How to distinguish one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences

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07.06.2018 04:00

In the Russian language, there are two groups of syntactic units, divided by the presence or absence of a subject or predicate in them: two-part and one-part sentences. How many main members are there in such constructions, and what types of one-part sentences are there (table with examples)? This article will tell you.

Definition of the concept

A one-part sentence is a complete speech utterance where the grammatical basis has only a subject or only a predicate.

For example: “Shall we buy groceries at the store?” Analyzing the sentence through syntactic analysis, you can see that the main member there is the predicate - “we will buy”, expressed by a verb, and the secondary ones are the addition of “products” and the adverbial “in the store”, expressed by nouns.

There is no subject in this sentence, but you can easily pick it up: “Shall we buy groceries at the store?” You can only substitute here the pronoun “we” - 1st person singular.

In this case, the subject was not specifically removed, but it is simply absent.

Important! Do not confuse one-part sentences with two-part incomplete sentences with a missing subject.

For example: “The trees grew tall and slender. They rustled their green leaves in the wind.” Determine the type of one-part sentence. Or is it still two-part?

In this example, without context, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the second sentence, so it is a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.

Types of one-part sentences (table with examples)

So. The easiest way is to put the types of one-part sentences into a table with example tips:

What is the difference between them? It's worth taking a closer look.

Nominative or nominative sentences

The following syntactic constructions are called nominative or nominative sentences. It's quite simple. One main member of a one-part sentence is the subject, expressed by a noun. It always appears in such complete speech utterances in the nominative case.

In such a syntactic unit there are not and cannot be secondary members, for example, additions or adverbials, since they relate to the predicate, it is from it that the question will be asked to similar members of the sentence.

In nominative sentences there can only be a definition, since it always refers to the subject.

For example: "Morning. Summer day. Winter."

In all these sentences there is only a subject, but a predicate is not provided there.

In addition to the noun, nominative sentences may contain a phrase in which one noun is in the nominative case and the second in the genitive case.

For example: "A time of warmth and sun. Songs of fun and joy."

One-part definitely-personal sentences

These syntactic constructions contain only the predicate in 1 and 2 liters. units and many more h. The predicate is in the indicative or imperative mood, depending on the person, and is expressed by a verb.

These constructions are always called one-part definite-personal sentences, since the grammatical basis is equal to one main member of the sentence.

For example:

1. “I’m walking up the stairs, looking out the windows.”
2. "Shall we play together?"
3. “Please give me this piece of cake!”
4. "Do me a favor."

Vaguely personal proposals

The following syntactic units also contain a predicate expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural. The predicate can be in the past or future tense, and also have an indicative or subjunctive (conditional) mood.

For example:

1. "I was told that classes were cancelled."
2. “Would you give me a discount in this store!”
3. “Let them first tell you about all the nuances of the work!”

In these constructions, it is possible to select only the personal pronoun “they” and substitute it for the subject.

Generalized-personal proposals

Such syntactic units of speech are a real alloy of definite and indefinite personal speech utterances, however, in generalized personal sentences the predicate carries a generalized rather than specific meaning. That is why this type of one-part construction is used most often in proverbs and sayings, where it is impossible to make a reference to a specific person.

For example:

1. “If you love the tops, love the roots.”
2. “You can’t catch a fish out of a pond without effort.”
3. "Seven times measure cut once".

Impersonal offers

These sentences are a separate and very interesting type - they do not and cannot have a subject, so there remains only one predicate, which can be expressed in various categories:

• A verb without a person: “It was getting light.” "It's getting evening." "It was getting dark."
• A verb that used to be personal and then became impersonal: “My nose itches.” “He can’t sleep at all.” “It got dark in the distance.”
• A category of state, or an impersonal predicative word: “It was quiet in the garden.” “It’s very sad at heart.” "Stuffy and hot."
• A negative particle “neither” or a negation word “no”: “You have no conscience!” “Not a star in the sky.”

Infinitive sentences

The last category of one-part sentences also has in its grammatical basis only the predicate, expressed by the infinitive - the initial form of the verb. The infinitive is very easy to identify - it answers the questions “what to do/what to do?”.

This part of speech has neither number nor person, since it is unchangeable.

1. "You don't need to listen to anyone!"
2. “Why lie on the beach for a long time under the scorching sun?”
3. "Why not dance at the celebration?"

To easily remember the types of one-part sentences (table with examples), it is best to learn which main member is missing in them. If this is a predicate, then you have a nominative sentence, etc.

Thus, one-part sentences are a special type of syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis of which has only one main member. Subject or predicate. In addition, there are several types of one-part sentences. Each of them uses either only the subject in the nominative case, or only the predicate in different persons and numbers.

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The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-Part Sentences contain two main members - subject and predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's getting dark.

Types of one-part sentences

Principal term expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE
1.1. Definitely personal proposals
Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Vaguely personal proposals
Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural).	They knock on the door. There was a knock on the door.	Somebody knocks on the door. Somebody knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal proposals
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - vaguely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You’ll have a snack at the rest stop, and then you’ll go again.	Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I’ll have a snack at the rest stop and then go again.
1.4. Impersonal offer
1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; b) Melting; V) To me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) by the wind(creative case) blew the roof off.	b) Snow is melting; V) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; V) I'm upset ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; V) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) To me sorry to leave with you; b) To me Need to go .	A) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The shop is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. There is no money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone keep quiet! Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand him.	Everyone keep quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To you could forgive the person, you must understand him.
2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT
Nominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.

Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the predicate verb refers to any character (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

summarize and systematize students’ knowledge on the topic “One-part sentences”;

develop skills to distinguish one-part sentences;

learn to differentiate between types of one-part sentences.

During the classes

I. Checking homework

More beautiful, cakes, blinds, plumbing, electrical wires, at the same time, petition, ring, started, inform, facilitate, uncork.

b) Explain the lexical meaning of the words:

Ignore- deliberately not to notice, not to want to know, not to take into account - ignore the facts.

Paradoxical- incredible, being a paradox (a strange opinion that diverges from the generally accepted one) – paradoxical behavior.

Correct - polite, impeccable – correct remark.

Facsimile - exact reproduction of the manuscript, document, signature – facsimile of signature.

II. Learning new material

a) Problem situation

Explain why a comma must be placed before the conjunction “and” in a sentence:

I don't know how to feel sorry for you,
And I carefully carry my cross... A. Blok

Students' explanation: In order to avoid punctuation errors in a complex sentence, you must be able to “see” one-part sentences within a complex sentence.

III. Pin a topic

1. Work at the board.

Write down a stanza from A. Blok’s poem:

Night, street, lantern, pharmacy,
Pointless and dim light.
Live for at least another quarter of a century -
Everything will be like this. There is no outcome.

2. Teacher's question.

How many sentences are there in this stanza?

Underline the grammatical basis in each sentence.

a) Night, street, lantern, pharmacy, meaningless and dull light.

b) Live at least another quarter of a century - All it will be like this.

c) Exodus No.

How are these offers different?

What is the difference between one-part and two-part sentences?

How do one-part sentences differ from two-part incomplete sentences?

Working with a table in “Theoretical Notebooks”.

(“Theoretical notebooks” is the conventional name for notebooks where students write down rules, learned definitions, terms, vocabulary words, etc. (kept from the 5th grade)).

Remember the types of one-part sentences (students refer to the table).

Types of offers	Main member of the sentence	Form	Example
Nominal	Subject	Noun in I.p.	Beauty! Spring.
Definitely personal	Predicate	Verb in the form of the indicative and imperative mood of the 1st or 2nd person of the present and future tense.	I love you, Petra's creation!
Vaguely personal	Predicate	Verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present and future tense.	In Siberia they do not like fever and haste.
Generalized-personal	Predicate	Action refers to a generalized person	If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled.
Impersonal	Predicate	Impersonal verb Infinitive Personal verb in the sense of impersonal. Short form of the participle. The word NO, form of the verb TO BE	It's getting light. Bad children should be punished. The forest was humming, rustling, and moving. It's open for you. There is no outcome. You shouldn't be a captain.

Teacher's question: what types of one-part sentences are divided into?

d) Commentary letter. (Write down sentences, explain the types of one-part sentences)

I hear a bell.
It's spring in the field. A. Blok. “I hear the bells”

Student Explanation:

I hear a bell.

(The sentence is one-part, because it has one main member of the sentence - a predicate, expressed by a personal verb of the present tense of the 1st person singular. This is a definitely personal sentence.)

In field spring.

(The sentence is one-part, because it has one main member of the sentence - the subject, expressed by a noun in the I.p. This is a nominative sentence.)

2. It's hard us was under the blizzards
Cold winter sleep ... A. Blok “It was hard for us...”

Student Explanation:

The proposal is one-part, because it contains one main member of the sentence - a predicate, expressed by a verb in the form of the neuter past tense (was), an infinitive (to sleep) and a word of state (hard). This is an impersonal offer.

e) Explanatory dictation with a grammar task.

Write down sentences, highlight grammatical basics, indicate types of one-part sentences.

1. Tell me something. (Definitely personal)

2. It was a little dawning. (Impersonal)

3. Be a great thunderstorm! (Impersonal)

4. Tears will not help your grief. (Generalized-personal)

5. I know you’re joking, but I still believe it. (Definitely personal)

6. Rain over the station. (nominal)

e) Graphic dictation with verification.

Determine the type of one-part sentences. Using symbols, write the answer in letters.

N - nominative

op-l - definitely personal

n-l – indefinite

b - impersonal

l – personal

ob-l – generalized-personal

(The teacher reads the sentences, students determine by ear the type of one-part sentence and make a note. See answer)

1. No war.
2. It was damp and cold.
3. Spring.
4. Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
5. Come here quickly!
6. Do not rush.
7. The newspapers had not yet been brought.
8. The rain slanted against the glass.
9. Turn back, bow to the fish!
10. I love the storm in early May.

lV. Summarizing.

Independent work.

Determine the type of one-part sentences.

1 option

A) Now bison are not only protected, but also bred.

B) The entrance to the estate is always crowded.

B) We had to turn off the highway and take country roads.

D) A terrible crash...

D) Both masts and all the sails were torn off.

E) I see, I see a moonlit meadow through the foliage of dense willow trees.

Option 2

A) One day they were rinsing clothes in our yard and left a trough.

B) When you take off your head, you don’t cry over your hair.

C) I want to sign up for the swimming section.

D) Here comes spring.

D) At night, cold blows from the ground.

E) migratory birds are given rings with markings on their paws.

V. Homework.

From the collection “Typical test tasks. Unified State Examination - 2008.” Puchkova L.I. complete option 1-10 task B4.

References

1. Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by R.I. Avanesov, Moscow, “Russian Language”, 1989.
2. Ozhegov S.I. “Dictionary of the Russian Language”, Moscow, “Russian Language”, 1991.
3. A short dictionary of foreign words, edited by I.V. Lekhin and Professor F.N. Petrov, Moscow, 1950.
4. A. Blok “Poems. Poems”, Moscow, “Sovremennik”, 1987
5. Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. “Modern Russian language” in 3 parts, Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 1987.
6. A.G. Narushevich “Methods of preparation for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language: lesson planning, lesson organization, exercise system”, Moscow, Pedagogical University “First of September”, 2007.

§1. Total information

Let us remember: sentences are divided into two-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and one-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate.

One-part sentences are divided into two groups:

• with the main member - subject
• with the main member - predicate

The latter are divided into four types.

This means that there are five types of one-part sentences in total. Each has its own name:

• nominal
• definitely personal
• vaguely personal
• generalized-personal
• impersonal

Each type is discussed separately below.

§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject

Name sentences- These are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In nominal sentences, the existence of an object or phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:

Night.
Silence.
Night!
Sweet raspberries!
What a beauty!

Denominative sentences with particles here, over there have a demonstrative meaning: Over there is the village!

Nominal sentences can be uncommon and consist of only one word - the main member, or common, including other members of the sentence:

Blue sky overhead.

Blue sea at your feet.

There is a small table covered with a tablecloth by the window.

Most often, the following are used as subjects in nominative sentences:

• nouns in I.p.: Heat!
• pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
• numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.

§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.

Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

1. Definitely personal proposals
2. Vaguely personal sentences
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal offers

1. Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 l. or a verb in the imperative mood. The person is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:

I love meeting with friends.

the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, verb in the form of 1 l. units

Let's call each other tomorrow!

inducement to joint action of the speaker and interlocutor, verb in the imperative mood)

How are you living?

the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, verb in the form of 2 l. plural

Declarative and interrogative sentences express the action of the speaker or interlocutor:

Tomorrow I'm leaving on a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?

Incentive sentences express the motivation for the interlocutor to act:

Read! Write! Fill in the missing letters.

Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of ​​a person can be expressed in language by the personal endings of verbs.

2. Vaguely personal sentences

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past time. Person unspecified: the action is performed by someone unidentified.

unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed

It was reported on TV that...

it is not determined who performed the action

Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe uncertainty of the persons performing the action.

3. Generalized personal sentences

Generalized personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. units or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or plural imperative mood:

In generalized-personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as ordinary, always performed. Such proposals express the collective experience of the people as a whole and reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
You cannot build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.

The action being spoken of is common and common to all people, conveying the idea of ​​collective experience.)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

It does not matter who specifically performs the action, what is more important is that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.

In generalized-personal sentences, the idea of ​​a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, and various kinds of maxims.

Note:

Not all textbooks highlight generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence with a generalized meaning)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
(considered as an indefinitely personal sentence having a generalized meaning)

What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized-personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see a sufficient basis for this put formal features (verb forms) at the forefront.

4. Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in the form s.r. past tense. Examples:

The action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.

The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:

1) impersonal verb: It was getting dark, it was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in s.r. units past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) a short passive participle in the form s.r.: Already sent to the market for fresh food.
4) in a state category word: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero copula of the verb be not used. In the past and future tenses, the connective be is in the following forms:

• past tense, singular, middle: I felt good.
• future tense, singular, 3 l.: I will be fine.

5) infinitive: To be a scandal, to be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) a state category word with an infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!

Impersonal sentences are also diverse in the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, etc.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?

2. Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?

3. What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?

   • incomplete
   • nominal

4. What is the offer: What nonsense!?

   • nominative
   • definitely personal
   • impersonal

5. What is the offer: Protect the environment!?

   • definitely personal
   • vaguely personal
   • impersonal

6. What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?

   • vaguely personal
   • generalized-personal
   • definitely personal

7. What is the offer: I'm shivering.?

   • nominative
   • impersonal
   • definitely personal

8. What is the offer: It's getting light.?

   • impersonal
   • vaguely personal
   • generalized-personal

9. What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?

   • definitely personal
   • vaguely personal
   • impersonal

10. What is the offer: Do you want some tea?

    • definitely personal
    • vaguely personal
    • impersonal