What is a conversational style of speech definition. Characteristics of the conversational style

Examples of texts of the spoken style of speech are present in fiction and journalistic literature. There is no universal language suitable for every situation. Therefore, elements of the conversational style characteristic of everyday communication are found in the media and works of art.

Briefly about speech styles

There are several of them. Each of them has its own purpose. The artistic style is characterized by emotional coloring and imagery. It is used by authors of prose and poetry. Scientific speech is found in textbooks, dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias. This style is also used in meetings, presentations and formal conversations.

The author of an article written in a scientific style aims to accurately convey knowledge and information, and therefore uses a large number of terms. All this allows you to express thoughts unambiguously, which is not always possible to achieve using colloquial language.

In colloquial speech, words may be present that are not found in reference books. Moreover, approximately 75% of units of Russian literary language people use in any style of speech. For example, words like I, walked, forest, look, earth, sun, long ago, yesterday... They are called common.

Words like rectangle, pronoun, multiplication, fractions, set, belong to scientific terms. But about 20% of the words of the Russian literary language are used only in colloquial speech. So, the "train" is not found in the railway directory. Here, this word replaces the term "electric train". What are the features of colloquial speech?

It is implemented mainly orally. Conversational speech in this way primarily differs from written speech. In the book style, literary norms are strictly observed at all language levels. Among the styles of speech, as already mentioned, there are scientific, journalistic, official-business. They all have more common name, namely - book. Sometimes the artistic style is singled out as a functional style. However, this point of view is objected to by many linguists. See below for more details on the art style.

Spontaneity

Colloquial speech is classified as unprepared. She is spontaneous, involuntary. Created simultaneously with the thought process. That is why its laws differ significantly from the laws of the journalistic style. But they still exist, and even in everyday communication, one should remember about the norms of the literary language.

Examples of texts of the colloquial style of speech are found in the speeches of public and political figures. Some of them have gained fame among the people as authors of unique sayings and aphorisms. “We wanted the best, it turned out as always” - this phrase became famous. However, it should be said that its creator made a gross stylistic mistake. Oratorical speech should consist exclusively of elements of journalistic style. Incomplete phrase, emotionality is unacceptable for her.

Expressiveness

Using everyday colloquial speech, people freely share information, thoughts, feelings with relatives and friends. It is not applicable in every situation. One of the main features of the spoken style of speech is emotionality. It is appropriate in any informal setting.

In everyday communication, people constantly express their feelings, preferences, preferences, or, on the contrary, indignation, irritation, dislike. In examples of texts of the colloquial style of speech, there is an emotionality that is not in journalism.

Creation of advertising slogans is impossible without expressiveness. The main task of a marketer is to instill confidence in consumers, and this can be done using texts created in the language spoken by potential buyers. An example of the text of a conversational style of speech: "Fly Aeroflot planes!". If this phrase is clothed in a journalistic style, it will turn out "Use the services of Aeroflot!" The second option is more difficult to perceive and hardly evokes positive emotions.

Jargon and dialectism

Colloquial speech is not codified, but it has norms and laws. Certain taboos exist for her too. For example, contrary to popular belief, profanity should not be present not only in publicistic, but also in colloquial speech. In the dialogue of educated people, there is no place for jargon, coarse vernacular, unless, of course, these linguistic elements carry a certain emotional connotation. There should be no dialectism in colloquial speech - signs of non-mastery of the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Although in some cases they are irreplaceable.

Examples of the colloquial style of speech are present in prose. In order to be convinced of this, one has only to open any book by Bunin, Kuprin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky or any other Russian writer. Creating a portrait of the heroes, the author endows them with characteristic features that are manifested as best as possible in dialogues. In this case, colloquial speech can include both jargon and dialecticism.

Common speech is not included in the norms of the literary language. But they are often found in everyday speech. Example: "I came from Moscow." It is worth knowing that the misuse of verbs is outside the norms and colloquial style.

Art style

Writers make the most of a variety of language media. Artistic style is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. It is devoid of stylistic isolation. Its specificity depends on the peculiarities of the individual style of a particular author. And, as already mentioned, examples of colloquial style texts are present on the pages of works of fiction. Below is one of them.

Reading the famous novel by Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", you can already in the first chapter come across many examples of texts of the colloquial style of speech. Elements of everyday everyday language are present in the dialogues. One of the characters says the phrase “You, professor, have come up with something awkward. It may be smart, but it is painfully incomprehensible. " If you "translate" this phrase into publicistic language, you get: "Professor, your point of view deserves attention, but raises some doubts." Would Bulgakov's novel gain the interest of millions of readers if the heroes expressed their thoughts so dryly and formally?

Above, such elements of language as jargon and dialectism have already been mentioned. In another work of Bulgakov, namely in the story "Heart of a Dog", the main character - Polygraph Poligrafovich - actively uses profanity in communication with the professor and other heroes.

We will not give examples of texts of the spoken style of speech with an abundance of obscene expressions that the author has included in the work in order to emphasize Sharikov's ignorance and rudeness. But let us recall one of the phrases uttered by Professor Preobrazhensky - a hero whose speech, in contrast to the speech of Polygraph Poligrafovich, lacks syntactic, spelling and other errors.

“If, instead of operating, I start singing in chorus in my apartment, there will be devastation,” Philip Philipovich said in a dialogue with his assistant. What is the meaning of colloquial speech in fiction? It is impossible to overestimate her role in prose. Being in a state of emotional excitement, the professor, an extremely educated person, makes a semantic error (singing in chorus) deliberately, thereby giving speech a certain irony, without which he could not express his indignation and indignation so clearly.

There are two forms of oral speech: written and oral. We examined the first one above. Every person uses oral colloquial speech every day. It is worth talking in more detail about other features of this important layer of the language.

Using pronouns

Authors of journalistic and scientific texts, as a rule, appeal to a wide audience of readers. In colloquial speech, pronouns are encountered, especially in the first and second person, quite often. This is due to the fact that communication takes place in an informal setting, a small group of people take part in it. Colloquial speech is personified.

Diminutive forms and metaphors

In modern colloquial speech, there are a large number of zoomorphic metaphors. Bunny, kitty, bird, kitty, mouse- all these are words that do not occur in scientific articles... A person uses the name of animals in relation to his interlocutor mainly in diminutive-affectionate forms, and he does this in order to express his favor, sympathy.

But there are other words in colloquial speech. For instance: goat, donkey, ram, snake, viper... If these nouns are used as zoomorphic metaphors, then they have a pronounced negative character. It is worth saying that in colloquial speech there are much more negative evaluative words than positive ones.

Ambiguity

In the Russian language there is such a common word as "drum". From it the verb “to drum” was formed, which in colloquial speech is used in completely different meanings. You can use it in relation to both a person and natural phenomenon... Examples:

Don't drum your fingers on the table.
Rain drumming on the glass for half a day.

This is one of the few verbs that have many meanings in colloquial speech.

Abbreviations

Names and patronymics are used in truncated form. For example, San Sanych instead of Alexander Alexandrovich. In linguistics, this phenomenon is called prosiopeza. In addition, in everyday speech, "dad" and "mum" are more often used than the words "mom" and "dad", "mother" and "father".

In a conversation, people actively use aposiopez, that is, a deliberate cut off of a phrase. For example: "But if you don't come home by two, then ...". Sometimes authors of fiction and journalistic texts also resort to this linguistic means (“If serious changes do not take place in the economy, then ...”). But above all, aposiopesis is characteristic of colloquial speech.

Verb

If you look at one of the examples of the texts of the colloquial style of speech, you will find that verbs are more common in it than nouns or adjectives. In everyday communication, people, for some reason, prefer words that denote actions.

According to statistics, only 15% of the total number of nouns are used in colloquial speech. With regard to verbs, the present tense is preferred in cases where it would be more correct to use the future. For example: "Tomorrow we are flying to Crimea."

Other features of colloquial speech

The spoken style is a full-fledged functional style of the language, but living according to somewhat different laws than the written one. With free communication, a person creates statements spontaneously, and therefore they do not always sound perfect. However, even colloquial speech should be monitored so that phrases such as "We wanted the best, but it turned out as always" are not born.

If book styles (scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic) are used primarily in an official setting and in writing, require indispensable care of the form of expression, then conversational style used in an informal setting. The degree of preparedness of speech can be different. In everyday conversation, she is usually completely unprepared (spontaneous). And when writing a friendly letter, pre-written drafts can also be used. But this preparedness never reaches the degree that is characteristic of book styles.

All this leads to the fact that the dominant feature of the conversational style, especially colloquial speech, which exists in the oral form of unofficial personal communication, is to minimize worries about the form of expression of thoughts. And this, in turn, gives rise to whole line linguistic features of the spoken style.

On the one hand, the spoken style of speech is characterized by a high degree of language standardization. Typed, standard constructs are convenient for spontaneous (unprepared) speech. Each typical situation has its own stereotypes.

For example, stereotypes of etiquette include phrases: Good day!; Hey!; What's new?; Till! In public transport, stereotypes are used: On the next one, come out?; in the shop - Weigh three hundred grams of oil etc.

On the other hand, in a relaxed atmosphere, the speaker is not limited by the strict requirements of official communication and can use untyped, individual means.

It should be remembered that colloquial speech serves not only the purposes of the message, but also the purposes of influence. Therefore, the spoken style is characterized by expressiveness, clarity and imagery.

Among the characteristic features of the conversational style are the following:

Language tools	Examples of
Language level: Phonetics
Incomplete pronunciation type.	Grit instead of is talking; hello instead of Hello.
Intonation as one of the main means of expressiveness and organization of speech: a quick change in intonation, timbre, tempo, overflow of intonation colors, etc.	The organizing role of intonation in non-union sentences, in sentences with a free combination of parts, etc. ( We walked / it was raining; Metro / here?) An accelerated pace when pronouncing the formulas of greeting, goodbye, names and patronymics ( Tan, hello!); when expressing motivation, especially when combined with the emotion of irritation. ( Shut up!) Slow tempo with lengthening vowels while emphasizing conviction - lack of conviction ( Yes. Of course); to express surprise ( - He has already arrived. - Prie-e-khal?) and etc.
Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology
A large percentage of neutral specific common vocabulary.	Sofa, bed, sleep, dress, tap.
Neutral colloquial vocabulary.	Doctorate, usher, knife, comprehend.
Some socio-political and general scientific terms, nomenclature names.	Revolution, administration, governor, analysis, radiation, bulldozer, excavator.
Emotional and evaluative colloquial vocabulary.	Hard worker, headless, poor fellow, parasite.
Standardized figurative means.	Metaphors: get stuck in the city; well, you and the beetle!; phraseological units: bend your back; fill your pocket; hyperbole and litota: terribly fun; terribly funny; you can go crazy with this informatics; I would eat a bull now and etc.
Interspersed with professionalism, jargon, colloquial words, etc.	We have four today couples... Yes with window. Wouldn't be crazy to move out by evening!
Language level: Morphology
Frequency of the nominative case compared to other cases.	There is a store like this / Products // and the entrance to the left / under the stairs //
Frequency of personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and adverbs, particles.	Granny // Played cards with me / played the fool // They left us ... they left us alone / me / and her // And also John's dog, which means // We fed this John / and then sat down ... I ran to her for cigarettes / and we sat down to play / play the fool // Well, ten games a day // Here //
Absence of participles, rare use of participles (only passive past tense).	You gave me a broken chair! Is it sewn or finished?
Free handling of temporary forms (change of tenses, use of the form of time not in its meaning).	And there we met. "Hello, Kolya" ... And we are sitting, or rather, standing, chatting there, we will sit on a bench for literally three hours. How we begin to remember how our bus sat down, how they pulled us out.
The use of verbal interjections.	Jump, jump, shast, boo, fuck.
Language level: Syntax
Short simple sentences, as if strung on top of each other.	We lived in the country. Here we lived at the dacha. We always left early for the dacha. We also had a doctor.
Incomplete sentences, especially with missing major members.	- Tea? - I have half a cup.
Reorganization of the phrase on the fly, broken structure with interruptions in intonation. Activity of connecting structures, with introductory words and particles.	My husband was a soldier. He served in the artillery. Five years. And so. He was told: “Here you have a bride. It is growing. Very good".
The activity of interjection phrases.	Oh, is it? What a power!
Freer word order (words are arranged in the order of thought formation). In this case, everything important moves to the beginning of the sentence.	Well, naturally, we lost in earnings there. Because they were ordinary workers. I was a turner there. She handed such a wicker basket. He was in Moscow then.

It should be remembered that, on the one hand, almost all norms of the colloquial style are optional (optional), and on the other, the features of colloquial speech and colloquial style in general should not be transferred into official oral speech, especially written speech. The use of elements inherent in the conversational style in other styles (journalistic, artistic) must be stylistically justified!

1. general characteristics colloquial style, its stylistic features
2. Language features of the spoken style
3. Conversation rules
List of sources used

1. General characteristics of the conversational style, its stylistic features

The colloquial style is understood as the features of the colloquial speech of native speakers of the literary language. The spoken style is characteristic of the oral form of the literary language, however, it can be found in the written form of the language in some genres, for example, in private letters, announcements, explanatory notes, notes, etc.

The conversational style is manifested mainly in the sphere of everyday relations, but some of its features can also be observed in informal professional communication. This style is peculiarly reflected in different types everyday and professional speech, for example, in a family speech, in a friendly conversation, in small talk, in a conversation with professional colleagues, etc. Even in family everyday speech, its varieties are distinguished based on the division of the family by age, sex, in relation to the family (direct and indirect relatives, household members), as well as on the basis of the educational, religious characteristics of the family (peasant family; enlightened intelligent family; religious family - non-religious).

The conversational style in its various manifestations is characterized by some common style features: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech; automatic speech; predominance of the oral form; the predominance of dialogical speech, when the speakers take a direct part in the conversation (although a monologue is also possible); accompaniment of speech with gestures, facial expressions; the concretized nature of speech; emotional and evaluative information content, affectivity of speech; elliptic speech (omissions of words are explained by the influence of the situation); discontinuity, often logical inconsistency of speech; expression of a personal relationship to what is being expressed (usually); availability of speech standards; idiomatic speech (phraseological units). The concept of a conversational style is narrower than colloquial speech, since non-literary elements (vernacular, dialects, jargon, etc.) can be used in colloquial speech. The stylistic features of the colloquial style are expressed in linguistic means.

2. Language features of the spoken style

The stylistic features of the spoken style are manifested at all levels of the language (phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic). At the phonetic level, stylistic features of the spoken style are manifested in a variety of intonation, rhythm, tempo of speech, in elliptic speech. Colloquial speech is characterized by an acceleration of tempo, expressiveness (expressiveness), emotionality (expression of feelings) of speech, incomplete pronunciation of sounds and syllables, increased reduction (weakening) of vowel sounds, assimilation of consonants (assimilation of adjacent consonants) For example: 1. “One and a half thousand in total gave! " - Mother spoke with some strange triumph ... (YuNagibin) [Thousands instead of a thousand] 2. “Hello, Van Vanych” [Instead of hello, Ivan Ivanovich]. At the lexical level, the originality of the colloquial style is manifested in the following. In speech, vocabulary (words) with a specific meaning is widely used, often - everyday content, there are no book words with an abstract meaning, terms, new borrowed words that have not yet been mastered by native speakers.

In a colloquial style, words of appreciation are frequent. For the language in general, for the spoken language, the prevalence of negative assessments is especially characteristic. G. Pavlov writes: “Colloquial speech is unusually generous with humor: the Zhiguli car is called“ Zhiguli ”and“ Zhiguli ”,“ chatter ”is bad wine,“ get-together ”is a fold ... There are jokes, words, mockery, words parodies ... ”[Does the word grow on the pavement? // Litergaz., 1981, No. 40]. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of phraseological units (stable combinations) that make speech expressive, for example: the sea is knee-deep, stick to the throat with a knife, heavy on the rise, the ears wither, in broad daylight, set a bath, play the fool, the lip is not stupid, a thing in myself, wash your hands, get into a mess, rack your brains, in all honesty, I can't put my mind to it, grated roll, pouring from empty to empty, Sisyphean labor, Achilles' heel, from the Kolomna verst, etc.

Often found in colloquial speech (literary) author's neoplasms, the meaning of which is determined by the conditions of communication, the speech situation. In the colloquial style, the polysemy of words is developed, while the words known in the language are rethought, the so-called individual-occasional change in the meaning of words. The word-formation features of colloquial speech are primarily associated with the expression of assessment. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with evaluation suffixes (affectionateness, neglect, diminutiveness, magnification), for example, -usch- (-ych) (big, big), -enk- (-onk-) (white, healthy) , -shenek-, -shenk-, -ehonk- (-honk-) (sedekhonek, sedeshenek, healthy), -ik, -chik (soup, lemon), -ek, -ok (seagull, onion), -ec ( soup), -k- (milk), -ce (tree), etc. In addition, a large number of suffixes, forming a word, also express an assessment of attitude and are of a purely colloquial nature. Here are some examples: -aga (-yaga) (hard worker, hard worker), -hah, -ushka (simpleton, vostruha), -yga (hurry), -un (nesun, flyer), etc. There are colloquial suffixes among the verbs, for example, -anu-: blasted, knocked. For example, the prefix ras- (ras-) has a colloquial coloring, indicating a high degree of what is named in the producing word: a beautiful woman, cheerful, amiable. In colloquial literary speech, complex words are frequent, formed by the repetition of one word, single-root words or words that are close in meaning: food-food, walk-walk, walk-walk, quiet-quiet, quiet-peaceful, quiet-pretentious. we can note the specificity of the spoken style. So, for example, even akL.VShcherba wrote: “Our colloquial speech tends to spread the plural forms to the stressed -a from famous category masculine names ”Compare: professors, teachers instead of outdated professors, teachers, as well as sweaters (colloquial) and sweaters, jumpers (colloquial) and jumpers, engineers and an engineer (colloquial), winds and winds, years and years ( razg.), editors and editors (razg.) and many others.

In the masculine singular genitive the ending -a and -y are found. Words with the ending -а are neutral (i.e., typical for any style), and words with the ending -у are a sign of the colloquial style, compare: an analgin tablet - an analginum tablet, a bowl of soup - a bowl of soup, a bottle of kefir - a bottle of kefir.

Colloquially rarely found short adjectives(like beautiful, good, etc.); simple forms of the superlative degree of adjectives (such as the most beautiful, the most interesting) are of little use, they are replaced by a complex form of the superlative degree (the most beautiful, the most interesting); complex forms of a comparative degree (such as more beautiful, more intelligent) are often replaced by simple forms such as prettier, smarter; colloquial speech includes possessive adjectives with suffixes -in, -ov, indicating belonging to an individual: father's house, fathers character, mother's shawl, grandfather's hat.

A striking feature of numerals in colloquial speech is the loss of the declination of simple and especially complex (such as five hundred, fifty) and compound numerals (such as one hundred forty-five, five hundred eighty-two). Pronouns in colloquial speech weaken their meaning and they are used to express expression (to create expressiveness of speech), for example: This one came, yours, high. There is a lot of originality in the use of verb forms in colloquial speech. used to say, sat.

These verbs were widely used in the literary language of the 18th-19th centuries, in the modern language they survived only in colloquial speech (shit A. Pushkin: Here the master also sat the modern one: I have been to Moscow more than once). verbs like grab, jump, skok, boo.

These verbs, found in fiction, reflect colloquial speech (they are a sign of stylization for folk speech), shit Krylov: Grab a friend with a stone in the forehead, in Pushkin: Tatiana - jumped into other halls Wed: He was riding a bicycle and suddenly - bang into a ditch ... To express expression (enhance the expressiveness of speech), the figurative use of forms of time is used.

So, the forms of the present tense are used in the story of past events to make the narration of the past event clear, figurative.

For example: I was walking down the street yesterday and I see columns of cadets walking down the street. Forms of the present tense are also used in the meaning of the near future, to designate an action that will necessarily take place in the future: Tomorrow I am going on a business trip; I'm going to study at the university; I am entering the Faculty of Law this year. Forms of the present tense can acquire a timeless meaning, denoting a generalized action, characteristic of many.

It is no coincidence that this present generalized tense is used in proverbs and sayings: The quieter you drive, the further you will be; Do you like to ride - love to carry sledges; Diseases are not treated with bells; They don't die with sorrow, they just dry. In colloquial speech: You used to walk through the spring forest and see how everything around you wakes up. In figurative meanings, along with the forms of the present tense, the future tense of the verbs is used: I see that they lead it, and when it starts to fall, they will pick it up. gossip, instead of: I spit on gossip .; may have the meaning of the future tense: If there is no answer from it, I perished (instead of perishing). In figurative meanings, to enhance the expressiveness of speech, mood forms are used. So, the forms of the imperative mood often in colloquial speech have a conditional meaning, for example: If such an opportunity happened to me, if a mad dog bite me, I would immediately have a bullet in my forehead [From a letter to A.P. Chekhov]. Forms of the imperative mood are also used to designate the only way out of a situation (often in combination with a particle though): I have this handwriting, even if you go to the ministers [From a letter to A.P. Chekhov; She has neither a home nor a family, like it or not, just sit and listen to the conversations. Forms of the subjunctive mood (conditional) are used in the meaning of imperative to express the softening of a request, advice, command, for example: If you would go to sleep - instead of: Go to sleep; Would you read - instead of: Read! Read it! Since the opinion of the speaker is usually expressed in colloquial speech, the use of verb forms with personal pronouns is characteristic: I will go; I'll bring; I learned, etc. In this regard, the use of personal pronouns in the conversational style is much higher than in other styles. The speaking style is characterized by a peculiar quantitative ratio of parts of speech.

So, participles and participles are not characteristic of colloquial speech and are usually replaced by personal verbs (instead of: seeing, said, it is used: saw and said; instead of: a boy who read a book - a boy who read a book). Unlike other functional styles, colloquial interjections are frequent, expressing various emotions: Alas! Oh! O! etc. In colloquial speech, particles are widespread, for example, such as: well, here, after all. The syntactic features of the colloquial style are the most specific and bright Prof. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “The stylistic possibilities in syntax are much more diverse and significant than in morphology. According to the terms of the place, only a list of the most important categories of syntactic synonyms can be given here, leaving the reader to ponder the internal differences himself when the need arises.

Our task is to put forward the fundamental importance of this work ”[Principles and methods of stylistic analysis and evaluation of fictional prose] It is in the syntax that ellipticity, emotionality, expressiveness of the colloquial style are most clearly manifested. Describing spoken language, A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “... We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Are you coffee or tea?”; when we meet a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”, offering water, say: “Boiled, do not worry!” etc. Thus, the colloquial style is characterized by the wide use of incomplete sentences, in which the main members of the sentence are most often missing, motivating and interrogative, declarative and exclamatory sentences, for example: Where are you from ?; Water here !; Was there?; Oh, good!; Oh, how good! At the same time, intonation is of great importance in oral speech.

The sentence “Well, you helped!”, Pronounced with different intonation, can have a direct, positive meaning, or it can express an ironic assessment, like the sentence “Ah, good!”.

In colloquial speech, the word order is freer than in A.M. Peshkovsky pointed out that the main treasure of the syntactic synonymy of the Russian language is the free word order: “Thanks to him, a combination consisting, for example, of 5 full-valued words (say,“ I’ll go for a walk tomorrow morning ”) allows 120 permutations. And since each permutation slightly changes the meaning of the entire phrase, then 120 synonyms are obtained ”[A.MPeshkovsky, Ukazotch.]. The fast pace and unpreparedness of colloquial speech determine the predominance of short sentences, in which the number of words usually does not exceed 5-7 units. Among complex sentences compound and non-union sentences are typical. Complex sentences make up 10% in colloquial speech, while in other styles they are about 30%. Most often, complex sentences with explanatory clauses are used, which are attached to a few verbs: speak, say, think, hear, see, see, feel and under: He saw that ...; I said that…; He realized that ... and under.

In colloquial speech, interjection sentences are frequent, making speech emotional, expressive: Fathers !; Well well!; So much for you!; Whether oh! and under; proposals expressing agreement (approval) or disagreement (denial): Yes; Not.; Certainly.; Undoubtedly. In colloquial speech, there are usually many introductory words expressing an affirmation, doubt, assumption: maybe, it seems, of course, really and under. Thus, the conversational style has vivid linguistic features that distinguish it from other functional styles of the literary language.

3. Conversation rules

A.P. Chekhov wrote: "For an intelligent person, speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write." K. Paustovsky believed that “… in relation to each person's attitude to their language, one can absolutely accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also civic value. True love for your country is unthinkable without love for your language. ” The need for good speech for business people, politicians, and writers was emphasized above. However, it should be said about the role of speech skills in everyday life, everyday life. Interesting stuff found in the article by V. Iannushkin. [Russian speech-1990- № 1- s83-87] Here are some thoughts from this article. Traditionally, there are general rules for conducting and building speech. They are created by human practice and passed down from generation to generation. It is interesting that they can be found in folklore materials, in particular, in proverbs and sayings.

Although these rules are simple at first glance, the behavior of an adult depends largely on how he uses them. Violation of the conditions of speech can lead to various troubles, it is not in vain that there are warnings: “My tongue is my enemy”, “All the troubles of a person from his language”, as well as a parting word: “A good word is half of happiness”. Any dialogue is possible on condition - to be polite to each other. Folklore rules remind: “The language will not dry out from pleasant words”, “One good word is better than a thousand words of abuse” Impoliteness can be different - from outright rudeness to outwardly benevolent tone, hiding complete disregard for the cobbler (remember the meeting of Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin, their dialogue) ...

At the heart of speech relations should be goodwill and the ability to listen: “Speech is red by listening” It is very important in communication to hear each other: “Language - one, ear - two. Say one time, listen twice. ”Attention to the interlocutor, to the audience is also necessary in order to start speaking. Paradoxically speaking, speech begins with listening, understanding the situation, correctly assessing the situation. The speaker must always remember that he is "caught" by the listener on mistakes. And this is evidenced by the popular wisdom: "Answers when they do not ask."

Speech behavior is very important in a relationship between a man and a woman. A classic example of this is the book of the Roman orator and publicist 1 vnePublius Nazon Ovid, "The Art of Love", whose advice to men and women on how to win and how to maintain love, relate mainly to speech behavior. Here are some tips for dating: “Then try to start a conversation with her. First, talk about indifferent things ... ”. The two most significant classics of world and domestic rhetoric, Aristotle and Lomonosov, began in their discussions with the“ philosophy of love ”, and then suggested ways to awaken this feeling in the“ audience ”(interlocutor) M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “Love is the inclination of the spirit to someone else, in order to have delight from his well-being. This passion can justly be called the mother of other passions ... Love is strong like lightning, but it penetrates without thunder, and its strongest blows are pleasant. When passion arouses rhetoric in the audience, then he can triumph over them. “[Lomonosov M.V. A brief guide to eloquence // Complete collection of works.VIIM- L., 1952, p176] The classics offer us a history of dialogue styles, a kind of typology of the Russian family, if we consider the relationship between Chatsky and Sophia, Onegin and Tatiana, Lensky and Olga, Pechorin and Princess Mary, types of families in the novels of L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and others. Finally, the union of Andrei Stolz and Olga Ilyinskaya is ideal "for all times and peoples" : “Outside and they did everything like the others. Although they did not get up at dawn, they did early; they liked to sit for a long time at tea, sometimes they even seemed to be lazily silent, then went to their corners or worked together, dined, went to the fields, played music ... the conversation did not end with them, it was often hot. Their sonorous voices resounded through the rooms, reached the garden, or they quietly transmitted, as if drawing in front of each other the pattern of their dreams, the first movement elusive for the language, the growth of an emerging thought, a barely audible whisper of the soul ... And their silence was - sometimes pensive happiness ...

They did not greeted the morning indifferently; could not dully plunge into the gloom of the warm, starry, southern night. They were awakened by the eternal movement of thought, the eternal irritation of the soul and the need to think together, to feel, to speak! But what was the subject of these heated debates, quiet conversations, readings, long walks? Yes, everything ... Not a single letter was sent without reading to her, no thought, and even less fulfillment, swept past her; she knew everything and everything interested her, because it occupied him. " You can read about the rules of family and everyday dialogue in the books of psychologists. It is curious that the advice of a psychologist turns out to be predominantly rhetorical, that is, related to the creation of an image of the speaker and listener, the appropriate construction of a dialogue between people. Here is a description of the psychologist's conversations. In Smekhova at the Moscow consultation on family and marriage. He “teaches us to talk to each other calmly and kindly.

Teaches you to listen without interrupting. And hear. Teaches you how to ask and answer questions. Solve problems together ... ”” Among the main causes of family quarrels and conflicts, he sees the wrong speech: he failed to establish a dialogue, to open up ”[We and our family. A book for young spouses - M., 1989, p85]. It also provides a test for observing speech, specific expressions, in which the ability to be cultural in communication is manifested and to properly organize a family dialogue. He and she are asked to rate how often they use prohibited and desirable expressions. Among the prohibited ones: “I told you a thousand times that…”, “How many times do you have to repeat…”, “What are you just thinking…”, “Is it really difficult for you to remember that…”, etc. Among the desirable ones: “You are the smartest…”, “You are the most beautiful…”, “It's so easy for me with you…”, “You always understand me correctly…”, etc. Letters from readers confirm the idea that family well-being, if not based, then, in any case, is expressed in speech well-being (Consent, yes, there is a treasure in the family) Here is one of the letters: “The other day my son yelled at me and said hurtful words ... I told him not to call me, and I inspire myself: there is no son and I don’t want to talk and I will not “Shouted - a forbidden or not recommended speech action, in dry scientific language. Why“ forbidden ”? Because, according to the rules of the conversation, you cannot harm the interlocutor. This is harm not only to the offended, but also to the offender. Is there a "cure" for this? Of course there is. On the harsh word can be answered in different ways. First: “As it comes around, so it will respond“ But will the position be fair when offended pride does not allow to take a sober look at the conflict and resolve it with a reassuring word? Or another option: “Do not be angry with the impudent,” that is, do not hold evil, do not remember evil.

The ability to maintain goodwill, the ability not to get annoyed is an important quality that provides people with an opportunity to understand each other. The basic rules for conducting a dialogue are given in the book by Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky "Introduction to General Philology" (1979). They are systematized according to the proverbs about speech. The study of proverbs about speech showed that the rules relate to the organization of the dialogue, and also the rules for the speaker and the rules for the listener are highlighted. The rules for organizing a dialogue are divided into three categories.

1. The rules determine the attitude of people in the dialogue and are as follows.

a) A person is assessed by his knowledge of the forms of speech behavior (etiquette): “A horse is recognized in riding, a person in communication”;

c) it is forbidden to insult by the word: “I hear from a fool”.

2. The second category determines the order of the conversation and contains the following rules.

a) The word precedes other actions: “Clever in tongue, stupid with hands”;

b) listening before speaking: “Eat before you swallow, listen before you speak”;

c) silence is part of the dialogue: "Silence is also an answer."

3. The third category of rules defines typical mistakes in dialogue.

a) A mistake in violating the subject of the dialogue: “Grandfather talks about a chicken, and grandmother about a duck” “I’m talking about Thomas, and he’s talking about Eremu”;

b) a mistake in the election of a participant in the dialogue: “A deaf person hears how a mute speech speaks”;

c) an error in the order of the dialogue: “He answers when he is not asked.”

Thus, in a conversation, you need to behave in accordance with the rules of politeness: give preference to conversation over non-speech activity, preference to listen to the interlocutor before your speech and “be able to remain silent without violating the etiquette of the conversation” [Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky Theory of Rhetoric M., 1999, p343-344]

The rules for the speaker are also highlighted.

a) Rules of caution: “If you follow your tongue, it will protect you, if you let it go, it will betray you”, “The word is not a sparrow: if you let it go, you won’t catch it”;

b) the intention of the speech: “Do not say everything that you know, but know everything that you say”, “Before speaking, think about the meaning of words”; “It is better to be silent well than to speak badly”;

c) typical mistakes: inappropriate speech: “It is better to cry by the way than to laugh at the wrong time”, “You need to edit the razor and give advice on time”; the triviality of the content of the speech for the listener (lack of novelty): “Teaches the fish to swim”, “The eggs taught the hen to wits and minds”; verbosity: "The rope is good when it is long, and the speech is good when it is short", "He who talks a lot makes a lot of mistakes."

The rules for the listener are varied, for example:

a) it is necessary to see the difference in the speech received from different persons: “One hundred people - one hundred opinions”; “How many heads - so many minds”;

b) it is necessary to highlight true and false information: “There is no firewood that does not burn, there are no people who are not mistaken”;

c) it is necessary to determine the sincerity of the speaker: “The hare says“ run ”, the greyhound says“ catch ””;

d) it is necessary to see errors in the content of the speaker's speech: “I started for health, finished for peace (illogical); “Few words, many reservations” (uncertainty of judgments) ”.

The rules for conducting a conversation are given in old Russian manuals and new works on speech etiquette. Here are some old, but still not outdated norms:

- one should reason, observing the quality of speech;

- speak by the way;

- bring kindness to the conversation;

- to talk about personal things only at the request of the interlocutor;

- not brag about acquaintance with people of high position;

- do not take someone aside during a general conversation;

- do not ask about the origin;

- do not eavesdrop;

- do not use vulgar expressions;

- do not ask intimate questions;

- do not gossip.

The worst thing in a conversation is lies, slander, gossip. Of course, not all the rules for conducting a conversation are given here. We only emphasize that the rules require compliance with many, very specific qualities of colloquial literary speech, ensuring its success.

It is in colloquial literary speech that the colloquial style is reflected with its own vivid linguistic features.

List of sources used

1. Electronic source - http://www.uprav.biz/articles.php
2. Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of the text: Textbook. allowance. - M .: Flinta, Nauka, 1997 .-- 256 p.

Abstract on the topic "Conversational style in Russian" updated: October 21, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

The conversational style of communication is used in an informal setting. It is typical for oral speech, but can be expressed in writing (text of a note, personal diary, unofficial correspondence). In the process of communication, common vocabulary is used. The speaking style is actively accompanied by gestures and facial expressions; it is also influenced by the emotionality of the interlocutors and circumstances.

The main signs of colloquial speech:

Reducing sentences to simple ones, and removing some members of the sentence, if the meaning of the statement is clear without them. Example: I miss you - miss you.
Short phrases shortened to one word are used. An example of a word like this: maternity leave is a decree.
Pronunciation of a word in a simplified form. Such a contraction is used in colloquial, familiar communication. An example of a similar word: "right now" instead of "now".

The linguistic features of the spoken style are expressed in the simplification of statements based on the spontaneity of colloquial speech. Few can speak coherently and beautifully without preparation, and spontaneous speech presupposes a certain development of speech abilities.

To avoid the appearance of unrelated parts, pauses, reservations, profanity, abbreviations are used. Examples of the law of "saving the means of speech": a five-story building - a five-story building, a utility room - a utility room.

Etiquette clichés. A set of template phrases used in repetitive situations of daily communication. Example: “Come out? Hello".
Close contact of communicating people. Information is conveyed verbally and non-verbally.
Expressiveness or specific expressiveness of utterances with the use of reduced expressions (example: to go crazy, go crazy).
The everyday life of the content.
Imagery.

The linguistic features of the spoken style are expressed in specific pronunciation (for example: stress on the wrong syllable), lexical heterogeneity, morphology and syntax. Everyday style is not used for writing scientific literature, when drafting documents.

Signs of everyday style

The main features of the conversational style:

casual, familiar form of communication;
evaluativeness;
emotionality;
inconsistency, from the point of view of logic;
intermittent speech.

The conversational style is most clearly manifested in oral speech in the form of dialogue.

The signs that determine the conversational style are situational, informal and natural communication. This includes the lack of preparatory speech thought, gestures and facial expressions used. Particles, sentence words, interjections, introductory words, connecting structures, repetitions are actively used.

Everyday style implies the use of a polysemantic word, word formation is of an evaluative nature: suffixes of diminutiveness or magnification, neglect, petting are used.

Functions and purpose of everyday style

The main functions of the conversational style:

transfer of information;
communication;
impact.

The goal pursued by the everyday style of interaction between people is communication, mutual exchange of impressions and feelings.

Analysis of conversational genres

The characterization of conversational style is a narrower concept than colloquial speech. In colloquial speech, non-literary components are used (examples: vernacular, jargon words, dialect). Conversational style is expressed by linguistic means.

Colloquial speech genres characterize the interaction between people. These include:

Conversation. A popular genre, it is communication for communication. This is an exchange of impressions, emotions, points of view. Conversation is characterized by a calm manner, it is a pleasant pastime.
Story. A monologue dedicated to an event. All sides of the event are covered in detail, the assessment is expressed.
Dispute. Here, each of the interlocutors defends their own gaze. In colloquial speech, the dispute is characterized by the informality of the relationship between the disputants and the ease of communication.
Letter. The text of the letter has a specific purpose: reporting events, conveying feelings, establishing or maintaining contact, calling for something. The obligatory use of the etiquette formula is assumed - greeting and farewell, the further content of the text is free. This is one of the written genres of colloquial speech, unofficial epistolary interaction. The themes of such texts change arbitrarily, incomplete sentences, expressive expressions are used.
Note. Distinctive feature genre - brevity. This is a small everyday text, the purpose of which is a message about what needs to be done, a warning, an invitation, courtesy gestures. Sample text: "I'll be there soon, don't forget to buy milk." Sometimes the text of the note is presented in the form of a hint of something.
Diary. The genre differs from the others in that the recipient and the author are one and the same person. The text of the diary is an analysis of the events that took place or one's own feelings, creativity that contributes to the improvement of the word and the personality itself.

Analysis of spoken genres contributes to understanding the style of speech behavior, the structure of natural communication.

Functional Speech Styles help define the type of language used in different areas of communication. The sphere of interaction between people at the everyday level involves the included functions of the colloquial style of statements or texts.

There are usually five styles in Russian. Among them, a special place is occupied by the colloquial style, which is inherent, in the main, in a relaxed oral speech. Our article is devoted to the features of this style of speech.

"Book" styles and conversational style

The conversational style of speech is quite significantly different from the rest, the so-called "book" styles. First of all, the fact that colloquial speech is easy and spontaneous, in contrast to the "book" styles, which are characterized by thinking over phrases, choosing words, following a certain pattern, often - the use of clichés (scientific and official business style).

Conversational speech is always spontaneous, it is a lively, often emotional response to the speech of another person or to life events, and an unprepared response. Being a free and direct manifestation, colloquial speech is replete with a variety of words that are born in it and often disappear in it, but can also enter common language and become neutral words that are appropriate in any other style. This is one of the ways to enrich the Russian language, according to the philologist Academician L.V. Shcherba.

Form and genres of conversational style

Colloquial speech exists almost exclusively in oral form. Most often it is a dialogue. Therefore, in addition to purely linguistic, non-linguistic means of expressiveness are also used in the texts: facial expressions, gestures, intonation, loudness and speed of speech.

The genres of the spoken style are mainly oral: conversation, conversation; but there are also written ones: a personal note, a diary entry, etc.

Sometimes in the colloquial style, two sub-styles are distinguished: colloquial-everyday and colloquial-professional. The latter is characterized by the use of terms, but they are often subject to change. More on this below.

Purpose and addressee of conversational style texts

The addressee is a direct interlocutor, since colloquial texts are usually addressed to a specific person.

Features of visual media

Conversational style is characterized by the lack of elaboration of the statement. It is not specially formulated in any way, but is pronounced the way it was born, without "literary processing". Therefore, introductory words, repetitions, and missing words often appear.

A lot of special colloquial words can be found in colloquial texts; in the dictionary they are given with the mark "colloquial."

Frequent so-called "condensation words" (that is, words replacing two: evening - "Evening Moscow", condensed milk - condensed milk, reading room - reading room, etc.), expressive words (interjections and independent parts of speech with expressive suffixes : old man, huckster, etc.).

The syntax is also peculiar: many incomplete sentences, expressive constructions with a dash, inversion (changed word order), insert constructions, repetitions.

But the active use of phraseology is especially noticeable in the structure of colloquial speech. Phraseologisms are one of the main means of expressiveness in a colloquial style. They not only decorate the speech, but also give it a certain connection with the general and abstract, since in general the topics of colloquial speech are usually concrete.

The spoken style is the style of the literary language, therefore, neither mat, nor other rough, vulgar words are included in this concept: they lie outside the boundaries of the Russian literary language.

Where is the conversational style used

We see examples of the conversational style of speech everywhere. These are friendly conversations, a discussion between two neighbors of a third, a conversation between two employees about an upcoming event at work, or a discussion of professional problems in a relaxed atmosphere. It can be generalized that this is any communication on any everyday or professional topic. From this point of view, the conversational style is the most important of all.

What have we learned?

The conversational style is used by all native speakers to discuss pressing issues. The texts of this style are characterized by spontaneity, emotionality, expressiveness. In colloquial speech, many expressive words, phraseological units, and condensation words are used. The syntax is characterized by a form of dialogue, simple sentences with repetitions and introductory constructions, omission of words, the use of incomplete sentences, exclamations and references.