Full turn of the planets. Our planets with you solar system circulation period planets around the Sun in seconds
On March 13, 1781, the English astronomer William Herschel opened the seventh planet of the Solar System - Uranus. And on March 13, 1930, American astronomer Clyde Tombo opened the ninth planet of the Solar System - Pluto. By the beginning of the XXI century it was believed that the solar system includes nine planets. However, in 2006, the International Astronomical Union decided to deprive the Pluton of this status.
There are already 60 natural satellites of Saturn, most of which are detected using spacecraft. Most of the satellites consists of rock and ice. The largest satellite - Titan, opened in 1655 by Christian Guigens, is superior to the Mercury Planet. Titanium diameter is about 5,200 km. Titan flies around Saturn every 16 days. Titan is the only satellite with a very dense atmosphere, 1.5 times more terrestrial, and consisting mainly of 90% nitrogen, with moderate methane content.
The International Astronomical Union officially recognized Pluto Planet in May 1930. At that moment, it was assumed that his mass is comparable to the mass of the earth, but later it was found that the mass of the pluto is almost 500 times less than the earth, even less than the mass of the moon. Mass of Pluto 1.2 per 10 B22 degree kg (0.22 mass of the Earth). The average distance of Pluto from the Sun 39.44 AE. (5.9 at 10 B12 degrees of the CM), the radius of about 1.65 thousand km. The period of circulation around the Sun is 248.6 years, the period of rotation around its axis is 6.4 days. Pluto composition presumably includes stone and ice; The planet has a thin atmosphere consisting of nitrogen, methane and carbon monofilament. Pluto has three satellites: Charon, Hydra and Nikta.
At the end of the XX and early XXI centuries, many objects were opened in the outside of the solar system. It became obvious that Pluto is just one of the largest objects known to the present objects of the Kuiper belt. Moreover, at least one of the objects of the belt - Erid is a larger body than Pluto and 27% harder. In this regard, the idea arose not to consider more Pluto as a planet. On August 24, 2006, at the XXVI General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (MAC), it was decided to call Pluto not "planet", but a "dwarf planet".
The conference was developed by a new definition of the planet, according to which the planets are considered to be the bodies rotating around the star (and not the star), having a hydrostatically equilibrium form and the "clearing" region in the area of \u200b\u200btheir orbit from other, smaller, objects. The dwarf planets will be considered objects rotating around the stars having a hydrostatically equilibrium form, but not "clearing" nearby space and non-satellites. Planets and dwarf planets are two different classes of solar system objects. All other objects rotating around the Sun and are not satellites, will be called small bodies of the solar system.
Thus, since 2006, eight planets were in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Five dwarf planets are officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union: Ceres, Pluto, Haumet, Mchamak, Erida.
On June 11, 2008, Mas declared the introduction of the concept of "Plotoid". Plutoids decided to call the heavenly bodies, turning around the Sun in orbit, the radius of which is more than the radius of the orbit of Neptune, the mass of which is sufficient so that the gravitational forces gave them almost a spherical shape, and which do not clear the space around their orbits (that is, there are many small objects around them. ).
Because for such distant objects as Plodoids, to determine the form and thus attitude to the class of dwarf planets is still difficult, scientists recommended all objects temporarily to plotoids, the absolute asteroid value of which (gloss from a distance of one astronomical unit) is brighter +1. If it is later clear that the objective planet is not considered to Plotoids, it is deprived of this status, although the assigned name will be left. Plotoids include dwarf planets Pluto and Erid. In July 2008, Mchamak was included in this category. September 17, 2008 Hawmea added list.
Material prepared on the basis of open sources information
Records of Periodic Comet
- Comet with the largest brightness - Maid Galley, named after the English astronomer Edmond Gallei (1656 - 1742), which set the periodic character of her return to the Sun and correctly presented its next appearance.
- Comet with the shortest period of treatment around the Sun - Comet Enk, open in 1786 and named after the German astronomer Johanne Enke (1791 - 1865), which set the periodic character of her return to the Sun and correctly presented its next appearance. The comet's comet's arrival period around the Sun is 3.3 years old. (Comet Wilson-Harrington, opened in 1949, had the estimated period of circulation of 2.3 years, but no longer observed.)
- Comet with the longest period of appeal around the Sun - Comet Herschel - Rigol, opened in 1788 and named after her discovers. The comet period is 156 years old.
- Comet with the round orbit - comet of Schvassman - Wahman-1, open in 1925 and named after its discovers. The eccentricity of its orbit is 0.11. All orbits are large planets, with the exception of Mercury and Pluto, the eccentricity is significantly less.
- Comet with the most elongated orbit - Comet Brurzen - Metacopha, opened in 1847 and named after its discovers. The eccentricity of the comet orbit is 0.972, i.e. Its maximum distance from the Sun is almost 70 times superior to the minimum distance from the sun. Among the most numerous group of comets with a period of circulation for less than 20 years, the elongated orbit of the comet Enk. The eccentricity of its orbits is 0.85, i.e. Its maximum distance from the sun is 12 times greater than the minimum.
- Comet with the greatest inclination of the orbit to Ecliptic - Comet Toulla, which was first observed in 1790, but was named after the American astronomer, rebuilding it in 1858. Its orbit is located at an angle of 54.4 ° to the ecliptic. Among the most numerous group of comets with a period of circulation less than 20 years old, the largest tilt of the orbit is characterized by a comet of Jacobini - Zinner - 31.7 °, open in 1900g and named after its discovers.
- Comet with the smallest inclination of the orbit to Ecliptic - Komet Codzima, open in 1970 and named after its discoverer. The comet's orbit is located at an angle of 54 "to the ecliptic.
- Comet with the largest perihelial distance - Comet Schvassman-Vakhmana-1. Its minimum distance from the Sun is 5.45 astronomical units, i.e. Comet Schvassman-Vakhman-1 is always located further from the Sun than Jupiter.
- Comet, approaching the sun at the smallest distance, - Comet Enk. It is 51 million km, i.e. Approximately 7 million km less than the average distance of Mercury from the Sun.
- Comet, removing from the sun on the largest distance, ~ Comet Gallet. It is 35.33 astronomical units, i.e. Nearly 800 million km more than the average of Neptune from the Sun. Among the most numerous group of comets with a period of circulation less than 20 years, the comet is removed from the sun, open in 1913 and named after its discoverer. Its afhel distance is 12.2 astronomical units.
- Comet with the smallest aphelic distance - Comet Enk. It is removed from the Sun to the maximum distance of 4.1 astronomical units; It is one astronomical unit less than the average distance of Jupiter from the Sun.
- A comet, approaching the land at the close distance, is a lexel comet, open in 1770 and named after the Russian astronomer who computing it orbit. The minimum distance was 1.2 million km; At that moment she was clearly visible to the naked eye.
- Comet with the largest dimensions was observed in 1811. The coma diameter was approximately 2 million km, i.e. One and a half times more solar, and the tail stretched over the distance exceeding the astronomical unit.
- Comet with the largest amount of tails - comet, open on December 9, 1743, by Dutch astronomer Klinkenberg and, regardless of December 13, Swiss astronomer de Szo. She had at least six bright widespread tails.
- Comet, observed the largest number of times, comet Enk. In 2003, she returned to the 59th time. By the number of returns, she was much ahead of other comets.
- The first famous passage of the Earth through the tail of the comet occurred at the end of June 1861. It was the tail of a comet, open Australian astronomer J.Tebbut. No effects associated with passing through a comet tail was not fixed.
- The first attempt to observe the passage of the comet (comet of Gallei) on the Disk of the Sun was undertaken on May 18-19, 1910. American astronomer F. Ellerman in the Hawaiian Islands - in place with the best atmospheric conditions for observations. However, no traces of comet on the sunny disk could not see.
In addition to periodic comet, in the earthly sky, the non-periodic comets have been observed, which appeared only once, which blocked some of the records indicated here.
Planets of the Solar System
According to the official position of the International Astronomical Union (MAS), the organization of assigning names to astronomical objects, the planets are only 8.
Pluto was excluded from the discharge of planets in 2006. Because In the belief belt there are objects that are more / or equal in size with Pluto. Therefore, even if it takes him for a full-fledged celestial body, then it is necessary to attach Erid to this category, which with Pluto almost the same size.
By definition Mac, there are 8 famous planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
All planets are divided into two categories depending on their physical characteristics: earth group and gas giants.
Conceptual image of planets
Planets of earthly type
Mercury
The smallest planet of the solar system has a radius of only 2440 km. The period of treatment around the Sun, for the simplicity of understanding, equivalent to the Earth year, is 88 days, while the turnover around the own axis of Mercury has time to take only one and a half times. Thus, his day is approximately 59 terrestrial days. For a long time it was believed that this planet was all the time turned to the Sun of the same side all the time, since periods of its visibility from the Earth were repeated with periodicity, approximately equal to the four Mercurian days. This error was dispelled with the opportunity to apply radar studies and conduct permanent observations with space stations. Orbit Mercury is one of the most unstable, not only the speed of movement and its remoteness from the Sun, but also the position itself. Any interested can observe this effect.
Mercury in color, Messenger spacecraft snapshot
The proximity to the Sun was the reason for the fact that Mercury is subject to the largest temperature difference among the planets of our system. The average daytime temperature is about 350 degrees Celsius, and the night -170 ° C. In the atmosphere, sodium, oxygen, helium, potassium, hydrogen and argon are revealed. There is a theory that he was previously a satellite of Venus, but so far it remains unproved. There is no own satellites.
Venus
The second of the sun planet, the atmosphere of which almost completely consists of carbon dioxide. It is often referred to as the morning star and an evening star, because it becomes the first of the stars after sunset, as well as before dawn continues to be visible and then when all other stars disappeared from sight. The percentage of carbon dioxide is 96% in the atmosphere, nitrogen in it is relatively slightly a bit - almost 4% and in a very small amount there is water vapor and oxygen.
Venus in UV spectrum
Such an atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect, the temperature on the surface is even higher than that of Mercury and reaches 475 ° C. It is considered the most leisurely, the Venusian days last 243 terrestrial days, which is almost equal to the year on Venus - 225 Earth days. Many call her sister of land due to mass and radius, the values \u200b\u200bof which are very close to earthly indicators. The radius of Venus is 6052 km (0.85% of the earth). Satellites, like Mercury, no.
The third planet from the Sun and the only one in our system, where there is liquid water on the surface, without which life will not be developed on the planet. At least life in the form in which we know it. The land radius is 6371 km and, unlike the rest of the celestial bodies of our system, more than 70% of its surface is covered with water. The rest of the space occupy the continents. Another feature of the Earth is tectonic plates hidden under the mantle of the planet. At the same time, they are capable of moving, albeit with a very low speed, which over time causes a change in the landscape. The speed of moving the planet on it is 29-30 km / s.
Our planet from space
One turn around its axis takes almost 24 hours, and the full passage of orbit lasts 365 days, which is much more compared to the nearest planets-neighbors. Earth days and year are also adopted as a standard, but it is done only for the convenience of perception of temporary segments on the rest of the planets. The earth has one natural satellite - the moon.
Mars
The fourth planet from the Sun, known for its rescued atmosphere. Since 1960, Mars is actively investigated by scientists from several countries, including the USSR and the United States. Not all research programs were successful, but the water found in some sections suggests that the primitive life on Mars exists, or existed in the past.
The brightness of this planet allows you to see it from the ground without any devices. And once every 15-17 years, during the confrontation, it becomes the most striking object in the sky, ecliping even Jupiter and Venus.
The radius is almost twice as smaller and is 3390 km, but the year is much longer - 687 days. He has 2 satellites - Phobos and Dimimos .
Visual model of the solar system
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The sun
The sun is a star that is a hot ball of hot gases in the center of our solar system. Its influence extends far beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. Without the sun and its intensive energy and heat, there would be no life on earth. There are billions of stars as our sun scattered in the Galaxy Milky Way.
Mercury
Mercury scorched by the Sun is only a little more than the satellite of the earth of the moon. Like the moon, Mercury is practically deprived of the atmosphere and cannot smooth out the signs of exposure to the fall of meteorites, so it, as well as the moon is covered with craters. The day side of Mercury is very hot in the sun, and on the night side the temperature falls for hundreds of degrees below zero. In the craters of Mercury, which are located on the poles, there is ice. Mercury commits one turn around the Sun for 88 days.
Venus
Venus is the world of monstrous heat (even more than in Mercury) and volcanic activity. A similar structure and size of the land, Venus is covered with a thick and toxic atmosphere, which creates a strong greenhouse effect. This scorched world is hot enough to melt lead. Radar pictures Through the mighty atmosphere revealed volcanoes and deformed mountains. Venus rotates in the opposite direction, from the rotation of most planets.
Earth - Planet Ocean. Our house, with his abundance of water and life makes it unique in our solar system. Other planets, including several moon, also have ice deposits, the atmosphere, seasons, and even the weather, but only on Earth all these components have come together in such a way that life existence has become possible.
Mars
Although the details of the surface of Mars are difficult to see from the ground, observations in the telescope show that there are seasons and white spots on the poles on Mars. For decades, people believed that bright and dark areas on Mars are spots of vegetation and that Mars can be a suitable place to live, and that water exists in the polar hats. When Mariner-4 spacecraft flew from Mars in 1965, many of the scientists were shocked, seeing the pictures of the gloomy planet with craters. Mars turned out to be a dead planet. Later missions, however, showed that Mars stores many secrets that have yet to be solved.
Jupiter
Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system, has four large satellites and many small moons. Jupiter forms a kind of miniature solar system. To turn into a full star, Jupiter needed to become 80 times more massive.
Saturn
Saturn is the most distant out of five planets, which were known until the invention of the telescope. Like Jupiter, Saturn consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Its volume is 755 times more than that of the Earth. Winds in its atmosphere reach speeds of 500 meters per second. These rapid winds in combination with heat rising from the bowels of the planet, cause the appearance of yellow and golden bands that we see in the atmosphere.
Uranus
The first planet found with the help of a telescope, Uranus was opened in 1781 by astronomer William Gershel. The seventh planet from the Sun is so far that one turn around the Sun takes 84 years.
Neptune
Almost 4.5 billion kilometers from the sun rotates distant Neptune. One turn around the Sun is 165 years old. He is invisible to the naked eye because of his huge distance from the ground. Interestingly, his unusual elliptical orbit, intersects with the orbit of the Dwarf Pluto Planet because of which Pluto is inside the orbit of Neptune about 20 years from 248 for which one turn around the Sun.
Pluto
Tiny, cold and incredibly distant Pluto was opened in 1930 and for a long time was considered the ninth planet. But after the discoveries of such Pluto worlds who were even further, Pluto was translated into the category of dwarf planets in 2006.
Planets - Giants
There are four gas giants located behind the orbita Mars: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are in the external solar system. Different with their massiveness and gas composition.
Planets of the Solar System, the scale is not respected
Jupiter
The fifth on the sun and the largest planet of our system. Its radius is 69912 km, it is 19 times more land and only 10 times less than the sun. The year on Jupiter is not the longest in the solar system, it lasts 4333 terrestrial days (incomplete 12 years). His own day have a duration of about 10 terrestrial hours. The exact composition of the surface of the planet was not yet possible to determine, however, it is known that Crypton, Argon and Xenon are available on Jupiter in much larger quantities than in the sun.
It is believed that one of the four gas giants is actually a failed star. In favor of this theory, there is also the largest number of satellites, which the Jupiter has a lot - as many as 67. To imagine their behavior in the orbit of the planet, you need a fairly accurate and clear model of the solar system. The largest of them are Callisto, Gamornad, Io and Europe. At the same time, the Ganymed is the largest satellite planets in the entire solar system, its radius is 2634 km, which is 8% higher than the size of Mercury, the smallest planet of our system. Io is different in that it is one of the three satellite atmosphere.
Saturn
The second on the size of the planet and the sixth on the solar system. Compared to the rest of the planets, the most similar to the Sun composition of the chemical elements. The surface radius is 57350 km, the year is 10,759 days (almost 30 terrestrial years). The day here lasts a little longer than Jupiter - 10.5 terrestrial hours. The number of satellites, he slightly lagged behind his neighbor - 62 against 67. The largest satellite of Saturn is titanium, as well as an IO, characterized by the presence of an atmosphere. A little less than him in size, but from this no less well-known - Enceladus, Ray, Dion, The Afony, IPP and MIMAS. It is these satellites that are objects for the most frequent observation, and therefore we can say that they are most studied in comparison with the rest.
For a long time, the rings on Saturn were considered a unique phenomenon inherent only to him. Only recently it was found that the rings are available in all gas giants, but the rest they are not so clearly visible. Their origin has not yet been established, although there are several hypotheses about how they appeared. In addition, it was recently discovered that a certain selection of rings possesses, one of the satellites of the sixth planet.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
2. What planets are included in the solar system?
Planets of the earth group (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and planets-Giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).
3. Complete proposals regarding the general characteristics of the planets of the solar system
Option 1.
- Planet with the highest semi-axis orbit -Neptune.
- Which of the giants planets is suitable at the closest distance to the ground:Jupiter.
- What planet from the earthly group has the longest period of circulation around the Sun:Mars.
- The largest planet -Jupiter.
- The largest mass of the planets of the earth group hasLand.
- What planet has the smallest mass:Mercury.
- Which planet has the most medium density:Saturn.
- Planet with the biggest period of rotation around the axis -Venus.
- Planet with one satellite -Land.
- The solar system has the following planets giants:Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Option 2.
- Which planet draws on the closest distance from the sun:Mercury.
- Planet, suitable at the closest distance to the ground, -Venus.
- Planet giant with the shortest period of circulation around the Sun -Jupiter.
- Which planet of the earth group is the largest in size:Land.
- Planet, possessing the biggest mass -Jupiter.
- Planet, the mass value of which is closest to the mass of the Earth -Venus.
- Planet, having the largest average density -Land.
- Planet, faster all rotating around the axis, -Jupiter.
- Planets that do not have a satellite: Mercury and Venus.
- Planets of the earth group: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
4. Finish proposals relating to the main properties of the solar system
The bulk of the solar system is concentrated in The sun.
Form orbit Planet Almost circular.
Plane plane planet Almost coincide with the plane of ecliptic.
Most planets revolves around their axes in one direction, the exception is Venus and Uranus.
Which groups are divided by planets in their physical and dynamic properties: Planets of the earth group and planet giants.
5. In a number of numbers expressing the average distances of the planets from the Sun, some regularity is observed. Calculate the values \u200b\u200bof the large semi-axes of the orbits planets using the Titsius formula - Bode and make output
| Planet | Indicator N. | Calculated Distance, A.E. | True distance, A.E. |
| Mercury | -∞ | 0,4 | 0,39 |
| Venus | 0 | 0,7 | ,72 |
| Land | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Mars | 2 | 1,6 | 1,52 |
| Asteroid belt | 3 | 2,8 | 2,9 |
| Jupiter | 4 | 5,2 | 5,2 |
| Saturn | 5 | 10 | 9,54 |
| Uranus | 6 | 19,6 | 19,19 |
| Nepun. | 7 | 38,8 | 30,07 |
Conclusions: The planetary distance rule is well suited to the true distances of the planets from the Sun up to uranium (with an error for Saturn and Uranus at 0.5 a. E. The orbit of Neptune is not fit.
The planet makes turns around himself towards the east.We do not feel this process because all items move simultaneously and parallel to each other with a cosmic body. The rotation of the planet has such features and consequences:- The day replaces the night.
- The earth makes a complete turn in 23 hours and 57 minutes.
- If you look from the North Pole, the planet rotates counterclockwise.
- The angle of rotation is 15 degrees per hour and at any point of the Earth the same.
- Linear speed of speed throughout the planet is heterogeneous. On the poles it is equal to zero and as they approach the equator increases the indicators. At the equator, the speed of rotation is approximately 1668 km / h.
Important! The speed of movement every year decreases by 3 milliseconds. Specialists associate this fact with the attraction of the moon. Having affecting tides and flows, satellite as it is pulling water to the opposite direction from the movement of the earth. The effect of friction at the bottom of the oceans is created, and the planet slightly slows down.
Rotation of the planet around the sun
Our planet is the fifth largest and the third remoteness from the sun. It was formed from the elements of the solar nebula about 4.55 billion years ago. In the process of becoming the Earth acquired the form of the wrong ball and set its unique orbit longer than 930 million km, which moves around a big star at an approximate speed - 106,000 km / h. Full turn around the sun it makes a year, to be more accurate, then for 365,2565 days. Researchers note that the orbit of the moving planet is not perfectly round, but has the form of an ellipse. When the average distance to the star is 151 million km, then with a turn around it, remoteness increases to 5.8 million km.Important! Astronomers call the Far Fallen point of the orbit of Aflia, and the planet passes her at the end of June. Middle - perigelium, and we pass it together with the planet at the end of December.The improper form of the orbit affects the speed with which the Earth is moving. In the summer it reaches its minimum and is 29.28 km / s, and overcoming the point of Afgia, the planet begins to accelerate. Having reached the maximum speed of 30.28 km / s at the frontier of the perihelium, the cosmic body slows down its move. Such a cycle of the land passes infinitely, life on the planet depends on the accuracy of the trajectory.
Important! With a more attentive study of the movement of the Earth in orbit, astronomers take into account additional equally important factors: the attraction of all the heavenly bodies of the solar system, the influence of other stars and the nature of the rotation of the moon.
Alternation of the year
Making the turn around the Sun, the Earth moves towards the east. During his trip, this celestial body does not change the angle of inclination, so on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe orbit, it is fully addressed by some one side. This period on the planet is perceived by the living world as a summer, and on the side unjuvenated to the sun at this time of the year will reign winter. Due to the constant movement on the planet, the seasons change occurs.Important! Twice a year on both hemispheres of the planet is set relatively identical seasonal state. Earth at this time is rotated to the Sun in such a way that it evenly illuminates its surface. It happens in the fall and spring in the days of equinox.
Leap year
It is known that the planet makes a complete turn around the axis not in 24 hours, as it is considered, and in 23 hours and 57 minutes. At the same time, it takes a circle in orbit for 365 days and 6.5 hours. Over time, the missing hours are summed up and thus appear one more day. They accumulate every four years and are celebrated in the calendar on February 29. The year in which there is an additional 366th day called leap.Important! On the rotation of the Earth, its satellite is influenced by the moon. Under its gravitational field, the rotation of the planet is gradually slowed down that with each century increases the length of the day by 0.001 p.
