Ceiling device in a private house with a chimney

Properly equipped ceiling covering is not only a guarantee of safe operation of the house, but also a guarantee of comfortable living in it. The ceiling of a one-story house is the boundary separating the interior from the attic. Heat loss and the penetration of external noise into the house depend on properly executed heat and sound insulation of the ceiling. The following requirements are imposed on ceiling ceilings:

• The load-bearing capacity of the floor must correspond to the operational loads, which take into account its total mass, including the main structural elements and insulating materials.
• The upper limit of loads should not affect the rigidity of the ceiling, the rigidity should completely exclude deflection and deformation of the ceiling.
• Heat and sound insulation must be performed taking into account the indicators of the lowest temperatures and noise loads from the street and from the roof. At the same time, soundproofing of the attic must also be arranged.
• The ceiling must be fire resistant, and in the case of laying a chimney, a number of additional requirements must be taken into account.

Laying wooden beams

Beam flooring is the most popular type of flooring at the moment, this is due to the fact that the material is relatively inexpensive and the work itself is not too laborious. The tree itself has excellent thermal and acoustic properties, so the possibility of noise and cold conduction is completely excluded. When installing a beam ceiling, special machinery and equipment are not required. A wooden beam ceiling can be done by two adult strong men with experience in construction.

The choice of beams is a key moment in the arrangement of the ceiling, so you need to approach it with the utmost responsibility. The long-term operation of the future house depends on how correctly you choose the materials. The load on the ceiling is taken equal to the weight of the structure itself, which, depending on the filler, can range from 250 to 300 kg per square meter + a temporary load equal to 100 kg per square meter. The total value is 350 or 400 kg / m2. As a rule, together with the filler, a load of 350 kg / m2 of area is calculated. With a span length of 4.5 meters, the cross section of the beam should be at least 10 x 22 cm. Beams with a moisture content of not more than 20% can be selected as floor beams. This means that made from fresh coniferous wood, the beam had to lie in a dry place for at least 1 year. Wooden beams made 3 years ago are recognized as an ideal option; they should not be knotty, oblique and with tangled graininess. Beams made of coniferous trees must be antiseptic and have fire-fighting impregnation. Deciduous trees are not used for the manufacture of floor beams.

Wooden beams can be used with a maximum span of 6 meters, the best option is a length of 4.5 meters. Modern wooden houses, as a rule, have a side length of 9 meters. In the middle of such a house, another load-bearing wall is being erected, while the ceiling is solid, with beams resting on two adjacent load-bearing walls. The beam, each individually and in relation to the others, must be located in a strictly horizontal plane, all beams must be located on the same level. To do this, they are leveled by placing the remains of tarred boards under the ends; the beam itself cannot be cut off.

Beams are usually laid on the short side of the log house in increments of 50 - 100 cm, the optimal distance is 60 cm. Beams, if possible, are placed parallel to each other, the long side of the beam section should be vertical. The ends of the beams are supported in the nests provided in advance, they are wrapped with two layers of roofing felt or roofing material (except for the ends) or fired. It is possible to neutralize sound vibrations, which can subsequently be transmitted to the ceiling, by laying the ends of the beams on soundproof pads made of felt or thick rubber impregnated with an antiseptic. The ends of the beams should be inserted into nests to a depth of 15 cm. Every second beam is attached to the load-bearing wall with steel brackets, thereby ensuring the rigidity of the structure not only of the floor itself, but of the structure as a whole. To equip the opening for the chimney, an additional crossbar is installed, which serves as a support for the beams.

The arrangement of the opening for the chimney pipe must be given special attention, thereby ensuring the fire safety of your home. Wooden elements should be located at a distance of 35 cm from the chimney. its walls in these places are thicker by 1 brick. If the conditions do not allow leaving a gap of 35 cm, then it is permissible to reduce it to 30 cm, but at the same time it is necessary to additionally insulate the pipe from the beam with asbestos cardboard 3 mm thick or felt impregnated with clay mortar.
The wooden crossbar structure is based on a transversely fixed beam, floor beams with the help of cuts or metal clamps. Only 1 crossbar can be placed on 1 beam, and only 1 beam can be fixed to 1 beam.

When calculating the step of the beams, it is necessary to immediately take into account the location of the chimney and, according to it, lay the beams and arrange the crossbar.

Shield - ceiling device

In a one-story house, where the attic is planned to be used for its intended purpose, they do not provide for the installation of a vibration-insulating layer and a separate roll-up. The sheeting is immediately performed from tongue-and-groove boards, which simultaneously serves as the basis for insulation and the basis for the ceiling. Boards for the ceiling must be of the same size and the same grade; when installing them, it is necessary to lay the first board with a groove to the wall. Edged ceiling boards made of coniferous trees should have a thickness of 25 mm, they are hemmed to the beams with 70 mm nails with hats. Each board must be nailed to each beam with a hammer using two nails, while the direction is chosen obliquely, approximately 450. The distance from the edge of the board to the head of the nail is chosen about 1 cm.

Heat and sound insulation

Before laying the filler between the beams, it is mandatory to perform a vapor barrier of the ceiling. As a material, polymer membranes, foil insulation or vapor barrier film can be used. The vapor barrier is laid between the beams for the entire length and width of the span, while the material must cover the beam for its entire height. The material is fastened with a construction stapler or with the help of thin wooden slats that are attached to the top of the vertical edge of the beam.

Expanded clay, mineral wool, ecowool, glass wool or polystyrene are used as insulating materials. Each of these materials is suitable for insulation and sound insulation. The choice may be based on personal preference: some materials are the cheapest, some are the most easy to install. All these materials are more or less moisture permeable and may lose their properties due to waterlogging. Therefore, on top of any of the materials it is also necessary to insulate with a vapor barrier material.

A shield of rough boards is laid on top of the preparation, on which another layer of dense wood-containing slabs is laid.
The insulation for the opening between the pipe and the wooden flooring is performed as follows: 4 parts of clay, 1/3 of the cement are taken for 1 part of sawdust and knead it all with 2 or slightly more parts of water. With the help of a mold, insulation elements are made from the bars and dried under a canopy to a moisture content of 20%. Then these blanks are laid around the chimney and fixed with a solution of identical composition.

Ceiling device

From the inside of the room, the ceiling can be made of plasterboard or fiberboard, it can also be plastered. A layer of plaster layer is applied to the shingles of thin laths, which are stuffed over the entire surface of the ceiling. Today, the market offers many options for ceiling coverings, so plaster is no longer as relevant as before.