Moss sphagnum plant. What is useful to sfagnum for a summer house: methods for use in the garden and garden

Content

Not every person knows that the nature of our country is rich in vegetable materials, which have a large number of useful properties and are widely used in various fields of human activity. Safagnum is one of the unique plants of ecology, which has found its use in medicine, crop, animal husbandry, etc. Thanks to the useful properties of MCH, our ancestors fought with diseases, and today the sphagnum perennial is actively used to treat a number of diseases.

What is sphagnum

A variety of many years of disputes from the SPHAGNACEAE family refers to the class of deciduous moss. The sphagnum mosses are grown with a dense, soft carpet, mainly on the ferris, in forest areas and northern hemisphere swamps. The south is mostly growing in the mountains. A distinctive feature of sphagnum is the lack of the root system.

Appearance of sphagnum resembles fluffy grass. Grows the moss to the upper part, and the lower, dying, forms peat. On the stem and side branches of the plant are small leaves, they grow a spiral. SFAG has a variety of coloring, in nature, more often meet brown, red, white and pink moss.

Plant structure

Safagnum is a large plant, on average can reach a height of 10-20 cm. On the top of the branches are formed boxes, in which disputes are formed later. Safagna - the only moss, who does not have rhizoids, so they absorb moisture stem and leaves. The stem includes three types of branches: sticking, hanging and top. The plant leaf consists of two cells: green (alive) and the dead. The first are responsible for photosynthesis, and the second serve as a storage with moisture and air.

Inside the body consists of vegetable tissues with cells, the structure is formed by connecting green cells with each other. Due to its structure, this type of sphagnum moss has the ability to absorb a large amount of water. When saturated with a peat peat, the perennial acquires a light green shade, and with full drying whites.

Properties of Sfagnuma

Safagna plants grow on places with high humidity and contribute to the root of the territory. In the body of the plant contains carbolic acid, so SFAG helps the formation of peat and almost does not rot. Gigroscopicity allows MSHA to absorb a large amount of moisture, so it plays the role of the soil breakdown, and thanks to the sphagnol prevents root rotting, therefore it is used in horticulture. With the help of plants of this group, sphagnum swamps are formed.

Varieties

Distinguish the following types of moss:

dry;
swamp;
white.

As sphagnum breeds

Disputes ripen in spores and siblings contribute to the reproduction. Fertilization occurs only with the participation of water, the zygote is formed and divided. Gautory develops from the lower cell, which consumes nutrients from Gametophyt and promotes the development of sporophyte. Next, on the top of the stem, a box is formed and disputes are formed, ripening disputes fall on the ground and contribute to the development of a new plant.

Application Sfagnuma

Over the years, the useful properties of Sfagnum facilitated people of life and saved lives. Actively apply sphagnum perennial moss of steel during hostilities, since a shortage of dressing materials was observed. Residents of North America to date apply a dry plant instead of lining in children's cradle, because Thanks to its qualities, it helps to avoid diaper areas.

In medicinal purposes

SFAGNUM is used in medicine and known to bactericidal and aseptic properties, it is used for disinfection and other purposes:

He confronts the infection of wounds and cuts.
Due to the content of phenolic substances, Kumarin, sugar and resin compounds, the sphagnum moss is an antiseptic.
Using the plant with a fracture as a dressing material or a dressing, you can not resort to additional sterilization.
Moss struggles with bacteria, fungus of skin and nails, is useful in psoriasis and skin irritation, fighting the suppuration of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Perennial sphagnum can be used as raw materials for the manufacture of medical and other types of alcohol, feed yeast. In addition, the moss is useful for burning and frostbite. To do this, chop dry moss should be chopped and pour boiling water to the state of the Cashitz, then a slightly cooled moss applied to the patient.
To combat breakdowns, the lying patients use sphagnum litters: they absorb sweat, eliminate unpleasant odors.
This type of multi-year plant is still used as an additional tires during bone fractures.
It is known that the chewing of a sphagnum moss dulls labor pains and speeds up the process of birth.
With high sweating of the legs, insoles from the sfag are used, for this it is necessary to grind it and fill it with a linen bag, repeating the foot contour.

The sphagnum decoction has long been used in Chinese medicine for sore throat, flu, as a disinfectant in stomatitis and infections in the nasophal. The decoction is actively treated insect biters and ulcers.
Based on the extract of a long-term plant, medications have been created for the treatment of prostate and inflammation in the bladder.
SFAG can be used as cotton or bandage, it absorbs much more moisture than cotton.
When colitis use chopped sphagnum: it is eaten on a teaspoon for half an hour before meals.
Considering the dermatological properties, the perennial is used with skin diseases - make a special compress.
To combat staphylococcal, a sphagnum perennial is collected in marsh places, peat water is pressed, then it is washed with infected places or apply wet sphagnum to an infected site.

Several recipes that help with a variety of diseases:

Powder contributing to the healing of open wounds and ulcers. The dried slices of sphagnum must be carefully confused, then sprinkle cut and wait a few minutes. After that, it is necessary to rinse the wound and impose a bandage.
Infusion against the nail fungus one hundred grams of dry plants pour a glass of medical alcohol, to insist four minutes, then merge alcohol, and make a moss to an infected nail and leave for several hours.
Decoction for the treatment of diseases of the joints. One hundred grams of sphagnum must be pouring ten liters of water, bring to a boil and let it brew a few minutes. After a complete cooling of the burden, it is necessary to fill the bath with warm water and add it there. Take the healing bath follows from half an hour to forty minutes.

Use in the farm

Our nature is rich in resources that play a large role in everyday life, and their useful properties are often known not to everyone. In economic purposes, the use of sphagnum has gained widespread. Hundreds of gardeners and builders, flower and herbers use moss as an assistant in everyday life.

The sphagnum perennial often plays the role of a decorative plant, it is used in the design of flower bed or garden. This perennial often uses flower products: lovers of orchids and indoor plants insulate them the root system. For a peat moss's garden, it serves as a fertilizer, it is suitable for aeration and improve the quality of the soil, for storing roots and onions, seeding seeds.

Before adding a sphagnum to the ground, it is necessary to cut it finely. Due to the waterproofing effect of moss, sphagnum for indoor plants in rooms with low humidity are used as an additional source of moisture and nutrients, if there is no possibility to care for flowers daily.

The beekeepers are used sphagnum as a heater for the hives, to collect extra moisture during the winter cooling period, and animal livestocks - as a litter for livestock or pets, because It has the property to absorb unpleasant odors, and the material used is used as fertilizer for weakened soil.

The plant is suitable for climbing the slits or insulation of walls in the houses from a bar or baths: for this, wet moss is laid between the bars. Thanks to the antiseptic properties, sphagnum prevents pests that can damage the woody layer, mold, and also provides ventilation. In addition, the plant has a natural smell, in contrast to other thermal insulation materials, and is not inferior to them in quality.

The plant is widely used as a decorative material, it can be applied to create flurariums, decorative floral compositions and panels. It will not only revive the appearance, but also will prolong its neighboring plants. It can be used as an organic substrate, instead of a floristic sponge.

Moss - ancient plant whose age exceeds 400 million years. To study this department of higher plants, a whole science is highlighted, called briology.

Many people do not have ideas what kinds of mossoids are, and often do not distinguish mosses and lichens. Meanwhile, this amazing representative of the flora plays a crucial role in the ecosystem and soil moisturizing, is used in medicine and is a source of peat deposits, from which people get fuel. It is impossible to deny the great importance of the diversity of Mukhov in the lives of people and nature. Moss, whose pictures will be provided further, is striking the variety of appearance.

Building and distribution

Mossoid plants are distinguished by the lack of flowers and the root system. Some species have rhizoids - processes resembling roots. Leaves have chlorophyll stock and support life functions. There is also a sporeophyte consisting of a leg and a box, in which disputes that serve to reproduce. The maximum height of the stem is 5 cm, the exception is some water moss and epiphytes. It should be noted that the deer moss, called the beagle and reaching 20 cm in height, does not belong to the department of mossoid.

Moss - an example of plants using two breeding methods for greater survival: sexual and sex. During the reproduction period, the disputes may look blooming due to the appearance of color-like green heads. Disputes retain the vitality of dozens of years, with the help of the appearing threads they are attached to the selected surface.

Mai can be found in almost all corners of the planet. Most species for growing prefers wet soil in swampy terrain, shaded places and tree trunks. In the case of a dry period, the moss temporarily ceased to grow and flow into analiasis. Rolls and stones can be observed as a place of habitat of dispute plants. . Data representatives of Flora can not be found in the seas Or in areas with saline soil, as they do not tolerate salt.

Species diversity

The first representatives of the Mossoid departments originated in the coal period long before the appearance of flowering plants and externally did not change any changes, retaining the primordial appearance to our time. Currently, the number of types of MHOs is about 20 thousand, including the department of livenies and antocerotophytes.

The following classes exist:

Liver;
Anthurserotovy;
Luminous (bride).

From the list you can allocate subclasses:

Sphagnum (peat or white);
Takakiy;
Hypinate;
Andreey.

Head and anthoxerotes

The liver class with the dominant life stage of Gametophyte, more than 6,000 species of moss include. Loaders are distributed in tropical area and with moderately humid climates. It is characterized by a vegetative way of reproduction. Junmanniete livers have stalks and leaves, layers - flat tall (layered), located on Earth or floating water surface.

From the most famous representatives of the class, you can highlight the march of polymorphic, pelleium, pylfill, cereal, Riccius floating. The latter is often bred in aquariums.

For anthtocerotes, the presence of a plate layer or Taloma is characterized. Like liver, Antoncerotophytes are predominantly in the tropics. In the conditions of an excessive drought on Talomakh, languid thickening appear, due to which the plants can survive unfavorable conditions. Often live in symbiosis with blue algae.

Typical representatives: Antoceros field, smooth and anthocheros Willed.

Brown or briopcida

Luminous - one of the largest moss classes. Completed worldwide. There are both annual and perennial samples. In height, there are both low, 5-10 mm, and higher, reaching 15 cm. Diffiscife multi-sized, for example, can be attributed to particularly small mham.

The famous representatives of Briopsides are Cukushkin Lyon and Fontinalis fire-fighting, which can often be found in the forests of Russia of Northern and medium latitudes. Due to the abundance of flat leaves, Kukushkin Lena resembles a small part of the coniferous branch, growing up, fontinalis is more like a tiny fern.

On the southern lands there is a funarium of finest and imaginary wavy - low plants with pointed leaves of green shades. Robro is a rosette, on the contrary, prefers to stay in the shade of coniferous forests.

Another sample brilliant - Glockomium shinyhaving leaves in the form of scales. Consists of several tiers due to the special branching and dense deciduous coating.

Safagna Mossa

An example of the most famous subclass of briefites is sphagnum. There are more than 300 species for which red, greenish-white or yellow color and relatively large sizes are characteristic. Sfagnum grows in the tundra and forest lowland with crude soil, forming a dense carpet due to the thick growth of the leaves. If young shoots have rhizoids, then adult representatives of the form are completely devoid of root-like formations.

Popular representatives: SFAGNUM Bolotnaya, Brown, Hair, Magelflan.

Peat, the source of which is sphagnum, is actively used in agriculture and in industry to produce peat gas. The carbolic acid released by moss has found an application in medicine due to bactericidal properties.

Takakiyevy, Hypper and Andreey

Moch-like, belonging to the class Takakia - rather contradictory plants. At first, briologists have attributed this class to livenists due to the characteristic structure of Gamenaophytes, however, after a detailed study of sporophytes, the plant was reclassified into sheet-leafy. Visually, Takakia differs from other briefites. There are two types of Takakiyev: Takakiya Rogoliste and lepidosyoidal. Habitats are the Far East, as well as the North-West of North America.

Representatives of the type of hypnos form a vegetable carpet on wet soils and rocks. The shoots are abundantly covered with leaves from all sides, the hypinical mosies spread predominantly in the north. The famous representative of the type of hypnum cypressive is also spread in the forest strip, it is possible to find it both in a thick grove and on rocky hills.

Mossoid, belonging to the class of Andreev, prefer a cold terrain. Due to the peculiarities of the structure and ability to root in stone pores can grow on rocks and in rocky soils. There are about 100 species of Andrei Mukh. Examples: Andrei Cold and Andrei Rocky.

Aquarium Moss.

There are varieties of decorative mosses suitable for decorating aquariums. Mocho-shaped loved aquariums at a high level of survival, unpretentiousness and slow growth. A large number of variations of the appearance is another advantage in favor of moss.

Moss ordinary key, fontinalis, Yavansky Moss, Riccia Floating, Riccardia - examples of plants suitable for decorating aquarium.

Mossi is not always a noticeable, but an extremely important role in the life of people. In addition to use in construction, medicine, industry and aquarium, mocho-shaped can be an object for collecting and numerous photos.. These creatures of nature are truly amazing and beautiful.

Types of mhov.

Often for the preparation of earth mixes for planting indoor plants, moss is simply necessary. But a huge number of flower water shows that it is, and there are practically no special explanation about this "ingredient" of land. However, this moss is simply unique and has a large number of advantages that should be known about everyone.

The place of growth of this type of moss is the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, it is extremely rare and mostly only high in the mountains. However, there were cases that the sphagnum was found in the plain sites, but this is a huge rarity.

In the north, the industrial mining of this most valuable moss is organized. And it is used in a variety of spheres, for example, for thermal insulation during the construction of buildings, as well as in the production of medical preparations and perfumes. Due to the fact that the sphagnum has a rather bright color, it is still called white moss.

This moss has 3 very beneficial properties that can appreciate each flower water. Namely:

He is breathable. Due to this soil, it remains light and loosely loose even in a wet state, which is best affected by the growth and development of plants.
Moss hygroscopic. So he can absorb just a huge amount of water (1 part of the sphagnum absorbs 20 parts of moisture). More this can not be done by any substance or material even cotton. This moss is moistened evenly, and as necessary, he dosagely gives moisture soil. Therefore, the soil in flower pots, as part of which there is a sfagnum moss, is constantly in a moistened state, however, the convergence does not occur.
Safagnum has antibacterial and disinfectant properties. That is why it is widely used in the production of medical preparations. It is also capable of protecting the root system from various diseases and the appearance of rot, due to the fact that it contains a large number of triterpine compounds, antibiotics and other beneficial substances.

It is used for the creation of mixtures of the Earth for both home plants, which are simple, high humidity and for others. For example, it is recommended to be used in the composition of landfills for flowers such as:, SENPOLIA, Diffenbahia, as well. However, these are not all plants that react very positively on the content of even the small number of sphagnum.

Also, this moss is widely used to rooug the cuttings. So, those who are engaged in breeding violets, rooted leaflets, as a rule, exclusively with the help of the unique moss of Sfagnum.

Those flowers who live on the northern hemisphere have the possibility of self-harvesting sphagnum. It grows on sphagnous swamps, which are still referred to as Beloishers. It can be kept quite a long time, and this moss is perfectly breed and grown. The same flowerfish. Who lives in warm edges, you can purchase this moss in specialized stores or order on the Internet.

Description and where you can find - video

You can call several basic areas of application of this moss man.

For caulking houses.
As thermal insulation material in construction.
For medical purposes as an antiseptic and disinfector.
In floristry.
In flower growing to improve the conditions for growing indoor and greenhouse plants.
For the manufacture of household chemicals (detergents, cleaning and disinfectant).
Peat is valuable fuel.
It is often used as an insulating material.
In Russia, the manufacture of candies and crackers from this moss is practiced.
As a sphagnum (the drawing, presented below, helps better consider the structure of the plant) was used in the XI century. Until now, this value of Moss did not lose.

Thus, it turns out that peat moss is sphagnum - not only an interesting and valuable plant as a source of mineral, but also invaluable petroleous drugs, a source of moisture and aerator for other representatives of the flora. Its beautiful appearance is harmoniously combined with the spectacular characteristics of the inner structure and the significance in the nature and life of people.

Word about MHAH

First meeting

Among other plants, mugh-like, perhaps, the least known to most people are the least known. Usually they are noticed as a green carpet covering the soil or stones. And it is not surprising. After all, MAs are the smallest of land plants, they have neither bright colors or delicious fruits.

But they play a very important environmental role, being pioneer species on naked substrates. Almost all of the succias (shifts of biocenoses) begin with moss communities. So, on dry sands the first moss appears from the group of types of cucushina flax - politrich hairy(Polytrichum Piliferum), on the wet sand forms a pioneer community another type of the same group - politrich Public(Polytrichum Commune.). It is usually called "Cukushkin Len". In open reservoirs, together with vascular plants, sphagnum and hypinate mosses are usually located, such as sFAGNUM BIG(SPHAGNUM MAJUS.), warstorphia floating(Warnstorfia Fluitans.) I. calliergon Giant(Calliergon Giganteum). This list can be continued to infinity. These first plant communities change the habitat so that it becomes favorable for the settlement of other phytocenoses, laying out the beginning for a variety of shifts ending with the forest community. But not all the MAYs are. Many of them are epiphyts, growing, as a rule, only on trees, others adapted to grow on the stones.

If we arm a simple magnifying glass, you can find a huge variety of appearance of these plants - some of them resemble a miniature pine, other Christmas tree, others look like grass and even fern. Often it can be done without a magnifying glass - just bend down low. Among the briologists there is even such an unlawful rule: it is impossible to explore the flora of Makhs of any place, not flaming his pants on the knees. And in order to detect some of the smallest species, the briologist should turn tens and hundreds of square meters on all fours.

Who belong to mock-like?

A group of plants united under the name "mugh-shaped" includes the most simply arranged terrestrial spore plants having special reproduction bodies - sportson, in the life cycle of which prevails gametofit- Gaplooid leafy or leather plant.

All moughen-like teams are combined into the Tyscon Taxon - Department Bryophyta.(The department in the botanical nomenclature corresponds to the type in the zoological nomenclature), which in turn is divided into three classes: Anthocerota (Anthocerotae), liver joints (Hepaticae) and leaf-weighting mosses (Bryopsida, Musci). Representatives of the last class are most common. However, in the seaside areas where the humidity of the air is large, the liver and anthoxerotes also play a considerable role in the cover.

But the first place in the variety of species and life forms among mugh-likes belongs to the Musci class.

Special cells in the structure

Safagnum cells are not all the same. The fact is that some of them has a shell with a hole and a dead protoplastic, that is, an empty cavity. It is necessary to absorb a large amount of moisture and keep it inside itself in these hollow structures.

The structure of the sphagnum allows it to be filled with water in an amount, 20-30 times larger than its own weight. That is why in the habitats of these Mukhov is always very wet, they are literally floating on the surface of the water.

When the plant is filled with moisture, then its color is gentle green. During the drought it gradually whites, as a result, becoming completely snow-white.

Where the moss grows sphagnum where to buy a photo. Pictures.

Photo - Here is the answer to the question - where does the moss grow by sphagnum? And where to buy moss sfagnum can be found below?

There are thousands of types of mosses. These plants differ from each other in color and texture (in the photo), but all of them are not vascular, it means that they do not have such structures like leaves and flowers. Mosses also do not give seeds, they reproduce disputes that are scattered in the wind. Ma is extremely enduring, they can be found in the growing cold conditions. The most common type of moss is sphagnum.

Grow moss on different objects relatively simple. There are a number of basic methods that can be used for the seating of MCH, starting from creating a mixture of dispute and feeding, which you can draw pictures on the surface of the stone, plates and wooden benches, to the transference of ready-made pieces of moss "carpet" in the shadow areas in your garden. Keep in mind that grows moss sphagnum slowly.

Some companies where you can buy files, sell it with sheets or in drawers with a turder. Sheet from MCH has an advantage - externally it looks like a finished corner of the garden, which makes it a better choice for impatient gardeners. When transplanting, make sure that the soil is dense, acidic and wet. Capillary watering will allow you to keep moss wet, but not raw. You can also transplant moss from other parts of the garden or politely ascertaining moss from someone else's garden.

First, select Moss in the picture on the Internet or book that you find attractive. Try that the selected look matches climatically, where you plan to raise moss sphagnum. If you want to grow moss on a stone or paving slabs, look at the moss that grows on the rocks. If you are interested in any exotic look, consult with experts - whether it is possible to grow it in your conditions.

The usual moss, which grows in the nearest swamp or wet forest, can be seeded in the site in a peculiar way:

Collect moss handful, shaking as much dirt as possible in the process. Add moss to a blender together with a half teaspoon of sugar and one cup of kefir, beer, or yogurt. Mix everything so that the moss is a grinding. The resulting mixture of disputes and nutrients distribute where you want to raise moss, ideally somewhere in a cool, shady, and raw place. If you want to get a moss that looks more like a fluffy paint, add a small amount of clay. If you raise a sphagnum on the ground, make sure that the soil is acidic.

Moss key, fournal of squirrels

Water MAs are very numerous and are the most popular plants for aquariums. They look very decorative, transform the interior of any aquarium. They are successfully used as plants for scenery, as well as coating water plants. They can be placed on stones, snags, other substrates. The conditions of the content of MNS are different.

Most of them are unpretentious and withstand various temperatures and the composition of water. However, there are also such species, which are quite difficult to contain in the aquarium. These species should not be purchased by novice aquarists. Mosses are lower plants. They do not have real roots and leaves. But for a more understandable determination of parts of these plants, it is customary to use the words "sheet" and "stem." Water MAs are inhabitants of wet flooded areas, where they can grow both in water and on land. One of the types of water movov is Finalinis.

Use in medicine

The use of sphagnum moss in medicine is due to its properties:

good hygroscopicity, which means the ability to quickly absorb moisture (several times better than the familiar wool);
good breathability (even in wet);
antibacterial properties.

All of the above characteristics are sphagnum with excellent dressing material. For the treatment of wounds, this moss was used in ancient times, and in wartime this material saved not one life. Here are some more ways to use sphagnum in medicine:

treatment of frostbite and burns;
tire overlay (sphagnum acts as a layer protecting the skin);
treatment of feet and nail fungus (for this, special insoles from moss are used);
treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases of an infectious nature (moss insist in hot water, and then take a bath with the addition of this means);
fighting with staphylococcal lesions (need to rinse with fluid, pressed after the collection of sphagnum).

What is the life cycle of moss sfagnum

As with the vascular representatives of the flora, the species under consideration occurs with an alternation of an affordable generation (sporophyte) with sexual (Gametofit). The latter is represented by a photosynthetic green plant. Gamets are formed in the genitals (gaments). Men's gamentangia is referred to as anteridia, women's archeganides. From the zygote (fertilized egg) comes out spores - a dispute generation. Mossy plants have almost no chlorophyll. Spores remain affiliated with the Gamenaophyte, getting food from it. In each cell there is a diploid (double) chromosomal set. Gametophyte has a haploid (single) structure of chromosomes (as in gates). Of the two single sets when merging, sperm and egg generations are formed by one double. It is necessary for the development of sporophyte. During the disputes of the formation occurs meyosis (division of reducing cells). As a result, each dispute becomes haploid again. Next, she can gem in the same single gamethophyte. A thread-shaped branch structure is formed from the dispute. It is called proton. The kidneys begin to form on it. Of these, Gametophytes develop subsequently.

How moss sphagnum creates swamps

Yes, like this and creates! In some nurse, this moss appears, grows. And absorbs water. And further grows, forming a layer of peat. You look - there is already a solid carpet from the sphagnum, sometimes higher than the surrounding area. And the moss starts to settle further, crowding out other plants. And the fact that the soil at the place of its habitat is always more wet and more acidic, that the Moss is good, and others are not very. And by the fact that very very friendly moss is growing - after all, the stems of him with their sticking branches in all directions for each other.

And already on the site of the carpet from Sfagnum - a small sphagnum swamp, which over time will turn into a present rolling swamp. Safagnum fading contains a significant amount of organic acids. They go to the composition of peat, preserving its further decomposition, canning the laid-up organic. The swamp is growing, displacing the surrounding forest.

Safagnoy swamp

For details on the role of swamps in nature and our life, I will definitely tell you later. In the meantime, I recommend not to miss new articles.

Plant structure

Moss Safagnum Botanical Description

Safagnum refers to the sphagnum family. It is also called "White Moss" from the fact that after drying it changes the color from green on white. A perennial plant has a unique vitality, thanks to which it moves well to adverse conditions on swampy terrain. There are no roots, but they, in principle, are not needed by the plant, because the absorption of water is obtained by the entire surface, and it is attached to the soil it is attached to the lower part of the stem. Sphagnum grows tightly, covering large areas with bright green carpet.

Interesting fact! White moss sphagnum releases into the water, in which hydrogen ions are growing, thereby increasing its acidity. Such conditions become unsuitable for other plants, and this allows the MSHA to occupy extensive areas of water bodies.

The stalks have thin and slightly branched. They can reach a height of up to 20 cm. The upper part of the stems in the growth of unlimited (it is constantly growing), but the lower out of time dies, forming peat deposits.

Leaves are small, seated, without vein. Color have light green. Consist of two types of cells.

The first type is living cells in which photosynthesis and the movement of organic substances occurs.

The second type consists of dead transparent cells, large in size. Dead cells are covered with outer layer of stem. The main function is the accumulation and conservation of water to feed alive cells.

The ground part of the sphagnum looks outwardly resembles the Lidy (Sedume). White moss has the same stems and leaves that can stock water.

A distinctive feature is heads on the tops of twisted branches. Separate stems in this body are born by sex cells with spermatozoa (surroundings) and egg cells (Archegonia). After their merge, sporefit is formed, which consists of a box and a spore bag.

Description of the main characteristics

SFAGNUM Bolotnaya refers to the group "Mossy". Most of the representatives of the MKOs have a bright color, so it's easy to distinguish on their background "Sponge" - it looks like a moss sphagnum significantly pale of their relatives. In the forests, even practically unpainted representatives of the species are often found, the same color is acquired when switching to a dry state.

The lower part of the plant that has no roots is gradually turning into peat. The rotation process does not occur, because the composition of the culture includes substances with strong bactericidal properties.

The structure of sphagnum is similar to the main characteristics of other representatives of the group of mossy. A straight offer is not a branched plant, the height of which is not more than 5 centimeters, does not have a stem. As a result of growth and development, shoots collected in pillows are formed. The appearance of sphagnum allows one to unambiguously and unmistakably determine the characteristic species and the name of the culture.

Using sphagnum when leaving indoor plants

Safagnum helps to keep the freshness of other plants and even products if used as an wrapper. This moss can be added to the soil. It is perfect for some plants. I cut the sphagnum into small pieces and add it to the ground for landing most of the aroid. In addition, often laying on the soil in the pot of the sphagnum layer, so that when watering the rustic water filtering occurred. After a while, I replaced the "filter" with a new one. This method is wonderful for SENPOLY.

Some indoor plants require increased air humidity. Here are one of their easiest options for its increase: you need to put a moistened sphagnum next to the pot in a large pallet or place it in an empty space between the walls of the flower pot and porridge. From time to time moss should be moisturized. I often put in winter on the windowsill, on which there are pots with indoor plants, a wide container filled with water and moss-sfagnum.

Sfagnum helps in cases where the moisture-loving houseplants remain in the house during the departure of people for a long time. The pots wock from all sides by a sphagnum, lay the moss on the soil surface and well moisturize. After that, it is not very tightly covered with a moss on top of a polyethylene film. This technique has saved the houseplants many times during our departures.

When planting plants (especially seedlings of pumpkin crops) in the open soil, I often use moss sphagnum. I make "nests" from it, in which the first time the seedlings feel protected and comfortable.

Heather often neighboring sphagnum

Application

Sphagnum is used as an earthen component for indoor plants. It can be added to the ground to improve the quality, make it loose, wet and nutritious.

Moss sphagnum use in another capacity:

for soil shelter;
as a drainage for indoor plants;
like a mat-litter;
for air humidification;
for storage in the winter period, onions and rooteplood;
to protect plants from fungal diseases;
for the manufacture of hanging baskets and supports for plants having air roots.

He loves room begonia, Senpolia, Drazen, Diffenbahia, Monster, Azalea, Sunriding,. Use it for home extension of seeds and further rooting the processes. Felki leaves in it are perfectly rooted.

The subclass includes one sphagnoid order (sphagnales), one family sphagnace (sphagnaceae) with one genus sphagnum (sphagnum), which combines over 300 species that are often morphologically quite difficult to differ.

SFAGNA MAYS are perennial plants. They are characterized by a number of morphological, anatomical and biological features, due to which they differ significantly from other mugh (Fig. 3).

The main stem (cauldium) is weak, usually simple or false dichotomically branched, rare-sided. As a result of uniform side branching on it, with a certain periodicity of the beam-shaped (from 2 to 7), the left-oblamic side sprigs of subsequent orders are arranged. As a result, a bulk system of shoots with the main stem in the middle is formed. It is characterized by an unlimited top growth.

Sphagnum distinguishes three types of side sprigs. On the top of the stem, they are short, more or less tightly bored, with closely arranged leaves. Preferably, gaments are formed. These are the top side sprigs.

As the stalk grows, the interstices increase and the lateral twigs are spread. Within each beam, there is a distinction between their spatial placement and function. Most of the lateral twigs of the beam occupies a horizontal or slightly oblique position. Commissioning with similar side sprigs of neighboring plants, they contribute to maintaining the main stem in a vertical position. As a result, a large thick dense curtain or turf is formed, light green, sometimes reddish, brown, or purple shade. Leaves on horizontal side branches are rarely located rarely than vertical.

There are also more subtle and long hanging side sprigs, quite tightly adjacent to the main stalk. The leaves are also located more rarely. Hanging side sprigs contribute to the absorption of water from the surface and from the soil and quickly transporting it to the top of the main stem due to the capillary. The rhizoids in the adult plant is not.

Being perennial plants, sphagnum mosses never reach large sizes. In different species, the height of the main shoots ranges from 5 to 20 cm. This is due to the fact that as young parts of the escape increase, its lower part is devoted annually.

Small leaves of sphagnum (2-3 mm long) are attached to a wide base. They are dimorphic, the branches are not suitable with the leaves of the main stem. The main assimilation function is performed by the leaves of the top and horizontal side sprigs. Singhan-layer sphagnum leaves are devoid of medium vein, but at the same time are highly specialized. They differ from the leaves of all other plants with an elegant uniform-mesh structure. Formed by cells of the twofold genus (Fig. 3). Some cells are alive, green; In the form of narrow long, slightly curved - chlorophyllon. The main feature of the photosynthesis. Between them are larger aquifers, or hyaline cells that take up to 2/3 of the surface of the sheet. They are deprived of the contents, permeated with the pores of a variety of shapes and sizes in different species. Pores may be simple and bordered. Also differently their number and location in the cage. For some species, these signs can be strictly constant. The primary shells of aquifers from the inside are thickened with secondary sediments in the form of rings or spirals consisting of a colloidal substance of hyaline. Hence their second name - hyaline cells. Such a structure of aquifer provides a plant to the rapid absorption and water with mineral substances dissolved in it, and colloidal hyaline, which has the ability to swell a lot, firmly holds moisture. In the arid periods of moisture from aquifer, evaporates, and hyaline thickening prevent the cells falling. The aquifers are colorless. Since chlorophyllon cells occupy only 1/3 of the surface of the leaves, the color of plants of many types of light green. Therefore, sphagnum is often referred to as white Mkhami.

In the stem of sphagnum moss, three types of fabrics are isolated: hyaloderma, mechanical tissue and a parenchyma (Fig. 3). The root of the conductive beam is not. The central part of the stem is engaged in the core formed by rather large thin-walled parenchymal cells. The periphery is located a cortic part of the stem, divided into inner and outdoor. The inner bark is represented by several rows of narrow proven cells stretched along the longitudinal axis with highly thickened walls of brown-colored. The inner boron is often called the "wood cylinder", since the mechanical fabric betrays a certain strength. It usually takes a minor part of the stem, so sphagnum stems are weak. The function of the outer cortex (hyaloderma) is the absorption and retention of water. It is formed by 2-5 layers of hyaline, or aquifers. They have a similar structure with similar leaf cells. These are large dead transparent cells with spiral or ringed hyaline thickens of thin primary shells. They also have through holes (pores) on all walls. Due to the open connection of cells between themselves and with the external environment, the sfagnum hyriodeter represents a continuous capillary system. Water can spread to neighboring cells in all directions. The hyaline cells of the most outdoor layer are smaller, but they have the same structure as deeply located. They are epidermal origin.

Due to the presence of aquifer in the structure of the sheet and stem, the presence of hanging twigs forming a kind of case (wick) around the stem, water is quickly moving along the main and side shoots. It has been established that the individual species absorb water in 20-30 or more times more of their own dry mass (cotton wool - only 4-6 times), it is still held firmly. Thus, the anatomy morphological features of the sphagnum largely ensure the constancy of the wet environment in which they live. High hygroscopicity explains the rapid settlement of sphagnum areas and the development of swamps in areas where they are settled.

Sphagnum mosses can be downtown or monodomal plants. Male and female gaments are always evolving on different specialized lateral generative shoots. They are located at the top of the main escape in the beams together with vegetative escapes. Aniardia and Archegononia develop more often at the ends of short top sprigs. Anteridial branches are quite sharply different from vegetative slightly more thick. Wide tiled-separating leaves, in the sinuses of which are developing and surviving are located right. However, the most catchy differences are related to the fact that these leaves have a different color - yellowish, reddish or dark green. Alterias of sphagnum mosses on appearance, the structure and method of opening are more reminiscent of the Anmittee of the licensing Jungerniavid, than green mosses. They are located on long legs, alternating with leaves; A spherical or oval shape, coated with a single-layer wall. In the ripening of spermatozoa, the wall of the upper part of the anteria is broken into several blades that wrapped the dust. Another sperdia, spiral twisted twin-adhesive spermatozoa leaves from the discontinued.

Archegononia is usually located in small groups (2-4) on the tops of short side twigs (top and partially horizontal), surrounded by large coating leaves. Short archegonal sphagnum sprigs outwardly similar to vegetative kidneys. Archegononia have the same structure as Archegononia Green Movts. They alternate with filamentary paraffizes.

Hametangia sphagnum moss ripen in autumn. Fertilization is made in autumn or in the spring of next year. Archeganius, which began to develop earlier than others, suppresses the development of the rest. Therefore, on the side branches is developing only one sports. Gaustoria is introduced into the tissue of the gametophyte. A young spore from above is covered with a fine transparent scorched wall of abdomen Archegononia. The leg of the sportsman is very short and it is almost not issued from the surrounding coating leaves. As the spherical direction of the archegonal escape is developing, in which the Gaustoria is immersed, pulls greatly and pulls out a box. This is an elongated part of the stem of the side escape of the gametophyte, devoid of leaves, is called a false leg (since it is not formed by sporophyte tissues). The present leg is often reduced to the drawing between the Gaustoria and the box. As the box grows the wall, the Archegonony abdomen is first stretched in length, and in the future bursts in the middle part. The upper part of the abdomen together with the baking residues forms a transparent cap, covering the box from above. The sphagnum moss cap is reset early and it is noticeable. As above, the lower part of the wall abdomen Archegony in the form of a collar remains at the base of the box, distinguishing the morphologically tissue of the sporophyte and gametophyte.

Multi-layered box wall. In the epiderm of the wall there are many underdeveloped (reduced?) Ust. The epidermis cells of an immature box contain chloroplasts, so the young spa sphagnum spareth moss is partly eating independently. Central, most of the box is occupied by a massive shortened hemispherical column consisting of large parenchymal cells. The column does not reach the top of the box and on top above it is placed a peculiar curved cavity in which spacengters with disputes are located. In the top of the box differentiates a non-timber pronounced round lid. Its boundary is marked by a ring formed by lower cells of epidermis with thin-walled shells. By the time of ripening spore column and other thin-walled fabrics of the boxes are destroyed. A large cavity is formed, which is filled with disputes falling from the sporangium.

Mature sphagnum sphacnum box, shiny, in different types from red to blacknate-brown color. Disputes usually ripen in July, August, less often - April and May. As the argument is ripening, the wall of the box is quiet. There is a decrease in its transverse diameter. Longitudinal boxes remain the same. Its spherical shape is replaced by almost cylindrical. This leads to a decrease in its volume and an increase in internal pressure. The lid is discarded with great power. The outgoing air makes out the contour from the box. This happens in warm sunny weather. Spores are spread by the wind. There is no peristome in sphagnum moss.

Sphagnum disputes round-tetrahedral, three-beam, dressed in two shells. External (exverse) - thick, painted in a dark brown color, smooth. Internal (endosition) is thin and colorless. The average size of isosports about 20-30 microns.

In nature, there is a massive sowing dispute. In suitable conditions, the dispute germinates, forming a blade plate proton (ranging), up to 1 cm. Some edge cells of protonmes form colorless delicate multicellular single-row branching rhizoids that are absent in an adult plant. They attach a foreground to the substrate, also serve to absorb and carry out water with dissolved substances. On the upper side of the rank is laid more often than one or more kidneys, developing in the future in the desired main shoots of GaMetophyte.

Young shoots formed on proton, thick covered with small leaves. Based on young shoots, multicellular rhizoids are developing. With the beginning of the branching of escapes, the formation of new rhizoids is terminated. Adult plants are completely deprived of them. At the level of 4-5 sheet of young escape, lateral kidney is laid. Starting in the future to develop, it is repeatedly dismembered and as a result, a meal of lateral twigs are formed. Young kidney leaves are formed by homogeneous green rhombid cells. Later, as shears develops, their differentiation of chlorophyllon and aquifers begins.

For sphagnum characteristic reinforced vegetative reproduction. Sphagnum protonmes are capable of vegetative reproduction (edge \u200b\u200bcells can develop in threads that give new lamellar ranks). Each of which can develop several main shoots. Therefore, sphagnum mosses grow thick curtains, forming on the surface of the soil (often on extensive areas) with a solid tightly closed carpet.

Some side branches located under the top of the main escape are growing faster than the rest and with a gradual death of the stem from below give rise to a new run (isolated in the form of a separate plant). Falsely dichotomically branched main stem, when moving the lower one-piece part, forms two young plants. The beginning of the new plants give fragments of a damaged stem. In intact plants also observed the development of young plants from the old parts of the stem. Under the conditions of experiments from all parts of the plant, a secondary proton was obtained and the development of new individuals.

Measuring parts of sphagnum mms due to the edge, lack of oxygen and other reasons are not completely decomposed. The flood is due to the fact that a tightly closed turne, characteristic of the originality of the structure, provides high standing of conillicular water. In the process of vital activity, sphagnum mosses also form a lot of water-soluble organic acids (oxal, apple, amber, lemon) and acidify the medium. Hyalin also detects a sour reaction. This contributes to the ion exchange of sphagnums (hydrogen ions are released). In the central part of the head of the pH often below 4, which is unusual for natural habitats. Phenolic compounds of sphagnum also inhibit bacterial flora, the development of mushrooms and ensure high preservation of dead parts. This explains the antiseptic properties of sphagnums. In medicine and veterinary medicine, earlier sphagnum was used as dressings (especially in wartime - prepared sphagno-gauze bandages, which contributed to the rapid healing of wounds and injections). The healing is promoted and excellent absorbent properties of MCH.

In the anaerobic conditions (in the oversaturated moisture of the acidified medium), few decomposed residues accumulate in the form of peat. Thanks to the process of trophonacopulation, sphagnum is often called peat msum. Sfagnum Magellansky (S. Magellanicum) and p. Brown (S. Fuscum) is the main peat inventors on the rollers of the moderate belt of the northern hemisphere.

As noted, peat finds a variety of use in human economic activity. Dry sphagnum moss and peat are used to bed of pets, peat - as raw materials for the manufacture of thermal insulation stoves, obtaining feed yeast, for the preparation of composts. Peat of the rolling swamp is a sterile substrate for greenhouse vegetable and ornamental plants. It can accommodate any micro and macroelectric complex. You can adjust acidity. Pathogens do not develop on it. Gardeners are often mixed with a sphagnum soil to increase its water-holding capacity and acidity.

Significant peat reserves are used as chemical-technological raw materials, to obtain various waxes, activated coal, technical alcohol, polymer fillers, catalysts, organic dyes and many others. In recent decades, it has received recognition of the use of highly valuable peat for therapeutic purposes - peat-mud baths, obtaining medicines.

Sphagnum MAs are powerful media. Increasing the acidity of habitats, synthesizing phenolic compounds, they have a strong effect on biochemical relationships with other plants. In the peat is accumulated by plants of incomplete decomposition products (humic acids, methane, hydrogen sulfide). Due to the weak decomposition of the remains of the soil of the rigging swamps poorly, elements of mineral nutrition. They are also characterized by an excess of moisture, poor water and heat transfer, disadvantage of oxygen. The lack of nitrogen power supply leads to a violation of the plants of regulatory mechanisms of water exchange. The permanent increase of peat makes it possible to dwell on the rollers of plants capable of constant neoplasm of organs (reward roots, renewal kidney). Mokhovaya Turnina often does not allow the roots to reach the surface of the soil and the seedlings of many plants die. Thus, habitat conditions on sphagnum (rolling) swamps for most plants are unfavorable. Floral composition of their poor.

Safagnum is a cosmopolitan. Sphagnum MAs are widespread over the globe, from tropical to the Arctic and subnutrctic regions. In the tropics they are found only in the mountains. They are widely represented on the plains of moderate and cold zones, especially in the northern hemisphere, occupying extensive spaces in Eurasia and North America. In the northern half of the forest area, Lesothundra they form extensive rolling and transitional swamps. In the tundra zone, their composition changes; The role of sphagnum in the addition of vegetation cover is sharply reduced (green mosses begin to prevail among mugh-like). Safagnums in the temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere are also quite common - on the marshes of New Zealand, about. Tasmania, South America (Patagonia, O. Fire Land). Here they live more often high in the mountains (mostly on the border of the forest), less often - on the plains. In Andaches, sphagnums are found to a height of 4,200 m above sea level.

Compared to other moss, sphagnum is characterized by a narrow ecological amplitude (riding and transient swamps, wetlands, mainly coniferous forests). Setting on wet habitats Many types of sphagnum (as well as green) contribute to the rapidly wiping of these territories, thanks to the peculiarities of their structure and physiology. The acidic reaction of the substrate is often necessary for the growth and development of sphagnum. Their disputes germinate only on a sour substrate.

In Belarus, 35 types of sphagnum. The most famous - with. Magellansky, p. narrow (S. angustifolium), p. Oak (S. nemoreum), p. Stopped (S. Squarrosum). Two species are listed in the Red Book. They prevail on the rollers and many transitional swamps, are widespread in shady wetlands, less often on wet meadows, low swamps. Distribution of swamps with the participation of sphagnum mosses in Belarus zonal. From the north to the south of their square sharply decrease.

Sphagnum make up a clearly defined group of higher disputes of plants, very long separated from the main line of moor-shaped evolution. Based on a low evolutionary level, they passed the long path of thin specialization, which ensuring the formation and improvement of the external conductive system. Active absorption and promotion of water is based solely on physical, and not physiological laws. As for many liver mids, it is characterized by an extremely peculiar for higher plants aqueous mode (the so-called caustichydric type). However, compared with the liver, the sphagnum has new anatomy-morphological structures and devices - the aquifer cells of the sheet and the stem, the differentiation of hanging side twigs, etc. The water supply process in sphagnum is more diverse and biologically more profitable. The aqueous regime is evolutionally advanced, compared with sphagnum, higher plants with an internal conductive system (frames, horships and subsequent groups) based on physiological laws. In the process of evolution, they have formed even more highly organized structures that allow them to use more dry habitats to use moisture.

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