Accession of Elizabeth. Coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna The most legitimate of all successors
He could have become one of the greatest monarchs in Russian history, but fate decreed otherwise. The abolition of localism, a general population census, the introduction of household taxation - the most important reforms of his short reign, in their significance and relevance, are on a par with the great transformations of his younger brother, Emperor Peter.
One of the initiators of the creation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, a student of Simeon of Polotsk, poet, musician, “philosopher on the throne” - Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich - passed away on this day, 335 years ago.
The sudden death of the 20-year-old childless monarch gave rise to an active struggle for power between the Naryshkin and Miloslavsky clans, relatives of both wives of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. As a result, after the bloody events of the Streletsky revolt, a compromise was reached. The brothers of the late Fyodor Alekseevich, John and Peter, ascended the throne under the regency of their sister, Princess Sophia.
Fedor Alekseevich 1661 - 1682
275 years ago, on May 7, 1742, celebrations took place in Moscow on the occasion of the coronation of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.
“The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter the Great, but raised to the throne by the rebellious guards bayonets, she inherited the energy of her great father,” wrote the historian Klyuchevsky. “Raised among new European trends and traditions of pious Russian antiquity, she managed to combine the concepts and tastes of these opposing trends.”
Elizaveta Petrovna 1742
“Do you want your songs not to die? Then sing about the heart of man,” he said. “Love is the energy of life. Destroy love and our land will turn into a grave.”
He drew his inspiration from numerous trips to Europe. In his diary he wrote: “Italy replaced Oxford for me, and travel replaced all the faculties.”
May 7 marks the 205th anniversary of the birth of the English poet Robert Browning.
He was not very popular among his contemporaries, who considered his writing style too difficult to perceive, and the images he created too vague and confusing. However, as a recognized master of the dramatic monologue, Browning took one of the most honorable places in the pantheon of Victorian literature.
Robert Browning 1812 - 1889
Exactly 150 years ago on this day Vladislav Reymont was born. Polish writer, author of short stories, novels and poems, whose work combines the traditions of critical realism with elements of naturalism and symbolism.
Reymont's main creation is considered to be the novel "Men", which depicts rural life in Poland in class contradictions and psychological conflicts. For this work, as an “outstanding national epic,” the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1924.
As Per Hallström, a member of the Swedish Academy, noted, the novel “The Men” was “written with such skill, such a confident hand that one can easily predict its long life in literature.”
Vladislav Reymont 1867 - 1925
90 years ago on this day, Ruth Praver Jhabvala, a British and American writer and film screenwriter, was born. Winner of the Booker Prize and two-time winner of the Oscar for best adapted screenplay for the film adaptations of English novelist Edward Forster's works A Room with a View and Howards End. The only person in the world to be awarded both an Oscar and a Booker.
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala 1927 - 2013
On May 7, 1895, Russian physicist Alexander Popov demonstrated a radio communication session. This date was first solemnly celebrated in the USSR in 1925, and since 1945 the holiday has been celebrated annually.
Radio day
Empress Elizabeth
Empress Elizabeth reigned for twenty years, from November 25, 1741 to December 25, 1761. Her reign was not without glory, and not even without benefit. Her youth was not edifying. The princess could not take away either strict rules or pleasant memories from Peter’s homeless second family, where the first words the child learned to say were aunt, mother, soldier, and the mother was in a hurry to get her daughters married as soon as possible, so that in the event of their father’s death she would not have rivals in them for succession to the throne. Growing up, Elizabeth seemed like a young lady who had been raised as a girl. All her life she didn’t want to know when to get up, get dressed, have lunch, and go to bed. The weddings of the servants gave her great entertainment: she herself took the bride to the crown and then from behind the door admired how the wedding guests were having fun. In her manner she was sometimes too simple and affectionate, sometimes she lost her temper over trifles and scolded whoever she came across, a footman or a courtier, with the most unfortunate words, and the ladies-in-waiting got it even more painfully. Elizabeth found herself caught between two opposing cultural currents and was brought up among new European trends and traditions of pious Russian antiquity. Both influences left their mark on her, and she knew how to combine the concepts and tastes of both: from Vespers she went to the ball, and from the ball she kept up with Matins, reverently revered the shrines and rituals of the Russian Church, copied from Paris descriptions of the Versailles court banquets and festivals, she passionately loved French performances and knew all the gastronomic secrets of Russian cuisine to a fine degree. The obedient daughter of her confessor, Fr. Dubyansky and a student of the French dance master Rambourg, she strictly observed fasts at her court, so that the gastronomic chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin was only allowed not to eat mushrooms with the permission of the Patriarch of Constantinople, and in the entire empire no one better than the empress could perform the minuet and Russian dancing. The religious mood was warmed in her by an aesthetic feeling. The bride of all kinds of suitors in the world, from the French king to her own nephew, under the Empress Anna, saved by Biron from the monastery and the ducal Saxe-Coburgmeiningen slum, she gave her heart to the court singer from the Chernigov Cossacks, and the palace turned into a house of music: they signed up both Little Russian singers and Italian singers, so as not to disrupt the integrity of the artistic impression, both sang mass and opera together. The duality of educational influences explains the pleasant or unexpected contradictions in Elizabeth’s character and lifestyle. Lively and cheerful, but not taking her eyes off herself, at the same time large and slender, with a beautiful round and ever-blooming face, she loved to make an impression, and, knowing that a man’s suit especially suited her, she established masquerades at court without masks , where men were required to come in full women's attire, in wide skirts, and ladies in men's court dress. The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I, but raised to the throne by the rebellious guards bayonets, she inherited the energy of her father, built palaces in twenty-four hours and covered the then route from Moscow to St. Petersburg in two days, regularly paying for each driven horse. Peaceful and carefree, she was forced to fight for almost half of her reign, defeated the first strategist of that time, Frederick the Great, took Berlin, killed a lot of soldiers on the fields of Zorndorf and Kunersdorf; but since the reign of Princess Sophia, life has never been so easy in Rus', and not a single reign before 1762 left such a pleasant memory. With two large coalition wars exhausting Western Europe, it seemed that Elizabeth with her 300,000-strong army could become the arbiter of European destinies; The map of Europe lay in front of her at her disposal, but she looked at it so rarely that until the end of her life she was confident in the possibility of traveling to England by land - and she founded the first real university in Russia - Moscow. Lazy and capricious, frightened of any serious thought, disgusted with any business activity, Elizabeth could not enter into the complex international relations of the then Europe and understand the diplomatic intricacies of her chancellor Bestuzhev-Ryumin. But in her inner chambers, she created for herself a special political environment of hangers-on and storytellers, gossips, headed by an intimate joint cabinet, where the prime minister was Mavra Egorovna Shuvalova, the wife of the well-known inventor and projector, and the members were Anna Karlovna Vorontsova, née Skavronskaya, a relative of the empress, and some simple Elizaveta Ivanovna, who was called the Minister of Foreign Affairs: “The empress submitted all matters through her,” notes a contemporary. The subjects of this office were tales, gossip, gossip, all sorts of tricks and baiting the courtiers against each other, which gave Elizabeth great pleasure. These were the “spheres” of that time; important ranks and positions of bread were distributed from here; major government affairs were carried out here. These classroom studies alternated with festivities. From a young age, Elizabeth was a dreamer and, as a Grand Duchess, once, in a charming oblivion, she signed a business paper instead of her name with the words Flamefire... Having ascended the throne, she wanted to make her girlish dreams come true; an endless string of performances, pleasure trips, kurtags, balls, masquerades stretched out, striking with dazzling splendor and luxury to the point of nausea. Sometimes the entire courtyard turned into a theater foyer: day after day they talked only about French comedy, about the Italian comic opera and its owner Locatelli, about the Intermezzos, etc. But the living rooms, where the palace inhabitants left the magnificent halls, were striking in their crampedness and squalor furnishings, sloppiness: the doors did not close, there was a draft in the windows; water flowed along the wall paneling, the rooms were extremely damp; Grand Duchess Catherine had huge gaps in the stove in her bedroom; Near this bedroom, 17 servants were crowded into a small chamber; the furniture was so meager that mirrors, beds, tables and chairs were transported as needed from palace to palace, even from St. Petersburg to Moscow, broken, beaten and placed in temporary places in this form. Elizabeth lived and reigned in gilded poverty; she left behind in her wardrobe more than 15 thousand dresses, two chests of silk stockings, a bunch of unpaid bills and the unfinished huge Winter Palace, which had already absorbed more than 10 million rubles of our money from 1755 to 1761. Shortly before her death, she really wanted to live in this palace; but she tried in vain to get the builder Rastrelli to hurry up and finish at least her own living rooms. French haberdashery stores sometimes refused to sell newfangled goods to the palace on credit. With all that, in it, not like in its Courland predecessor, somewhere deep under the thick crust of prejudices, bad habits and spoiled tastes there still lived a man who sometimes broke through in a vow before seizing the throne not to put anyone to death and in fulfilling this vow decree of May 17, 1744, which actually abolished the death penalty in Russia, then in not approving the ferocious criminal part of the Code, drawn up in the Commission of 1754 and already approved by the Senate, with sophisticated types of the death penalty, then in preventing obscene petitions of the Synod on the need to abandon this the Empress of the Vow, then, finally, in the ability to cry from the unjust decision snatched by the machinations of the same Synod. Elizabeth was an intelligent and kind, but disorderly and capricious Russian lady of the 18th century, whom, according to Russian custom, many scolded during her lifetime and, also according to Russian custom, everyone mourned after her death.
13.11.2009: ANNIVERSARY OF THE SEVEN YEARS WAR (part 1)
December 18 (29), 2009 marks the 300th anniversary of the birth of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great (reigned 1689-1725) and Catherine I (reigned 1725-1727). Elizaveta Petrovna reigned for 20 years - from 1741 to 1761.
In 2007-2011 marks 250 years of Russian victories in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). In addition to Europe, the war also engulfed the colonies - North America and India, but there, far from its borders, Russia did not participate in the fight. Elizaveta Petrovna, seeing the danger in the European unrest, directed a blow precisely at the Prussia of Frederick II of Hohenzollern.
What do we know about the Seven Years' War? Now, alas, almost nothing. Under Stalin, during the Great Patriotic War and after the victory of 1945, the authors of military-historical works paid due attention to the Seven Years' War and Russian victories. With the onset of the “thaw”, those events were mentioned in passing, but maps of the war were not published. There was no separate chapter about it in the multi-volume history of the 18th century. They talked about the army and navy in general, rewrote pre-revolutionary generals, and denounced them, diluting plagiarism with a “class approach.” Finally, in the era of “glasnost” they stopped playing at even minimal patriotism. At Moscow State University, where, as you know, there is a “brotherhood”, the “masters” announced at lectures: “We do not consider the wars that Russia waged.”
Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. 1758-1760
Ust-Ruditskaya mosaic workshop. Russian Museum
What about abroad? In fascist Germany, for example, for the slightest criticism of Frederick II, already in 1935 they were fired from the university and prohibited from working as a teacher, testified the then US Ambassador W. Dodd.
On June 22, 1942, 13 German divisions launched Operation Frederickus II (Fredericus II), intending to dismember the troops of our Southwestern Front and reach the Oskol River. The Germans failed to achieve what they wanted. This offensive was part of Germany’s general plan to break through to the Volga, Stalingrad and the North Caucasus (I.Kh. Bagramyan. This is how we went to victory. M., 1988, pp. 354-358). As we see, the Seven Years' War and the Great Patriotic War are tightly connected.
In modern France, the Seven Years' War is not remembered. Pro-German foreign policy, the desire to please the United States, and internationalism within the country do not need the legacy of the old, monarchical France.
In England, the idol is still Thomas Carlyle, a Freemason, philosopher and historian dating back to the 19th century. He admired the Master of the Templars, Jacques de Mollet, Cromwell and Robespierre, Frederick II and Napoleon. Carlyle hated Louis XV (compared to an “animal”), the Marquise de Pompadour and the Prince de Soubise - they supposedly “wasted French blood” in the Seven Years’ War. The Duke de Broglio is terrible: “a veteran and a strict disciplinarian with the strong foundations of a sergeant major.” In short, they were all in the way of the lodges. Later we will understand how and why.
August 1 (12), 2009 - 150 years of our decisive victory over Frederick’s army at Kunersdorf on the Oder River at the height of the Seven Years’ War. “Russian” television, of course, did not remember this date - progressive-progressive “amnesia”, as in pan-Europe.
The Russian army was commanded by general-in-chief (=full general) Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov. Elizaveta Petrovna promoted him to field marshal general for the victory over Frederick. Ivan Ilyin correctly noted: “Since Peter the Great, Europe has been afraid of Russia; from Saltykov (Kunersdorf), Suvorov and Alexander the First - Europe is afraid (Ilyin’s italics - N.S.) of Russia" (I.A. Ilyin. Collected works. M., 1993. Vol. 2. Book 1, p. .65).
The name and deeds of Elizaveta Petrovna are suppressed or caricatured so that we forget about her reign - about the connecting era between the time of Peter the Great and Catherine II the Great (1762-1796), the 280th anniversary of whose birth was celebrated in 2009. Historian S .M. Solovyov came to the conclusion: “... while paying tribute to Catherine II, let us not forget how much inside and outside Elizabeth had prepared for her” (“History of Russia since ancient times.” Book XII, M., 1993. T. 24, p. 608).
Some call Catherine the Great “German,” ignoring her life, service to Russia, reliance on Russian talents and Russian people. She continued the work of Peter the Great, remembering him not for the sake of a nice word. And this is her best self-portrait. (In the 1990s, Peter was also “remembered” by naming one of the voucher funds after him!)
The famous Greek nationalist historian K. Paparrigopoulos (+1891) wrote that the educated Greek strata were looking for an heir to the throne among the Catholic dynasties of the West, but “the envoys of the people of Greece,” arriving in St. Petersburg in 1790, asked Catherine II to provide assistance against the Ottomans and give to the Greeks of her grandson Constantine, as “the successor to the family of our autocrats.” Orthodox people of the 18th century did not doubt the legitimacy of our monarchs.
Elizaveta Petrovna saved the Russian Empire from being pulled apart and transformed into the powerless “Holy Roman Empire” of that time - into a confederation of trading oases (the so-called free imperial cities), despotic principalities and bishoprics. For example, Salzburg was a separate state, ruled by a local Catholic archbishop. When they came from a military family, for example, from the Austro-Italian family of Colloredo, the line between the church and the barracks disappeared. Western biographers of Mozart do not mention that his fierce persecutor, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg Hieronymus Colloredo, has two uncles and a brother who were participants in the Seven Years' War. Moreover, all three are Austrian field marshals. In the same Austria, some of the lands were part of the “Holy Roman Empire”, and some were not.
Of course, this “sacred” German-speaking whim had nothing to do with the real, ancient Roman Empire, where St. Constantine adopted Orthodoxy as the state religion in 325. In the Middle Ages, the Germans wanted to become “Romans” and they established the “First Reich”. Amorphous, with elected emperors, it did not bother anyone, but it pleased pride, having existed until 1806. The capital of this “virtual” empire was not Berlin, but the insignificant Catholic city of Regensburg (now the south of Germany), where congresses of German princes, merchants and bishops - Reichstags (“imperial councils”).
Petrine Russia was a much stronger state. Many people don't like this. Their logic is simple: the strengthening of the Russian national imperial state is an absolute evil, and the formation of pan-Germanism and the British world power is a masterpiece of progress. Now, as in the 18th century, they find “pious” pretexts for attacks: Elizabeth was “born before the marriage” of Peter the Great and Catherine I and therefore had no rights to the throne.
But in the history of Western states, birth out of wedlock did not interfere with the recognition of the legitimacy of succession to the throne, nor did descent from mistresses who never became wives. Let us give the most important examples.
“The Sun King” Louis XIV (reigned 1661-1715) legitimized his children born from his deceased mistress, the Marquise de Montespan, giving them rights to the throne. The mother of the next king of France, Louis XV (reigned 1715-1774), was Marie-Adelaide of Savoy, a descendant of King Henry IV of France (1589-1610) and his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrée.
In 1731, Antonio Farnese died, ending the 200-year-old dynasty of the Duke-Sovereigns of Parma and Piacenza in northern Italy - direct descendants of Pope Paul III Farnese, founder of the Jesuit order. Cardinals and popes also became fathers: tales about “celibacy” (celibacy) and “asceticism of Catholicism” were exclusively for domestic Russian consumption.
So, “Christian” Europe, with its “chastity”, “legal traditions”, “humanism” - is it possible? But what about “despotic”, “loose”, “barbaric” Russia? A forgery, generously paid for, does not need a comparative history. To denigrate Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, any nonsense will do - in hardback and in mass circulation.
Friends of Europe are not at all concerned about the chaos into which the Russian Empire plunged under Peter’s worthless niece, Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), then under her niece, the ruler, Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg and their favorites (1740-1741). When Biron and Minich were no longer there, the Mengdens and the Saxon envoy Count Linar came into power, interfering in all Russian affairs. Behind the scenes was Osterman, whose origins are as mysterious as his coat of arms.
Julia Mengden was Anna Leopoldovna's maid of honor and confidante, and Linar occupied her heart. Her husband, Duke Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick, on the contrary, never captivated Anna Leopoldovna. Their son, the infant Ivan VI Antonovich, was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months in October 1740 and never reigned. First, Biron was the regent, and then Anna Leopoldovna.
IN. Klyuchevsky notes the murmur in the army and the people: “This was how the night guards coup was prepared on November 25, 1741, which elevated the daughter of Peter I to the throne. This coup was accompanied by stormy patriotic antics, a frantic manifestation of national feeling, offended by the domination of foreigners: they broke into houses where The Germans lived, and even Chancellor Osterman and Field Marshal Minich himself were fairly crushed. Guards officers demanded from the new empress that she rid Russia of the German yoke. She resigned some Germans. The Guard remained dissatisfied, demanding the total expulsion of all Germans abroad” (“Collected Works in Nine Volumes.” M., 1989. T.IV, p. 278).
Klyuchevsky adds: “During the patriotic reign of Elizabeth, Russian people of hereditary noble and Cossack origin stood near the throne, who did not share the boyar plans of 1730, but jealously guarded the interests of the class in which they were born or took refuge as adopted children” (p. 298).
Of course, the simple Cossacks Razumovsky, who became nobles under Elizabeth, cannot please either the “new Russians” or the Westerners. They are indifferent to the Razumovskys, their blessings to their native Little Russia and to the anniversary of Elizabeth Petrovna.
Elizabeth settled New Serbia with the Orthodox Serbs with the fortress of St. Elizabeth, which became the city of Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd), and Novomirgorod. The Serb settlers were mainly from Vojvodina, a region north of Belgrade. But in 1757, Serbs from Dalmatia, from the coast of the Adriatic Sea, also moved to Russia. They were led by Bishop Simeon (Koncarevich) of Dalmatia, expelled from his homeland by Catholic Austrians. Bishop Simeon died in 1769 in Kyiv, in the Peter and Paul Monastery.
Serbs served in the tsarist army. Little Russians who fled from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were allowed to settle in New Serbia (the Polish border ran along the Dnieper, turning west from the fortresses of Chigirin and Kamenka). Orthodox Greeks settled in Nizhyn, seeking refuge from the Ottomans. So Elizabeth, step by step, populated the old cities and conquered uninhabited lands from the Turks and Tatars, who took thousands of Slavic farmers into captivity, to the Crimea, to the slave markets.
Modern Ukraine, on the contrary, maintains a laudatory English-language website “Khan-Saray”: “The current successor of the Crimean dynasty, Caesar Giray, lives in England. He visited Bakhchisarai in 1995.” (www.hansaray.org.ua/e_geray_ist.html). That is, even under President Kuchma, who posed as a “friend of the Russians.” 2004 marked the 230th anniversary of Catherine’s victories over the Turks and the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace of 1774, but Kuchma did not notice this anniversary.
“New Russia” has its own anniversaries. Monographs praising Anna Leopoldovna and her Lutheran husband Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick, who received the rank of generalissimo from her, are proliferating.
He would not have been remembered if he had not been the brother of one of Frederick II’s generals, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick. The English Parliament granted Ferdinand in 1762, at the end of the Seven Years' War, a huge lifelong pension of 3 thousand pounds sterling for services rendered to England during the war. Since Frederick is der Grosse (“The Great”) for the Germans, then everything that surrounded him, from loyal generals to hardy horses, is in the light of his genius.
The Russian Empire would turn into a mirage under the rule of the Generalissimo - agent of Berlin. Frederick looked at Anton-Ulrich in this way, sending his close friend General Winterfeld, who was initiated into many secrets and later killed in the Seven Years' War, to St. Petersburg in 1740.
Elizaveta Petrovna is accused of vindictiveness, cruelty, and is called a “usurper” of the throne, allegedly trampling all legal and moral laws. The daughter of Peter the Great... seized the throne?! During the 20 years of Elizabeth's reign, the guard and army remained faithful to her, without making a single attempt at a military coup, i.e. she was not considered a usurper. This is a late myth, “squeezed” into the 18th century.
Anton-Ulrich and Anna Leopoldovna, sent by Empress Elizabeth first to the Riga Fortress, and finally under house arrest in Kholmogory, died there. Anna Leopoldovna in 1746, under Elizaveta Petrovna. Anton-Ulrich Duke of Brunswick in 1774, already under Catherine II. Widower Anton-Ulrich did not waste any time under arrest, having fathered other children.
The mentally retarded son of Anton-Ulrich and Anna Leopoldovna, Ivan VI Antonovich, spent his childhood under arrest, also in Kholmogory. And the rest of his life under a false name in a cell at the Shlisselburg fortress. He is now declared the rightful heir, whose life was ruined in Russia, deprived, as they say, of “European sophistication.”
The other children of the Duke of Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna, two sons and two daughters, were already sent by Catherine II in 1780 to Denmark, to the Danish queen, their relative. There they died in adulthood and were buried as Lutherans. The last of the sisters of Ivan VI died in 1807 at the age of 66, unsuccessfully asking Emperor Alexander I to... return to Russia and become a nun.
Alexander I did not answer. The fight with Napoleon was in full swing, and Alexander I did not want to give rise to new unrest by showing excessive mercy. And he did the right thing, not trusting the last representative of the Brunswick house. She, dying in Denmark, appointed two Danish princes as her heirs. Fortunately, they were smart enough not to lay claim to the Russian throne.
The Romanovs have long been falsely accused of cruelty and lack of “civilization.”
But didn’t King James II Stuart of England (1685-1689) execute his own nephew, the Duke of Monmouth, who laid claim to the crown? However, England is a “rule of law state”, and executions there are not executions, but exclusively acts of justice. In 1689, James II was forever expelled from England by his own daughter, Mary II, and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange. The deceit of relatives? No. “Glorious Revolution” - this is what is commonly believed in English historiography.
Or - “Iron Mask”, a prisoner with whom the jailers were forbidden to talk. So ordered the French “Sun King” Louis XIV. No one saw the face of the Iron Mask. There was no trial against him. Modern French researchers who studied the surviving archives were unable to establish who it was and why the authorities were afraid of him (the problem cannot be solved in principle). The prisoner was not executed; he died in 1703, buried under a false name and without witnesses. The ministers of Louis XIV, having outlived the king, refused to reveal the secret of the “Iron Mask” even to their relatives. This also intrigued A.S. Pushkin.
Finally, King Alfonso VI of Braganza of Portugal (reigned 1662-1667). In 1666 he married a French princess. Having become queen, on the advice of her Jesuit confessor, she fled from the palace to the monastery of Lisbon. Right there, in November 1667, the king’s brother, Prince Pedro, a friend of wealthy moneylenders - the “new Christians”, staged a coup. The court of the Catholic Diocese of Lisbon declared the marriage of King Alfonso VI invalid. He was forced to recant.
In 1669, he was secretly sent to the castle of Angra, in the remote Azores Islands. There, as a prisoner confined to a corridor, Alfonso VI lived for five years. The squadron then returned him to Portugal. He was locked in the royal palace of Sintra, in a room where he listened to mass through a crack, remaining invisible to everyone for another nine years, until his death in 1683. Why not Shlisselburg?
Prince Regent Pedro, Alphonse's brother, married his wife, a Frenchwoman who, as the scholastics assured, did not marry Alphonse. Pedro became King Pedro II. The kings of Portugal until 1910 and the emperors of independent Brazil until 1889 are his descendants.
So, in Portugal everything was legal - there was a court, and, as you know, in Europe it is always independent and incorruptible. The court's decision was approved by Pope Clement IX, and he is the “vicar of St. Peter,” a spiritual authority selflessly elected by the conclave. And in Russia there is an Orthodox Synod, as the “Euro-priests” say, “non-canonical” and “a servant of the autocracy.” Russian autocracy is “the right to rule without the right,” as one mossy Marxist, who became a “Euro-integrator” and a guest of Radio Liberty, assures the audience of Europe.
The chimeras imposed on the Russian people are by no means harmless, as they might seem. Mirages are also “politically expedient.” First of all, in the flow of mythology, Russian people must completely forget about the “imperial remnants” and “great-power chauvinism” of Peter the Great and Elizabeth Petrovna. Ivan Ilyin wrote about Elizabeth: “She rules in the spirit of Peter, but is deprived of his political genius” (I.A. Ilyin. Collected works. M., 1996. T. VI. Book II, pp. 503-504) .
The exaltation of empty names, from Anna Ioannovna to Anna Leopoldovna and her family, is according to the European pattern. There are still monarchs in Europe, but they do not interfere in anything, do not oppose the settlement of their countries by illegal migrants, do not interfere with the slave trade and drug trade, and enter into unequal marriages. However, the magnificent receptions, the issuance of prizes, the distribution of titles, the changing of the guard at the royal palaces - no changes. Appearance without will, a semblance of antiquity, majesty without grandeur - this is the ideal of the “progressive” monarch of Europe.
Elizaveta Petrovna and her famous parents do not have the slightest resemblance to the imposed ideal of a “cultured modern” monarch. Streams of slander are still pouring on Catherine I for any reason, but they never say why they hate her so much. One excitable Americanophile from the Caucasus finally said what was the matter. The memorable decree of Catherine I on civil and financial affairs causes rage.
Elizaveta Petrovna, having inherited the strong character of her parents, accepted their great-power policy as “hell and beech.” This is enough to turn her into a frivolous lover of dresses and theater, supposedly far from the subtleties of diplomacy and war.
However, it was she who, having ascended the throne, broke the attacking Sweden by force of arms. The lands to the northwest and west of Vyborg, including Friedrichsgam (now Hamina in Finland), went to Russia. The conditions of the previous Peace of Nystadt in 1721, concluded by Peter the Great after victories in the Northern War, were confirmed by a peace treaty with Sweden in 1743 in Abo (now Turku in Finland). This peace was signed by Peter the Great’s ally, Chief General A.I. Rumyantsev, promoted to count in 1744. He is the father of the famous Russian commander P.A. Rumyantsev, who later distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War, and even later in the wars with the Ottoman Empire under Catherine II.
Was Elizaveta Petrovna educated? Klyuchevsky lightly reproached her: “With two large coalition wars exhausting Western Europe, it seemed that Elizabeth with her 300,000-strong army could become the arbiter of European destinies; the map of Europe lay in front of her at her disposal, but she looked at it so rarely that until the end of her life she was confident in the possibility of traveling to England by land; and she founded the first real university - Moscow” (p. 314).
"Wow! Don’t know that England is an island...,” the “Russian intellectuals” will exclaim. However, this is not too much ignorance, especially against the general background. For example, the English freemason, politician, historian Henry St. John, known by the title Viscount Bolingbroke. A character from the famous vaudeville film “The Glass of Water” by French playwright Eugene Scribe (1840). Scribe's Bolingbroke is almost the real Bolingbroke (1678-1751), a master of detective and casuistry, a patriotic hypocrite and a loyal conspirator.
Bolingbroke, in “Letters on the Study and Use of History” (1735), did not even have a vague idea of the limits of the Russian Empire. He mentioned the “Tsar of Muscovy” without a name, and the “Muscovites” as a people, along with Peruvians, Mexicans and blacks (Indicative cit. M., “Nauka”, 1978, pp. 16, 63). Bolingbroke's knowledge of Russia, the then largest power in Europe and Asia, remained at the level of old reports of the English merchant "Moscow Company" of the 16th - early 17th centuries.
An “imperial guilt complex” is being imposed on us. But the Russian people have nothing to repent of. Let us recall the words of Klyuchevsky about Elizaveta Petrovna: “The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I, but raised to the throne by rebellious guards bayonets, she inherited the energy of her great father, built palaces in twenty-four hours and covered the then route from Moscow to Petersburg, regularly paying for each driven horse. Peaceful and carefree, she was forced to fight for almost half of her reign, defeated the first strategist of that time, Frederick the Great, took Berlin, killed a lot of soldiers on the fields of Zorndorf and Kunersdorf...” (p. 314).
There was no war on Russian soil. Elizaveta Petrovna did not wait for the enemy invasion, but was the first to strike the enemy.
Russian troops needed to cross the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which owned Belarusian, Little Russian, Polish and Lithuanian lands. It covered on all sides a separate part of the kingdom of Frederick II of Hohenzollern - East Prussia with Königsberg (West Prussia belonged to the Poles). The remaining major strongholds of Frederick - Brandenburg along the middle reaches of the Oder River with the capital Berlin, Pomerania and Silesia - also bordered the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, so much so that the Polish wedge separated Pomerania and Silesia. Prussia did not constitute a single whole, but was fragmented into many parts, down to tiny acquisitions. How did this stripe come about?
The Hohenzollerns are from the southern German city of Nuremberg, where they were “burggraves” (city mayors). One of them, Frederick VI, little known, became Prince of Brandenburg in 1417 by the grace of Sigismund, Emperor of the “Holy Roman Empire”. Sigismund is the son of Emperor Charles IV (1347-1378) and the daughter of Prince Boguslav V (1365-1374). Charles IV – Czech; he built the huge Charles Bridge in Prague. Boguslaw V ruled Polish Pomerania and the northeast of what is now Germany.
Burgrave Frederick VI, having received Brandenburg from the Slavs, quickly forgot about it, but immediately changed his number, renaming himself Frederick I - being a prince is more pleasant than being a burggrave.
In 1637, Boguslav XIV, the last weak prince of war-ravaged Pomerania, died childless. Soon the eastern, and later the western part of Pomerania (Pomerania) with the city of Stettin (since 1945 - Polish Szczecin) was seized by the Hohenzollerns.
East Prussia with Königsberg (now, after the victory of 1945, Russian Kaliningrad) are the former possessions of the defeated Teutonic Order, which became a subordinate principality of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These lands, as a wife's dowry, were received in 1618 by the next prince of Brandenburg. Already in 1631, a Masonic lodge arose in Königsberg - the so-called “German Society”. Recent archaeological excavations have brought many surprises, which they immediately stopped talking about - secret signs on stonework and Teutonic crosses, which, as is known, are similar to the crosses of the Templars.
In 1701, Prince of Brandenburg Frederick III, having joined the Anglo-Austrian camp for money, received a royal title from the Austrian Emperor Leopold I of Habsburg, head of the “Holy Roman Empire,” and immediately renamed himself “King of Prussia” Frederick I. His grandson - Frederick II. In the early 1740s. he “thanked” Austria by capturing Silesia with its capital in Breslau (since 1945 - Polish Wroclaw).
How did the Seven Years' War begin? The English king George II (1727-1760), also the prince of the North German state of Hanover, concluded in January 1756 the alliance of England with Frederick II - the so-called first Westminster, or Whitehall, treaty (later the second Westminster treaty was signed). Prussia went over to England for annual payments. This turned the policies of France and Austria upside down. For a century and a half they fought fiercely with each other. And suddenly, in May 1756, they became allies, concluding the first Treaty of Versailles (followed by the second and third). Both powers realized that a more dangerous enemy was growing out of their enmity - the Hohenzollern power.
On December 31, 1756, Russia joined the alliance of Austria and France, stipulating its non-participation in the Anglo-French war over the colonies. France became closer to Russia out of hostility towards Prussia. But Paris maintained its two-hundred-year alliance with the Ottoman Empire and did not promise to fight it on our side. French influence in Constantinople now did not fuel, but restrained the Ottomans, which puzzled them a lot.
Elizaveta Petrovna, not relying on diplomacy, sent Hetman K.G. to Little Russia. Razumovsky - to monitor the southern border of Russia. And no matter how much later Frederick and the British gave bribes to the Ottoman viziers, they, devouring gold, waited to see who would take it, but did not move.
The Russian-French alliance threw Sweden into disarray, where pro-French forces were strong and eager for war with Russia. Frederick in the 1740s I really hoped for the Swedes in their planned campaign against Russia. The alliance of France, Austria and Sweden against Frederick was concluded in Stockholm on March 21, 1757. Austria promised the Swedes Pomerania, once Swedish, and then part of Prussia.
The French king Louis XV ordered his ambassador to influence the Saxon-Polish king Augustus III and the Polish diet. The French and Austrians agreed to the passage of Russian troops through the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - to the lands of Prussia.
Elizaveta Petrovna took advantage of all Frederick's mistakes, which he did not pay attention to, considering his alliance with England an excellent strategy. Frederick arrogantly neglected the Russian army, confident that his generals could cope with it. But after the capture of East Prussia by Russian troops, he realized that he had underestimated the enemy.
During the Seven Years' War, Russia attacked Prussia from the east and northeast - from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, East Prussia and Pomerania, and finally from Silesia - from the southeast. The Russian fleet dominated the Baltic, defending St. Petersburg and assisting ground forces. Austria pressed in Silesia and from the south, from the Czech Republic and Saxony. France - from the west, from the Rhine Valley, and the southwest, from the Main River, reaching the center and north of what is now Germany.
England sent aid to Frederick through the North Sea and the coastal principality of Hanover. He dodged to avoid being crushed. But by the end of 1761, as we will see later, he was nevertheless pushed to the edge of the abyss.
The guise of Protestantism (the Calvinist or Reformed sect) poorly hid Frederick’s atheism. From various European countries, he invited immigrants, who by the end of the 18th century made up almost a third of the population of Prussia. Even from the wandering gypsies, Frederick established settled colonies, and as the French historian Lavisse wrote at the end of the 19th century, “... their descendants can still be recognized by their facial features, by their morals...”.
The German historian Delbrück in “The History of Military Art within the Framework of Political History” (Berlin, 1920; Russian translation: M., 1938. Vol. 4, pp. 228-229) writes about the Germans’ borrowing of many French military terms at the end of the 17th century . In 1688-1689 out of 1000 officers of the Brandenburg army, at least 300 were French emigrants (Calvinists), out of 12 generals - 4.
In 1768, after the end of the Seven Years' War, in the army of Frederick II there were 90 thousand mercenary foreigners and only 70 thousand Prussians. Delbrück admits: “Under such conditions, the stick becomes the main tool for training troops and a symbol of the contempt with which the common soldier was treated, especially in Prussia. This situation in turn caused the development of strong desertion and measures to counteract it.”
Wars needed money, and finding it required connections with relevant circles. German historiography does not touch this sensitive issue.
Frederick's chief lawyer and his “grand chancellor” in 1747-1755. there was Baron Samuel von Cocceji who went over to Prussia. Samuel's father, also a lawyer, a native of the trading city of Bremen, wandered from country to country, giving advice to various princes, and in 1712 he became an “imperial baron”, i.e. his title was recognized in all states that were part of the confederation - the “Holy Roman Empire”.
Among Frederick's mercenary cavalrymen there were also Mohammedans from Bosnia - the Uhlans (Uhlanen, Bosniaken). And one of his best field marshals, Moritz Dessau, died in 1760 from a wound received in the battle with the Russian army at Zorndorf in 1758. Moritz Dessau is the son of Prince Leopold Dessau. He hired himself into the service of Brandenburg back in 1695, for which he was nicknamed der alte Dessauer (“old Dessau”). I became interested in the pharmacist's daughter. She bore him three sons who made military careers, including Moritz. Retrospectively, the Austrian Emperor, as the head of the “Holy Roman Empire”, recognized the legal marriage of “old Dessau” and the pharmacist, and their children - the rights to the Principality of Dessau.
Another example of Frederick's cunning. Six years before his death, in 1780, he bestowed nobility on his officers, Lowe and Sehm. For this, Friedrich was praised two hundred years later, in 1992, by the New York Times in an article about the international families of the German aristocracy (translation from the Kaiser's Berliner Tageblatt - Berlin Daily Leaflet).
Remembering these and many similar cases, the current champions of the “purity of Aryan blood,” like their predecessors in the Kaiser’s “Second” and Nazi “Third Reich,” might not be proud of their origins from Wotan and the Nibelungs, denouncing the Russian Empire in a pseudo-Asian origin.
N. SELISHCHEV,
member of the Russian Historical Society
b) unscrupulous embezzlement;
c) senseless cruelty;
d) all of the above is true;
e) the dominance of foreigners in Russia.
13. Which of the following applies to Paul’s policies:
a) adoption of a charter to cities;
b) permission for landowners to exile peasants to Siberia;
c) secularization of church land ownership;
d) issuing a decree on three-day corvee?
14. A weakness for hunting, dogs and horse riding (not inferior to men in this) nourished:
a) Catherine I;
b) Elizaveta Petrovna;
c) Anna Ivanovna;
d) Anna Leopoldovna;
d) Catherine II.
15. Read an excerpt from the historian’s work and name the empress in question:
“The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I, but raised to the throne by the rebellious guards bayonets, she inherited the energy of her great father, built palaces in twenty-four hours and covered the then route from Moscow to St. Petersburg in two days, regularly paying for each driven horse . Peaceful and carefree, she was forced to fight for almost half of her reign, defeated the first strategist of that time, Frederick the Great, took Berlin, killed countless soldiers on the fields of Zorndorf and Kunersdorf... She also founded the first real university in Russia - Moscow.”
a) Anna Leopoldovna;
b) Anna Ivanovna;
c) Elizaveta Petrovna;
d) Catherine I.
The era of palace coups
Option 2
1. The daughter of Peter I Elizabeth, having reigned in 1741 during another palace coup, ruled:
a) during the year;
b) more than two years;
c) over 10 years;
2. Specify dates:
a) the creation of the Noble Corps;
b) the reign of John VI Antonovich;
c) the reign of Catherine II Alekseevna;
d) repeal of the Decree on Single Inheritance;
e) the reign of Peter II Alekseevich;
f) the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna;
g) organization of the Great Northern Expedition;
h) wars between Russia and France “for the Polish inheritance”;
i) the reign of Anna Ioannovna;
j) institutions of the Academy of Sciences;
k) the activities of the Supreme Privy Council;
l) opening of the first publicly accessible (public) theater.
1) 1725–1727;
3) 1726–1730;
4) 1727–1730;
5) 1730–1740;
7) 1733–1734;
8) 1733–1743;
9) 1740–1741;
3. Which of the Russian monarchs was on the throne for only six months:
b) Ivan VI;
c) Catherine I;
d) Peter III;
d) Boris Godunov?
4. Moscow merchants presented Elizaveta Petrovna with a large diamond on a gold plate and a large sum of money. This was a sign of gratitude:
a) for the nobility to obtain a monopoly right to distill alcohol;
c) granted a constitution for the territories under the control of the rebels;
d) all of the above is true;
d) only a) and b) are true.
6. Place the following events in chronological order:
a) creation of boards;
b) adoption of the Council Code;
c) drawing up an “Order” to the Statutory Commission;
d) the election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne.
7. In 1775, the government divided the country into provinces and districts with approximately equal numbers of male souls (300–400 thousand and 30 thousand souls, respectively). The number of provinces was:
8. Which of the following refers to the policies of Catherine II:
a) adoption of the Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility;
b) adoption of a decree on unified inheritance;
c) adoption of the Charter to the cities;
d) adoption of the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy.
9. The government of Catherine II issued a “Charter on the rights, liberties and advantages of the noble Russian nobility” in ... year:
10. “Order” for the Statutory Commission of 1767–1768. was written:
a) Catherine II;
11. Which of the following refers to the results of the activities of the Statutory Commission of 1767–1768:
a) adoption of a new Code;
b) approval of the Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility;
c) development of a Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy;
d) dissolution of the commission that failed to develop a new set of laws?
12. “Charter of Grant” to cities where the merchant elite received greater access to city government, exemption from poll tax and conscription, appeared in ... year :
13. Which of the following refers to the policy of Catherine II in the field of education:
a) opening of Moscow University;
b) the establishment of the gentry (noble) corps for the training of officers;
c) transforming digital schools into soldier schools;
d) founding of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy?
5. Which states, besides England and Russia, were part of the fourth coalition against France?
a) Piedmont and Türkiye;
b) Austria and Bavaria;
c) Prussia and Sweden.
6. In the fall of 1812, the plan was to force Napoleon to retreat from Moscow along the devastated Smolensk road. What were Napoleon's plans?
a) retreat along the Vladimir road;
b) retreat through Yaroslavl;
c) make a withdrawal through Kaluga and Tula.
7. Name one of the leaders of the peasant partisan detachment during the Patriotic War of 1812:
8. What form of government should Russia have adopted according to N. Muravyov’s project? ?
a) democratic republic;
b) autocratic monarchy;
c) constitutional monarchy.
9. Why were the Decembrists forced to act in December 1825 earlier than planned?
a) Alexander I suddenly died;
b) the unification of the Southern and Northern societies took place;
c) the plan for the uprising was ready and members of society did not want to waste time.
10. Who could a noble challenge to a duel?
a) a person of any class;
b) only a nobleman;
c) only equal in rank.
Russia in the first half of the 19th century
Option 3
1. What transport arteries of the country were in the first half of the 19th century? were the main ones ?
a) railways;
b) rivers and canals;
c) highways and dirt roads.
2. To whom was the throne transferred according to the Law on Succession to the Throne, issued by Paul I in 1797?
a) eldest son;
b) the emperor's wife;
c) the emperor's brother by seniority.
3. When was Alexander I’s rescript banning the activities of secret societies and Masonic lodges announced?
4. Who initiated the creation of military settlements in Russia?
b) A. X. Benkendorf;
5. According to the Treaty of Tilsit between Russia and France:
a) Russia paid indemnity to France;
b) the Russian army was limited in number;
c) Russia became an ally of France against England.
6. M . I. Kutuzov was out of favor with Alexander I; however, the latter appointed him commander-in-chief of the Russian army in 1812. Why was this decision made?
a) due to disagreements in the command of the Russian army and the need to appoint a person who enjoyed generally recognized authority;
b) with the fact that no one else could lead the Russian army;
c) at the request of the people and the army.
7. After the defeat on the Berezina River, Napoleon abandoned his army. Where did it happen?
c) in Vilna.
8. Where was the Northern Society of Decembrists formed?
a) in Moscow;
b) in St. Petersburg;
c) in Pskov.
9. When did the uprising of the Chernigov regiment take place?
10. Which of the following belonged to the class of Russian nobility in the 19th century?
a) Georgian princes, khans and beks of annexed Turkestan;
b) all officials from class XIV according to the “Table of Ranks”;
c) all teachers of gymnasiums, secondary schools and higher educational institutions.
Test 2
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 1
1. Who in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. was the monopoly owner of the land?
a) church;
b) nobles;
c) officials.
2. In 1837–1841. carried out an administrative reform, as a result of which state peasants:
a) became legally free landowners;
b) fell under the power of landowners;
c) became monastic peasants.
4. What is included in the concept of the “Eastern Question”?
a) the struggle for Iran to join Russia;
b) establishing peace in the East;
c) contradictions between European powers regarding the division of the Ottoman Empire.
5. The Caucasian War ended in ... year:
6. Which Russian doctor used anesthesia during the Crimean War?
7. Indicate one of the ranks of the white clergy:
b) metropolitan;
c) archimandrite.
8. How many universities were there in Russia in the first half of the 19th century?
9. Which printing houses predominated in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century?
a) state-owned;
b) private;
c) with mixed capital.
11. Why did Nicholas I ascend the Russian throne in December 1825, and not his older brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich?
a) the legal heir Constantine voluntarily renounced the throne;
b) the guard forced the legal heir of Constantine to abdicate the throne;
c) the palace intrigue in favor of Nicholas I was a success.
12. What happened in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. the main means of delivering goods?
c) horse-drawn transport.
13. Which of the Russian utopian socialists collaborated in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski?
14. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Iranian war in the second quarter of the 19th century:
a) 1826–1828;
b) 1828–1831;
c) 1834–1836.
15. For what purpose was the London Convention concluded between Russia, England, Austria, Prussia and Turkey?
a) for the purpose of a joint attack on Iran;
b) for the purpose of providing collective assistance to the Turkish Sultan against the Egyptian Pasha;
c) in order to maintain peace in the Middle East.
16. Which work reflects the events of the Crimean War?
a) in “Favorite”;
b) in “Sevastopol Stories”;
c) in Port Arthur.
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 2
1. Which European country was the main importer of goods from Russia in the first half of the 19th century?
a) England;
b) France;
c) Prussia.
2. Who was directly subordinate to the political police (III Department) during the reign of Nicholas I?
a) the Minister of Police;
b) the Minister of Internal Affairs;
c) Emperor Nicholas I.
3. What is Slavophilism?
a) religious movement;
b) the idea of the superiority of the Slavic race;
c) the theory of a special path of development of Russia.
4. When was the Treaty of Adrianople signed between Russia and Turkey?
a) In 1828;
5. What ideal of a ruler did Nicholas I adhere to?
a) constitutional monarch;
b) sovereign knight;
c) sovereign commander.
6. Who led the uprising in Poland in 1830?
a) patriotic circles of the gentry;
b) Catholic Church;
c) peasantry.
7. Who are Westerners?
a) religious sect;
b) representatives of Western European countries - investors in Russia;
c) supporters of the Western European path of development of Russia.
8. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Turkish war in the second quarter of the 19th century:
a) 1828–1829;
b) 1827–1828;
c) 1829–1830.
9. What is the name of the book by A. de Custine, who described the Russian Empire in the era of Nicholas I?
a) “Russia in 1839”;
b) “Russia in the Dark”;
c) “Colossus with feet of clay.”
10. Russia faced the interests of which European state in the Middle East in the second quarter of the 19th century?
a) England;
b) Austria;
c) Italy.
11. Which of the following was a Westerner?
12. What was Russia’s position in relation to the Greek national liberation movement of the 1820s?
a) maintained a position of neutrality;
b) helped suppress the Greek uprising;
c) provided diplomatic and military assistance to the Greek rebels.
13. How did the Caucasian War end in 1864?
a) the capture of Kbaadu by Russian troops;
b) the arrest of Shamil in Gunib;
c) the capture of Kars by Russian troops.
14. What is fast food?
a) food for newlyweds;
b) royal treat;
c) food consumed during fasting.
15. What was the reason for the start of the Crimean War?
a) the demand of Nicholas I to place all Orthodox Christians in Turkey under his protection;
b) insulting the Russian ambassador in Turkey;
c) regular Cossack raids on Turkish villages.
16. Which lyceum did you study at?
a) in Nezhinsky;
b) in Demidovsky;
c) in the Imperial Alexandrovsky.
17. Which famous Russian surgeon participated in the defense of Sevastopol?
18. Russian composer, former serf of Count A. Orlov, author of the song “Bell”:
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 3
1. What was the proportion of the urban population of Russia in the 1860s?
2. Which body was involved in the development of peasant reform?
a) II Department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery;
b) Main Committee for Peasant Affairs;
3. What deadline was set for peasants to make redemption payments for the land?
4. From which state was the system of elections to city councils borrowed according to the reform of 1870?
a) from Prussia;
b) in England;
c) in France.
a) for merchants;
b) for peasants;
c) for citizens who had a property qualification of less than 1 thousand rubles.
6. What was one of the symbols of the period 1856–1861?
a) barracks and office;
b) perestroika;
c) publicity.
7. Who was at the head of the “People’s Retribution” organization, created in Moscow in 1869?
8. Who was a contemporary of Alexander II?
9. In connection with what did the question arise about the need to annex Central Asia to Russia?
a) due to the need to strengthen Russia’s borders;
b) due to the need to raise the peoples of Central Asia to a higher cultural level;
c) due to the cessation of cotton supplies from the USA.
10. What were called dozhinkas in the everyday life of Russian peasants?
a) one of the types of help;
b) agricultural religious holiday;
c) the beginning of the harvest.
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 4
1. Which city of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. was third in population after St. Petersburg and Moscow?
b) Odessa;
c) Warsaw.
2. Why was Alexander II called the Tsar-Liberator?
a) because he exempted the nobles from paying taxes;
b) because he freed the peasants from serfdom;
c) because he freed the townspeople from state duties.
3. To carry out the redemption of land, according to the law of February 19, 1861, the peasant had to pay 20–25% of the entire redemption amount at a time. Who paid the landowners the rest?
7. Supporters of what direction of social thought of the 1860s. adhered to the idea that “a new order is established only by wise transactions with the old” ()?
b) revolutionary democracy;
9. Which city was the capital of the Kokand Khanate in Central Asia?
b) Tashkent;
c) Alma-Ata.
10. On what basis was the life of Russian peasants built?
a) based on “Domostroy”;
b) based on oral customs and traditions;
3. What was taken as a model when creating a system of peasant public administration in post-reform Russia?
a) the system of peasant self-government in France and Germany;
b) a system of peasant self-government in the state village, developed;
c) the practice of military settlements during the time of Alexander I.
4. Who owned the local executive power under the zemstvo reform of 1864?
a) zemstvo assembly;
b) zemstvo government;
c) to the assembly of the nobility.
a) foreigners;
c) primary school teachers.
6.In 1866, student D. Karakozov made an attempt on the life of Alexander II in St. Petersburg. What organization did he belong to?
a) to the circle;
b) to the organization “Land and Freedom”;
c) to the “Northern Union of Russian Workers”.
7. Which magazine in the second half of the 1850s became a vehicle for the ideas of “peasant socialism”?
a) “Russian antiquity”;
b) “Contemporary”;
c) “Rural improvement”.
8. How much did Russia gain from the sale of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States?
a) 267 million rubles;
b) 2 billion rubles; ,
c) 14 million rubles.
9. On what religious holiday in a Russian village was the burning of an effigy and the capture of a snowy town held?
a) for Epiphany;
b) for Christmas;
c) on Maslenitsa.
Option 3
1.Who was the chairman of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers during the peasant reform?
2. What did the reform of 1861 give to the peasants?
a) equal class rights with the burghers;
b) land without any redemption;
c) personal freedom.
3. In which region of Russia did feudal relations last the longest during the post-reform period?
a) in Central Russia;
b) in Transcaucasia;
c) in the Baltic provinces.
4.Who owned the executive power in city government according to the City Regulations of 1870?
a) city government;
b) city council;
c) the governor.
5. Whose participation in court was mandatory under the judicial reform of 1864?
a) a representative of the local administration;
b) investigator;
c) a sworn attorney.
7. How many years did you study in gymnasiums in the second half of the 19th century?
8. During the Polish uprising of 1863, a chauvinist campaign began in Russia. Who led it?
9. When did the Russian-Turkish war begin in the second half of the 19th century?
a) In 1878;
10. Who created the revolutionary organization “Land and Freedom”?
a) radical heterogeneous intelligentsia;
b) aristocratic circles of the nobility;
c) peasants.
Russia in the second half of the nineteenth century
Option 4
1. Which Russian public figure supported the Polish uprising of 1863?
2. “The Bell”, published in London and was:
b) newspaper;
c) a magazine.
3. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878. Caucasian theater of military operations :
a) was not open;
b) was open, but there were practically no active hostilities;
c) the fighting was very active, during the war Abkhazia was liberated, Sukhumi, Bayazet, Kare were taken.
4. What was one government tithe equal to?
5. Who was the Minister of the Interior in 1855–1861?
b) Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich;
6. Why were the Editorial Commissions created under the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs, established in March 1859?
a) to collect and summarize statistical data;
b) to draw up a draft law on the liberation of peasants;
c) to draw up the final report of the Main Committee.
7. What event happened during the reign of Alexander II?
a) Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878;
b) Napoleon III came to power in France;
c) heroic defense of Sevastopol.
10. Who was a contemporary of Alexander II?
When completing tasks in Part 1 (A), in answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing, put an “x” in the box whose number corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.
A1. Which of these dates are associated with the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna?
1) 1682–1725
3) 1741–1761
2) 1730–1740
4) 1762–1796
A2. To the architectural monuments of the 18th century. applies
1) Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg
2) Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin
3) St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow
4) Church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great
A3. The government bodies created under Peter I include
1) State Council
3) Zemsky Sobor
2) Supreme Privy Council
A4. Reforms of Peter I in the field of public administration led to
1) election of government bodies
2) strengthening the influence of the noble boyars
3) liquidation of the order system
4) abolition of the class system
A5. Which of the following concepts is associated with the era of palace coups in Russia?
1) “Khovanshchina”
2) "Troubles"
3) “oprichnina”
4) “Bironovism”
A6. A sharp deterioration in the situation of peasants and urban lower classes at the beginning of the 18th century. was caused by
1) church schism
2) changing the tax system
3) the appearance of copper money
4) establishing a tax on salt
A7. Which of the following refers to the consequences of the socio-economic transformations of Peter I?
A) activation of social mobility of the population
B) the disappearance of differences between votchina and estate
C) the disappearance of “white settlements”
D) the final enslavement of the peasants
D) increased taxation
E) formation of monopolies
Please indicate the correct answer.
A8. Read an excerpt from a historian’s essay and indicate the title of the document in question.
“The ranks were divided into 14 classes in this list, starting with admiral general, field marshal, grand chancellor, to ensign and naval and clerical commissar. But the sons of nobles did not enjoy the benefits of their father’s ranks on an equal basis with their daughters. Every soldier who rose to the rank of staff officer was made a nobleman, and he could not be denied a patent and coat of arms, and vice versa, the most noble boyar, disgraced by punishment, was demoted to commoners.”
1) “Code of Law”
2) “Combat code”
3) “General Regulations”
4) “Table of Ranks”
Part 2 (B) tasks require an answer in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers, which should first be written down in the text of the examination paper, and then transferred to answer form No. 1 without spaces or other symbols.
Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
IN 1. Establish a correspondence between processes and terms related to them.
For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to answer form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).
Answer: 2134.
AT 2. Arrange the events in chronological order of the event. Write down the letters that represent the events in the correct sequence in the table.
A) the beginning of the reign of Peter I 1696
B) proclamation of Russia as an empire
B) adoption of the Council Code 16
D) the beginning of the Northern War 1700
Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to answer form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols).
Answer: VAGB.
AT 3. The list below presents the names of statesmen of Russia in the 18th century. Select names from the list dating back to the first half of the 18th century and circle the corresponding numbers. Write the circled numbers in the table.
1) Alexander Menshikov
2) Fedor Ushakov
3) Alexander Suvorov
4) Franz Lefort
5) Boris Sheremetev
6) Peter Rumyantsev
Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to answer form No. 1 (without spaces or any symbols)
Answer: 145.
AT 4. Read an excerpt from the work of the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky and write the name of the empress in question.
“The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I, but raised to the throne by the rebellious guards bayonets, she inherited the energy of her great father... Peaceful and carefree, she was forced to fight for almost half of her reign... Not a single reign... left such a pleasant impression on herself memories".
Answer: Elizaveta Petrovna.
To answer the tasks of Part 3 (C), use answer form No. 2. First write down the task number (C1, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write down your answers legibly.
Tasks C4-C7 involve different types of activities: presentation of a generalized description of historical events and phenomena (C4), consideration of historical versions and assessments (C5), analysis of the historical situation (C6), comparison (C7). As you complete these tasks, pay attention to the wording of each question.
C5. In historical science, there is an opinion that the harsh measures of Peter’s reforms are justified by their progressive nature.
What other assessment of Peter's reforms do you know? Which assessment do you find more convincing? Provide provisions and facts that support your chosen point of view.
