The spelling of the prefixes over underneath. Spelling of vowels and consonants in prefixes

Words in Russian are formed from the root using various additional tools, one of which is the prefix. It is very important to understand its role in the formation of words, to know its functions and features. Therefore, special attention is paid to this topic of the 2nd grade Russian language.

What is a set-top box and its functions?

The definition is as follows: this is the part of the word that is located in front of the root and is necessary for the formation of new words. It is not difficult to find it in a word: you need to determine the root, and the part in front of it will be a prefix.

Thanks to her, new words are formed, and she not only makes them, but also changes and complements the meaning.

For example, root move with two different prefixes will give two different words: entrance- this is where they go output- where they come from.

Scientists have calculated how many prefixes there are in the Russian language, and found that there are seventy of them.

When parsing a word, you can make a mistake and select as a prefix that part of the root that is similar to it in spelling, for example, in the word nature when is not a prefix, but a part of the root. The same situation with the words deception, profit and others. At the same time, a part of the root is often unreasonably attached to the prefix, considering this a case of alternation. So, in the word safe, you can mistakenly distinguish as a prefix not without, but without, which will be a mistake.

Types of prefixes in Russian

Mostly they are primordially Russian, and it is not difficult to determine their origin - this is k-, v-, ot-, po and others... But there are also those who came from Latin and Greek, this is a less extensive group, which includes prefixes anti-, super-, ultra- and others.

Spelling prefixes

This part of the word is often difficult to spell. The table will help to understand the issue.

Prefixes that don't change	Prefixes on c- / z-	Prefixes pre- and with–
It's enough to remember their spelling: by, under- (under-), about- (about-), from- (ot-), for-, co-, na-, above- (need-), before-, pro, before- (before -), re-, c-, o-. Examples of: escape, run, escape.	If after such a prefix there is a voiceless consonant, then it is written with: shameless, sunrise. If after such a prefix there is a voiced consonant or vowel, then it is written z: safe, mediocre.	If the prefix has the meaning of approach, attachment or proximity, as well as incomplete action, you should use and: sew on, come, coastal, open up. If the prefix can be changed to over- or equated in meaning to the word very, e is used: excellent, to block.

With the prefix c-, the voicing rule does not work: in Russian it does not have a paired prefix z-, so it is always used, regardless of which letter comes after: passed, collapse.

It is very important to remember that prefixes are always written together with the word, as opposed to prepositions.

It is necessary to learn to distinguish them from each other. It is not so difficult: if between what can be mistaken for a prefix and a word you can insert another word, then this is a preposition, if not, then a prefix: beyond the hills - beyond the green hills.

In addition to the prefixes in s- and c-, in Russian there are other alternating prefixes, which, depending on the situation, are used with or without a vowel: pick up, but pick up, enter, but enter, and so on.

What have we learned?

The prefix is ​​an important part of the word, with the help of which new words are formed. It is always attached to the root at the front. There are primordially Russian prefixes, most of them, and there are those that came from languages ​​such as Greek and Latin. When parsing a word in parts, it is important to correctly select the prefix without attaching a part of the root to it and not mistaking for it what is actually part of the root. The spelling of prefixes can cause some difficulties, so it is necessary to remember what unchangeable prefixes are in the Russian language, as well as the spelling of prefixes in z- and c- and pre- and pri-. In this case, it is also necessary to remember that in Russian there is no prefix z-: what can be mistaken for it is always included in the root.

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Prefixes by, under-, about-, for-, co- other

Spelling prefixes in Russian can be difficult because they are often not pronounced clearly. This is due to the fact that vowels in prefixes are often unstressed, for example: submit(hand) in the prefix on- vowel O sounds like short a.

Regardless of the stress in the prefixes on, under-, about-, from-, for-, co- etc., the same vowels are always written, with the exception of the prefix times (ras-), which in an unstressed position is written with a (break, tell), and under stress with O (painting, stories).

Not only vowels, but also consonants in prefixes often change during pronunciation. So, the consonants that are at the end of the prefix are pronounced dull or loudly under the influence of the subsequent consonant. For example: open give(in the first case, [t] is pronounced, since the prefix appeared in front of a dull sound To, in the second instead of T pronounced [d] o [dd] at). Another example: propose upcoming(the first word in the prefix is ​​pronounced d, in the second, it is stunned in from: pre[T] standing). Thus, consonants in prefixes about-, from-, over-, under-, pre-, s- and others are "dubious consonants", their spelling obeys a general rule: regardless of pronunciation, these prefixes are always spelled the same. In this case, the morphological principle of Russian spelling is realized. The exception is all set-top boxes on s: without- (without-), voz- (vos-), from-(is-), low- (nis-), times- (ras-), extreme- (chres-), in them, the stunning of the consonant is reflected in the letter.

Prefixes on s and prefix with-

1. Attachments without-, voz- (vz-), from-, bottom, raz- (rose-), through- (via-) written with a letter s before vowels and voiced consonants (b, c, d, d, g, h, l, m, n, r) and with the letter with before voiceless consonants (k, n, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u): waterless endless, to chant, to expel, to expel, to depose, to send down, to divide, to recognize, excessive striping.

2. In consoles ra- (ras-) roses- (ros-) under stress is written O, without stress a: to distribute the handed out.

3. Prefix with- written both before voiceless and voiced consonants: erase do.

Prefixes pre- and at-

1. Prefix pre-

a) a high degree of quality or action (it is possible to replace the prefix with words very, very), for example: great, unpleasant, exaggerate, do well;

b) the meaning "through", "differently" (close to the value of the prefix re-), for example: transform, transform.

In some words, the prefix pre- is now not highlighted, for example: despise, neglect and others. There is no prefix in foreign words, for example: presidium, prelude and etc.

2. Prefix at- gives words the following meanings:

a) spatial proximity, for example: lakeside, backyard;

b) approximation, attachment, addition, for example: arrive, join, attach, lean against;

c) performing an action not in full or for a limited period, for example: open slightly, pause;

G) completing the action, for example: come, come up with.

In some words, the prefix at- does not stand out, for example: device, order and etc.

It is necessary to distinguish between the meaning and spelling of similar-sounding words with prefixes pre- and at-, for example: betray(commit betrayal) give(make some kind) (formalize), stay(be somewhere) arrive(arrive, arrive), bow down(lap) bow down(head), exaggerate multiply etc.

Borrowed words, in which the first part of the word (at-, pre-) not identical to Russian prefixes at- and pre-. Most of these words are written with pre-; preamble, precedent, claim, challenger, prestige, preposition, prelude, president, presidium, prevail.

The prefixes for s- and s- are mainly written as they are heard. But there is a rule: if a word begins with a voiced consonant, then the prefix must end in z-, if a voiceless consonant, then in -s.

A prefix or prefix is ​​a morpheme used for. There are 51 prefixes, while there are both native Russian and foreign ones. The Russian prefixes include the following: without- (bes-), v- (vo-), vo- (vos-, voo-), vz- (vs-), v-, do-, za-, iz- (is -, iso-), na-, na-, under-, over- (need-), not-, lower- (nis-, niz-), o-, about- (about-), de- (obes- ), from- (ot-), by, sub- (sub-), pre-, pre-, pre- (pre-), with-, pro, times- (ra-, dis-), with- (co-), co-, through- (over-), through-, out-, inter-, near-, over-, about-, counter-, and to foreign language prefixes: anti-, arch-, de-, des-, dis-, in-, inter-, infra-, counter-, pro, pan-, post-, proto-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, ex-. These prefixes are immutable, you just need to memorize their correct spelling.

Spelling prefixes

Difficulties in choosing a prefix arise when writing words starting with a- and o-. The prefix a- is used for something, for example: asymmetrical (i.e. unbalanced). The prefix o- is used to indicate the direction of action, excessive action, etc., for example: (i.e., not just watch, but perform this action more carefully and for a long time).

When writing the prefixes pro and pra, it is also necessary to analyze the meaning of the word. The prefix pra- has the meaning “ancient, old, distant relative, primordial,” for example: progenitor. In all other cases, it is necessary to use the pro prefix, for example: spill, bite.

There are exceptions to all the rules. These are mostly words of foreign origin. They need to be memorized or their spelling checked in a spelling dictionary.

It is especially difficult for schoolchildren to be given changeable prefixes and prefixes. The prefix has a fairly wide range of meanings, including the following: "about" (Azov region); "Addition, approach, attachment" (fasten); "Incomplete action" (powder); "Action taken to the end" (admit); "A little bit, not for long" (lie down); "Accompanying action" (whistle); "Acting in someone else's interests" (hide). The prefix is ​​used when the word means “very, very, unnecessarily” (old) or “through, differently” (to overcome).

B or b

If the word begins with a vowel letter E, E, Y and Y, then after the prefix you need b. A solid sign should be written if the prefix ends in a consonant, for example: connector, entrance. In compound words, if the prefix is ​​a numeral, b is also written, for example: bunk. The hard sign is also written after most foreign language prefixes: injection, adjutant. The soft sign after the prefix is ​​not written.

Prefix- a significant morpheme (part of a word), which stands at the beginning of a word before the root and serves to complement the meaning of the word or change it.

In the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish several types of prefixes according to different classifications.

Types of prefixes by writing

On the basis of spelling, prefixes are divided into 3 large groups:

• Immutable prefixes. This includes all prefixes that, regardless of the root, the meaning of the word, are written the same in all cases, i.e. they are immutable. For example: in-, before-, for-, before-, above-, etc.
• Changeable attachments. This group includes all prefixes that end in s- / s-: without- / without-, voz- / vos-, raz- / ras-, rose-, ros-, etc. Which letter will be written at the end of the prefix (s or s) depends on the first letter of the root. If the root begins with a voiced root, we write z, if it begins with a voiceless root, we write with. For example: give birth (p - voiced), reconnect (s - voiceless).
• Semantic prefixes. There are only two prefixes, the spelling of which depends on the meaning (hence the name of the group): prefixes pre- and pri-... If the word has the meaning of approximation ( come), attachments ( bind), incompleteness of the action ( lie down), bringing the action to the end ( come up with), spatial adjacency ( adjoining) is written at-... Prefix pre- is written in words that have the meaning of "very" (for example, unpleasant - very unpleasant) and in which the prefix is ​​used in the meaning re-(interrupt - interrupt).

Types of prefixes by origin

By origin, prefixes are divided into two large groups.

• Originally Russian prefixes: v-, na-, po, pod-, ros-, za-, etc.
• Prefixes formed from adverbial prepositions. For example: international (the prefix inter is formed from the preposition "between").
• Outdated prefixes: great-, pa-, etc. Examples: great-grandfather, stepson.
• Foreign prefixes. This group prefixes are formed from foreign words... It is quite easy to distinguish them from the primordially Russian: counter-, trans-, arch-, inter-, anti-, etc.

Thus, in the Russian language there is a classification of prefixes on two grounds: by spelling and by origin. By writing, there are three groups of prefixes: unchangeable, changeable, semantic. By origin, it is customary to distinguish also three groups of prefixes: primordially Russian, formed from prepositions, and foreign prefixes.

The Russian language is incredibly rich, and partly due to morphemes, which, participating in word formation, create new words... Prefix, it is prefix, is the most important morpheme, without which half of the words would disappear. It is placed in front of the root and the amount of this morpheme in a word can reach three units!

In contact with

Many prefixes of the Russian language are derived from synonymous prepositions. For example: word verbal formed from a combination of a preposition with a noun, from a verb. Some of them are borrowed from other languages. For example, morpheme "anti-" means "opposite" or "hostility". To be literate and educated person, you need to know not only the spelling of the prefixes, but also their meaning. These morphemes in Russian are unchangeable and changeable in form.

Immutable prefixes

Even without memorizing the entire list, it is incredibly difficult to misspelling immutable prefixes. They are spelled the same under any circumstances, regardless of whether there is a vowel or a consonant after them, a voiceless sound or a voiced one.

• "O-", for example: call out, turn around, turn around;
• "before-", for example: drive, run, swim;
• "on-" for example: comprehend, fry, gradually;
• "Pro", for example: lie down, climb, run;
• "Great-", for example: great-grandmother, great-grandfather, Proto-Slavic (the prefix is ​​used if the word has the meaning of kinship, primordial and ancient);
• "on-", for example: raid, attack, people;
• "per-", for example: shoot, record, run;
• "Over-" ("need-"), for example: to tear, laugh, milk;
• "Under-" ("under-"), for example: window sill, undercut, prompt;
• "Ot-" ("oto-") for example: hone, tear off, bend back;
• "About-" ("about-"), for example: torn, sprinkled, bypass;
• "In-" ("in-") for example: grab, break in, enter;
• "Pre-", for example: forerunner, pre-spring, precede;
• "Over-", for example: move, move, wait;
• "C-" ("co-"), for example: drive away, run away, move.

It is worth noting that the prefix "z-" does not exist in the Russian language. At the beginning of the word, before the consonant, the letter "z" is placed only in a few words: the building, here, local, health, not even zgi is visible.

Modifiable

Remember how they are written quite easily... It is important to look at the letter that starts the root following the first morpheme. If the sound is voiced, then the prefix will also end in a voiced consonant. If the sound is deaf, then its ending will also be deaf.

It's important to know that this rule does not apply to words in which the prefix is ​​immutable: give up and group.

"Not" and "Not" are used most often in negative and indefinite pronouns, as well as negative adverbs formed from pronouns. Determining which vowel will be used is quite simple. If the stress falls on the morpheme, then we write "e", but if the prefix is ​​unstressed - "and".

For example: someone is nobody, something is nothing, once is never, etc.

This rule applies to words of other parts of speech only if they are formed from negative pronouns or adverbs. For example: insignificant, worthless.

Spelling "pre-" and "pri-"

"Pre-" and "at-" perhaps the most difficult to write, because you need to know all their meanings.

Let's start with "pri-". It has the following meanings:

1. Approximation value. Come, come running.
2. Meaning incompleteness of action... Tap, stamp.
3. Meaning joining and fastening... Add, solder, sew on.
4. Meaning proximity, adherence to something, neighborhood. Suburb, coastal area.

"Pre-" is used when:

1. Means high degree or quality... You can test yourself by replacing it with the word "very". Most interesting (very interesting), very pretty (very pretty).
2. Means "through" and synonymous with "re-". A criminal (that is, a person who has outplayed the law), transformation.

You should carefully analyze the word in order to avoid mistakes, because depending on which letter is used, the meaning of the words will change. Betray a friend, but attach importance. Stay in the country, but arrive in the country. Lean at the door, but bow to talent.

This rule is also complicated by the fact that as a result of borrowing words have appeared in our language, the meaning of which is not always easy to understand. Here is some of them: preamble, prerogative, precedent, primitive.

Foreign language prefixes

Studying the meaning of certain foreign-language parts of a word is not only incredibly useful, but also interesting. Most of them were borrowed from Latin and Greek.

• "A-" has a negative value and indicates the absence of some sign. Achromatism, illogical, immoral;
• "Anti-" is used in Russian to form words, meaning opposites. Anti-scientific, antibacterial, anti-virus;
• The morpheme has the highest degree and superiority "Archi-". Archpastor, archpastor;
• Using the prefix "hyper-" indicate excess of the norm. Hyperactivity, hypersensitivity;
• "Dis-"(used before vowels) and "Dis-"(used before consonants) carry the meaning of separation and negation. Imbalance, disharmony;
• Borrowed "counter-" synonymous with the Russian prefix v. Counteroffensive.