National language of Scotland. Scotland - strange, but charming country
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Scotland on the world map
Geographically, Scotland refers to the Eurasian mainland and, at the same time, is located in the British Islands, which are separated from the continent 33 kilometers. Scotland accounts for one third of the UK, and the northern part of it. The country also includes about 800 large and small islands located in the water area. The most famous islands are the Hebrid, Orkney and Shetland. Each of them varies with relief, vegetation and climatic features, the largest island - Lewis end Harris with an area of \u200b\u200b2.2 thousand square k.km.
The land border with a length of 95 km Scotland has only from England. From Ireland, Scotland separates the Northern Strait, whose width is 30 km in the most narrow place. Scotland's nearest neighbors - Norway, located 300 km, Iceland - 704 km and the Faroe Islands - 270 km. In the West and north, Scotland is washed by the water of the Atlantic, so that the air oceans provide the region a moderate marine climate.
The length of Scotland on the mainland coastline is 9911 kmIf the island is added here, then a total of 16.5 thousand km to the Scottish Beach. If you look at the map of Scotland, you can see how rolled up the west coast of the country due to the presence of a large number of peninsulas and numerous bays, which are remotely reminiscent of fjords at closer. In the east, the coast is outlined more smoothly, the sandy beaches stretched for many kilometers, which are called mahira, due to the fact that they are practically completely covered with dune vegetation, grass and small shrubs. Such coastal specificity appeared due to a sharp decline in the level of sea water.
Political geography of Scotland
The modern territory of mainland Scotland has not changed from 1237When the area of \u200b\u200bits territory and borders were legalized by two agreements: the York, the parties to which were England and Scotland and Perth (1266) concluded between Norway and Scotland. After that, the changes in the country were associated with the transfer of the Islands of Maine the British and accession in 1472 the once Norwegian Islands of Orkney and Shetland. In addition, in 1482, the city of Beric-April Tid became part of England thanks to the monarch Richard III.
Throughout its history and up to 1707, Scotland was an independent state, and only after the signing of the "Union Act" entered the Kingdom of Great Britain. From 1889 to 1975, administratively, Scotland consisted of counties and bourges, since 1996 the country is divided into 32 areas.
Being a part of the United Kingdom, the Scottish delegates were represented in the British Parliament. After the referendum of 1997, the Scots created an independent parliament, which is located in the capital - Edinburgh. Domestic issues of the country relating to the economy, education, management are solved directly in the country. Britain remains responsible for the defense of Scotland and its external-political vector.
The controversial territory of Scotland includes the uninhabited island of Rockcol, located in the North Atlantic. In the mid-20th century, the atoll was annexed by Britain and in 1972 declared part of Scotland, but disputes about the ownership of Rokkol do not subside to this day. The island's fish resources are so rich that Danes, Icelanders and residents of the Republic of Ireland are presented on them.
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Scotland
Scotland.(eng.) , Alba.(Gael.)
People appeared on the territory of modern Scotland about 8-10 thousand years BC.
Archaeologists discovered many neolithic buildings dated XXX - XXXV centuries. BC. The written history of Scotland begins with I B B BC, when Roman legions arrived in British. They won the southern part of Britain, having limited their possessions in the north of Antonina's shaft, held from the Bay of Fest-Clyde in the west to the Bay of Fest-Fort in the East. Part of the current Scotland, located south of Vala Antonin, was inhabited by Celtic tribes that mixed with the Romans. Subsequently, the Celtic kingdoms of Alt Cloit, Galvidel and Gododin arose on these lands. About people who lived north of the tree of Antonin are known to be much smaller. Antique sources I - III century. Call a number of people who lived there: Caledonia, Vacuagi, Tedzala and Vascale. Subsequently, they united in two tribal unions, the habitat of which were divided by the Grampian Mountains. Greek writer of the end of the III century. Eveni first called these tribes collecting name Piktoi.. "Tattooed". So on the historic stage, picats appeared.Picts are perhaps the most mysterious people ever lived in Britain. It remains quite a lot of archaeological monuments and works of art. But we do not know their origin, nor the language on which they spoke. Some researchers consider Pictates by the people of Celtic origin, others see the similarities with the Germans in their features, and others do not consider them in general at all. Neither samples of Picture writing, nor epic, nor the chronicles, nor the arms of laws, nor the lives of the saints are not preserved. The only source of Pictitory history is the "Pictitory Chronicle", the list of kings with the directions of the duration of their boards. Several versions of this list are preserved, significantly different. Below, I cite one of them. As can be seen, the list is very long, and if we take the hypothesis that the indicated kings ruled successively with each other, then it leads to deep antiquity - in about the XII century. BC, that, of course, unlikely. Therefore, the early kings of the Pictites (about the Dresst, the Son of ERPA), are considered legendary.
To iv c. AD Pictites were already very formidable power. They have repeatedly disturbed raids at first, and then Britt. The most famous was raid 367, during which the shaft adriana was badly damaged, which forced the Romans to leave the North of Britain, providing independence to the newly formed Celtic states, as well as the need to defend themselves from the raids of the barbarians. After that, the Pictages have repeatedly crossed the adriana shaft. Actually, it was the Pictic Threat that forced Britons to go to the Union with German tribes, which later resulted in the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain. In a word, it seems that in V c. Pictages had a powerful strong state.
Meanwhile, at the end of V or the beginning of the VI century. From the north of Ireland to Scotland invaded the guils, whom the Romans called Scotti. Perhaps they were called by the rulers of Alt Clutov, who took the practice of Romans to invite the Irish to protect the borders. Scotts were assieved on the territory of modern Argail and Lorna and created the kingdom gave Riad, covered in addition to the coastal islands and the north of Ireland. Thanks to numerous Annalam, which was conducted in Irish monasteries, the story gave Riada is somewhat better than the history of the Pictures, however, here the exact dates of the kings can be called far from always.
So, in the VI century. There were four states in Scotland. Plated lands occupied the Celtic kingdoms of Gododyn and Alt Cloit. Gododin was soon captured by the Angles and became part of the Burning, and then Northumbria. Pictages lived in the mountains to the north of Fort, and the territory of Argayla, Lorna and Coastal Islands occupied Riada. The history of the plain kingdoms is set forth in individual articles, so we will mostly be interested in the relationship gave Riada and Fryra (so some historians prefer to call the Kingdom of Pictites).
An important event in the history of Scotland VI century. Is Arrival in Britain of St. Columbus. Up to this point in the pictems were probably pagans, but as already mentioned above, due to the lack of written sources, no details of their cult are known to us. The Berd's king allowed Columbus to baptize the pictures, then hoping to strengthen the ties with the scott, who had already confessed Christianity. Although there is reason to believe that Christianity was brought to the British a little earlier than the Holy Ninian. The death of the bride is OK. 586 put an end to the peaceful coexistence of Scott and Pictites. The ambitious king gave Riada Aidan Mac Gabran attempted to expand his kingdom to the East. If he failed to do this, then, in any case, the rulers of Pictites struggled to keep under the control of the southern regions of the kingdom. In 603, Aidan was cruelly broken by the Angles in Degsastan, which stopped his expansion south.
In the VII century Pictates had to face a new enemy, angles actively promoted to the north. Pictites have repeatedly gave a refuge with noble Angles, tolerant of defeat in Northumbrian crossbursions. Their presence had a significant impact on the picats. Talorcan, the son of Enfritis, even was their king. Ovviu, who united the two states of Angles to Northumbra, successfully fought with picats and captured the part of their lands north of the fort. However, the death of Oswie allowed the Pictam to raise his head. In 685, Egfritt started another campaign against the Pictites. But the bride, the son of Bali lured him into a difficult terrain near Nehtanzmer and the headwound broke there. Pictages returned the lands lost earlier, and the engines have never decided to attack them. In the meantime, Scott gave Riada, took an active part in the events in Ireland, where bloody crossbars were walking. In addition, Annals record numerous border collisions between the scotties and picts, but they are not similar to a large-scale military campaign.
The beginning of VIII is commemoration among the Picks of Onuista, the son of Urgiist, who is more famous under the Irish name Engeus Mac Fergus. Onustist is rightly considered the greatest of the kings of the Pictites. He captured the throne, won in the Civil War. Enclosing the world with Northumbrey, in 731. Onuist, attacked Riada, captured several fortresses of Scott and captured King Dungalla. By 741, the whole gave Riad was occupied by the Pictites and disappeared from the pages of history for several decades. Capturing gave Riada, Onuist turned his eyes to Alt Cloit. In 756, in the Union with the Angles he managed to capture Dambarton, but he failed to keep him in his hands. Soon the onuist died, and his successors could not maintain control and gave Riad.
The death of Onuista began the beginning of the sunset of the Kingdom of Picts. It began civilians among applicants for throne. Perhaps even the integrity of the state was disturbed. In any case, different lists of the Picture Chronicle call different sequences of the Kings of the Picks of the end of the VIII century. It is curious that in the history of returned independence gave Riada at this time there are mysterious gaps and discrepancies both in the sequence of kings and in dating of their boards. It is difficult to say anything defined about the relationships of picts and scott at this time. In the 20s of the IX century. Pictats somehow managed to restore control over gave Riad. In any case, in 839 kings of Eogan and Eid fought against Vikings as an allied. The death of Eoogan led to the resumption of civil enginemen in the actups, when the contenders occupied the throne on short time, often replacing each other. In the meantime, Kinneda from the house of Alpina reigned in Riada. Between 843 and 850 He managed to unite the actor and gave Riada into a single state, later known as the Kingdom of Alba, or Scotland. However, it is not clear how Kinneda managed to subjugate a huge territory north and west of gave Riada. For a long time, the myth that Kineed considered himself a legitimate heir of the Pictron and was forced with a weapon in his hands to disintegrate by the ownership belonging to him. However, the chronicles did not save for us not only the details of the Battle of Kinneda, but even dates and places where they took place. Modern researchers are inclined to the version that the process of the Galization of the Fiction was longer. Saving from the Norman Robbers who captured Hebrid Islands, Scotts were forced to begin mass migration to the east to safer and suitable land. The process of merging two states in one proceeded naturally and ended during the Kinneda reign in the interval between 843 and 850. It should be noted that in the chronicles of Kinned and his heirs wearing a title for some time Rex Pictorum. "King of Picts". At the same time, KINED is traditionally considered the King of Scott and the first ruler of a single Scotland under the name Kenneth I. In the future, I will use exactly such, English and latinized forms of the names of kings, which are more familiar with Russian-speaking readers.
In 889, Donald II climbed on the throne of the United Kingdom. He was the first monarch wearing title Rí Alban.. "King Alba" or "King of Scotland", since Gaelski is called "Alba". The Latin term "Scotti" and, accordingly, "Scotland", entered into use only in the X century.
Up to the 30s of the XI century. Scott lived in the world with Anglo-Sahmes. Their king of Konstantin II was among the monarchs, who were squeaking at the allegiance of Ethestan English in 926 or 927. Malcolm I confirmed the oath of Edmund I, for which I received a significant part of Strathklide in the Office. So began the expansion of Scotland south. Under the Indulfa Scotti captured Edinburgh, and Malcolm II after the victory over Northumbrian at Karhem in 1018 joined the rest of Lothian and Strathcite, setting the southern border of his kingdom along the Tid River. After that, the borders of Scotland actually acquired a modern appearance, except for the hebrid and Orkney islands that were in the hands of the Vikings.
After the Norman invasion of 1066, Scotland began to gradually change its gaelic orientation. Malcolm III married Margarita, the sister of the Anglo-Saxon Challenger Edgar Ethetting. Pupil in Hungary in the traditions of Catholicism, Margarita weakened the influence of the Irish Church at the court. The Order of the Benedictine, who founded the monastery in Dunfermine penetrated into Scotland. Thanks to the influence of Margarita, wild and militant Scotts were able to get in touch with a continental European culture.
From the first years of stay in England, Normans began to attempt to master Scotland. In 1072, Wilhelm The conqueror invaded Lothian and Strathcite. Malcolm III paid him a tribute and gave the son of Duncana hostage. The dependence, which formally recognized Malcolm, remained a formal reason for the claims of the Kings of England to the Scottish throne. After the death of Malcolm, Wilhelm II tried to plant Duncan on the throne of Scotland, and then Edgar. Edgar acknowledged the power of Vikings over the hebridskie Islands, where they have long been hosted by de facto.
From the end of the XI century. Cities began to appear in Scotland. The first of them were Edinburgh and Glasgow. The royal coinage of coins began, the first merchant guilds appeared. In 1124, David I rose on the throne of Scotland. He tried to introduce political and cultural innovations in the kingdom, adopted from Normans, invited a number of English nobles to Scotland and gave them the land, which led to conflicts with the local one. At the same time, David himself received the estate south of the tuyd. In particular, he became the Count Huntingdon and, therefore, the Vassal of the King of England. David contributed to the introduction of feudalism in Scotland and encouraged the influx of the population from the Netherlands to Bourgi to strengthen trade relations with continental Europe.
In 1263-1266 Alexander III managed to establish his sissente over Hebrid Islands. And, although the Norwegian buds were still ruled, the islands began to gradually integrate into the Scottish kingdom. In 1286, Alexander convened the State Council, which, besides the nobles, representatives of the clergy and nonetitular wealthy citizens were invited. This Council is considered the first Scottish parliament. Alexander convinced parliament to recognize his granddaughter Margarita Norwegian heir to the throne. After the death of Alexander, Regents proclaimed Margarita Queen, but the girl died, never coming to Scotland. It is often not included in the number of Scottish monarchs on the grounds that her leg never stepped on the land of Scotland, and she never was crowned.
Alexander III death spawned a dynastic crisis. Scottish nobles appealed to Eduard I, famous for his wisdom, asking to resolve the dispute about the Preconsession. Instead, the English king decided to impose a hand on Scotland. Of the two candidates from the most decent pedigree, Robert Bruce and John Balliola, Edward chose the latter as weaker and began to wait for a formal reason to attack. It was worth only Balliole to abandon the vassal oath king England in 1296, as he invaded Scotland, broke the army of Scott during Dunbar, forced Balliola to renounced the throne and usurped power in Scotland. Eduard transported to London not only all government securities of the Scottish Kingdom, but even the famous stone from the scone on which the Scottish monarchs were crowned in tradition. However, the Scots did not accept English dominion, and the rebellion of William Wallace was broken over the next year. The rebels seized a number of cities and castles and almost completely cleaned the territory of Scotland from the British. Wallace was proclaimed by the protector, or the ruler of the kingdom. However, the elevation of a small-position nobleman Wallace defeated the pride of the Scottish nobility, and therefore, when Eduard I returned from Flanders with a large army, nobles actually betrayed Wallace. His modest army was broken down on July 22, 1298 at Falkirka. Wallace turned off the powers of the tread, but a few years with a handful of supporters hid in his native mountains, until he was captured by the traitor with John Menthet.
After the death of Wallace, Scottish resistance was headed by Robert Bruce. Cusarly killing his competitor John Comin (this crime was put on the reproach for a long time), in 1306 Bruce with the support of few supporters proclaimed himself by the King of Scotland under the name Robert I. Under his beginning there were so few people that he was forced to literally wander around Highland. However, Bruce showed enviable perseverance without breaking after the first failures. With the support of the faithful allies, James Douglas and Brother Eduard, he collected a small detachment. After several local successes, Glory Bruce began to grow, and the number of troops to multiply. Meanwhile, Edward II reigned in England, who did not have a drop of fatherly dignity. He did not appreciate the threat to Bruce, and waited when he captures almost all of Scotland. Finally, in 1314, Edward gathered a huge army and moved it to the rescue by the precipitated rebels sterling. However, on June 24, the British were broken by the British in the Battle of Bannockburn. The King Edward barely managed to avoid captivity, and the Scots of Osmellies so much that they were ruined the territory of England until York. Robert I Rules for a few more years, successfully fighting with the British. In 1326, he convened the first full-fledged Scottish parliament compiled from representatives of three estates. In 1328, Eduard III recognized Scotland independence, but the next year, when Bruce died, he supported the applicant Edward Balliola and again invaded Scotland. The legitimate king David Bruce was still a child, and therefore the resistance movement during the second war for independence was headed by Andrew Murray and Reget. On October 17, 1346, the British once again defeated the Scots at Darme and captured the young king. But with time, Eduard III, who was involved in a century of war with France, began to lose interest in cases in Scotland. In 1357, he agreed for the redemption to free David and refused to support Balliola. So Scotland again returned independence.
David II died childless, but the Scots, wanting to preserve the crown in the family of Bruce, gave it to Robert Stewart, the grandchild of Robert I. According to legend, the royal genus of Stuarts took place from Fleens, the son of the killed Macbet. But it is no doubt that this legend is invented by the writers of the XIV century to learn the genus of stearts and deprive him of the Norman roots. In fact, Stewart, or steward, were the descendants of the English nobles of Fitz-Allanov. With Robert II, armed clashes with England became less likely. Since 1295, the so-called "Old Alliance" was concluded between Scotland and France, in which two kingdoms agreed to help each other. In 1385, the French who endured in a century of failure for failure, sent a detachment to Scotland under the command of Jean de Vienne to open the "second front" against the British. However, the Scots provided them with a very cold technique, and the French knights returned home is not Solono Bread. In 1390, Robert II inherited his son John, who took the Throne name Robert III to avoid consideration of a slippery question about the legitimacy of the King of John Balliola. With a weak and painful king, the actual power in his hands focused his brother, Duke Albany. In 1406, for greater security, he sent the heir to the throne of Yakov to France, but instead, the young man was captured by the British, where he spent 18 years. All this time, Scotland ruled Reget, Robert Olbani and his son Murdoch. During this time, the country plunged into chaos. Even the inhabitants of the fertile southern regions were depleted and called so much that sometimes they were forced to graze in the meadows like a cattle. Cities of Scotland represented a pitiful spectacle. They did not have neither shops nor manufactories, but trade was often limited to a natural exchange. In fact, it was just big villages. Industry was completely unknown. The Scots had to travel from England even the simplest tools of labor. And even the weapons they fought, the Scots themselves did not make.
Returning to the Motherland after paying the redemption in 1424, Yakov I with the help of cruel, but effective measures began to restore order. Murdoch Albany was executed, many other velmes were arrested. Progressing the royal power, Yakov reformed the justice system and parliament. However, the tough actions of the king caused reasonable discontent among the nobility, and in 1437, as a result of the conspiracy, Yakov I was killed. The reign of his heirs was also marked by constant conflicts between the king and the aristocracy. Relying on the clergy, Yakov II and Yakov III managed to tame a rushing to know. However, this, in turn, led to the conflict between the nobility and the church and served as the fertile soil for the seed of the Reformation in Scotland.
In 1468, as a result of Marriage Yakov III and Margarita Danish Scotland made the last major territorial acquisition, having received the Smetland and Orkney Islands as a dowry. In 1474, the world was concluded between Scotland and England, which was later strengthened by the marriage of Yakov IV and Margarita Tudor (he was called "marriage of roses and thistle"). However, in 1513, obeying allied obligations in front of France (the so-called "old alliance"), Yakov was forced to attack England, but was cruelly divided into battle in Flodden.
Scotland of that time was clearly divided into two parts: flat in the south and mountain in the north. The exception was Galway in the southwest, which in its characteristics was closer to mountain areas. Residents of the plated Scotland spoke in Anglo-Scottish language ("Scott") and in culturally more than England and Continental Europe. In the south were the richest and fertile lands, but at the same time they were most often exposed to the British raids. The mountainous areas of the North, generalizedly referred to as Highland, and Galway in the south-west were represented from themselves the rocky terrain, in some places. The meager soil, with difficulty held in the mountain clefts, gave small yields, and therefore the main source of income of the potters was breeding sheep and robbery. Unlike the inhabitants of the plain, the horses talked on Gaelle. The difficult living conditions turned them into harsh and courageous people who are placed Scots and the British considered barbarians and savages. In the mountains for a long time, the patriarchal clan system remained when the authority of the clan leader was for the gentle above all. The power of the kings of Scotland over the mountain areas was purely nominal. Attempts by Yakov IV and Yakov V to bring a hard order of great success there. The clans retained their influence until the end of the XVIII century.
The Board of Jacob V continued armed clashes between England and Scotland. In 1542, the Scots suffered another defeat, this time with Solway-Moss. Shortly after this failure, Yakov died. A few days before death, he learned about the birth of the hear, the future Queen of Mary I. The young Queen was sent to raising to France as an alleged bride of Dauphine Francis. Thanks to Mary, the Scots came closely with the French culture, and their tongue was enriched with words from French. However, in the mass of its Scots experienced antipathy to Catholic France and more in England, where the Reformation recently defeated. Starting from the 20s of the XVI century. Protestant preachers began to appear in Scotland - Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart and Pupil Calvina John Knox. After the death of Recents, Maria de Giz in 1560, the Parliament of Scotland with armed support of England approved the Reformation. Maria I, though she was a Catholic, but was forced to put up with Presbyterians. And her son Yakov VI was already raised as a protestant. In 1603, the English Queen of Elizabeth I, which, before his death, called Yakov with his heir. He was the great director of Heinrich VII and had some rights to the English throne. Despite this, Scotland continued to remain an independent state. Attempts by Yakov VI and Karl I to impose the Scottish Presbyterian church, some dogmas of the Anglican religion led to unrest in the 1640s - 1650s and a series of civil wars, known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
In the meantime, the English Parliament, displeased politics of the king, began armed actions against him. On the side of the Parliament, the Scottish Convention, allocated warriors for the rebel army. As you know, the Scots were captured by Charles I, and gave him to the British after the battle with Neous. However, not all the Scots considered themselves opponents of the king. At the very beginning of the Civil War in Scotland, the uprising of Marquis Montrose broke out. And as soon as Scotland reached the news of Charles I, his son Karl II was immediately proclaimed by the king. Oliver Cromwell managed to force the rebellion, and from 1652 to 1660, Scotland was part of the Commonwealth.
The death of Cromwell and the restoration of Stuarts led to the return of Scotland sovereignty. Parliament was again convened, the formal border between the kingdoms was restored and customs duties were introduced to protect the Scottish textile industry. Karl II attempt to restore the bishopath led to the most radical presbyterians began to conduct illegal meetings ( conventicles.), for which they were persecuted by the official authorities. Inherited by Karl II Catholic Yakov II (VII) tried to introduce violence in England. However, his religious innovations and unpopular policy led to the coup - the "glorious revolution". Power in both kingdoms captured Wilhelm Orange. However, there were quite a few adherents of overthrown Yakov VII in Scotland - "Jacobites", which raised an uprising depressed by Wilhelm.
End of the XVII century. It was very heavy for Scotland. The crowns of the 1690s led to hunger. English foreign policy destroyed trade relations with France. Many Scots were forced to emigrate, in particular, to Olster. To stabilize the economic situation in 1695, the Bank of Scotland was created, and the Scottish company received permission to collect on the subscription of start-up capital for conducting trade with India and Africa.
By the beginning of the XVIII century. The fate of the Protestant dynasty in England and Scotland was threatened. Anna Stewart, heiress Wilhelm Orange, was a childless woman in the years, and the English Parliament was before the difficult choice of her successor. Since the candidacy of her brother Yakova categorically did not satisfy the British, no Scots in view of his Catholic religion, the choice was made in favor of Sofia Hannover, the granddaughters of Yakov I and her descendants that were Protestants. In 1701, this decision was enshrined by the "Act of Settlement". The exact same law, called the "Act of Protection", was adopted by the Scottish Parliament, but the Scots left the right to elect another monarch-Protestant. Fearing the branch of Scotland and restoring her union with France, England in 1705 introduced economic sanctions against Scotland. And in 1707, despite the powerful opposition in Scotland, "Act of Unia" was signed, uniting England and Scotland to one kingdom - the UK. However, the Jacobic sentiments remained strong in Scotland. From 1708 to 1746, the old challenger of Jacob Stewart and the "Young Challenger" of Karl Eduard at some support of the French took several attempts to land in Scotland and raise the rebellion, but they were all depressed by the English troops. With the death of Karl Eduard in 1748, attempts to overthrow the Hannover dynasty and return independence to the Scotland.
The combination of two kingdoms went to Scotland for the benefit. In 1745, the British authorities did everything possible to destroy the clan system. Gaelic language and other elements of gaelic culture were prohibited under the fear of the death penalty. The mountaineers were obliged to serve in the British army, and the leaders of the clans turned into British landowners. They turned their putters into sheep's pastures, to intolets local residents from them. Those were forced to move from the mountains in the city or emigrate from the UK, in particular, to America, where the new Scotland was founded. The agricultural and industrial revolution led to the fact that Scotland in the Union with England began to flourish as it did not flourish during independence. Her cities grew and developed, and soon Glasgow began to be considered the second city of the Empire after London. Real Renaissance experienced Scottish culture and science. The names of Adam Smith, James Watta, Robert Burns, Walter Scott and Robert Lewis Stevenson.
Like the rest of the United Kingdom, Scotland suffered during the first and second world wars. On its territory was the naval bases of Skapa Flou and Growit, who were subjected to natives of German aviation. At the same time, the relative proximity of Scotland to Norway led to the emergence of the "Shetland bus" - fishing boats that helped the Norwegians flee from the Nazis. The crisis, who struck Scotland after the Second World War, led to an increase in nationalist movement. The Scottish National Party was established, but the referendum of 1979 on the issue of the transfer of power failed. However, the new referendum conducted on September 11, 1997 on the initiative of the Labor Government of Tony Blair, brought a positive result. Taking into account his results in 1999, the Scottish Parliament was restored. On September 18, 2014, a referendum on independence was held, at which opponents of the branch of Scotland won a minor advantage (55% against 45%).
Legendary Kings Picts
| Duration of the Board | |
| Cruith | 100 years |
| Kirkin | 40 years |
| FIDA | 40 years |
| Fortrene | 70 years old |
| Floklad. | 30 years |
| Goth | 12 years |
| Ke. | 15 years |
| FIBAD | 24 years |
| Geda Olgudah | 80 years old |
| Denbeckan | 100 years |
| Alfineekt | 60 years |
| Guidid Hide Brehah. | 50 years |
| Guest Gureki | 40 years |
| VUURGEST | 30 years |
| Brida Bont | 48 years old |
|
Brida Pant. |
102 years |
| Gilgydi | 150 years old |
| Ram | 100 years |
| Morleo. | 15 years |
| Deokilunon | 40 years |
| Kimiod, Son Arkos | 7 years |
| Deord. | 50 years |
| Blissiblit | 5 years |
| Daectotrik, Brother Dia | 40 years |
| Spearbuts | 30 years |
| Karvorst | 40 years |
| Deo Ardivos. | 20 years |
| Whist | 50 years |
| RU | 100 years |
| Garnate Lok. | 9 years |
| 3 kings named Garnart | ? |
| Bret, son of Butut | 7 years |
| Vipoig Name | 30 years |
| Kanutulaham | 4 years |
| Vurates of the Vuradi | 2 years |
| Gartnat Diebeger | 40 years |
| Talorc, Son Achivir | 75 years old |
Historical Kings of Pictites and Kings gave Riada
|
Gave Riada (Dál Riata) |
Kingdom of Pictates (Foreu) |
||||
| Fergus Mac Erk | DREST, SON ERPA | 100 years (approx. 414-513) | |||
| Domangart Mak Fergus | Talorc, Son Anel | 4 years (approx. 513-516) | |||
| Commalle Mak Domangart. | Nechtan Great | 24 years (approx. 516-539) | |||
| Gabran Mac Domangart. | Dresrt Gurttamo | 30 years | |||
| Konall Mak ComGall | Galanan Erilikh | 12 years | |||
| Aidan Mac Gabran | Drest, Germa Son DREST, SON Woodrost |
5 years | |||
| Eohad Mak Eidan | Drest, Germa Son | 5 years | |||
| Eohad Mak Eidan Connob Mak Konall |
Gartnart, Son Germa | 7 years | |||
| Eohad Mak Eidan | Galley, Son Germa | 1 year | |||
| Domnal Mac Echdah Ferchara Mac Connean |
Talorc, Son Murtolik | 11 years | |||
| Ferchara Mac Connean | DREST, SON OF MUNATA | 1 year | |||
| Donghad Mak Conan Konalle Mac Echdah |
Galam Kennalat | 1 year | |||
| Konalle Mac Echdah | Galam Kennalat Brian, son of Malgun |
1 year (approx. 580) | |||
| Domangart Mac Domnall | Brian, son of Malgun | 30 years (approx. 557-586) | |||
| Mel Dun Mak Conall Domnal Mac Konall |
GARNAT, SON DOMELKH | oK. 586-597 | |||
|
LORN (LOARN) |
Kintyre (Kintyre) |
Nechtan, ERPA grandson | oK. 597-620 | ||
| Ferchara Mak Ferandah | Mel Dun Mak Conall Domnal Mac Konall |
Kini, Son Lutrina | oK. 620-631 | ||
| Domnal Mac Konall | Gartnart, son of type | oK. 631-635 | |||
| Ferchara Mak Ferandah | Bridget, son of type | oK. 635-641 | |||
| Eohad Mak Domangart. | Talorc, son of type | oK. 641-653 | |||
| Ankellah Mak Ferchara | Fiannamal UA Donghad? | Talorcan, Son Enfritis | oK. 653-657 | ||
| Selbach Mak Ferchara | Beck Ua Donghad? | Gartnat, Son Domnalla | oK. 657-663 | ||
| Donghad Beck | DREST, DOMALLA SON | oK. 663-672 | |||
| Selbach Mak Ferchara | Brida, Son BELI | oK. 672-693 | |||
| Dungal Mak Selbach | Taran, Son Entfeidich | oK. 693-697 | |||
| Eukhad Mak Ehdakh | Brian, son Derili | oK. 697-706. | |||
| Muireda Mac Ankellah | Nechtan, son Derili (1) | oK. 706-724 | |||
| Drest, son of Talorkan? | oK. 724-726 | ||||
| Eogen Mac Muinov (Lorn?) Indrects poppy fiannamal (Olster?) |
Alpine, son of krop? | oK. 726-728 | |||
| Nechtan, son Derili (2) | oK. 728-732. | ||||
| Picture dominion |
Until 1707, she was an independent state. And she appeared for a very long time - in 843 of our era. Like many other countries, Scotland has its own national motto. He sounds in Latin and in translation denotes "no one will touch me with impunity." This motto has already been talking about how much the country experienced a lot on the way to his prosperity, the population here was always very independent and independent. Moreover, they have even their own national animal - unicorn. The choice is not impaired, apparently, he further emphasizes the original independence of the inhabitants of Scotland. The territory of this country takes 78.7 thousand square kilometers. Country code of the country +44, after it is gaining city code. As for religion, the majority of the population is the adherents of the Church of Scotland Presbyterian type, 16 percent belong to the Roman Catholic Church, 28 percent and atheists altogether. IN Scotland. There are five more than millions of people. Their characteristic features can be called already mentioned independence and originality - in any conversation, Scotland will always try to allocate himself, do different from others. Take, for example, even superstition: if in many countries a black cat, who has overwhelmed the road - to problems, then the Scots are on the contrary, to luck. They are pretty friendly and sociable, but often suffer from the attacks of Melancholy. The Scots is quite practical and very proud, they will not tell about themselves, if they see that they do not pay due attention. By the way, Scotland is one of the few countries where three official languages \u200b\u200bare operating at once - Scottish Gaeli, English and English-Scottish. Part of the words in these languages \u200b\u200bare borrowed from each other and changed, so many tourists often have confusion in the head. It is worth noting one fun law that exists in Scotland: if someone will knock on the house of the Scots and ask for permission to take advantage of the need for need, the owner is obliged to let human. I wonder how often people come to the house with a similar request. The climate here is relatively warm, the temperature is kept in the area of \u200b\u200b20 degrees. In winter, the temperature takes only up to 3 degrees. But nevertheless, there are quite often unexpected weather changes here - after a bright sun, heavy rain or even a hurricane begins sharply. Of all parts of the UK, Scotland can be considered the coolest in terms of weather. Than famous Scotland In the eyes of tourists? Of course, the famous killet, a floly and the Scotch whiskey. The tradition of worn kilt appeared at the Scots because of the local relief - Scotland is completely covered with mountains, because in such a dress, it has long been comfortable to move, and at night they also hide. Now Kilt became part of the national heritage, and its historical function disappeared.
The right is considered one of the most delicious. It is produced here for many centuries in a row, there is a rather large number of types, it is recommended to try one-bar and grain whiskey - they most fully transmit all taste gamut. By the way, the word whiskey means "water of life". Apparently, in numerous wars in this way, the Scots supported their viability. Scotland can be safely called a country of music and arts, music contests and speeches are regularly held here. In particular, the local people emphasize the national music, which the checkers are performed. Lake Loche Ness can be attributed to the famous sights of Scotland. The legends about the Loch Nesky monster, living at the depths of the lake, still go even among Russian tourists, many specially come back on a tour in the hope that they are lucky to see this famous monster.
Also, tourists are especially recommended to visit the Edinburgh Castle. It is located on the edge of the rock of Castle Rock, and his walls hide dense forests. Once earlier, turbulent wars and the castle was a point of defense. Now he turned into a museum, you can see the Treasures of the Scottish Crown with his own eyes. The castle seems to see the feeling of independence and numerous military victories. If there is an impression of modern progress countries, then Scotland causes an association of something historical, impregnated by tradition. Therefore, it is certainly worth visiting all the corners of the UK to get a full-fledged idea of \u200b\u200blife in the United Kingdom. Welcome to the site websitewho will tell you about a wonderful country. Here, you can read a lot of interesting information, useful for both tourists and studying Scotland, learn the latest news, story, look and download to your computer, photos and wallpapers of Scotland. The official name of the state - Scotland. National motto — "No one touches me with impunity!" Scotland (eng. Scotland., Gal. Alba.) - the state that is part of the UK. Scotland, located in the northern part of the UK island, occupies 30% of its territory. In its southern borders, borders with England. Scotland, was founded in 843 years old, when combining the Skot Kingdom, gave Riad and the Kingdom of Pictites. The first king of Scotland, Kenneth Ith, rules from 844 to 859th year. In 1707, in accordance with "Act about Unia", Scotland and England formed United Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single parliament and the central government. For reference: At the moment, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, It consists of four territorial entities: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 1999, the Parliament of Scotland was restored. Scotland - A country with a surprisingly turbulent and rich history, unique, unlike the other, complete contrasts and contradictions. Almost every person, such names are known as Robert Bruce, Mc Laud, Maria Stewart, Karl I and many other, great figures of Scottish history. The nature of Scotland is striking and diverse: from soft pastoral 1 landscapes of Lowland, to the harsh beauty of the Rocky Highland, from the crying of the crying - Glenka, to the island Skye, from the purple pest-of-moulders go to the exciting spirit of ocean species. In blue lakes, bought fog, ancient monsters led by the legendary Nesssey. Among the green hills are hiding from the human eye of the Fairy and elves, and in the ruins of old abbey and in the walls of majestic castles are roaming frightening guests of ghosts. Scotland is a country of romantic poems Robert Burns, adventure novels Walter Scott and Robert Lewis Stevenson. Scotland - Motherland Whiskey, Celtic hospitality, Paradise for hunters, fishermen, climbers and golf lovers. 1. Pastoral - in European art of 14-18 centuries. Literary or musical work, idyllically depicting the life of shepherds and shepherds on the lap of nature.
Fabulous ScotlandCaledonia (This romantic word was called Scotland - Romans) - harsh and wild, cradle of poets and writers, ground of brown heather and impassable forests, land of mountains and foggy lakes. The spirit captures from a wild mountain landscape, games of light and shadow on weed ridges under the hats of snow, gloomy magnificence of purple-brown peers, lunar tracks on a serene stroit of sleeping lakes. Enchanted country. It is difficult to catch her mood: a sunny smile suddenly replaces a frightenment and ecstasy from touching for eternity, admiration and ecstasy from touching eternity shedding rain tears, mountain Scottish waterfalls and streams, blows a thoughtful fog, and immediately believe in the existence of wizards and fairies, giants and Lakes monsters, mermaids and dragons ... HighlightsJourney through Scotland causes a storm of emotions. It strikes the majesticity of his untouched nature: emerald hills and mountains, whose tops are hiding in a foggy haze, endless valleys, destroyed by blooming heather, ascetic rocky islands. Scotland is famous for its old castles, storing the invaluable works of art, endless beaches, golf courses, excellent cuisine. More than 2 million people arrive at this removed and a bit of gloomy beauty. More than 2 million people arrive here. Rest in Scotland belongs to the category of expensive, and most of the tourists are representatives of the prosperity countries of Western Europe and Americans. Many of them own real estate here. The homeland of whiskey and golf, dooms and checkest kilt are incredibly distinctive. The Scots themselves and today feel their individuality, have a special system of values, their own history and traditions, differing from English. You yourself can be convinced of this, because at what time you would come to Scotland, we will certainly have a witness of one of the festivals, theatrical ideas or traditional sports competitions, the exact number of which is unknown even by the Scottles themselves. History of ScotlandIt is known that already in the first centuries of the first century. e. Most of the modern territory of Scotland was settled by Celtic tribes, penetrated from Ireland. Extermining and partially assimilated the aboriginal population, they formed a nationality, which is customary to refer to "Picts". So this is a well-organized militant tribe called the Romans, unsuccessfully trying to conquer the northern lands of Britain Island. "Piktus" translated from Latin means "painted": the picti warriors struggled without armor tattooed their bodies with patterns. Even since the XI century, England, the southern neighbor of Scotland, tried to conquer the kingdom, but the Scottish was able to defend their independence for a long time. Military actions between the countries were silent, they broke out again, which was a lot of contributing to the internal struggle of the Scottish clans for the throne. The contenders for the crown often vowelly or secretly tried to enlist the support of England, which skillfully encountered their foreheads, using civilians for invasions, and sometimes initiated alliances based on marriages between the English and Scottish royal dynasties. In the XVI century, Scotland shocked religious patterns. Local to know and the bourgeoisie supported the leader of the Scottish Reformation of John Knox, the student of Calvin. However, the monarchical dynasty of Stuarts was still predicted by Catholicism. The sign victim of the religious confrontation between Protestants and Catholics was Maria Stewart, who was refused to change faith. In 1603, her son, Scottish Monarch Yakov VI, joined the English throne, however, despite the general ruler, two countries were still tuned to each other unfriendly. During the 18th century, attempted by the Parliaments of Scotland and England, attempts to unite both states, but only in 1707, during the reign of Queen Anna, the last representative of the Stuarts dynasty in the English throne, was adopted by an act of Ulya, who approved the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Scotland's Parliament ceased to exist. But in the document such important postulates, as the priority of the Presbyterian Church and the independent status of the legal system, were enshrined in the document. In 1998, the UK Parliament adopted the act, returning Scotland the right to have its own parliament and the government. Scottish characterAccording to the English writer, George Orwell, the most vivid features of the British are "ostentatious composure, politeness, respect for the law, a suspicious attitude towards foreigners, sentimental attachment to animals, hypocrisy, underlining class and class differences and a passion for sports." The inhabitants of Scotland will not be promoted to note that these words are mainly in the British. The British themselves, to the displeasure of the Scots, are not inclined to recognize the distinction between the words "Briton" and "British", although the inconsistency of the Scottish national nature, which combines the disadvantage and humor, calcability and generosity, arrogance and tolerance, sensitivity and stubbornness, often lead them In confusion. While the British can be friendly, depending on the circumstances, the Scots are inherent in the sincere courtesy and hospitable glad. English literature densely seasoned with sharpness addressed to the Scots, and those, in turn, often call the combination of the two countries with a wedding for coercion. Unlike the British, the Scots has never been under Roman, nor under Franco-Norman government, and this is an additional subject of their pride. The approval of Protestantism here, unlike England, was often accompanied by tragic events, which harden the character of the supporters of the Reformation, in many respects by making them dogmatic. In the remote corners of Scotland still consider breeding, cleaning or reading the press on Sundays of serious sins. Scottish Catholics are also significantly more orthodoxes than English. Outly feeling their national identity, the Scots, nevertheless, are perfectly aware of the economic benefits of their Union with England. Bright confirmation - the results of the referendum on independence conducted in 2014 on the initiative of the Scottish National Party: 52% of the Scots supported the preservation of a united country. The spirit of independent Scotland is especially felt in its northern areas populated by gelas - Scottish mountaineers. They have their own way of life, in which there is still a concept of clandiness, established here in the Middle Ages. The echoes of the old generic system are still preserved in the nameplaces of the Scots of Gaelic origin, which begin with the words "Mac" (in Galski - "Son"). Many residents of mountain villages and today are common in the name. During the folk holidays, the Scots, wanting to emphasize the commitment to tradition, dress up into the frontal gaelle clothing: elegant white shoes with postponed collars, checkered skirts in a large fold (kilt), short cloth jackets and plaids that are attacked on one shoulder. Kilt and Plaid are made from a special checkered fabric - Tartan. Each Scottish clan had his own coloring of this fabric. At the end of the XVIII century, this clothing has become the form of the Scottish Guards regiments. Today, kilt worn teenage boys, and adult men, and even officials. National currencyDespite the fact that the official currency of the UK is the English pound, Scotland has the right to issue one's own money. This is also a pound, but bills have differences in design. However, it is guaranteed to spend the Scottish pounds only on the territory of Scotland, in other regions of the United Kingdom in stores can not accept them. Such an exotic bill is a good souvenir from this mountainous edge. GeographyScotland "captured" a third of the country's territory and the three archipelago - Hebrid, Orkney and Shetland Islands. Its northern and west coast is washed by the waters of the Atlantic, and the eastern shores go to the North Sea. From the island of Ireland, Scotland separates the Northern Strait connecting the Irish Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. The Western and East Coast of Scotland is connected by the Caledonian Canal, part of which is the famous lake Loch-Ness. Highlated Scotland has long been divided into two regions: historical areas of Lowland and Highland. Lowland is located in the south-east, includes South Scottish elevation and low-lying Scottish plains. However, it is possible to call this territory only conditionally: in its center there is a chain of hills of volcanic origin, hundreds of small rocky grooves are scattered everywhere. Only river floats occupy lowlands with fertile land and lush pastures. About two thirds of the population lives in Lowland, most large farms and industrial enterprises are concentrated here. There are also the largest cities of Scotland - the capital of Edinburgh and Glasgow. In the northwest is Highland, or Scottish highlands. This is a special world with the endless expanses of the wild land, chains of rocky mountains crossed by narrow valleys with rivers, waterfalls and lakes, deep fjords that go to the sea. Opened ocean winds Western mountain slopes are devoid of wood vegetation, and the eastern ridges are covered with luxurious Scottish pines, ate and deciduous trees. Above the borders of the forest dominate the heather's empty, swamps and thickets of fern. In the southern part of Highland, the Grampiang mountains are running, the highest in Britain, with a vertex ben-Nevis (1343 m). Seasons of tourismDue to the fact that Scotland has unlimited opportunities for a wide variety of recreation, the tourist season is lasting here all year round. But mass travelers "occupy" it from May to August, as well as during the New Year and Christmas holidays. May, when the season officially opens, is the most sunny month a year. By noon, the air in the plain part of Scotland is heated to +15 ° C, in the northern regions a little more. In the summer, even on the warme days, the air temperature does not exceed +23 ° C, it is quite common to cooling. If you decide to go to the mountains, dress Word: here is usually no more than +15 ° C. Summer is a time when Valley and Highlands are covered with bright carpets of the blooming heather, and the west coast, washed by blue ocean waters, becomes comfortable for a beach holiday. Scottish beaches with snow-white sand, go beyond the horizon, are one of the most beautiful on the planet, but note that the water temperature near the coast never exceeds +20 ° C. For the summer it comes to the height of the fishing season. In September, it is still enough heat (about +15 ° C), but rains begin, though short-term. In October, the weather deteriorates sharply: the sky is tightened with rain clouds, it becomes raw and windy. At the same time, surfers believe that the best waves on the coast - it is in October. November brings wind and storm strengthening. The temperature on the Scottish Plains is +8 ° C, and the first snow falls in the mountainous areas, freezing occurs. Winter in the plain areas is quite soft, but raw and windy: the air temperature usually ranges from -2 to +4 ° C, it often snows with rain. In the mountains at this time of snow, the temperature can be lowered to -10 ° C. From December in Scotland, the ski season begins, which lasts until April. LowlandThis historic region is clearly divided into the eastern and western parts not only geographically, but also due to the nature of its inhabitants. Residents of the East consider themselves sophisticated people with a good taste. Scots living in the West, including in Glasgow, are not pretentious and believed that their main dignity is kindness and realistic. EdinburghIn the east of Scotland, along the picturesque shore of Fort-Fort Bay, one of the most beautiful cities in Europe - Edinburgh, who became the capital of the Scottish Kingdom during the reign of David I (1124-1253). Whatever way you will come to this city standing between the sea and hills, the first thing that will face is a castle that rises above basalt graze. The castle probably seemed to be in the sky, and the isochhah roofs, the spiers and the towers of the Old Town form a broken line of the horizon. It stretches from the gear walls of hardening to the Holudhouse Palace, hiding under the green mountain, called "Throne King Arthur". At its top there is the best observation deck of Edinburgh. On the territory of the castle there is the most old building of the capital - the Kroichny Chapel of the Queen Margarita Scottish. It was built at the beginning of the XII century. The Scottish Crown, Scepter and Sword are stored here - one of the oldest royal regalia of Europe. Royal Mile Street (Royal Mile), stretching from the broad esplanada in front of the Edinburgh Castle to the Royal Palace Holyudhouse, was the center of urban life until the end of the XVIII century and still remains quite lively. Here during the famous summer Edinburgh Festival passes a spectacular theatrical military parade. Going down the street, you will see wonderful buildings - samples of the British architecture of the XVI-XVIII centuries. Narrow alleys fan diverge from Royal Mile. In their flights you can see the pentland hills in the south, the North Sea in the East, and silver the water of the Bay of Fort-Fort in the north. At the end of the royal mile there is a Palace Holyrukus, the residence of Her Majesty of the Queen during his stay in Scotland. The Palace, laid by Yakov IV in 1498, was completed at Jacob V and Carla II. In official apartments hang wonderful French and Flemish tapestries, placed furniture of the XVIII century. In the Throne Hall, the Queen of Great Britain appoints as senior officials and rewards worthy. Going down to the foot of the hills, you will find yourself in the heart of Edinburgh - on Prinz Street, one of the busiest streets of Europe. She will lead you to a new city, stretching under the canopy of medieval buildings at the far end of the valley. This elegant complex of streets and round areas is an excellent example of urban layout of the XVIII century. In the capital, it is pleasant to spend time, slowly inspecting the numerous museums and galleries, where the works of art, created from the Middle Ages, are stored to the era of postmodernism. Edinburgh is not only an administrative, historical, but also the gastronomic center of Scotland. There are more restaurants per capita than in any other city of Great Britain. In the busy cafe on the Royal Mile and on the spacious Square Grassmarket near the castle you can enjoy the meal accompanied by music. On Royal Mile is the Tavern "Dicon Brody", described in the cracked work of Robert Stevenson "The History of Dr. Jekyla and Mr. Heyda." Rose Street is famous for its pubs, where, after rugby competitions, fans are having fun or sad. On the same street is one of the best cafes Edinburgh - Ebbotsford. Border and eastern landsAfter going south from Edinburgh on the road leading through the picturesque hills, you will find yourself in border with England areas. This part of Scotland has always been the first to resign to the Romans and the British, holding back their attempts to break through to the north. Today there is a peaceful shepherd region with wavy ridges of green hills and pure river flows. The main occupation of local residents - agriculture, manufacture of tweed and knitted products. The Tued River flowing here is a great place to catch trout and salmon. On the south bank of the river there is an estate Abbotsford, built at the beginning of the XIX century Sir Walter Scott on its own project. A cute house built in ancient school, as if looking at the river and looks incredibly romantic. Abbotsford, who still owns one of the descendants of Scott, is filled with memories of the famous writer. Here is a museum where a beautiful collection of historical relics, armor and weapons is kept, among them - Roba Roy's rifle, Montrose Sword and a bowl of Prince Charles Eduard. Driving 3 km further to the south, you will be taken to the charming city of Melosa, spread from the foot of the triple ridge of the Eildon Hills. On one of the eastern slopes there is a Roman fortress, from where a delightful view of the hills running out to the West, to Gallowea. In the same city, the ruins of Melozsky abbey of the XII century, still remaining architectural poems, are most impressive. The fame of the city also brought the invention to the local rugby variety of rugby "Play by the History", which became famous worldwide. In the cities of border areas, a special passion nourish rugby. Nearby are picturesque medieval monasteries: in Driboro, where Walter Scott, Kelso and Jedboro, is buried. In the south of Scotland there are several particularly impressive majestic places in which you can admire the outstanding collections of cloths and furniture. Among them - the castle of Floor, the residence of the Duke Roksboro, one of the castles of the Duke of the Bucket - Bauhill, the house of Holdington Counts - Melelestain, built in the XVIII century by the famous Scottish architect Robert Adam. East of Edinburgh, the south of the Bay of Fort-Fort is the historic location of Lothian. The local hills and fields are covering the magnificent vegetation, and the golf course located in these places are considered one of the best in the UK. In Aberlady's bay - excellent places to observe birds, as well as wonderful, curved sandy braids and many castles. 10 km from the coast, the city of Haddington, Lennoxlav is located the residence of the Duke of Hamiltonian. The city itself with carefully renovated buildings of the XVII-XVIII centuries also deserves visits. On the east coast there is a Saint Abbs-Hed Reserve. It is located on a picturesque rocky cape, serving in the North Sea. This is a bird paradise: the colonies of Kair, Baklanov, Silvery, Silver Couples and Gagarov are nesting here. These places are best suited for snorkeling in all Scotland. Slots should get permission from the caretaker of the reserve. On the northern side of the wide silver bay of Fort-Fort lies the County Fife. Here, mines and industrial enterprises are everywhere, but the lives of local cities and towns are distinguished by uniqueness and charm. In the western part of this land, the ridge of the river is located the village of Kulrosse, here you can see the most well-preserved and most picturesque houses from those were built in the cities of Scotland in the XVI and XVII centuries. Eastern is the ancient capital of the Scottish kingdom of Dunfermlin. His main attraction is the beautiful Cathedral of the XII century, where in 1329 one of the greatest kings of Scotland Robert Bruce was buried. In the north of Dunfermlin, on the coast of Cape Faif-Nesse, picturesque fishing ports - Erlsferry, Skete Mance, Pittenuim, Ansrater and Crail. Nearby you will see a folkland palace, a hunting residence of stearts, the elegant house of Tarvit with a beautiful collection of furniture, tapestries, paintings and castle Kelly XIV century. The most famous city of Faif - Saint Andrus. This is a golf homeland, here is the famous old field on which 800 years play. Saint Andrus is located and one of the oldest British universities, founded in 1412. There are many magnificent buildings in this city, and it is also famous for the fact that for a long time was the religious center of Scotland. John Knox's reformer read her first sermon here. Western landsOn the banks of the Klade river, 22 km from her delta, the largest city of Scotland spread out - Glasgow. In the times of the Middle Ages, he was an authoritative religious and educational center of the kingdom, and the Industrial Revolution of the XVIII century turned it into one of the most economically developed and densely populated cities in the UK. Glasgow rich at the expense of shipbuilding and heavy engineering, and at the end of the XIX century became the second largest city of Scotland. His solid production base was destroyed during the economic downturn of the 70s of the last century. True, the economic and cultural flourishing of the 90s followed the decline, and not so long ago, the EU recognized the Glasgow "City of High Culture". Not all in the cultural appearance of the Glasgow - the achievement of the last decades. The Cathedral of the XII century in the Old Town is the only Scottish medieval temple who avoided the destruction during the reformation. Opposite it can see the three-story building "Proverts Lordship" - this is the oldest secular building in the city (1471), which now has become a museum. The art of the city of Glasgow's arts is also located in the old part, the western wing of the building is built by architect Charles Renny Macintoshem (1868-1928), one of the "Art Nouveo" style. In the Glasgow, it is certainly worth visiting the University Museum and the Art Gallery of the Arts, which in the number of visitors is inferior only to the London Tate Gallery. An impressive collection of cloths is exhibited here, including the works of the group of artists of the end of the old Glasgow Boygiz century, who worked in the style of impressionism and postmingnessism, as well as the Scottish painters who worked in the post-war years. The highway passing through the Glasgow Center and then crossing the Clyde River will lead you to Ershire County. It is the birthplace of Robert Burns and the area of \u200b\u200bfamous resorts, such as Large, Trun, Press, and Gervan. From the Bay Weims, there is a ferry on the islands beaten and Milport, and from the city of Ardrozan - to Arran, the favorite seat of the Sunday Plaid, living on the west coast. On Ershire are one of the best golf courses in Scotland. Among them are three platforms for the open championship, where he was for the first time and took place in 1860. Not far from the coastal city of Era, in Provincial Alloe, there is a house where in 1759 the cult Scottish poet Robert Burns was born in the peasant family. Next to him is a modern building, in which the museum is located dedicated to the author of the immortal ballad. On the coast near the city of Kerkosuald, Kalzin's castle is towers - one of the greatest creations of the architect Robert Adam. Here you can admire the beautiful collection of paintings, weapons, furniture and porcelain. South Ershire Along Salue-Fort Bay, Damfris, Galloway and other cute cities and towns are located. Next, they are replaced by wild peerest plows. This landclock sushi ends with the Galloway peninsula having a hammer shape. The upper part of the "hammer" is separated from the sea by the bay of Loch Ryan, famous for its oysters. In the harbor of the bay there is a wage - the main port of departure from Scotland to Ireland. Eight kilometers north, towards the city of Damfreis, the impressive ruins of the Abbey of Suithart are lying. Damfris himself, located on the River Nit, Challenged Trout, is the largest city in the southwest of Scotland. Robert Burns moved here at the end of his life. His house was preserved and turned into a museum. Monument to the poet stands on High Street. At 12 km south of Damfris, on the shore of Solue-Fort, you will see the remains of the desired moat with the water of the triangular fortress of the Carlemok. It was a powerful strengthening on the border lands with England. In the XVII century, the Count Nitsdelsky built a classic mansion inside the collapse, thus creating one of the most extravagant in Scotland architectural complexes. Between Glasgow and Edinburgh, Sterling is located, applying to the title of the true capital of Scotland. His whole story is an illustration of Scotland's struggle for its independence. Sterling Castle, the most important defensive stronghold of Scotland, as if grows out of a high cliff, personifying the inconsistency and capening of the Scots. Several times he was captured by the British, but they could not be held for a long time. From 1307 to 1603, the castle was the residence of Stuarts. Here we recommend visiting the Church of the Holy Cross and Abbey Kambaskennet. During the confrontation between Scotland and England, it was believed that the side controlling the castle was the owner of the whole Kingdom of Scotland, and today the old town of Sterling is called a brooch, fastening South Lowland and North Highland. HighlandHighland Highland is almost a third of Scotland, but there lives here hardly more than 10% of its population. On this earth there are so many picturesque corners that you can spend all my life to look into each of them. The South Highland border, bordering the Lowland, divides Scotland diagonally, ranging from Mall-Kintyir, a narrow strip of earth, stretched from Argail County, which is on the west coast, to Stonhweune, lying on the eastern shore, South Aberdeen - the third among the largest cities Scotland. After in the 70s of the last century, large oil reserves were discovered in the North Sea, the center of the Great Britain of the Oil Industry was found. Convenient strategic location of Aberdeen still in the Middle Ages turned the city to the royal domain, which contributed to its economic and cultural development. The local university, laid down in 1495, is among the top five in the UK. Aberdeen is often referred to as the "silver city" due to the fact that the quartz crystals in granite, from which urban buildings were erected, expressively sparkle in the rays of the Sun. 80 km east of Aberdeen, on the hills of Royal-Distaid, is the Balmoral estate, founded in the XV century. Since 1848, they own the royal family, whose members are held here part of the summer. The lock is closed to the public, but when the idrenoscience leaves him, the castle park becomes available for visiting. On the way to the royal estate you will see many magnificent castles. All of them are distinguished by the originality of the style and furnishings, beautiful stucco ceilings, valuable collections of works of art. Journey through the northwestern lands of Highland is more convenient to start Glasgow. Running from this city to the north of the highway almost immediately removes on the Highlands, and stretches along the shores of Lake Loch Lomond, the largest freshwater reservoir of the United Kingdom, 37 km long and 8 km in the widest part. The local places are illuminated by an amazing soft light that giving the magic mysteriousness of medieval castles and a steep hill surrounding the lake. For Loch Lomond, the challenges of Ben-Lomond climbing the climbers are towers - one of Munro, as 282 Scottish peaks - "Three Thairs" (3000 feet \u003d 914 m). In the northeast of these places lies the city of Fort William with its magnificent fortifications of the XVII century. Fort William is a lively intersection of Highland, from where tourists go on a trip to the most diverse routes. One of them is laid to the popular corner of Scottish Highlands - Glenko. This deep, incredibly picturesque valley stretches 11 km from Loche Leugen's lake to the wetness of the early-Mor. In Glenko there is a historic locality - the valley of crying. Here in 1692 the troops of the English king Wilhelm III attacked the Mak-Donald clan, cutting out the entire population in punishment for the slowness, manifested by the head of the clan when expressing loyalty to the English king. Early-Mor is 155 km² peat swamps, peers, lakes and winding river flows. The inhabitants of the plain are waterfowl, the larks, rzhanks, noble deer, in local brown peat lakes there are fastening trout. The beautiful panorama of these places is located to tourists traveling by rail, laid at an altitude of 400 m above sea level. From Fort William, bus tours to the legendary Loch Ness Loche, where tourists rushed in the hope of meeting with the famous Scottish monster. Most likely, you will not be able to see on the smooth surface of the lake of the serpentine contours on the smooth surface, but you can always admire the picturesque ruins of the Urkhart Castle, located in these edges. To the northeast of Fort William, there is a historic location - the Kolloden-Mor Plain, where in 1746 there was a battle between the Scots led by Charles Edward Stewart, the applicant for the British throne, and government troops under the command of the Duke of Camberland. The Scots were defeated, and today the stones celebrating their graves come along along the road leading to these places. The battle was conducted near the Old Lena farm. It exists today, becoming the Kallyoden House Museum. West, along the Spec River, flew out the rich lands of Lai-Morry. There are distillation plants, which produce most of the malt whiskey. Some of them are open to visitors. Here you can watch the process of manufacturing Gael's "Aqua Vitae", and even skip a height at the end of the excursion. The road leading from Fort William to the West to the city of Mulley, runs through the places where your gaze will open stunning panoramas. Favoring Lake Loch-Shil, you will find yourself in Lochlorite with its magnificent views of the sea and rocky islands in the clean waters of the bay of Loch-Nan-Uam. Then see how its stony shores are replaced by silver, dazzling sands of coastal areas of Morar and Arisaig. Next, the mountains are drawn from the shore, reflected in the dark waters of Lake Morar, the deepest Lake of Great Britain, whose depth exceeds 300 m. Here, they say, the monster lives no less mysterious than Lochnes Reptile. Mulleig himself is a small, but picturesque port, from where ferries are running to Hebrid Islands. Going out of Mulleig further, north, you will see one of the most beautiful lakes of Scotland - Loch-Marie, wonderful gardens in Investing on Loch-Yves lake, watch the landscapes change, gradually acquiring the harsh outlines of lunar landscapes. The road to the north will lead to Inverness - Highland Administrative Center and the largest city of Northern Scotland. He is known as the birthplace of the King Macbeth, however, it does not correspond to reality, but the medieval castle of Inverness, described by the poet, is quite real. Having held a strategic position at the mouth of the Ness River, he survived not one siege, and witnessed the most important historical events. Today, Inverness is a major shopping center, a port, from where ferries are sent to the distant north of Scotland - to the Orcanese and Shetland Islands. IslandsIn the very north of Great Britain, between the Northern Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, two archipelago are lying: Orkney and Shetland. The first of the northern tip of Scotland is separated by 10 km, the second is 150 km. A significant part of the islands and islands belonging to both archipelagos is uninhabited. On this pristine land, an open marine element and the sky, the owners - rocks, hills and mountains. The shores of the islands, which are often collapsed with high, powerful waves, breakdown, cut down deep fjords and bays. Rocks on some islands will come out more than three hundred meters. Nature demonstrates here a variety of rocks - red and gray granites, black labrador, pink and brown quarters, gray and white limestone. There are also low, gentle shores, which are slippery, wounded by algae randomly chopped boulders and stoves. In some bays, the wetlands suddenly go into luxurious beaches with snow-white sand. Due to continuous winds, the weather here is unstable here, but thanks to the warm sea stream, it is impossible to call it. The most comfortable time is June-July. At this time, light 19 hours a day, in the afternoon, it is mostly clear, but the wind can bring cooling or thick fog at any time. Going to the islands, you should take care of waterproof clothes and shoes. At the end of the spring and early summer, everything is in bloom, and numerous feathers who chose the local places, sit down and grow off. In July, birds change the plumage and prepare for traveling to warm edges. Observation of them in binoculars - a very curious occupation. The largest among the Orcane islands is Mainland, where 75% of the population of the archipelago lives. Here are the cities of Stromnes and Kirkolel. The shore north of Stromnex will give you one of the most exciting excursions on the seaside rocks of Britain. In Kerkole, it is interesting to inspect the ruins of the facilities of the Norman period and the Count Palace - one of the best samples of the Renaissance architecture in Scotland. On the east coast of Mainland, you can see the well-preserved neolithic settlement, dating from about 3000 BC. e. And the huge gravestone Kurgan Masha. On the Shetland Islands, only one city - Lerwick, but there is an airport connected with most Scottish airports, and the frequency of flights is quite large due to oil wells located here. New oil crafts in the North Sea for a while significantly cut the possibilities of tourism, but today he was revived, and Shetland antiquities returned to the attention of travelers. In 10 km west of Leruka, wander among the picturesque ruins of the Castle Skelowway. On the small island of Maus, inspect the well-preserved construction of the Iron Age - "Broch" (Tower-Fortress). On the island of Unst, admire the castle of Manes. Hebrid Islands spread out in the ocean from the north-west coast of Scotland. The archipelago includes about 500 islands, large and very tiny. Here it is often overcast and rainy, and lead waves are collapsed on the coast. But the weather here is changed, and quickly replaces anger to mercy, glad to the sun and a calm sea, which suddenly acquires shrent blue, "tropical", color. The biggest island of the archipelago - Skye. From fjords in the east to the steep mountains of Cullen and the rocky coast in the East, Sky - personification in the miniature of the Wild Celtic Spirit, which all Scotland is permeated. Kullen's ridge is a 10-kilometer chain of mountain peaks, 15 of which exceed a mark of 900 m. At the foot of the array lies the valley of Glen-Sliohana, 13 km south of it is Lake Log-Skquayig. In these places there is a romantic Armadel Castle. In the north-west of the island is the oldest population of Scotland - Danvegan. The head of the Maklaudov clan is hosted here for more than 800 years. Now the Family of the 30th Chapter of the clan, Hugh McLaud, lives in the castle. A visit to the castle with a walk in his gardens - £ 10. The entrance for guests is open from 10:00 to 17:00. In the city of Danwegan, in a mile south of the castle, book a boat boat. The ship sails to the habitat of marine seals, from the side you can go fishing. On the island of Lewis is a mysterious construction of vertically installed stone blocks forming a circle. This megalithic complex was erected, as believed in the Epoch of the Late Neolithic, and is associated with the cult of the Moon. LeisureScots adore sports. Golf, rugby, curling, football, mountaineering, sailing regatta, surfing, snorkeling are particularly popular here. In Scotland, a magnificent infrastructure has been created for outdoor activities, which has become a reliable to the tourist enterprise, originally focused on historical sights. For lovers of foot walks, an incredible number of trail is laid, which stretch along the coastline, along the slopes of steep rocks and the territories of protected wild corners. You can only go through some sophisticated routes accompanied by conductors. Lovers travel on a bike will also be satisfied. For cyclists, special paths in the forest and countryside are laid here, along the roads of the railway canvases and road trails, where the movement is not very busy. Over all Scotland is scattered over 500 gorgeous golf courses. The best of them are on her east coast. The fancifully rugged coastline of Scotland, her rivers, lakes, the islands of the islands make this edge one of the best places in the world for water sports. Lovers of recreation on the water remains only to choose between yachting, alloy along mountain rivers, water skiing, diving, surfing. Popular here and horse riding. On noble horses and strong Scottish pony, you can make short walks along the coast or go to a long tour of the country's domestic regions. In Scotland, 5 ski areas with resorts of various price categories, where all conditions are created for both professionals and beginners, even the smallest. Here you will find not only mountain skiing, but also snowboarding, and freeruding. In addition, the resorts are constantly involved in interesting events, such as the "Aviemore Husky Sled Dog Rally"), where you can take part in the races on the sleigh charged with dogs. Educational toursIn Scotland, as in England, often ride for learning English and immersion in the language environment. Schoolchildren and students, middle and older people are sent to the educational tours. Training here lasts all year round, the minimum course duration is a week. In school-oriented education centers from 8 to 16 years, it is better to send their children during the holidays. This gives an excellent opportunity to combine learning with active recreation and cognitive excursions. The cost of a 2-3-week educational tour in Scotland depending on the selected program - from £ 2000 to £ 5000. Scottish cuisineScotland has always been famous for the quality of beef. Of the cattle grown on mountain pastures, excellent bifshes are obtained. Their taste is well emphasized cream, oat sauce and whiskey. Salmon of lakes and the rivers Scotland are also known worldwide, like local seafood. Scotland is popular mutton dishes. Among them, of course, the legendary Huggis is the barractions of the stomach, stuck oatmeal and generously seasoned spices and grooves with interior fat. No less well-mounted dishes from game, especially good partridges and pheasants, they are prepared with raspberry, currant, forest berries. Tourists like local sweet dishes - oatmeal, arched with cream and honey, puddings with dried fruits, frozen from natural fresh milk. As in all of Europe, in Scotland, it is apparently invisible to international snack service networks, however, in order to quickly and inexpensively have a snack, much more pleasant to go to a cafe or pub, which serves homework. In the pubs menu, besides popular here, beer, Sherry, brandy and port, usually there are such dishes like soups, beef pies and kidney or pork, casserole with lard, scrambled eggs, rolls and always in demand "Pahar lunch" from bread, cheese, cheese, cheese Pikuli and salad. Scots adore their national product - whiskey. There is more than 100 blinked, each of which produces its own elite varieties of this drink. Those who find a pleasant tasting of this fiery product should go to one of the whiskey tours that organize most travel agencies. What to buyIf you want to purchase a solid and beautiful thing in memory of Scotland, buy a stylish wool sweater from famous local manufactories with history (from £ 90) or silver jewelry (the best is sold in the Northern, Celtic, districts). Excellent purchase - kilt or plaid (from £ 90 to £ 190), or the thing is more compromised - a soft and cozy checkered scarf (up to £ 20). Popular souvenirs from Scotland are made of metal and wood with national symbolism, leather belts, stylish belts buckles. Tasty gifts - oatmeal cookies, heather tea and, of course, a real Scottish whiskey. Where to stayIn all corners of Scotland, a wide range of accommodation is available: from luxury rooms in modern hotels and old castles to cozy rooms in family houses on farms, where you will be served on the system "Overnight and Breakfast". Modern hotels here are roads and often flashes, not an example of rural hotel cottages, where you have a comfortable accommodation with a charming interior. Many of them are located in vintage houses. The cost of living variatives depending on the location and set of services provided, but the daily rental of the room is unlikely to cost less than £ 60. To visit Scotland and not to spend at least a night in one of the medieval castles, it would be a shame. If you want to have dinner when candles in the knight's hall or dungeon, take part in the quests based on detective novels, and at dawn, opening the window, let in your abode of the muffled ghostly light, breaking through the fog and intoxicating with your freshness, for the double room will have to pay At least £ 160 per day. In some medieval castles youth vouchers and English learning centers are located. In ancient buildings, hostels and apartments are also often located. The minimum accommodation price in the hostel is £ 30 (room with 8 beds and amenities on the floor). SafetyCrime in Scotland is rather low, which is promoted by external observation television cameras. But, as in any other country, in crowded, pocket pockets are not uncommon, so the large amounts of cash should not be kept. Some areas of Glasgow enjoy a bad reputation, but in Highland, local residents often do not even lock the doors to the house, and the car keys leave in the cabin. In case of an unpleasant incident, it is necessary to call for a single number 999 (police, ambulance, firefighters). TransportAll settlements of Scotland are connected by bus and rail. But if the trip by bus from Edinburgh to Glasgow is just £ 4, then a 50-minute trip by the Edinburgh - Glasgow train will cost £ 13-22 (tickets in the class I class is 50% more expensive). In the cities of Scotland, buses predominate on public routes, but the tram lines are preserved. Ticket price - £ 1.2-1.5. Black old-fashioned Scottish taxis - copies of spacious London autochebs. On free cars burning yellow beacon on the roof. The fare registers the meter, translating overcome yards and miles to pounds. The first kilometer is £ 3.75. Then it is plusing 60 pence for every 169 m. To any of the 60 Scottish islands you can go on marine ferries. The cost of a trip to 1 hour - £ 5-8. Small planes fly to remote Shetland and Orkney Islands. In remote mountain provinces and on the islands of passengers transported royal mail minibuses that can take from 2 to 6 travelers. Full freedom of movement gives car rental. The cost of renting the economy car - from £ 23 / day. The movement here is left-hand, and you should know about the nuances of local traffic rules. For example, the maximum speed in the city trait is 48 km / h (in Edinburgh - 30 km / h). Speed \u200b\u200bcontrols automatic recorders installed everywhere. The fine for exceeding - £ 1000, for the unassembered belts (including passengers) - £ 500, and for the extra ppm of alcohol in the blood, you need to put £ 5,000 in the blood, and you can please for the grille. In the Glasgow there is one of the oldest metro in the world. The first subway stations opened at the end of the last century. After modernization of the metro, streamlined orange trains, moving with the accuracy of the chronometer appeared here. Citizens nicknamed their subway "Clockwork Orange". A one-time ticket will cost you 1 £, day-to-day - 1.90 £. How to getFrom the Russian Federation in the city of Scotland regular direct flights do not exist. However, you can get to the airports of Glasgow, Aberdeen, Inverness, Edinburgh with a change in London or International Airports of other European capitals. The lowest cost of the flight to Glasgow from Moscow and back offer Loocosters. For example, the British EasyJet discounter regularly fulfills flights from Domodedovo Airport to Glasgow with a change in London (A / P Heathrow). The ticket should be booked in advance, it is convenient to make an application over the Internet. The return ticket to the economy class at the A-321 airbus - 309 € (fees are included, the power is paid on board at will). Distance: 2546 km, travel time - 4 h. 20 min. If you take the initiative and fully use the possibilities of the World Wide Web, you can fly to Scotland even cheaper. Book tickets for several months, prices will increase as the desired flight date approaches. From London to Edinburgh and Glasgow follow speed trains. Time on the way is 4.5 and 5 hours, respectively. Railway ticket will cost expensive, about £ 100. By car from Moscow to Scotland, for the shortest route, it is necessary to overcome about 3,650 km. In this journey you will pass on the excellent European highway through Belarus, Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, use the tunnel under the strait of La Mans (50 km, the car will transport by train), cross the Britain from the south to the north. Did you like the article? Share it
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