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I was tested for sexually transmitted infections (no symptoms, I wanted confidence in a relationship with a woman). The HIV test was positive. An ultrasound scan showed a tumor on the kidney, removed (it turned out to be malignant).

I read the book by Sazonova I.M., it says that a malignant tumor can give a positive result of HIV tests.

Could it be so, or there is nothing to hope for?

You need to have an HIV follow-up test. If the first HIV test was detected by ELISA, then the result may be false positive. Its reliability can be checked by a more sensitive diagnostic method - PCR (polymerase chain reaction), which determines the DNA of the virus in the blood.

Help. 16.12.10g ELISA (+) IB (+) then from 23.03.11 to 19.05.11 nine negative ELISA (-) and quantitative PCR. not determined. in 2002 during pregnancy ELISA then (+) then (-) but IB always (-). from 2004 to 2008 I took 2 times a year IFA (-). but on 30.04.08 ifa (+) and IB-undefined. then again every 2 months I took ELISA always (-). and since December 2010 it has been written above. At the same time, I have never injected, my husband always has an IFA (-). cd4 980 cells. and even blood for syphilis from 29.04 gave 3 +++. and then three times. negative every 10 days. all hepatitis (-). did anyone have it like that. thanks.

Please clarify whether you underwent RIBT (treponema immobilization reaction), if so, what are the results of this study.

no, no one offered me such an analysis. but what will it show? I hope you understand that I was talking about HIV tests. thanks. have there been similar cases in your practice? By the way, about IB in 2008 was undefined. there was p24 / 25 protein. in 2010 IB (+) proteins gp160.41.120 p24.17.31. then when ifa was again 3 times (-) sent to IB on April 4. the result came positive, but the proteins gp 120 and 41. the rest are crossed out with red paste and at the bottom with red IB REPEAT. but PCR from the same number is denied. after April 4, I passed ELISA already 4 times denied. everything in the AIDS center, including antigen and antibody. Now I'm waiting for a second IB and high-quality PCR. that's it. VERY TIRED OF THINKING AND WAITING. Hoping for the best. THANKS. waiting for an answer VERY.

If you ask any question, please try next time, to formulate it more specifically, with a specification of the diagnosis. RIBT is used to confirm the diagnosis of syphilis. For an accurate diagnosis of HIV infection, the determination of antibodies to HIV in the blood is carried out by the ELISA method and by the immunoblot method. The diagnosis is only confirmed if both of these results are positive.

Sorry for the inaccurate formulation of the question. I wrote that in December IFA and Imunoblot were positive for HIV. but since March ifa is HIV negative 9 times. if they put me on record in the AIDS center, then does this, in principle, happen. HIV will either always be positive or negative. and how, if the ELISA test for HIV is denied, can an immunoblot be put down? then everything is denied ifa needs to be checked for imunoblot, so what happens? in our speed center they can’t answer me anything. so I turned to you. thanks.

Unfortunately, both ELISA and immunoblot can give false positive results. That is why, the diagnosis of HIV is considered final, only with the simultaneous detection of HIV using ELISA and the immunoblot method.

Hello. Today I received PCR results for HIV, a high-quality virus was not detected, and the repeated immunoblot for HIV, the result is undefined due to protein 41. The AIDS CENTER said that most likely there is no HIV, but in my body there are bodies similar in structure to HIV. And what do you think, if you take into account my questions from June 15 and 16 (see above), is there HIV or not? THANKS.

In this case, the diagnosis of HIV infection is doubtful.

you write that only with the simultaneous detection of HIV using IFA and immunoblot, the diagnosis of HIV is considered final. and then how to be in my case? After all, all the PCR denies. and blot and ifa are jumping all the time. for 9 years. tell me, if the virus was in my blood, then its rna and dna could be precisely determined for so many years. and can the incubation period or "windows" last as many years? Are there any false negatives of PCR results for HIV given such a period of time? Yes, I forgot to say that the rapid HIV tests I take in KVD are always negative. Or can't you rely on them too? thanks.

In this case, PCR diagnostics is not the main method for identifying the dynamics of the process - serological methods are more informative. In this case, the probability of false negative results is high. rapid HIV tests have a high threshold of sensitivity, therefore they can also give a false negative result.

sorry. I definitely wrote in the wrong place. Please answer in the topic HIV or not HIV. thanks.

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Hello! Can you please tell me to register with the LCD (now 10 weeks of pregnancy) passed tests for HIV, a couple of days ago called the doctor and said that preliminary tests for HIV were positive (the first was done in Kirovograd, but there is still no official result from Kiev ), on the same day, in our city laboratory, two express tests of the company "Farmasco" CITO TEST HIV 1/2 were done, both results are negative, the laboratory assistant said that these tests are reliable and I can not worry, because this happens during pregnancy, and those analyzes could simply be confused. The doctor told me to donate blood again and I donated my blood twice more for analysis in different hospitals (none of the three results are still missing). I am very worried, I am not a drug addict, there were no dubious sexual intercourse, if I get sick it is very rare, other tests are all normal. Can you trust rapid tests? Does this really happen during pregnancy? The doctor scared me too much. Thanks

First of all, you need to calm down and not think about bad things. Sometimes during pregnancy, there are false positive results. It is necessary to repeat blood tests for HIV and wait for the test results.

Hello! the fact is that 2 months ago I had sexual intercourse with a girl (we are still dating). after 1.5 weeks the temperature rose to 37.4. soon slept. to be sure, we passed the ifa test after 2 weeks and again after 1.5 months. both have negative answers. but my temperature and cough are still with variable improvement. Can you please tell me if the risk is possible? besides, I worked for a long time without days off and a week ago I was on sick leave (ORVI). blood and lung tests are in order. thanks.

This temperature may be associated with a past viral disease, the body has not recovered yet, or chronic overwork. In the event that organic pathology is excluded, the general analysis of blood and urine is within normal limits, as well as the data of fluorographic studies are also within the normal range, then it is necessary to exclude sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, which can cause inflammation of the organs of the small pelvis and urethra and, as a result, an increase in body temperature. Read more about the reasons for the increase in body temperature by clicking on the link: High temperature.

Hello. There is such a thing- More than a year ago there was unprotected sexual contact with a walking girl. She assured that she was not sick with anything, but I cannot trust her 100 percent. She also assured that she passed a medical examination before applying for a job (she worked as a salesman) and everything was fine. 7 months after the contact, I nevertheless passed the test for HIV in the citylab laboratory - the result turned out to be negative. But lately, I often began to get sick - for 3 weeks now, I have a red sore throat and I cannot cure it. Again he began to be afraid, but what if he did pick it up then? Tell me, is it possible, and is it worth trusting the analysis from citylab? I'm afraid to give it up again, my nerves will not stand it ..

If the result is negative, then most likely you are not sick or infected with HIV / AIDS. However, to clarify the diagnosis, it is recommended to re-take the analysis in specialized laboratories at state institutions, this examination is carried out anonymously. In the event that self-treatment does not bring the desired result, it is recommended to consult with an otolaryngologist to conduct an adequate examination and prescribe the appropriate treatment. Read more about HIV testing in a series of articles by clicking on the link: HIV.

Tell me, can you give any characteristics of the citylab laboratory? All the same, it is not always possible to pass the analysis at a state institution. And what is the percentage probability for a man to become infected through unprotected contact?

Unfortunately, we do not provide a comparative assessment of laboratories and private medical institutions. In the event that you doubt the reliability of the results, conduct an examination at another center and first ask for a license to provide these medical services, whether this center has the right to conduct this examination and whether everything complies with the accepted standards. The risk of infection is the same for both sexes with unprotected intercourse. Read more about HIV testing in a series of articles by clicking on the link: HIV.

Good afternoon! The child is 8 months old, was tested for HIV by ELISA, gp160 + and p25 + were found in the blood, the rest is all minus, the conclusion of the IB is doubtful. Judging by these analyzes, it turns out that the child is +? gp160 + gp110 / 120 - p68 - p55 - p52 - gp41 - p34 - p25 + p18 -

Unfortunately, based on the data obtained, it is impossible to make a diagnosis with a 100 percent probability, since a false positive result is not excluded. To make an accurate diagnosis, you will need to undergo a number of examinations, including repeating this analysis by the ELISA method, as well as passing the analysis by the PCR method. After that, you should contact a specialized medical institution, where the infectious disease doctor will be able to evaluate the results obtained in a complex manner. You can learn more about the manifestations of HIV infection in the thematic section of our website by clicking on the link: HIV

Can it show a false positive result in case of acute respiratory infections or more acute infectious diseases? Somewhere I read that with 58 diseases or even higher it can show "+", including the vaccination against hepatitis B, if the kidneys are affected, etc.?

There is a likelihood of a false-positive result, therefore, I recommend that you do the following: do the analysis again - using the ELISA method and the PCR method, and then visit the infectious disease doctor again. You can learn more about the diagnosis of HIV infection in the thematic section: HIV

Good afternoon! Immunoblot is undefined due to p25 protein. What is the likelihood of HIV?

In this situation, it is necessary to carefully study the research protocols in combination with other indicators, since it is not possible to make an assumption on the basis of these data. Presumably, the result can be considered doubtful and a re-examination is required after 3 months. Read more in the section of our website: HIV

Can you comment on the ELISA for HIV

1 serum +3.559 k = 13.3

2 serum +3.696 k = 13.9

In this case, a false positive result is not excluded, given that the ELISA method is indirect, therefore I recommend that you pass the analysis using another, more sensitive method - immune blotting. You can find out more detailed information on this issue in the corresponding section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV

Good afternoon, tell me what to tune in to? A year ago, when planning a child, my husband and I underwent all tests, including for HIV (they took it very seriously and correctly), I was examined in the Kyrgyz Republic. My husband in Kiev, he gave a negative answer, I was told that some reagent had not worked, it is necessary to pass it again at the Center AIDS in Kiev. Having passed the analysis at the Center, the answer came negative for me too. Now I am in the 14 week position i.e. I get registered, I go through all the tests, and again the answer came, the analysis for HIV is uncertain, I passed it again in the clinic and passed in "Dovir" an express test to calm down, but did not calm down the express test showed a positive result (the second strip was less pronounced), right after all this procedures, I wasted no time turning to the AIDS Center, I also passed the analysis, I expect the result. (I can't calm down) Please tell me how much you can trust express analyzes and why there is no answer to HIV analysis the first time? (my husband and I lead a healthy lifestyle and love each other). Thanks.

Do not panic ahead of time - express diagnostics is not the basis for making an HIV diagnosis, it allows you to identify groups of patients who need more in-depth research. In such situations, it is recommended to conduct an immune blotting and personally consult with an infectious disease doctor. You can find out more detailed information on this issue in the thematic section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV. You can also get additional information in the following section of our website: Laboratory diagnostics

Hello, I was in an infectious diseases clinic, just today they were discharged when leaving, the doctor called me and explained that I had a positive ifa, at first when I was admitted to the hospital, it was negative, then when I retried it became positive, they sent research to the imunoblot on the falconers mountain they said it would be ready the next week, was in the hospital with a sore throat and parainfluenza viruses, I arrive in a state of shock, I still don't understand how to interpret this, an extract for my clinic was also drawn up indicating that ifa was found and below that the imunoblot is in operation if tomorrow I check out my clinic, then in this statement everything will be indicated how likely HIV is present? Could it be that due to the fact that I was treated for a sore throat of the parainfluenza virus, show positive results on ifa?

The likelihood of a false positive is very high. The presence of one positive result does not yet give grounds for a diagnosis of HIV, therefore, we recommend that you wait for the result of immunoblotting, and then personally consult with an infectious disease doctor regarding further examination and observation. Angina, parainfluenza and other colds do not significantly affect the results of the analysis.

I want to believe it, but at the end of August I got sick, the temperature rose, 37.5-38 was liquid stool for about 4 days, it was on vacation where there were many discos, I drank tap water, as in general, many others, because that it was very expensive a glass of water cost 300r, I associated liquid stools with such a temperature with some kind of intestinal infection caught in the water, I can't remember exactly, but there was also a small rash in the upper body, when I flew home with a temperature I called a doctor, she wrote rotavirus infection, after 5 days of being sick, I volunteered to leave him and go to work where I fell ill after a few days with sinusitis, (at that time I had to be outside for my work), I connected this that a large temperature drop from vacation and poisoning deprived my immunity and therefore caught a cold again with sinusitis, in total it is sick again, at the direction of Laura, I drank klacid cp 500 within 10 days, passed, went back to work after 3 weeks was on a business trip to the train station arch country for 3 days. the air conditioners in transport and the hotel were merciless and upon returning home, on the plane I had a temperature already 39.5. here I am at home with a temperature of 40, called the doctor at home, wrote ARVI and said my throat is very red, I have chronic tonsillitis and said this to the ENT, she wrote to drink the antibiotic Levolet R. called an ambulance because the fever was 40 and did not decrease, hospitalization was not offered, the next day the same story - the ambulance gave an antipyretic injection and left. the third time I insisted on hospitalization, they barely took me away to the infectious diseases hospital, where they diagnosed a mixed parainfluenza infection and adenovirus infection, but upon discharge, the doctor at the department said that I had HIV ifa positive and that they did it twice, I am shocked, I don’t know what to do I can’t eat or drink .she said that I had a pronounced acute HIV infection and to check them they sent a blood test for immunoblot to the AIDS center,

now drawing an analogy of events that happened to me in the last time, as well as 3 sick leaves in a row, I tried all the symptoms on myself and I am terrified of what might be, after being discharged on the same day I went to take an analysis in the invitro anonymously and on the next day, the result for ifa was the same +

I forgive forgiveness for such detailed information, but I am swept away and killed, I drink strong sedatives and I have no appetite and I practically do not eat, I have lost a lot of weight

I still have such a question that the doctor with the discharge from the hospital indicated the result of HIV for ifa was found and below that the immunoblot is at work, but how I close the bl in my clinic at the place w, everything will be written there. what should I do? it will no longer be confidential. I asked the doctor to treat the doctor not to write this analysis in the statement to which she refused me, to what extent my rights about non-distribution of information are respected here.

Unfortunately, the results of the studies carried out in the hospital fit into the discharge, since the attending local doctor must have information about your health condition in full. In this situation, we are not talking about the disclosure of information, since it is only transferred to another attending physician, who will then observe you.

Hello! I took HIV tests because I needed a certificate for the FMS, they did not give the tests for a couple of weeks, then they invited me to the manager and gave them a positive result, took a bunch of receipts and sent them to the regional AIDS center for further examination, as written on the certificate. I want to take it in another clinic and then go to the regional one or there is no point in retaking? I just don’t understand why they didn’t give them away for so long. Well, the doctor said that they allegedly did some kind of analysis and I should still have 4t rubles for them, because if only they did it, then, apart from the certificate of daliba, detailed information about the disease?

In this situation, one should not panic ahead of time - obtaining one positive result does not yet allow us to judge reliably about a possible infection, since false positive results are not excluded. We recommend that you take the test again and if there is a positive result, you will need to undergo another test - immunoblotting. As a rule, the laboratory does not provide detailed information on the results, which is normal and common practice. All questions that arise can be answered by the attending physician after the examination at a personal consultation.

I forgot to add that from the beginning of June until mid-September I was doing myself a course of anabolic steroids, namely Sustanon250 is a mixture of testosterones and stanozolol with primabolan, I wanted to prepare myself for summer and vacation, could they bring down my immunity and everything that happened to me.

Immunity disorders, as well as the presence of autoimmune diseases, can give false positive HIV test results. That is why, in the case of obtaining 2 positive results by ELISA, it is recommended to conduct immunoblotting, which will allow you to accurately answer the question of whether there is an infection or not.

what does the presence of autoimmune diseases mean? what are they?

in general, I can say that I was sick quite often from early childhood and even a couple of three years ago I asked my attending physician to take care of my immunity, because I was constantly tired and often hurt, mainly ear throat nose, but all the time there were negative results for HIV, I I handed them over with sufficient ease, without hesitation.

A false positive HIV test result can be after a recent viral infection, vaccination against hepatitis B, with tuberculosis, hepatitis, herpes, as well as against the background of autoimmune diseases such as: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, connective tissue diseases and etc.

I want to add to my question, my immunoblot came, it was negative, but the doctor said that since there were two ifa + when I was in the infectious diseases hospital, you still need to retake the analysis, but a little later

In this case, medical tactics are justified - we recommend that you pass the immunoblot again after 1.5-2 months.

What is the probability: 2 ifa + the difference between blood sampling is about 2 days, immunoblot -; lay in an infectious diseases hospital with adenovirus infection and parainfluenza, where blood was taken, the immunoblot was sent to the AIDS center

Good afternoon! I registered at the residential complex, passed all the tests, the doctor says that I have herpes in my blood, then they call from the AIDS center and say that I need to re-issue it, and they tell me that I have HIV positive, I went with my husband in a panic to create a second the analysis was passed and I had ifa and immunoblot + from my husband -, I gave it again a month later. I have + my husband - now I am 23 weeks pregnant!

In this situation, unfortunately, there is a possibility of HIV infection, but the final diagnosis cannot be made even with a positive immunoblot, given the state of pregnancy. In this situation, the elimination of false positive results is required, therefore we recommend that you take the test again and personally consult an infectious disease doctor.

If the immunoblot showed a positive result for HIV, and the screening is negative, which result to believe?

Immunoblot is a more accurate study, therefore, in this study, if a positive result is obtained, it is required to continue the study and personally visit the infectious disease doctor.

AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, (eng. AIDS) is considered the terminal stage of HIV infection, which is characterized by a critical decrease in the level of CD4 blood lymphocytes and in which secondary, the so-called. AIDS-associated infectious and oncological diseases acquire an irreversible course that is resistant to specific treatment. AIDS is inevitably fatal.

CD4 lymphocytes (sometimes called T cells or helper cells) are a special type of white blood cell that is a major component of the human immune system. Human immunodeficiency viruses, getting into the physiological fluids of the body, spread there and destroy these cells, which leads to a catastrophic destruction of immunity. The diagnosis of AIDS can be made if HIV tests are positive and the CD4 lymphocyte count is below 200 cells / ml. The profound impairment of the human body's immunity, the destruction of the main barrier of protection, which occurs in this case, leads to the fact that the ability to resist the secondary, opportunistic diseases that has joined it is lost. Thus, CD4-lymphocytes are markers of the degree of impairment of immunity, allowing to determine the transition of HIV infection to its terminal stage - AIDS. A CD4 lymphocyte test measures the number of these cells in a cubic milliliter of blood.

Another criterion for the transition of HIV infection to the AIDS stage for adults and adolescents is the presence of AIDS-associated diseases, which are grouped into the following groups:

Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Severe bacterial or recurrent pneumonia (two or more episodes within 6 months).

Infection caused by atypical mycobacteria (Mycobacterium avium), disseminated mycobacterium.

Salmonella septicemia.

Candidal esophagitis.

Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary, cryptococcal meningitis.

Histoplasmosis, extrapulmonary, disseminated.

Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis.

Herpes simplex virus infection Herpes simplex virus, HSV): chronic or persistent for more than 1 month, chronic ulcers on the skin and mucous membranes or bronchitis, pneumonitis, esophagitis.

Cytomegalovirus infection with damage to any organ other than the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Human herpesvirus type 8 infection Kaposhi Sarkoma Herpes Virus, KSHV).

Human papillomavirus infection Human papillomavirus, HPV), including cervical cancer.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Toxoplasmosis.

Cryptosporidiosis with diarrhea lasting more than a month.

Microsporidiosis.

Isosporosis, with diarrhea for more than a month.

Kaposi's sarcoma.

Cervical cancer, invasive.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

HIV encephalopathy, HIV dementia.

HIV wasting syndrome.

Vacuolar myelopathy.

The causative agents of these diseases are in most cases not dangerous for healthy people. Many of them live freely in water, soil, skin and mucous membranes of a person. A healthy immune system reliably opposes them, and for AIDS patients, in whom it is destroyed, these organisms turn from neutral agents into deadly enemies.

Indications for prescribing an AIDS test

• Treatment of HIV infection.
• AIDS.

Preparation for analysis

It is enough to follow a few rules to get the right result. It is recommended to limit yourself to food 8-14 hours before taking the test, since it is better to take it on an empty stomach. The result can be distorted by alcohol and nicotine, so it is better to refuse too. Eliminate heavy physical exertion and, if possible, protect yourself from stresses.

How is the procedure going?

Blood is taken from the cubital vein using standard technology.

Decoding the result of the test for AIDS

As evidenced by the number of CD4 lymphocytes

Without treatment, the number of CD4 cells in the body begins to gradually decline. This indicator should be constantly monitored to help you and your doctor make timely decisions about treatment and other support.

CD4 cell count - 350: start HIV treatment

HIV treatment should be started if the CD4 count falls below 350. It is at this level that treatment is most effective: the immune system is more likely to recover to a normal state. If you start treatment with a CD4 cell count of 350, you almost certainly will not develop HIV-related illnesses. It has also been shown to reduce the risk of developing heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease and cancer. Expect your doctor to talk to you about treatment at this stage. A decrease in the level of CD4 lymphocytes below 350 cells / μL is an indication for the appointment of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

CD4 cell count of 200 or below: starting HIV treatment and taking prophylactic drugs

If the number of CD4 lymphocytes has decreased to less than 200, an urgent need to address the issue of starting therapy, since with such indicators, the disease takes on a particularly severe course due to AIDS-associated diseases. Additional medications should be taken to prevent the development of these diseases (this treatment is called prophylactic). When the CD4 cell count recovers, prophylaxis can be abandoned. The course of the disease becomes irreversible when the number of CD4-lymphocytes decreases below 50 cells in 1 μl.

CD4 cell count during HIV treatment

Once HIV treatment is started, your CD4 cell count will gradually rise. The growth rate of CD4 cells depends on the individual characteristics of each person. For some people, it may take months or even years for their CD4 count to return to normal. If you start treatment with a very low CD4 cell count, it will take a long time for it to rise. Keep in mind that even a small increase in your CD4 cell count can have a very positive effect on your health. After starting treatment, you should have your CD4 count and viral load tested every three to six months.

In addition to a CD4 lymphocyte count test, doctors sometimes use a CD4 lymphocyte count test - that is, they measure the percentage of CD4 lymphocytes in the entire lymphocyte population. People who are HIV-negative have a CD4 cell count of 40%. When comparing the percentage with the quantitative indicator, it is believed that with a CD4 cell count of about 14%, the risk of developing comorbidities is the same as with a CD4 cell count ≤ 200. The doctor can use the method for determining the percentage of CD4 lymphocytes if, for example, your two sequential CD4 count tests made a big difference in the results.

Expected complications based on CD4 lymphocyte count

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If the primary analysis is questionable.

I apologize in advance for the "unscientific" question, but understand my condition.

My primary analysis was sent for additional research to the laboratory on Sokolinaya Gora.

Is this already a guarantee of a positive status?

Symptoms are: there was a fever with a rise in temperature, one lymph node swelled slightly.

True, now the feet are tingling, and some chest pains, and dry mouth, it seems to me.

Although, it is possible that the psyche is malfunctioning.

Thanks in advance for your reply.

If the ELISA is dubious, it means that it is dubious. There is no way to make forecasts here. If it is positive, then this is another story. ELISA is a sensitive thing, but the price for sensitivity is the risk of false positive results.

Let's assume that the specificity of your test is 99.77% * i.e. there will be 2 false positives per 1000 tests (in fact, it is not necessary at all, but in large samples it is about that). Then, out of 1000 tests in the same more or less heterogeneous sample (not among pensioners, or not only among gays or IDUs, we are talking about a population with a low risk, some conditionally average ordinary people), there will be up to 10 positive results in really infected people (for RF, suppose that we have 1% infected, we do not know exactly how much, but approximately), before - i.e. probably less, because there are risk groups and there is a low-risk population where there will be HIV, but much less often.

* The specificity of the ARCHITECT HIV Ag / Ab Combo assay in the low risk population in this study was 99.77% (6113/6127) with an exact 95% confidence interval of 99.62% to 99.88%. Source.

So, if you think that you are a risk group, then for you a positive predictive value with a positive (not doubtful, but positive) result will be (10 / (10 + 2)) * 100% = 83% Ie. you need to be scared by about 80%. If you do not consider yourself to be a risk group, there were no unprotected contacts with partners of unknown status, injecting drugs, etc., then rather for a low-risk sample, i.e. suppose that in the low-risk group we have half the prevalence of HIV (rather even lower, since we know that about 60% of HIV-infected in the Russian Federation are injecting drug users) then (5 / (5 + 2)) * 100% = approximately 70%.

The conventionality of these calculations, I hope, is clear. For example, for children or for old grandparents, the calculated positive predictive value will be extremely low.

There is only one conclusion - a positive ELISA is not equal to HIV infection, the probability of a false alarm with very specific tests will be up to 30%, plus or minus a little more, and clarifying tests should be carried out, i.e. immunoblot and possibly further there will be indications for high-quality PCR.

Is HIV diagnosed with a routine blood test?

As I understand it, you mean blood from a finger, I think that it is not determined, if you donate blood from a finger for an AIDS test, for example, in mobile laboratories, then probably yes, but in clinics most likely not, but I assume that if there is the presence of AIDS in the body, then this is an inflammatory process, the ESR indicator should be very overestimated. (but I could be wrong, these are just my assumptions)

HIV, is determined by a special test, which is taken from a vein. Now, usually they take 7 ml of blood, in one tube, at once for three infections - HIV, hepatitis C and B, syphilis. Usually, these tests are taken upon admission to treatment in a hospital, before a planned surgical intervention, in pregnant women registered with an antenatal clinic, as well as when undergoing a medical examination for employment. During a routine clinical blood test, from a finger, the presence of HIV in the blood is not determined.

If you mean the usual general blood test, it is taken from a finger, as well as a biochemical test of blood taken from a vein, then no, the AIDS virus cannot be detected in this way. A general blood test will give an indication of the number of erythrocytes, that is, hemoglobin; erythrocytes, ESR. The AIDS virus is examined by taking blood for HIV in special AIDS centers. This is how it is done in our city.

If it were so simple, then all analyzes would be taken from the finger. There are many tests that are taken exclusively from a vein and in large quantities it is both prothrombin, and cholesterol, and for diabetes mellitus, and also for HIV. In addition, not every laboratory and not every polyclinic has the ability to determine HIV. Rather, this is due to the need for special expensive reagents.

Not defined. To determine if there is HIV, it is necessary to take blood from a vein and conduct a special test. With a general blood test, which is taken from a finger, completely different indicators are determined. Usually, a vein is tested simultaneously for HIV, hepatitis and syphilis.

Routine clinical testing does not detect HIV. Typically, research requires a referral to research specifically for HIV. There are two main methods for detecting HIV - enzyme immunoassay and PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

The answer is no. In a routine blood test, it is determined whether a person has inflammation in the body, and blood from a finger is taken for syphilis. In order to detect AIDS, another test is needed, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or ELISA. This method is one of the most reliable today. But if doctors have doubts about the result of the analysis, then another method may be - immunoblotting.

It is important to know more and more, immediately after infection, HIV is not detected even with a special analysis. The events take place like this: A person is infected (it can be sexual contact, through a shared syringe from drug addicts, even a dentist can get infected.) After a few days or even weeks, a person becomes very sick, as it were, with the flu - the symptoms are very similar and a very high temperature ( 39-40). Then everything seems to pass without a trace. And only after a couple of months, after that, as it were, "flu", with a SPECIAL analysis, you can detect HIV.

If you just donate blood, then HIV cannot be detected. For this, there are special blood tests, the main purpose of which is to detect HIV infections in the donor's blood. Blood for HIV disease is taken only from a vein.

There are two ways to get a blood test for HIV. Decoding a blood test for HIV is quite simple. Can a blood test for HIV indicate the presence of this disease?

We know that blood taken from a finger can tell a lot about a person's health. Determination of the presence of antibodies to HIV is mandatory for the diagnosis. To establish HIV, antibodies, HIV antigens and provirus DNA are determined.

Changes in the clinical analysis of blood very rarely have any specific (i.e., characteristic only or predominantly for a given disease) character.

When using the content, an active hyperlink to the main page of the Contemporary HIV Forum is required. Each of us donated blood for analysis, but it is difficult for an uninitiated person to understand what diseases can be determined using this procedure.

In everyday life, they often say: good blood count, bad ... There are many types of cells in the blood that perform different functions - respiratory, auxiliary, protective. A biochemical blood test, for example, shows an objective picture of metabolic processes.

Can a complete blood count (CBC) detect HIV infection or even suspicion?

Having donated blood "for cholesterol", you can calculate the coefficient of the likelihood of developing a heart attack. In an allergy test, a blood test helps to detect antibodies to allergens.

This is indeed the case. While other blood tests of patients are usually referred by a doctor, people are often tested for allergies on their own initiative.

When can an HIV blood test be scheduled?

After some time, it is imperative to do a second blood test, to see the dynamics of the development of the disease.

In addition, there are a number of diseases where only blood can be diagnosed. It is also important to know something else, immediately after infection, HIV is not detected even with a special analysis. If you mean the usual general blood test, it is taken from a finger, as well as a biochemical test of blood taken from a vein, then no, the AIDS virus cannot be detected in this way.

The answer is no. In a routine blood test, it is determined whether a person has inflammation in the body, and also blood from a finger is taken for syphilis. In order to detect AIDS, another test is needed, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or ELISA. This method is one of the most reliable today.

If it were so simple, then all analyzes would be taken from the finger. In addition, not every laboratory and not every polyclinic has the ability to determine HIV. Rather, this is due to the need for special expensive reagents.

With a general blood test, which is taken from a finger, completely different indicators are determined.

The procedure for taking a blood test for HIV

Routine clinical testing does not detect HIV.

Time of the first CBC

If you just donate blood, then HIV cannot be detected. For this, there are special blood tests, the main purpose of which is to detect HIV infections in the donor's blood.

In a routine blood test, HIV is not determined. For HIV, blood is taken from the veins .. I do not exclude, of course, in good specials. laboratories there probably can be identified. It is impossible to determine exactly, because in a routine analysis, the presence of any infection is determined, if the soe is higher, this indicates its presence, the level of sugar and hemoglobin.

What a complete blood count can tell you

Speaking about diagnostics, it should be noted that many people do not distinguish between terms such as AIDS and HIV, believing that they are talking about the same condition. You need to know that HIV infection, getting into the body, triggers the disease, but AIDS becomes the final stage of the disease.

A special technique is used to determine the virus in the blood, which has been successfully used for several decades.

Where to do a blood test for HIV?

Thus, the study is reduced to the detection of specific antibodies in the patient's blood. The first, standard method for detecting antibodies to HIV is called the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It will detect the presence of the virus 1.5-3 months after infection.

This is a qualitative assessment of the presence of the virus in the blood. The test result can be either positive, which indicates the presence of a virus, or negative, which indicates its absence.

This often happens when the analysis is carried out in the so-called "window period", when antibodies to the virus have not yet developed in the required amount in order to be detected.

Although a general blood test for HIV does not allow to determine the source of the pathology, it demonstrates deviations in the hematocrit, the number of formed elements, and the leukocyte formula.

Currently, clinics offer anonymous testing services, when the doctor knows only the customer's individual number.

With medical support of a patient who has a virus, a clinical blood test for HIV allows you to adjust the treatment.

To determine if there is HIV, it is necessary to take blood from a vein and conduct a special test.

Where to get tested for HIV and hepatitis for free

Each person at least once in his life had to donate blood to detect acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hepatitis. Therefore, information on where you can get tested for HIV and hepatitis for free will not be superfluous for anyone. Here we will touch on the topic of confidentiality of information and tell you how to donate blood for HIV infection anonymously, without providing any information about yourself.

What is the name of the test for HIV, AIDS and hepatitis

According to statistics, about 15% of AIDS patients are infected with hepatitis C. Most often, patients do not even suspect about the development of two serious diseases in their own body. Only a special blood test can "open the eyes" of the patient and reveal the immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C in the patient's blood. You can get tested for HIV and hepatitis by passing an ELISA laboratory test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) free of charge.

Attention! The accuracy of this type of diagnosis is low, since the hepatitis provocateur affects the AIDS antibodies, reducing their concentration in the blood.

Types of tests for HIV infection and hepatitis

In addition to the traditional ELISA, specialists resort to alternative types of laboratory tests. We summarize all the tests used to detect infection in the table below:

When they take an ELISA test

ELISA makes it possible to assess the general state of health and the degree of development of pathological processes in the patient's body. Consequently, to pass such an HIV test means to provide the doctor with complete initial data about one's own health. This is necessary for the further preparation of a therapeutic course. That is why, among other methods of diagnostics and dynamic assessment of serious pathologies, ELISA takes a leading position.

Important! In the case of a once positive analysis, an unambiguous diagnosis is not made to the patient - a number of additional studies are required.

Any representative has the right to take one of the tests for HIV infection at will. However, there are a number of conditions under which the patient must be referred for the procedure.

Passing the described analysis is necessary for people:

• sexually abused;
• rapidly losing weight;
• doubting the sterility of the needles used;
• having sexual contact with a new partner (the analysis must be done with any casual contact, even if it is protected);
• those preparing for the operation (the need for timely diagnosis of HIV arises even if there is no need for a person to be hospitalized after the operation);
• living next to an HIV-infected person (the analysis is carried out not only when symptoms are detected, but on a regular basis);
• suffering from STDs (in the presence of signs of inflammatory diseases, a sharp deterioration in health).

All types of such studies help to identify whether antibodies to HIV have been found in the human body. PCR analysis is able to confirm a positive result as early as the 2nd week after the alleged infection. A person intending to pass a traditional analysis must wait a certain period of time (usually 1.5-2 months) and only then resort to the procedure.

Attention! If a person does not receive a positive test result and still doubts the reliability of the study, experts recommend that the patient who donated blood once should repeat the test again. If enough time has passed since the moment of "suspicious" contacts and other significant events, then re-take the ELISA.

How to prepare for the examination

The doctor will tell the patient how to pass the test correctly. Usually, a person will have to undergo examination in the morning, since the body has time to cleanse itself during the night. In addition, blood from a vein must be donated on an empty stomach. This means that a similar test is performed on an empty stomach at least 10 hours after the last meal.

A number of factors can affect test results.

• smoking;
• drinking alcohol;
• overdo it with physical activity;
• worry;
• eat junk food.

In addition, the result may be unreliable due to a recent infectious disease. In this case, you should wait about a month.

Where can I get tested for HIV infection for free?

Among the institutions where you can donate blood for HIV anonymously:

• polyclinic, first-aid post;
• specialized center for the fight against HIV;
• mobile express laboratory;
• private clinic;
• independent laboratory.

Attention! It is possible to pass a free HIV test anonymously only in health care institutions and AIDS prevention centers, to which a particular person is assigned.

Anonymous examination means that the procedure for conducting it does not require a person to provide any personal data. All manipulations are carried out in the "incognito" mode, the result of the analysis to determine the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is handed to the patient after providing the number assigned to him.

Not all localities in the country have various medical centers where anonymous blood tests for HIV can be taken. Where can the biological material be passed in in this case? In such circumstances, you can go to a regular clinic or feldsher-obstetric center.

The material is usually processed in a local laboratory. You can find out the result by calling the assigned number. In case of a positive test, the results of the study are sent to the regional clinic or the closest city medical institution.

Where to donate blood anonymously for analysis

As mentioned earlier, there are ways to get tested anonymously for the virus. Such HIV testing is carried out in specialized laboratories at hospitals, as well as in any AIDS center (for citizens of the country it is done free of charge). In this case, the analysis is carried out completely anonymously (when the patient is assigned an individual number).

This anonymous analysis can be done differently. Patients wishing to get tested for HIV should remember that there are private clinics that provide results as quickly as possible. Anonymous HIV testing within the walls of these institutions is carried out on a paid basis.

Where to take an express analysis

You can anonymously get tested for HIV using a rapid test at a polyclinic or an AIDS prevention center. Such a blood test for HIV can also be done at home, if for some reason a person cannot go to a medical institution. In this case, the patient will need only a few minutes to get the result. What kind of research option to choose is up to the person who donates blood. In case of a positive result of an anonymous home test, you must promptly contact the clinic.

Blood test for HIV and AIDS and interpretation of the result

A few days or weeks after the procedure (depending on the place of delivery of the material), the patient is provided with the result of the test for AIDS.

With a screening test, the absence of antibodies in the material indicates a negative result, otherwise the doctor conducts additional research.

If the result is positive for HIV, an immunoblot is indicated. Darkening on the test strip in this case indicates the presence of proteins gp160, gp120, gp41 - the patient is given a presumptive diagnosis, since alternative protein combinations correspond to another infection.

From the above, we can conclude: if, after a thorough examination in the described way, all three types of proteins are present in the patient's blood, this is interpreted as HIV. If the data show the absence of at least one component, the person is sent for additional research.

A quantitative diagnostic method is also used, in which the concentration of the RNA of the virus is determined (unit of measurement - C / ml). If in this case a negative indicator "follows", then the decision on the expediency of carrying out other procedures remains with the doctor.

Attention! Subsequent positive HIV tests express the need for treatment of the patient - the patient is prescribed antiviral therapy.

Blood test for hepatitis and interpretation of the result

If the analysis for hepatitis (ELISA) showed the presence of antibodies in the blood, the patient is definitely sick or had a liver disease.

The PCR method is also used to diagnose the disease. In this case, a positive result is reliable with a probability of 99% - the diagnosis is obvious. Further, after a thorough examination of the biomaterial, information about the level of viral load is given, and a treatment plan is drawn up.

When conducting a quantitative test, a positive result will indicate that the person is sick with chronic hepatitis C. For the subsequent planning of treatment, hepatitis tests are repeated. If the result is again positive, the patient should not panic. On the basis of practical data on hepatitis C, we can conclude that the disease is treatable in the early and middle stages of development.

Is it possible to refuse to donate blood

A blood test for HIV is a mandatory procedure for people in certain specialties.

Patients admitted to the hospital, as well as pregnant women (as part of a screening examination) are also subject to a mandatory procedure.

For those groups of the population who cannot refuse to take a blood test for HIV, it is possible to conduct it in paid certified medical laboratories.

HIV is one of the most serious modern diseases of mankind. To control the spread of this disease in our country, there is an opportunity to determine your HIV status free of charge. Often the result is ambiguous: a questionable test for HIV. Such data means that HIV markers did not respond reliably to the patient's blood. The reason for this may be incorrect preparation for analysis or bad reagents.

Preparation for the correct delivery of the analysis

You can get tested for HIV at any nearest medical center. The analysis can be passed in the direction or at will if an infection is suspected. Pregnant women are prescribed tests without fail to prevent intrauterine infection. An HIV test uses a blood test, so preparation for the test is the same as for a regular blood test and includes the following points:

• A few days before the analysis, you should not drink alcohol;
• For several hours, you can not eat fatty, salty or sweet foods.
• Tea without sugar is allowed;

An unreliable test result can be affected by:

• Smoking;
• Bad feeling;
• Severe stress;
• Serious physical activity the day before.

It is not uncommon for people to seek anonymous analysis at home. Such tests maintain confidentiality, but have a low confidence threshold.

How to pass the test correctly

In order to obtain a reliable result, on the day of the procedure, it is necessary to give up alcoholic beverages, smoking and fatty foods. It is necessary to take the analysis in specialized clinics and laboratories. It is impossible to bring blood for analysis with you (with the wording - a friend asked, could not come).

After donating blood, you can return to your normal lifestyle.

How to take the test yourself

Recently, it is possible to determine the presence or absence of HIV at home, if a person is embarrassed to donate blood in the laboratory. For this, express tests are sold in pharmacies. The reliability of such tests is low and varies greatly from developer to developer. True, in case of a positive result, the citizen is obliged to inform the attending physician about this and undergo an examination. Concealing a diagnosis is a criminal offense.

In pharmacies, express tests are sold, on the basis of which you can determine your preliminary diagnosis. In addition to the test, you can understand that you are sick for other signs, such as lymphopathy, rash, and so on.

Causes that can result from an incorrect HIV test

HIV testing is carried out in our country on a regular basis. Almost every citizen underwent this examination several times for one reason or another. Nevertheless, there are still frequent cases of erroneous results.

Such errors can be caused by:

• Other diseases in the body that stimulate the formation of the same proteins;
• Improper preparation of the patient for examination;
• Stressful situations that can provoke a drop in human immunity;
• Poor quality reagents in the laboratory;
• Error in labeling blood samples.

In order for the error not to become fatal, the result of the analysis is rechecked in case of a positive or doubtful result.

If a person suffers from diseases that can provoke a test error, then this is checked by a more accurate test.

Re-analysis is scheduled in a week.

Advice! In order for the test to be as correct as possible, it is worth preparing for the HIV test, taking into account all the recommendations.

What is the incubation period and how is it determined

Once the virus is out of this stage, it can be identified with a simpler marker.

Important! The incubation period of HIV can be repeated several times, so periodically the HIV test can be negative or questionable. It is important not to stop treatment after such data. There was no final recovery!

HIV medications keep the virus incubating. During this period, it does not harm the immune system. The body can fully defend itself against any infection that penetrates into it.

If treatment is stopped, after a month the virus enters the active phase and a sharp deterioration in health will begin.

Laboratory research

It is very important to get tested at the moment when the virus begins to be detected, usually 3+ months should pass from the moment of infection

HIV is defined in two main ways:

• ELISA test;
• Immunoblotting.

In the first case, studies are carried out by the method of polymerase chain reaction. The essence of the method is that a certain protein is secreted, copied and determined several times. This method will not help to identify the disease while the virus is in the incubation period and the protein is not yet produced.

The second laboratory diagnosis of HIV is based on the detection of the response proteins of the human body. The detection of antibodies to HIV is considered a more accurate way of identifying the disease than the polymerase chain reaction method.

There is a third way - enzyme immunoassay. Based on the detection of both the virus and antibodies at once. Due to the high cost, it is used less often than the ELISA test.

Options for HIV test results

There are several options for recording results after analysis:

• Negative result;
• False negative;
• Positive;
• False positive;
• Doubtful or uncertain.

With each of the obtained verdicts, you should contact your doctor who will explain the data or prescribe a re-analysis.

Positive analysis

If, as a result of the analysis, a verdict is delivered - the test is positive, most likely the patient has this disease. A person has the right, even with a reliable result, to re-test for HIV if he has doubts about the correctness of the blood sampling. This can be done in the same laboratory or in a different laboratory. Re-analysis may be charged.

Questionable analysis

In case of obtaining a dubious result, a re-analysis is prescribed without fail. Previously, the doctor finds out the reasons for such data, conducting a conversation with the patient. A questionable result can be obtained if the patient is not properly prepared or if the blood sample is not taken. In this case, if the value of the analysis does not change, it is not repeated analysis, but another form of analysis.

If there was a medical error

An incorrect result may be due to a medical error:

• Incorrect sample labeling;
• Violation of the analysis procedure;
• Use of expired reagents;
• Incorrect interpretation of results.

If a positive HIV test was obtained as a result of medical error, the patient has the right to sue for moral compensation.

Analysis decoding

In the laboratory, patients are given a transcript of the analysis, which contains a large number of values ​​and numbers. The further process of decoding the analysis results can only be done by a doctor. The patient is given the final result in the form of an inscription or a stamp on a form, the patient is either HIV-positive or HIV-negative, or the test is questionable.

A professional laboratory will give you understandable results that give you an immediate understanding of whether you have contracted HIV or not

About a normal result

Hospital patients should not be afraid when a doctor orders an HIV test. This data is required in a number of cases:

• Before the operation;
• When donating blood;
• During pregnancy or planning it;
• When applying for some positions.

There are no specific indications for the purpose of this analysis. Diagnosis of HIV is a standard procedure that should not be feared.

About indicators after research by the method of polymerase chain reaction

PCR analysis is performed to determine the foreign protein. For HIV testing by PCR, there must be certain indications, since the UVA method is cheaper. This method is considered to be more sensitive.

For doctors, analyzes look like a set of data, like in a photo, by which they need to understand whether there is an infection or not. Most often, the decoding is given by laboratory assistants, since not all doctors are really prepared for such types of information about the analysis.

What to do with a positive test result

After the examination, in case of a positive result, the patient often falls into panic and depression. This should not be done, since this state will not help solve the problem.

It is important to understand that there can be two options for such a result:

• Data error (for a number of reasons);
• The presence of a disease.

The first case can be excluded by re-taking the analysis. If the diagnosis is confirmed, then treatment must be started. With the current level of development of medicine, the lifestyle of an HIV-positive person changes insignificantly.

False positive analysis, reasons

In case of a false positive result for HIV, a second examination is prescribed. Poor reagents, sample contamination, and the like are common causes of this result.

False positive in pregnant women

In pregnant women, an HIV test is mandatory. When a new life is born, a woman experiences a hormonal shift. For this reason, many blood parameters and the functioning of various systems can change. In order to take into account all the nuances of the state of the body when taking blood for analysis, it is determined how much time has passed since the moment of conception. The data of such an analysis is checked against a special table. The result may be false positive if the doctor miscalculated the timing of the pregnancy.

How to eliminate the likelihood of obtaining a false result of blood tests

It is impossible to completely eliminate the possibility of an error when testing blood for HIV, but you can significantly reduce the risk of getting it.

To do this, you must follow several rules:

• A few days before the analysis, do not drink alcohol;
• Do not eat fatty, salty or sugary foods for several hours.
• You can drink tea without sugar;
• Follow the rules of hygiene in the laboratory;
• Medical staff must collect the analysis according to the instruction card.

It is important to know the routes of infection in order to check your results in time.

Other possible medical mistakes

It is important that when taking any hazardous material, the doctor is reliably protected. Otherwise, it can become a source of infection.

In any medical institution there is a job description for medical workers. It contains a sequence of actions for AIDS to prevent its spread.

Any office that manipulates body fluids must be equipped with a special disinfectant solution and ultraviolet lamps to prevent the spread of the disease.

If a false diagnosis is received, the error may be due to improper handling of laboratory equipment:

• The device has not been washed after the previous analysis;
• Incorrect analysis parameters, etc.

If a medical error is discovered, the patient has the right to moral compensation. Doctors are obliged to detect the error in time and schedule a re-examination. In addition, they must prevent the patient from contracting HIV while undergoing medical procedures.

For the inner envelope of the virus, the molecular weight is also known. For the 1st subtype, these are p55, p17, p24. For the 2nd - p16, p25, p55. For each test system to detect a virus, there are three main sets of proteins. In general, the ELISA result can be:

• negative;
• false positive;
• false negative;
• dubious or vague.

Antigens and antibodies are detected by diagnostic methods. About a normal result Norma - what does it mean? When an HIV test is negative, this is considered normal. 1. The latest generation of ELISA test systems can determine the presence of antibodies to HIV and protein particles. If the analysis is normal, then no antibodies and protein particles of the pathogen are found in the blood. But it is possible to say for sure that a person is healthy on the basis of this, if there was no risk of infection for 3 months before his delivery.

Reasons for a false HIV test result

Kostya Sun, 03/05/2017 - 19:09 Good afternoon! Please tell me ifa 4 generations on day 83, can you breathe out and live without worrying? (Previously, at 7, 8, 11 weeks I took all ifa 4 generations of invitro) Moderator's comment Yes, you can exclude HIV infection. Alexander Sun, 03/05/2017 - 17:21 Tell me please, is 0.09% a high risk of infection ??? Moderator's comment This is a very low risk. Olesya Vsk, 03/05/2017 - 10:06 Tell the doctor, and from stress it can be a temperature of 37 for 7 months. can not and all this after contact.

A false positive test for HIV causes

Therefore, most often the HIV test gives a dubious result in emergency or compulsory medicine.

• The result may also be affected by food or drinks consumed the day before. Seeds, nuts, any spicy or acidic food can cause this reaction. Among the drinks, it is worth highlighting highly carbonated sweet water and alkaline mineral water.
• A questionable HIV test may be due to liver or kidney disease.
  In this case, an ailment that affects the kidneys or bladder should be in the terminal stage.
• HIV test questionable, what does it mean during pregnancy? Pregnant women get nervous when they see a questionable antibody test result. There is nothing surprising in this. After all, a terrible diagnosis is practically a sentence, and not only for the mother, but also for the child.

Questionable HIV test

Reina Date: Thu, 02.11.17, 22:31 | Message # 28 Opening User Location: Moscow Posts: 4 Compliments: 0 Offline I think so ... I will hand over at 12 weeks. Thank you. I read a lot here to understand this disease. I knew very little about HIV… when I touched it, I filled in the gaps. I was preparing for the diagnosis, it used to be covered… I rethought a lot. Michael Date: Thu, 02.11.17, 22:43 | Message # 29 Brilliant User Location: Khimki Posts: 775 Compliments: 22 Offline Quote Reina () Preparing for the diagnosis, it used to be covered .. a lot of things rethought.

Attention

Likewise. The main thing is that the attic does not go. At 12 weeks, get your minus and run from here. Otherwise, as the swamp will tighten Close the door behind me, I'm leaving. Reina Date: Thu, 02.11.17, 23:09 | Message # 30 Opening User Location: Moscow Posts: 4 Compliments: 0 Offline Well, I’m here every day, I’ll laugh ... I’ll cry ..

Speed ​​center kurgan

Any questionable result in this case becomes a good reason to send a person for immune blotting. This is more expensive but more accurate research. Does it happen that the first test for HIV is negative, the second is positive? Yes, this is possible in several cases. First of all, this concerns the results of ELISA testing.

Important

A negative result can be when the test is carried out too early after the alleged infection. A false negative result can also occur if the check is not performed correctly. That is, there will be a medical error. It is worth noting that HIV therapy is not performed with a dubious result.

By the way, the diagnosis in this case is made based on the results of a second check. One study is not a reason to talk about a terrible disease.

Could the AIDS center be wrong about HIV?

After 60 days, it is no longer in the blood. It is only when AIDS forms in the body that this p24 protein grows again in the blood. Therefore, enzyme immunoassay test systems are used to detect HIV in the early days of infection, or to determine how the disease is progressing and to monitor the treatment process. The high analytical sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay detects the p24 antigen in biological material with HIV of the first subtype at a concentration of 5 to 10 pkg / ml, with HIV of the second subtype from 0.5 ng / ml or less. 2. A dubious result of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay means that the diagnosis was made somewhere, as a rule, medical workers confused something, or the person has signs of infection, and the result is negative, which raises suspicion, the person is sent for a second test. 3.

Questionable HIV test: causes

You can trust the results. Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which their organs or body tissues are perceived as foreign, antibodies are produced, leading to damage and destruction of normal tissues and the development of autoimmune inflammation. But such diseases, as a rule, give a false positive ELISA for HIV. Pinpoint hemorrhages will not affect the production of antibodies to HIV.
Olesya Mon, 03/06/2017 - 09:32 Sorry for the importunity, but can you tell me what diseases can cause such a prolonged temperature? Suddenly I am losing my mind once Viy was expelled. There are a lot of such diseases, so therapists have an algorithm for examining a patient with prolonged subfibrillation.

HIV + forums

Info

Medical experts say that it is not uncommon for a pregnant woman to be tested for the immunodeficiency virus in a pregnant woman. And, fortunately, in most cases it turns out to be false positive. The point here is that the body of a woman in a position behaves unpredictably.

Sometimes the cause of a false positive diagnosis is the mixing of two genetic materials of a man and a woman. Sometimes, such a reaction of the body is associated with the fact that the beginning of changes in it is perceived by the immune system as a viral load. In this regard, the production of antibodies to the immunodeficiency virus begins.It is also worth noting that often an HIV positive test, with further research turns out to be negative due to the fact that the test was carried out improperly.

Medical error is not excluded at different stages.

Decoding table for HIV test results

But as for paresthesias, they never leave me for a single day after that contact. Having read that it could be both HIV and hepatitis, a severe anxiety began, especially in the first six months, while she was being tested for HIV and hepatitis. But after a year, according to the specialists of the AIDS center, the "Control" tests for antibodies to HIV, hepatitis, syphilis are negative. Nervous became much less, to be honest, there is not even the strength to be nervous, but paresthesias do not go away.

And apparently there are some problems with immunity, because vaginal candidiasis for a year after "that" simply cannot be treated, despite the various schemes and courses of treatment carried out. I was at a neurologist's appointment for paresthesias, but she says that it was because of stress, she prescribed the antidepressant Zoloft, but it only made the burning sensation in the arms and legs stronger, after discontinuation of the drug it became easier.

For a year and two months I passed the IFA every month, in my SC, in the SC in Yekaterinburg, in vitro, cmd. I handed over PCR RNA HIV quality. after 21 days, after 9 months and a year later passed the qual. and quantity. RNA, and another year and a month later, PCR DNA HIV quality is also negative, but the symptoms have not gone anywhere.

If you read a little below, then the Kurgan ss consultant promised that he would make you an immunoblot anonymously. Can you go and pass it? Moderator's comment You feel satisfaction from your work when people can adequately perceive the information provided and trust specialists. Thank you for your common sense. Rule out liver disease. Vika Sat, 03/04/2017 - 16:11 Hello! I am again in addition to the submandibular. l / which I have for 10 months.

Special attention is currently paid to the diagnosis of HIV (immunodeficiency virus) in humans. Detection of the disease at an early stage will help to start the treatment course earlier and this will significantly affect the increase in the patient's life.

After the test for HIV is passed, the decoding of the results, as a rule, is positive or negative. At the same time, there is a primary diagnosis and a secondary one. With the primary - the person is checked using ELISA. If necessary, a second blood test for HIV is done. What does positive and negative result mean? How is the transcript of an HIV test done? Why does a person who is not a drug addict and alcoholic have a permanent sexual partner, deciphering the analysis for the immunodeficiency virus gives a positive, but questionable result?

About HIV

The causative agents of the disease are of the 1st and 2nd types. For a long period of time, their presence in humans goes unnoticed, then immunity is affected first of all, then other human systems.

With the main method of laboratory diagnosis of the immunodeficiency virus, antibodies to HIV are detected. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the basis of the method, it is sensitive (99.5% and higher) and specific (99.8% and higher). In addition, when diagnosing HIV using ELISA, the p24 antigen is determined.

Each test system has different indicators, in connection with this, they determine the various protein structures of the viral envelopes. The causative agents of HIV are of two subtypes: 1st and 2nd or HIV-1 and HIV-2. Viral particles look like a spherical shape with an outer phospholipid membrane. For the 1st subtype, it has the following molecular weight: gp120, gp41, gp160. The 2nd subtype contains gp105, gp36, gp140. For the inner envelope of the virus, the molecular weight is also known. For the 1st subtype, these are p55, p17, p24. For the 2nd - p16, p25, p55.

For each test system to detect a virus, there are three main sets of proteins.

In general, the ELISA result can be:

• negative;
• false positive;
• false negative;
• dubious or vague.

Antigens and antibodies are detected by diagnostic methods.

About a normal result

Norm - what does it mean? When an HIV test is negative, this is considered normal.

1. The latest generation of ELISA test systems can determine the presence of antibodies to HIV and protein particles. If the analysis is normal, then no antibodies and protein particles of the pathogen are found in the blood. But it is possible to say for sure that a person is healthy on the basis of this, if there was no risk of infection for 3 months before his delivery. Otherwise, once again, after a while, it is necessary to repeat the tests.

There have been cases that HIV was detected only after 6 months. Therefore, if the result is negative, and there was contact with an HIV-infected patient, for reliability it is necessary to repeat the tests after three, four and six months. It happens that the ELISA gave a negative result, and the person clearly has a suspicion of the presence of signs of HIV, it is recommended to take the test again. An erroneous result is possible due to the early timing of the analysis or due to the human factor.

2. If a negative result is obtained by immunoblot, then at present this is the most reliable analysis.

If a person has an immunodeficiency virus, and the result is negative, then most likely this is a medical error that can occur at any stage of the test. If, when repeating the immunoblot after three and six months, the result is negative, then there is nothing to worry about, this indicates the norm. And only after a negative immunoblot response, a certificate will be issued that the HIV test is negative.

3. PCR research in adults when diagnosing the immunodeficiency virus is used extremely rarely, and this method is used for newly born children.

A negative result is also considered the norm here.

4. According to sociological research, many people use a rapid HIV test. At the sight of a negative strip, people calm down and refuse to go to a medical facility, even if they have all the signs of HIV infection. But you need to know that the accuracy of the express test is eighty-five percent. In addition, at home, you can incorrectly conduct it, or the conditions for its storage will be violated. It is even more likely that the result is incorrect. Even ingestion 8 hours before testing alkaline mineral water will affect the test result. Therefore, the fact that the immunodeficiency virus is absent in humans on the basis of an express test, even if it is negative, is not always a true statement.

Analysis decoding

After testing has been carried out in people, the question often arises of how to decipher the result of the research, what to do if a positive result for HIV is obtained.

1. If the ELISA showed the presence of all or almost all antibodies to antigens according to this test system, this indicates a positive test for HIV. If the response after the second serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is positive, then an immunoblot should be performed. Deciphering its results will be more correct. If the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay gave a positive result, the next immunoblot analysis also showed the presence of HIV, then the final result is put. When the tests are deciphered, then you need to know that a positive HIV test is determined by:

• 60% to 65% 28 days after infection;
• 80% - after 42 days;
• in 90% - after 56 days;
• 95% - after 84 days.

If the response to HIV is positive, then this will mean that antibodies to the virus have been detected. To avoid a false positive answer, it is necessary to re-test, preferably twice. If antibodies to immunodeficiency are detected when passing two tests out of two or when passing 3 tests in 2 of them, then it is considered that the result is positive.

The p24 antigen can be detected in the blood as early as 14 days from the day of infection. Using the method of enzyme immunoassay, this antigen is detected from 14 to 56 days. After 60 days, it is no longer in the blood. It is only when AIDS forms in the body that this p24 protein grows again in the blood. Therefore, enzyme immunoassay test systems are used to detect HIV in the early days of infection, or to determine how the disease is progressing and to monitor the treatment process. The high analytical sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay detects the p24 antigen in biological material with HIV of the first subtype at a concentration of 5 to 10 pkg / ml, with HIV of the second subtype from 0.5 ng / ml or less.

2. A dubious result of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay means that the diagnosis was made somewhere, as a rule, medical workers confused something, or the person has signs of infection, and the result is negative, which raises suspicion, the person is sent for a second test.

3. A false-positive result is understood as a result when the delivery of blood tests was done under the following conditions of the patient:

• pregnancy;
• if a person has a hormonal disorder;
• with prolonged immunosuppression.

How to decipher the analysis in this case? A false positive result is given if at least one protein is detected.

Due to the fact that the p24 antigen is very dependent on individual variations, using this method, in the first period of infection, from 20% to 30% of patients are detected.

About indicators after research by the method of polymerase chain reaction

Using this method, HIV RNA and DNA are detected almost immediately after infection. But the final diagnosis is not made, it requires mandatory confirmation by other methods. "Help decipher the PCR result." - quite often you can hear such a request. What is written in this case if an immunodeficiency virus is detected? When responding to the result of an analysis made using PCR, the number of copies of RNA in a milliliter of blood is indicated. The table below shows the result depending on the quantitative characteristics in the blood.

It is good to use the above table when testing for AIDS, as the stage of the disease is easily determined from it.

These tables, taking into account various test systems, are in laboratory rooms for each method of enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting.

Often asked: "Decipher the answer after the study by the method of polymerase chain reaction in terms of CD4." The normal number of CD4 cells is from 600 to 1900 cells per milliliter of biological material. This corresponds to HIV negative status. But you need to know that these indicators, even in healthy people, are not in this range.

In the modern world, many laboratories already have good equipment with which you can fully examine the body for the content of HIV infection in it.

In contact with

HIV infection is confirmed by two different tests - a screening test and a confirmatory test. Due to their high sensitivity, screening tests can give false positive results. Therefore, usually when a primary positive result is obtained, the same blood sample is taken and the screening test is duplicated a second time, and if it is again positive, only then a confirmation test of a different type is performed. Confirmation tests are only performed on blood samples that are repeatedly positive (are "reactive").

The most common screening test is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Typically, it is used as a confirmatory test by immune blotting. The combination of two different types of tests ensures that the results obtained are "highly accurate".

Screening test systems use artificially created HIV proteins that "catch" specific antibodies produced by the body in response to virus proteins. Once the antibodies are captured, they "can be detected with reagents that are used in conjunction with an indicator, such as an enzyme that causes a color change." The color changes are read by the machine, which determines the result. Immune blotting works in a similar way, but it uses an electric field that distinguishes between different components based on their molecular weight. This allows the detection of antibodies to specific viral antigens, which are then depicted on paper as distinguishable "stripes". Modern test systems can detect HIV infection in 3-5 weeks in most people.

Questions and Answers:

If there was a risk of HIV infection, when can the test be done?

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is used to diagnose HIV, can show results only a few weeks after infection. This type of analysis is determined not by the virus itself, but by antibodies to it. In some people, antibodies are present in the blood in sufficient quantities after 2 weeks. However, most people take longer to develop antibodies (seroconversion). For the test result to be sufficiently reliable, it is necessary that about 3 months have passed after the risky situation. Sometimes the formation of antibodies takes longer - from 3 to 6 months.

If the test result is negative after 3 months, is it necessary to retest after 6 months?

In the vast majority of people, the test is completely reliable after 3 months (in most, antibodies appear even earlier). You can completely exclude the possibility of infection by passing the test after 6 months.

How long do I need to wait for the test results?

It depends on the characteristics of the laboratory in which the testing is carried out. An ELISA test can be done within the same day, but in most laboratories this period can be from 1-2 days to 2 weeks. Given that waiting for results can be a very unpleasant period, it is best to clarify this issue in advance, before the analysis is done. You can also find out if the timing of the test will be affected by weekends and holidays.

How reliable is a positive test result?

Sometimes ELISA results are false-positive (in about 1% of cases), the reason for such a result may be pregnancy, various viral infections, or a simple accident. After receiving a positive result, a more accurate test is needed - an immunoblot, according to the results of which a diagnosis is made. A positive immunoblot result after a positive ELISA is 99.9% reliable - this is the maximum accuracy for any medical test. If the immunoblot is negative, then the first test was false positive, and in fact, the person does not have HIV.

What is an uncertain (questionable) result?

If ELISA is positive or negative, then the immunoblot can be positive, negative or indefinite. Uncertain immunoblot result, i.e. the presence in the immunoblot of at least one protein to the virus can be observed if the infection has occurred recently and there are still few antibodies to HIV in the blood, in which case the immunoblot will become positive after a while. Also, an uncertain result may appear in the absence of HIV infection with hepatitis, some chronic metabolic diseases, or during pregnancy. In this case, either the immunoblot will become negative, or the reason for the undefined result will be found.

Do I need to take an HIV test when applying for a job?

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, HIV testing can be mandatory only for blood donors, foreign citizens and stateless persons wishing to enter the territory of the Russian Federation for a period of more than three months, as well as medical personnel who work directly with blood; persons who are in places of deprivation of liberty. All other citizens take an HIV test voluntarily.

Based on materials from the site www.Aids.ru