Message about the French Academy of Sciences. French Academy of Sciences - FRENCH ACADEMY OF SCIENCHES

(Académie Française) - Socked Society in France, specializing in French and literature. There is from the 17th century.

The French Academy was born from a small circle of writers, which, starting from 1629, gathered in the house of the lover-like-amateur Konrah (1603-1675) and conducted conversations on various topics, mainly on art. In 1634, Cardinal Richelieu decided to create on the basis of this purely private circle, the official body, who ends with the issues of language and literature. From March 13, 1634, although the Academy has not yet been formally formed, its members (just over thirty people) elected their director (Zh.De Serizie), Chancellor (J. Demare de Saint-Sorlen), Lifetime Secretary (Bontrar) and Started the protocol of the meeting. January 2, 1635 Louis XIII complained a patent for the creation of the Academy.

In the same year, Richelieu Charter of the Academy was developed and approved, which determined its composition and election order. Memberships at the Academy have honored persons contributing to the glorification of France. The number of academics should have been permanent; Only in the case of the death of one of them, a new term was elected in his place. The Charter provided for the exception for reprehensible acts incompatible with the high rank of academician. When choosing a candidate, it was supposed to say a speech in which the "honor of the virtue of the founder" was prescribed, and Praise Cardinal for a long time remained an indispensable rhetorical part of their entrance words.

At the head of the Academy stood the director presiding for meetings, and the Chancellor, the victim of archives and the seal; And the one, and the other was elected by lot for a two-month term. Secretary of the Academy, whose duties included preparatory work and the maintenance of the protocols, was appointed on the lot life and received a fixed salary.

24 Article of the Charter of 1635 formulated the main task of the Academy - the regulation of French, in common and understandable for all, which would equally used in literary practice and in spoken Speech; To this end, it was assumed to create Drug, as well as Rhetoric, Poetics and grammar. Such a task was answered by the depth need of French society: the nation was aware of themselves as a whole within a single state, and the language should have become the cementing basis of this unity. The merit of Richelieu is that he understood and implemented this need.

The first period of the history of the French Academy(up to 1793.). July 10, 1637. The Paris Parliament registered the royal patent, and on the same day the first official meeting of the Academy took place. By this time, its constant composition was established - "forty immortal" (Quarante Immortels). The first speech on the case of adoption at the Academy said on September 3, 1640 Famous lawyer Olivier Patria (1604-1681), where in high style due not only Richelieu, but also to his predecessor. The speech of O. Patray was a model that has followed from that time, with rare exceptions, all generations of academicians. From 1671 meetings on the reception of new members became public.

From the very beginning of its existence, the Academy was under the care of the state. Its first official "chapter and patron" was in 1635-1642 Cardinal Richelieu; After his death, the Protectorate moved to Chancellor Pierre Segeye (1642-1672). In March 1672 Louis XIV (1643-1715) made patronage over the King Privilege Academy; After him, this right was carried out by Louis XV (1715-1774) and Louis XVI (1774-1793).

Up to 1672, the Academy did not have its own premises. The meetings were held in the house of one or another academician; From 1643, the house of Chancellor P. Sega became their permanent residence. In 1672, Louis XIV gave them one of the halls of the Louvre, at the same time complaining of 660 volumes that have compiled the first library fund of the Academy.

The first public act of "immortal" was the article Opinion of the French Academy about Side(1637), tragicomedy P. Kornell, who had a huge success. Although negative evaluation SiduThis submission of Richelieu turned out to be more than a predensive, the importance of this act was huge - the beginning of a literary and critical tradition in France was found. From now on, many writers, and not only French, appealed to the Academy and for the assessment of their writings, and as an arbitrator in literary disputes.

The main case of the Academy was the preparation Drug. In 1637, the Guide to compose it was laid on the Claude of the Favor delated (1585-1650); After his death, it passed to Francois Ed de Mesre (1610-1683); in the work of Signag. Pierre Cornel (1606-1684), Jean de Lafonten (1621-1693), Nicola Bouoyon-Depeo (1636-1711), Jean Rasin (1639-1699). Surrendered in the set in 1678, the first Dictionary of the French Academyit was published in 1694. He included 18 thousand lexical units and answered the main principle: a compromise between the former, etymological, spelling and spelling based on a modern pronunciation. The first edition followed the second (1718), the third (1740), fourth (1762). Concerning Grammar, Rhetoricand PoeticsThese projects were not implemented.

In addition to compilation DrugThe Academy assumed the function of patronage. In 1671, she established a premium for eloquence and the best poetic work. In 1782, the famous philanthropist Baron J.-B.-A. De Montiion installed a premium for a noble act.

Members of the French Academy in the 17-18th centuries. There were not only the largest writers of France, but also representatives of other professions. It included scientists and philosophers: natural scientist J. L.D. Buffon (1707-1788), mathematician and philosopher J.-L.D. "Alamber (1717-1783), a philosopher-sensualist E.Te Kondiigh (1727-1794) , mathematician and philosopher J.-A.-N. Kondorse (1743-1794), Astronomer Zh.-S. Baiy (1736-1793), etc., as well as state, military and church figures.

In 1663 Zh.-B. B. Bolber created at the French Academy the so-called small academy of four members of the Big Academy appointed by the Minister. They were instructed to draw up inscriptions and motto for monuments built by Louis XIV, and medals that minted in his honor. Having exhausted this area, academicians took up another: the development of legendary plots for royal tapestries. He led by the Small Academy after the death of Kolbera M. Luvua (1641-1691) expanded its field of activity, inviting it in 1683 Andre Felibiena (1619-1695), the keeper of the Museum of Antiquities, and in 1685 Pierre Rensan (1640-1689), the Keeper of the Royal Medals . In 1701, having received from Louis Xiv. Status of the Academy of Inscriptions, the Small Academy has become an independent institution. Their concern was the study of the history of France, preparation of medals in memory of its most important events, a description of the subjects of the past from the Cabinet of the King; In addition, a search was conducted with the obligatory commenting of all the antiquities located in France. In 1716, this body received the name of the "Academy of Inscriptions and Literature" by the Special Ediction. From that time began to be published Memoirs of the Academy(1717), printed historical, archaeological, linguistic and other studies.

Second period of the French Academy(1795 to the present). During the French revolution, the Decree of the Convention of August 8, 1793, the French Academy, and, together with it, the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature, the Academy of Painting and Sculpture (founded in 1648), the Academy of Sciences (founded in 1666), the Academy of Architecture (founded in 1671) were dissolved like royal institutions. On October 25, 1795, the directory restored their activities, but in the new status: now it was the French Institute (L "Institut de France), consisting of three offices: Department of Physical and Economic Sciences, Branch of Literature and Fine Arts (both on the basis Obligas) and newly created separation of moral and political sciences. January 23, 1803, during the consulate, another reorganization occurred - instead of three departments, it became four (without the section of moral and political sciences, abolished by Napoleon): separation of French and literature, separation of sciences, The branch of the history and ancient literature and the separation of elegant arts. The French Academy, thus, was restored, albeit under a different name. Napoleon provided the French Institute Palace Mazarin (or a college of four nations) in which he is and today. In the same 1803 was Established special clothing for academicians - Fractures with a collar and lapels, embellished green palm branches (Habit Ver T), the tricon, cloak and sword.

March 21, 1816 Louis XVIII (1814-1824) returned its former title to the French academy, but it remained an integral part of the French Institute.

At 19 in. The Academy was under the auspices of the reigning Persons: Napoleon I (1804-1814), Louis XVIII, Karl X (1824-1830), Louis Philippa (1830-1848), Napoleon III (1852-1870), and from 1871 to this day - Presidents of the French Republic.

The French Academy of the last centuries decorated such famous names as writers and poets F.R.D. Shatubin (1768-1848), A.Da Lamartin (1790-1869), V.Guhug (1802-1885), P. America (1803 -1870), P.Valery (1871-1945), F. Moriak (1885-1970), A.Mrua (1885-1967) and many others; Nevertheless, some great French were denied this honor: O.The Balzak (1799-1850), three times trying to become "immortal", Sh. Bodler (1821-1867), A.Dume-Father (1802-1870). Among Academics - Military and Governmentists: Presidents A.Ter (1797-1877), R. Puancare (1860-1934) and V.Zhiskar D "Esten (Rod. 1929), Prime Ministers Duke A.-E. de Richelieu (1766-1822), he is the builder of Odessa, Count L.-M. M. M.Gizo (1787-1874), J. Klemso (1841-1929) and E. Errio (1872- 1957), Marshals F. Foš (1851-1929), J. Zhofffr (1852-1931), FD Espre (1856-1942), A.juen (1888-1967); Priests: Cardinal E. Tissareran (1884-1972), President of the Ecumenical Council of Churches Pastor M. Begner (1881-1970), Cardinal J.Grant (1872-1959); Scientists: Chemist and Biologist L.Paster (1822-1895), Nobel Laureate Physicist L.The Brunce (1892-1987), Mathematician A. Puancare (1854-1912), etc.

In 1980, the academy doors finally opened for women. The first woman-academician became the 1980 Writer M. Yursenar (1903-1987). Currently, a woman is also a permanent secretary of the Academy - Historian J.The Romiya (born 1913).

The Academy has survived two waves of exceptions for political reasons. After the restoration, the titles of academics of the Revolution and Empire figures were lost: E.Zh.Siees (1748-1836), J.Gar (1749-1833), P.L. Rower (1754-1835), Y. Mare (1763-1839), Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840), Brother Napoleon, Chairman of the Council of five hundred, Zh.zh.Kombaseres (1753-1824), former second Consul and Archored Empire. The second wave followed after liberation: the head of the Vishche Marshal F.P. P.Pote (1856-1951) was excluded for the collaborationism (1856-1951), the Minister of Education of Vichy, writer A. Bonnar (1883-1968), Head of Akson Francsez, writer S.Morras (1868-1952) .

The history of the Academy knew protest acts from its members. The irreconcilable royalist F.-R.D. Shatubrevan, elected in 1812, refused to utter the praise to his predecessor - Revolutionary J.-M. Schini (1764-1811) and to submit to Napoleon I. The same intransigence showed Legitimist A.berry (1790-1868) who did not want to give a visit Napoleon III. On the other hand, the demonstrative panechnician Napoleon III, which his former Prime Minister E. Vollilly (1825-1913) included in 1870, was the reason that the Academy postponed his adoption for four years. In 1871 F.-A.-F. Dupalan (1802-1878), Bishop Orleans, left her walls in protest against the election of lexicograph E. Litter (1801-1881), thereby creating a precedent of voluntary exit from the high assembly. A.Franz (1844-1924), a consistent Dreyfusar, stopped attending meetings of the Academy.

The French Academy continued (and continues) to exercise its main purpose - follow the development of French, fix his condition for every moment and state language norm. Even in the most difficult period of its existence, she managed to release the fifth edition of the academic Drug. In 1835 the sixth edition came out , in 1878 - seventh, in 1932-1935 - eighth. With each new edition increased its volume. The eighth contained 35,000 vocabularies, i.e. twice as bigger than they were in the first Dictionary1694. Currently currently, the multi-volume ninth edition has already about 60,000 words; Such a lexicographic explosion is obliged to scientific and technical terminology, foreign borrowing, neoplasms in the dialects of French-speaking countries.

During the existence of the French Academy, its charter, adopted in 1735, was basically unchanged. If the amendments were made to it, they concerned mostly procedural issues.

The Academy meets every Thursday. At the end of the year, a solemn meeting is held, on which the names of the laureates of academic premiums are announced.

The nature and scale of the academy's patrimonial activities has changed significantly. If, in its creation, it awarded only two awards, now their number reaches one hundred forty, of which about seventy literary (for the best novel, novel, biography, drama, essay, poetic work, historical work, philosophical essay, artistic critical essay and etc.) In 1986, a premium for Francophone authors was established, in 1999 - for Writers from Latin American countries. In addition, the Academy presents awards of various literary and scientific societies, provides scholarships to students and students, notes the award-winning of the courage, and also carries out a charitable function, providing assistance to widows and large families.

Caput J.-p. L "Académie Francaise. Paris, 1986.
Ferrara G.G. I Quaranta Immortali: L "Académie Francaise Dalle Origini Alla Revoluzione.Roma, 1989.
Hall H.g. Richelieu "S Desmarets and The Century of Louis XIV.Oxford; NEW YORK, 1990
Gury ch. Les Académiciennes.Paris, 1996.
Frey B. Die Académie Francaise Und Ihre Stellung Zu Anderen SprachpflegeInstitutionen.Bonn, 2000.
Merlin-Kajman H. L "Excentricité AcadéMique: Littérature, Institumption, Société.Paris, 2001.
Robitaille L.-b. Le Salon Des Immortels: UNE ACADÉMIE Très Francaise.Paris, 2002.

To find " French Academy" on the

Duke Richelieu In 1635, the foundation of the French Academy was proposed, with the help of which Cardinal suggested to make a single dictionary of French and follow its correctness and purity. The motto for the press of the Academy, presented by Cardinal, was carved "for the sake of immortality." The meaning of the words of words indicated the immortality of the connoisseurs of French.

Start of education of the Academy

In the house of the writer Valantane Konrah gathered a small circle of writers, where conversations were carried out mainly on art. When the Cardinal Richelieu was approved by the Parliament to the Parliament of the French Academy, its director, Chancellor, Secretary, was elected members of the circle. In early January 1635, Louis XIII was granted a patent, who confirmed the opening of the Academy. The patron of the French Academy was considered Cardinal Richelieu, after whose death, his new receivers were announced - Counselor Segger, Louis XV, Crown Kings, Emperor and government leaders.

Initially, the Mission of the Academy members was the standardization and cleaning of French in order to make it clear and high-quality for the entire people of France. There was a need to create a vocabulary of the Academy, the first edition of which was published in 1694.

Another task was to distribute donations, providing material assistance to scientists and literary societies, disadvantaged, large families and widows. The Academy approved a large literary bonus, the annual presentation of which testified to the academy to spread a single French language.

Origin of seats

In the French Academy, during its formation there was only one chair, which belonged to its director, the rest of the members, regardless of the position, had only chairs. When a completely intimid cardinal D'Estra asked him to give him a more comfortable chair for the seating, his request was transferred to Louis XV. The king ordered to make in the meeting room 40 chairs, thus approving equality among academics forever.

Among the famous writers there were many talented candidates for members of the Academy. The writer Arsen entered into appeal the expression "forty-first" chair, therefore, awarding those who have never been a member of the French Academy, but fully deserved this title. Among them were the famous Balzac, Decar, Didro, Boualers, Zola, Lesaja and many others.

Election of the French Academy

During the existence of the Academy, it was approved by more than 700 outstanding people - poets, writers, philosophers, scientists, physicians, representatives of theatrical art, artistic critics, state and military leaders, representatives of the Church. They all had huge merits in front of France and its state language. The choice of members of the French Academy was considered the highest honor - a kind of dedication. The first woman, elected member of the Academy, became Margherit Yurssenar, after which four more women earned such an honor.

The French academy was able to hold his institutions for almost three and a half centuries, working regularly, except for the periods of revolution and directory.

How to get

Address: 23 Quai de Conti, Paris 75006
Telephone: +33 1 44 41 43 00
Website: Academie-francaise.fr.
Metro: Métro Saint Germain Des Près, Mabillon, Pont Neuf, Louvre - Rivoli
Updated: 05/18/2016

By the quarter Saint-Germain, it is best to come from the river, from the side Lover , according to the elegant pedestrian bridge, called the Art Bridge.

From here, you will open a beautiful, who has already become a classic view of island Site , with barges moored for the embankment of the Contion on the left bank and silhouettes towers Saint-Jacques And the town hall buildings on the right bank.

Graceful dome and the fronton, which you will see at the end of the bridge, belongs to the building of the metropolitan college of four nations, where now there is a world-recognized Institute of France (Institut De France).

Of the five academies of the Arts and Sciences, the oldest and most famous - French Academy (Academy of Frances) - the most famous meeting of the best writers and scientists, whose credibility is to award literary premiums and obstruct the purity of French.

The last achievement in the area of \u200b\u200bconservation of the language was the French word "Balaj" to refer to the player instead of English "Walkman" However, in general, the efforts of scientists to combat Anglo-Saxon terms in science, management and computer business are hopelessly inefficient.

The title of Academician is the highest degree of recognition of merit, so those who have won this title are called "immortal" (immorter), although there is a proportion of irony. The fact is that by the time when people are worthy of the title of academician, many of them are already in a rather old age, so they really do not have prospects to enjoy their title.

The list of "immortal" is small: at the time of writing this article there were about forty, including one cardinal and only two women. Visitors are allowed to take a walk in the courtyard.

If you politely contact your employee at the entrance, you will be given a pass for visiting the magnificent Libraries Mazarini (Monday-Friday from 10.00 to 18.00; Self-free entrance) Looking into the hall, you will see how people engaged in the history of religion are sitting in silence surrounded by Corinth columns, marble busts and crustaceans, enjoying the reading of the foliants of the XVI-XVII centuries, - their The library has about 200 thousand volumes.

Organizational structure of the Institute of France

Institut De France - the main official scientific institution of France, the organizational structure of which consists of the association of five national academies:

French Academy (ACADEMIE FRANCAIS), established under Cardinal Rickel in 1635 to improve French and literature, consists of 40 members ("Immortels");

French Academy of Inscriptions and Elegant Literature (ACADEMIE DES Inscriptions et Belles-letters), founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in February 1663, initially for compiling inscriptions on monuments and medals in honor of Louis XIV, later united by humanitarian scientists in the field of history, archeology and linguistics; The official status of the Academy has been 55 French and 40 foreign member since 501;

French Academy of Sciences (Academie des sciences), founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Batista Kolbera for mathematics, natural sciences and medicine;

French Academy of Fine Arts ACADEMIE DES BEAUX-ARTS) was created in 1803 as a result of the merger of the French Academy of Painting and Sculpture (founded in 1648, dissolved in 1793), the French Academy of Music (founded in 1669), the French Academy of Architecture (founded in 1671 ); The official status of the Academy since 1816; Cinematography and photographs are currently added; 57 Chairs, of which on January 1, 2010 are employed 48.

French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences (ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES MORALES ET POLITIQUES), founded in 1795, dissolved in 1803, restored in 1832; Currently has sections: philosophy; moral sciences and sociology; legislation, public law and jurisprudence; political economy, statistics and finance; history and geography; General.

The surroundings of the Institute of France

House number 11 on the Embankment of Connya, next to the Institute of France, is the building of the Mint-Dvor (Hotel de Monet). At the end of the XVIII century, it was redone under the mint, and now it is located here Museum of Mint (Monday-Friday, 11.00-17.30, Saturday and Sunday, 12.00-17.30; 8 euros).

A strict collection of a museum containing coins of all kinds and devices for their manufacture can impress except for those who experience nostalgia, good old franc, or on admirers of Balzak, who wanted to see the money, which flowed like water between the young fingers Rustyanka, from Golden Liudor to a simple su.

To the West of the Institute of France is the Higher National School of Fine Arts (Ecole de Boe-AR). IN sunny days Her students, novice artists occupy the embankments, making numerous sketches in their notes.

Sometimes the school is arranged open exhibitions of student work. Another west, in the house No. 5-bis on the street, Serzh Genzbour (up to death that followed in 1991) is a legend person who opposing himself with traditional art.

Nowadays, his daughter Charlotte lives in this house, the famous film actress. For many years, the garden of this house was covered with several layers of graffiti, quoted by the words of the most famous verses of Hazubur, such as the "Lord smokes Havana cigars"; Silhouettes applied with aerosol paint were also.

French Academy(Académie Française) - Socked Society in France, specializing in French and literature. There is from the 17th century.

24 The article of the Charter of 1635 formulated the main task of the Academy - the regulation of the French language, common and understandable for all, which would equally used in literary practice and in colloquial speech; To this end, it was assumed to create Drug, as well as Rhetoric, Poetics and grammar. Such a task was answered by the depth need of French society: the nation was aware of themselves as a whole within a single state, and the language should have become the cementing basis of this unity. The merit of Richelieu is that he understood and implemented this need.

The main case of the Academy was the preparation Drug. In 1637, the Guide to compose it was laid on the Claude of the Favor delated (1585-1650); After his death, it passed to Francois Ed de Mesard (1610-1683); in the work of Signag. Pierre Cornel (1606-1684), Jean de Lafonten (1621-1693), Nicola Bouoyon-Depeo (1636-1711), Jean Rasin (1639-1699). Surrendered in the set in 1678, the first Dictionary of the French Academyit was published in 1694. He included 18 thousand lexical units and answered the main principle: a compromise between the former, etymological, spelling and spelling based on a modern pronunciation. The first edition followed the second (1718), the third (1740), fourth (1762). Concerning Grammar, Rhetoricand PoeticsThese projects were not implemented.

In 1663 Zh.-B. B. Bolber created at the French Academy the so-called small academy of four members of the Big Academy appointed by the Minister. They were instructed to draw up inscriptions and motto for monuments built by Louis XIV, and medals that minted in his honor. Having exhausted this area, academicians took up another: the development of legendary plots for royal tapestries. He led by the Small Academy after the death of Kolbera M. Luvua (1641-1691) expanded its field of activity, inviting it in 1683 Andre Felibiena (1619-1695), the keeper of the Museum of Antiquities, and in 1685 Pierre Rensan (1640-1689), the Keeper of the Royal Medals . In 1701, having received from Louis XIV the status of the Academy of Inscriptions, the Small Academy turned into an independent institution. Their concern was the study of the history of France, preparation of medals in memory of its most important events, a description of the subjects of the past from the Cabinet of the King; In addition, a search was conducted with the obligatory commenting of all the antiquities located in France. In 1716, this body received the name of the "Academy of Inscriptions and Literature" by the Special Ediction. From that time began to be published Memoirs of the Academy(1717), printed historical, archaeological, linguistic and other studies.

March 21, 1816 Louis XVIII (1814-1824) returned its former title to the French academy, but it remained an integral part of the French Institute.

The Academy has survived two waves of exceptions for political reasons. After the restoration, the titles of academics of the Revolution and Empire figures were lost: E.Zh.Siees (1748-1836), J.Gar (1749-1833), P.L. Rower (1754-1835), Y. Mare (1763-1839), Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840), Brother Napoleon, Chairman of the Council of Pyatsot, J.J. Kambaseres (1753-1824), former Second Consul and Archored Empire. The second wave followed after liberation: the head of the Vishche Marshal F.P. P.Pote (1856-1951) was excluded for the collaborationism (1856-1951), the Minister of Education of Vichy, writer A. Bonnar (1883-1968), Head of Akson Francsez, writer S.Morras (1868-1952) .

The history of the Academy knew protest acts from its members. The irreconcilable royalist F.-R.D. Shatubrevan, elected in 1812, refused to utter the praise to his predecessor - Revolutionary J.-M. Schini (1764-1811) and to submit to Napoleon I. The same intransigence showed Legitimist A.berry (1790-1868) who did not want to apply Napoleon III. On the other hand, the demonstrative panechnician Napoleon III, which his former Prime Minister E. Vollilly (1825-1913) included in 1870, was the reason that the Academy postponed his adoption for four years. In 1871 F.-A.-F. Dupalan (1802-1878), Bishop Orleans, left her walls in protest against the election of lexicograph E. Litter (1801-1881), thereby creating a precedent of voluntary exit from the high assembly. A.Franz (1844-1924), a consistent Dreyfusar, stopped attending meetings of the Academy.

The French Academy continued (and continues) to exercise its main purpose - follow the development of French, fix his condition for every moment and approve the linguistic norm. Even in the most difficult period of its existence, she managed to release the fifth edition of the academic Drug. In 1835 the sixth edition came out , in 1878 - seventh, in 1932-1935 - eighth. With each new edition increased its volume. The eighth contained 35,000 vocabularies, i.e. twice as bigger than they were in the first Dictionary1694. Currently currently, the multi-volume ninth edition has already about 60,000 words; Such a lexicographic explosion is obliged to scientific and technical terminology, foreign borrowing, neoplasms in the dialects of French-speaking countries.

During the existence of the French Academy, its charter, adopted in 1735, was basically unchanged. If the amendments were made to it, they concerned mostly procedural issues.

The Academy meets every Thursday. At the end of the year, a solemn meeting is held, on which the names of the laureates of academic premiums are announced.

Evgenia Krivushin

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