return to it and make an absolutely different picture. Try to increase the number of animal images every time. Who you are "borrowed" certain parts: Eagle wings, frog paws, ears and trunk elephant, scales of fish ...

If, of course, you are interested in developing and train your creative thinking.

Vite-shaped thinking is the process of solving problems, during which a person works with objects, only representing their visually, but, without interacting with them in reality. In other words, using a visual-shaped thought process, a person can move the image of a specific subject (for example, a TV) to any place (for example, to another part of the apartment during the rearrangement of furniture), and imagine how it will look there, while not moving it into reality.

Vite-shaped thinking: what it is

A distinctive feature of this type of thinking is to establish extraordinary links between properties and objects. It is necessary when a person wants to get something as a result of his activity, but at the same time he simply represents the situation, no matter how he did it and what happens in the end. For such a type of thinking, the right hemisphere of the brain is responsible.

According to the psychologist J. Piaget, the following steps can be distinguished in the development of a children's mental process:

1. Practical (sensorny). A child from birth and to 2 years old knows the world with the help of manipulations with objects.
2. Preoperative. Start at about 2 years old and continue up to 7 years. At this time, it develops, as well as the ability to see the image of the subject, performing various manipulations with it.

It occurs in 4-5 years, when kids are gradually moving when solving problems from a contact method with objects to work with their images in the mind.

IMPORTANT! A clear-shaped thought process becomes basic at the age of 5-6 years. At this time, to solve a specific task, the child no longer needs to be interacting with the subject, it can produce all its actions in the mind, on the mental level.

Development of visual figurative thinking

At the beginning of the preschool period, kids are able to solve problems associated with movement, the use of the object only with direct contact with it. Over time, they do not have the ability during the search for an answer not to affect the subject tactile, but emphasizes it in the mind.

The development of visual-shaped thinking is possible if kids can combine different parts of the items, move them, allocate the main signs in the mind. Already from 4 years, the kids fully formed the basic functions of the psyche, which creates a base for the intensive development of this type of thought process. It is at this time that it is important to train a child, and for this, special exercises are developed, which are divided into 2 groups:

Combinational

The main goal is to allow the child on the basis of a set of certain images to create something new. The source code can be the most different, from mathematical signs, alphabetic and digital characters, to complex geometric shapes.

Tasks are put differently. You can ask the child to create a man's figurine from digital and mathematical signs. Or provide complete freedom of action and see what it will happen. Such tasks include tasks for finding and restoring the missing element.

A good exercise is the game "Chessboard", in which it is offered from various particles to create a field, alternating them. You can organize the speed contests and gradually increase the field size.

Transformational

The purpose of such exercises for the development of visual-shaped thinking is to change the original, complete image, so that something new is as a result. Exercises with matches are most often used. The child is given an image made of matches or chopsticks. It is proposed to remove a few matches or shifting them so that a new figure is. For example, the source is a house, from which you need to check box, shifting sticks (matches).

Help speeds help. Participants are distributed by sheets with the "sh" letters drawn in the amount of 20 pieces. As a task, it is proposed to trust every letter so that a new subject appears. All 20 images must be recognizable and different. After completing the time settled on the task, it is a discussion on the recognition and originality of the created images.

As an exercise use group drawing. In this case, before drawing to put the task - create a nontrivial image. You can slightly narrow the theme and suggest to draw a non-existent monster or phone of the future.

For kids, you can offer the following exercises:

• draw the letter "sh" and try to turn it so that it turns out another letter of the alphabet. Must happen "E";
• describe a drop of dew, dawn, rainbow, toothbrush.

Thus, the ability to represent objects in the mind, move them, perform various manipulations, provides an opportunity for the preschooler to absorb the general principles of the existence of things and phenomena in reality. The level of development of visual-shaped thinking, which is achieved under the age of 7, is a basic contribution to the general process of forming the psyche.

Taking information from the surrounding world, it is with the participation of thinking we can realize it and convert. This is helped by their characteristics. The table with these data is presented below.

What is thinking

This is the highest process of knowledge of the surrounding reality, the subjective perception of its uniqueness consists in the perception of external information and transforming it into consciousness. Thinking helps a person to receive new knowledge, experience, creatively converting views that have already been formed. It helps to expand the boundaries of knowledge, contributing to the change in the existing conditions for solving the tasks.

This process is the engine of human development. In psychology there is no separate process - thinking. It will definitely be present in all other cognitive actions of a person. Therefore, in order to somewhat implement such a transformation of reality, the psychology has highlighted the types of thinking and their characteristics. A table with these data helps to better assign information about the activities of this process in our psyche.

Features of this process

This process has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other mental

1. Indirection. This means that a person can indirectly learn the subject through the properties of another. Here also involved types of thinking and their characteristics. Briefly describing this property, we can say that knowledge takes place through the properties of another subject: we can carry some acquired knowledge to a similar unknown subject.
2. Generalization. Connection in the total of several properties of the subject. The ability to generalize helps a person to know the new in the surrounding reality.

These two properties and processes of this cognitive function of a person accommodates the overall characteristic of thinking. The characteristic of thinking is a separate area of \u200b\u200bgeneral psychology. Since the types of thinking are peculiar to different age categories and are formed by their rules.

Types of thinking and their characteristics, table

A person better perceives structured information, so some information about the varieties of cognitive process of cognition of reality and their description will be systematized.

It will be best to understand what kind of thinking and their characteristics are, table.

Vite-effective thinking, description

In psychology, much attention is paid to the study of thinking as the main process of knowledge of reality. After all, this process has every person develops in different ways, it works individually, sometimes does not correspond to the age-related types of thinking and their characteristics.

Preschoolers in the first place comes visual-effective thinking. It begins to develop from infancy. The description of the ages is presented in the table.

Imagination

Types of thinking in psychology and their characteristics occupy an important place, since the age-related formation of other cognitive processes depends on their development. With each age stage, more and more mental functions are involved in the development of the process of knowledge of reality. In visual-shaped thinking, imagination and perception play a practically key role.

Verbal-logical thinking

It is carried out using logical manipulations with concepts. Such operations are designed to find something in common between different subjects and phenomena in society and the environment around us. Here, images occupy a secondary place. In children, the deposits of this type of thinking comes to the end of the preschool period. But the main development of this type of thinking begins in the younger school age.

Empirical thinking

The characteristic of the main types of thinking includes not only three types described above. This process is divided into empirical or theoretical and practical.

Theoretical thinking represents the knowledge of the rules, various signs, theoretical base of basic concepts. Here you can build hypotheses, but check them already in the practice plane.

Practical thinking

Practical thinking implies the conversion of reality, adjusting it to its goals and plans. It is limited in time, there is no possibility to study many options for checking various hypotheses. Therefore, for a person, it opens up new opportunities for the knowledge of the world.

Types of thinking and their characteristics depending on the tasks and properties of this process

Also divide the types of thinking depending on the tasks and subjects of the implementation of tasks. The process of cognition of reality happens:

• intuitive;
• analytic;
• realistic;
• autistic;
• egocentric;
• productive and reproductive.

All these species are more or less in every person.

In psychology, there are mainly three types of thinking: a clear-effective (specifically visual), shaped and abstract-logical (theoretical). The first two types are combined by the name of practical thinking. Visibility-effective is the simplest of the famous types of thinking, peculiar to many animals and probably dominated by primitive people. It can be seen in young children, starting from the sixth one - the eighth month of life. An example of such thinking is to get remote items by overcoming physical obstacles to them. If the child wants to take an attractive thing for him, which lies far and to which it is impossible to reach his hand, he can take advantage of this stick. If an attractive subject is high, a child can use a chair to obtain it. All these are examples of visual-effective thinking. It is the genetically the earliest kind of human thinking and, at the same time, the simplest look.

Phlegmatic has a high activity that is significantly dominant over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality. It is difficult to laugh and seal - when around loudly laugh, it can remain calm. With big troubles remain calm.

Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are inexpressive and slowed down, just like it. He having fun, hardly switches attention and adapts to a new setting, slowly rebuilds the skills and habits. At the same time, it is energetic and efficient. It is distinguished by patience, excerpt, composure. As a rule, it is difficult to converge with new people, weakly responds to the external impressions, the introvert, the disadvantage of phlegmatics is its inertness, low-liament. The inertness affects the cosiness of its stereotypes, the difficulties of its restructuring. However, this quality, inertness, has a positive value, promotes the foundation of the personality constancy.

Melancholic. A man with high sensitivity and low reactivity. Increased sensitivity with large inertness leads to the fact that a slight reason can cause hears from him, it is overly touching it is painful sensitive. Mimica and movement of him are inexpressive, the voice is quiet, the movement of the poor. Usually he is unsure of himself, the timid, the slightest difficulty makes him give his hands. Melancholic is unexigated, unstable, easily tires and is not much operational. It has easily distracted and unsustainable attention and slowed down the pace of all mental processes. Most melancholics are introverts. Melancholic shy, indecisive, timid. However, in a relaxed usual setting, melancholic can successfully cope with life tasks. It can be considered already firmly established that the type of temperament in humans is congenital, and from which properties of its innate organization it depends on the end, it is still not clarified.

From temperament, it depends on what way the person implements its actions, but their meaningful side does not depend on. Temperament is manifested in the peculiarities of the flow of mental processes. Effective on the speed of memories and durability of memorization, fluency of thought operations, stability and switching attention.