Political Party. Political parties

Definition of the term political party.

Constitutional definition of the term Political Party.

- Political Party and political science literature.

Typology of political parties.

Ideal batch types.

Non-party, one-party, two-party and multi-party governments.

Names of political parties.

Party colors and emblems.

Party funding.

Transformation of the status of a party as a political institution.

Political party, party

NSartia - NSthen a group of people united by a community of ideas, interests, or singled out for doing some kind of work.

A political party is stable hierarchical political, uniting, on a voluntary basis, persons with common social-class, political-economic, national-cultural, religious and other interests and ideals, with the goal of conquering political power or participating in it.

A political party is an independent public association of enterprises, which has a stable structure and a permanent nature of activity, which expresses the political will of its members and supporters.

Political Party — This public firm (business combination), directly setting itself the task of seizing state power, keeping it in their hands, using the state apparatus in the interests of certain social strata.

A political party is public business combination whose main purpose of participation in the political process is the conquest and implementation (or participation in the implementation) of the state authorities within the framework and on the basis of the main law of the state and current legislation.

A political party is company, uniting individuals on the basis of common political views, recognition of a certain system of values that are embodied in a program that outlines the main directions of state policy.

Definition of the term political party

A political party is a permanent association of enterprises with a formalized organizational structure.

A political party is a political party that expresses the interests of the social class or its stratum, unites their most active representatives and guides them in achieving certain goals and ideals.

Unlike trade unions, youth, women's, anti-war, national, environmental and other organizations that implement the function of expressing and protecting the interests of certain social strata and groups mainly in the role of pressure groups on state structures, political parties are guided by the direct use of political authorities.

Often, in the definition of political parties, emphasis is placed on their role in the electoral process... K. von Beime characterizes parties as public companies, competing with each other in elections in order to achieve power. However, this approach does not take into account that, depending on its ideological platform or the current situation, one or another political party can seek to conquer power or participate in its implementation not only by parliamentary methods, observing the rules of political struggle accepted in society, but also by resorting to violence.

The first political parties appeared in Ancient Greece(of course, not in the form in which they exist now). For modern political parties, it is characteristic, in particular, that they:

Are political firms;

They are public (non-governmental) companies;

They are stable and fairly broad political associations with their own bodies, regional offices, rank-and-file members;

Have their own program and charter;

Built on specific organizational principles;

Have a fixed membership (although, for example, the US Republican and Democratic parties traditionally do not have a fixed membership);

They rely on a certain social stratum, a mass base represented by those voting for party representatives in the elections.

In democratic states, parties are prohibited that use subversive, violent methods of struggle for, parties of a fascist, militaristic, totalitarian type with a program aimed at overthrowing the government, abolishing the main law of the country, and with the discipline of the military and paramilitary type.

All parties are required to strictly observe the constitution and the democratic regime of internal party life. Parties are civil society organizations and cannot arrogate to themselves the functions of state power. In the international document of the Copenhagen meeting in 1990, within the framework of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), it is written that parties should not merge with states. This entry warns against repeating the experience of totalitarian one-party regimes, including the Soviet one, when a single party swallowed not only, but to a large extent, civil society. In such cases, the so-called "party states" are formed. By itself, the concept of a “party state” (“state of parties”) does not initially carry anything bad in itself: it served only as a justification for the need for legal regulation of the activities of parties. The main idea of this concept is the recognition of parties as necessary elements of the functioning of democratic state institutions.

The role and importance of political parties in societies with different levels of economic, social and cultural development, specific historical and national traditions are not the same. However, some common functions of parties can be distinguished.

The most important function seems to be the coordination and generalization of the diverse interests and needs of various groups and individuals. Then these generalized interests are formulated in programs, requirements, slogans and communicated to the authorities.

This is the function of representing interests. In addition, parties can also perform "government" functions by participating in the development, application and implementation of rules for the interaction of political institutions, subordinating or controlling the authorities.

Representing and expressing the interests of social groups, bringing them to the attention of the authorities, parties carry out the function of communication, that is, they ensure the relationship between government and society. Cultivating certain values and stereotypes of behavior with the help of means of agitation and propaganda, political parties implement the function of political socialization, that is, the function of transferring political experience, traditions, and culture to subsequent generations. Finally, by selecting the best candidates for leadership positions, parties help to improve the quality of the elite by performing the function of political recruiting. However, in totalitarian systems, political parties can directly perform the function of exercising power. Usually these are monopoly ruling parties that concentrate the entire scope of power functions in their hands.

Constitutional definition of the term political party.

In the constitutions of different countries, including the Russian one, there is no legal definition of a political party. These constitutions define only the goals and objectives of the parties: political parties "facilitate the expression of opinions by voting" (Art. 4 the main law of the state France); parties contribute to "the expression of the people's will and firm of political power" (Art. 47 of the Portuguese Constitution). More precisely, the function of a political party is defined in the main law of the country of Italy: parties are created in order to “democratically contribute to the definition of national politicians”(Article 49). Art. 29 of the basic law of the state Greece: "Parties must serve the free functioning of a democratic regime."

The constitutions of these states enshrine the principles of free formation of parties, a multi-party system, and political pluralism. The idea of political pluralism is that there are diverse interests in society and, therefore, they are expressed by different parties that compete in the struggle for power, for votes.

At present, in the main Law of the country of the Russian Federation, the legal status of political parties has been brought in line with world democratic standards: political pluralism is recognized, in the struggle for power by winning votes, parties of a totalitarian type that profess violence as the main means of political struggle are prohibited (Article 13 the main law of the state RF). The party is organized on the initiative of the founders and can start legal activity after registering its charter with the Ministry of Justice. Of Russia... Its activities may be prohibited if it violates the constitutional framework, violates the requirements of the main law of the country and the law imposed on political parties.

Political party andpolitical scienceand Iliteraturesbut.

In political science literature, a political party (from Lat. Pars, partis - part) is defined as the most active and organized part of a social stratum or class, formulating and expressing its interests. Or, more fully, as "a specialized organizationally ordered group that unites the most active adherents of certain goals (ideologies, leaders) and serves to fight for the conquest and use of political power in society."

Both parties and the state are political organizations, political public institutions. Moreover, the state and parties are traditionally considered "elements of the political system of society." At the same time, it is emphasized that the state is the central link of the political system, which establishes the "rules of the game" for all political forces and acts as a factor that integrates the elements of the political system into a single whole.

It seems, however, that such a structure as a "political system" in many respects requires revision. It was convenient for Soviet political thinking, when all political institutions had to be in one harness, revolve around one political "core".

The balance of political forces, their balance and interaction, existing in a free, democratic society, is a special system. In any case, this is not the political system as it was presented in Soviet state studies and totalitarian political thinking. From the point of view of modern ideas, along with the state, one should take into account the integrating role of civil society, its decisive influence on the state. But political parties are one of the institutions of civil society.

At the same time, unlike parties, the state expresses the interests of society as a whole, is the official representative of the entire people. In this regard, the state has only its inherent capabilities and attributes - "levers" of political power, for the possession of which political parties are fighting in order to ensure the implementation of their programs with the help of the mechanism of state power. The ruling political parties, that is, those that have already gained access to the mechanism of state power in one way or another, exercise power mainly through the placement of members of their parties in the most important government posts.

Sociologist Robert Michels noted that any centralized party, in particular a political party, is a corporation competing with others like it.

ThypologuesIpolitical parties.

The world of political parties is extremely diverse. Therefore, attempts to typologize the parties are rather arbitrary. However, they aim to penetrate deeply into the nature of parties and their capabilities.

The generally recognized and most successful is the classification of M. Duverger, based on differences in the structure of parties and the company of their internal life. On this basis, he singled out cadre and mass parties.

Cadre parties arose when the franchise was still limited. In a closed political space, cadre parties were a means of expressing the political interests of the ruling classes, primarily the bourgeoisie. Their activity was aimed at winning the elections. To this end, they sought not to increase their ranks, but to unite the enterprises of the elites, which could influence voters. The main structural element of cadre parties are committees. The committee is created on a territorial basis, and its number, as a rule, is small. It has a permanent membership of activists, renewed if necessary through co-optation and does not seek to expand its ranks. Committees are cohesive, authoritative groups with the skills work among the population. Their main purpose is to conduct and organize election campaigns. The members of the committee select candidates for elections to the authorities, study public opinion, the sympathies and interests of voters, their expectations and demands, and help leaders in the formation of electoral programs. The activity of the committees is usually “seasonal” in nature: it sharply intensifies on the eve and during the election campaign to parliament or local authorities and fades away after its end. The committees are autonomous and loosely linked. All their activities are centered around a candidate for an elective office. Such a party is concerned about ideological issues insofar as they can help their candidates. In parties built on this principle, there is no membership system with appropriate registration and regular payment of membership fees. This gave M. Duverger reason to call such parties cadre parties.

In the organizational structure of a political party, four main elements are usually distinguished: 1) the supreme leader and the staff, who have a leading role; 2) a stable administrative apparatus, carrying out the instructions of the party leaders and communicating with the party members; 3) party members who actively participate in its activities; 4) passive members of the party and adherents to it, who have an insignificant influence on party life.

Differences in the organizational structure, conditions of acquisition and characteristics of party membership, which largely depend on the place and role of the party in society, the nature of its ties with the political and social environment, underlie the division of modern parties into personnel and mass parties, which is widespread in Western political science - a classic typology. proposed by M. Duverger. The cadre parties are distinguished by their orientation towards campaigning, a low number, fairly free membership and relative autonomy of their basic structural organizations - committees created on a territorial basis from among permanent activists, as well as relying mainly on professional politicians and representatives of the financial elite who are able to provide the parties with material support (typical examples are the two leading parties USA- democratic and republican). Mass parties, which first emerged in Europe in the spread of universal suffrage, can unite in their ranks up to several hundred thousand people on the basis of a fixed membership, have a rather rigid structure and are characterized by strict internal discipline, which implies the implementation of decisions of higher bodies, congresses and conferences not only lower party organizations and rank-and-file members, but also parliamentarians elected on behalf of the party and with its support (workers, social democratic and socialist parties were originally based on such principles; subsequently, a similar organizational structure with an increased emphasis on centralism in leadership and subordination of the minority to the majority began to be used by the communist parties, and in a "softer" form - by some bourgeois and less ideologized "electoral-mass" or "electoral" parties that appeared several decades ago, which are often called "all poisonous ”).

There are other approaches to the typology of political parties. Thus, by the nature of participation in the exercise of state power, the ruling and opposition parties are distinguished; the latter, depending on their place in the political system, are subdivided into legal, semi-legal and illegal. According to the method of communication with the parliamentary faction, “tough” and “flexible” parties are distinguished: in the first case, when making important political decisions, the deputies must vote in strict accordance with the position developed by the party leadership or congress (for example, the Labor and Conservative parties of England); on the contrary, the "flexibility" inherent, in particular, to both leading parties USA, means that congressmen or senators perceive the point of view of the leading party bodies only as a “recommendation”, they vote more freely, and as a result, sharp contradictions may arise between the president and members of Congress from the same party.

Depending on the ideological and political orientation in the conventional system of coordinates “left-right”, there are “from left to right” communist, socialist and social-democratic, liberal-democratic, conservative, neo-conservative and right-wing radical (including fascist) parties.

By interacting in the struggle for the conquest of power or participating in its implementation, political parties form a party system that reflects the specifics of the position of each party in the state and civil structure of society, as well as the peculiarities of the inter-party competition in the course of the struggle for the conquest of power or participation in its implementation. R.-J. Schwarzenberg showed that in Western countries the actual level of inter-party competition is largely predetermined by the electoral system established in society: a proportional electoral system often leads to the emergence of a “full multiparty system” - the emergence of five or more parties with approximately the same degree of political influence; the introduction of an “electoral barrier”, when parties applying for parliamentary representation must gain a certain minimum of votes from the total number of voters, contributes to the gradual formation of a “moderate multiparty system” represented by 3-4 influential political forces; the majority system in two rounds of voting leads to the formation of a two-bloc system (“imperfect two-party system”), the majority system with voting in one round leads to the formation of stable two-party systems. countries the nature of party systems is largely influenced by historical and national cultures

factors: a majoritarian electoral system often leads to the fact that the elections for a long time, and with a permanent great advantage, the same party wins, thus gaining the opportunity to practically single-handedly form stable government bodies. The main reasons why other political forces cannot really compete with such a “dominant” party are the lack of the necessary number of generally recognized leaders, the presence of stable conservative traditions in society, the small number and a large number of parties that do not have sufficient experience in the democratic struggle for power.

In recent years, a number of foreign researchers have recorded a decline in the role of political parties: countries The West - against the background of the intensification of social and political movements of a non-partisan type, in developing countries - against the background of tendencies towards a broad etatization of parties.

Ideal batch types.

elite parties

popular / mass parties

ethnically oriented parties

electoral associations of enterprises

parties of certain movements.

Each of these types also has further branches: for example, electoral trusts are divided into individual parties, majority parties, program associations of enterprises.

The key role in this respect was played by Maurice Duverger, who distinguished two types of parties: "cadre" and "mass". The flourishing of "cadre parties", or, as they are also called, "parties of the elites" - the XIX century, when the power of the people was still developing, and the right to vote was limited. Such parties most often represented the interests of the ruling classes.

In the first half of the 20th century, along with the introduction of universal suffrage, "mass" parties came to the fore. These parties are already targeting wider strata. They are numerous, united, have a clear ideology, and are headed by a centralized hierarchical organizational structure. The future, as Duverger believed, was precisely in the mass parties.

The next stage of evolution / degradation was noticed by Otto Kirkheimer. In the 1950s-1960s, based on the material of German realities, he formulated the thesis of "all-embracing" parties. Mass parties striving to get as many votes as possible "can no longer stand on a unique ideological platform, they have to become" inclusive ", that is, sacrifice ideology in the name of electoral support.

However, the same Kirkheimer noticed another decisive trend: the "all-encompassing" parties began to gradually merge with the state. This trend was conceptualized in 1995 by Richard Katz and Peter Meir as the theory of "cartel parties" that they have observed since the 1970s. The "cartel" party is a new stage in the evolution / degradation of parties. They are increasingly moving away from voters, they are beginning to be interested not in the conduct of this or that policy, but in the very fact of being in power. Moreover, they become dependent on government subsidies. Large parties merge with each other to form a cartel that seeks to hold on to power and drive out competitors.

Not all researchers share this four-part scheme of evolution from elite parties to cartel parties through mass and inclusive parties. Other concepts that claim to describe the current situation are also being put forward. However, almost all researchers agree on one thing: we are witnessing a rapid emasculation popular rule accompanied by the erosion of representative institutions.

If we take this into account, then it is easy to assume the emergence of a new phenomenon in the near future: we will risk calling it "the party of the whole people." It will be a party that combines elements of the "all-embracing", "cartel" and other models. Such a party will aim to capture the entire electorate by transforming the class and ideological contradictions existing in society that trigger party competition into factional disagreements. These disagreements will henceforth not be resolved in process public policy, but through an elite dialogue. The well-known Russian political scientist Vitaly Ivanov in his study of the history of the United Russian Federation, following Yuri Pivovarov, calls such an elite association of enterprises "power plasma", within which conflicts must "flow, resolve and extinguish" capable of "destroying the regime and the system outside."

However, not everything is so simple: the "parties of all the people", which include the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, the Indian National, almost always fail to achieve their goal. After all, no largest, loosest association of enterprises is capable of including all political identities, reflecting the interests and values of all segments of the population at once. Any one rebellious, rebellious radical identity inevitably falls out. Islamists in Arab countries, Hindu fundamentalists in India, Lenin's heirs and Gaidar's radical followers in the Russian Federation. The most curious thing is that at some point it is this rebellious identity that may turn out to be the most demanded, the most acceptable for the whole society, simply because of its particularity and fundamental intransigence.

Thus, the bureaucratization of party life threatens to turn into its paradoxical radicalization. However, this conclusion is still no more than our, very likely, hasty assumption.

Non-party, one-party, two-party and multi-party governments.

In a non-partisan system, either there are no officially registered political parties, or law prohibits the appearance of the latter. In non-partisan elections, each candidate speaks for himself and thus is a bright and independent politician. A historical example of such a system is the administration of George Washington and the very first convocations of the US Congress.

Today there are several "non-party" states. These are, as a rule, absolute monarchies by the form of government: Oman, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bhutan (until 2008). In these countries, there is either a direct ban on political parties (Ghana, Jordan), or there are no corresponding prerequisites for their creation (Bhutan, Oman, Kuwait). A similar situation can be with an influential head of state, when the allowed parties have a small role (Libya at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries).

In a one-party system, only one political party is officially permitted; its influence is enshrined in law and is undeniable. There is a variation of this system where there are also small parties that are legally required to recognize the leadership of the main party. Often, in such a situation, the position within the party may be more important than the position in the state apparatus. The classic example of a country with a one-party system is the USSR.

In systems with a ruling party, opposition parties are allowed; there may even be deep democratic traditions, but "alternative" parties seem to have no real chance of gaining power. An example from recent history is Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. In some cases, the ruling party can keep the country under its control for a long time by all means, including rigging election results. In the latter version, the difference with the one-party system is only of an official nature.

The bipartisan system is typical for states such as the United States and. At the same time, there are two dominant (less often they are also called ruling) parties, and conditions have developed under which one party is practically unable to obtain the necessary advantage over the other. One strong left and one strong right are also possible options. Relations in the bipartisan system were first described in detail by Maurice Duverger and are called the law Duverger.

In multiparty systems, there are several parties that have a real chance of gaining widespread popular support.

In states like Canada and Britain, there may be two strong parties and a third one that achieves sufficient success in the elections to make real competition to the first two. She often ranks second, but almost never officially headed the government. The support of this party can in some cases tip the scales in one direction or another on a sensitive issue (thus, the third party also has political influence).

Political party concept

Political parties occupy a special place among the subjects of political activity, acting as intermediaries between citizens and the state. The classic definition of a party belongs to the French political scientist Roger Gerard Schwarzenberg (b. 1943):

Political Party Is a continuously operating organization that exists both at the national and local levels, aimed at obtaining and exercising power and striving for this purpose to broad mass support.

Parties unite the most active representatives of social groups with similar ideological and political views and striving for state power.

Party signs are:

functioning on a long-term basis, organization, the presence of formal norms and rules of internal party life, reflected in the charter;
the presence of local branches (primary organizations) that maintain regular communication with the national leadership;
focus on conquering political power and disposing of it (groups that do not set such a goal are called pressure groups);
availability of popular support, voluntary membership;
the presence of a common ideology, goals and strategies, expressed in the political program.

IN modern society parties perform a number of specific internal and external functions.

Internal functions relate to the recruitment of new members, ensuring party funding, establishing effective interaction between the leadership and local branches, etc.

External functions are decisive for party activity:

expression, defense and protection of the interests of large social groups and strata; integration of people within social groups on the basis of common goals, mobilization of the masses to solve important social problems;
the development of ideology, the formation of public opinion, the dissemination of political culture;
creating opportunities for the political socialization of the individual;
training of personnel for political institutions, participation in the formation of the political elite;
organization of election campaigns and participation in them;
struggle for state power and participation in political governance.

Several typologies of political parties have been proposed:

on ideological orientation there are liberal, conservative, communist parties, etc .;
on territorial basis - federal, regional, etc .;
on social base- workers, peasants, businessmen, etc .;
towards social transformations - radical and moderate, revolutionary and reformist, progressive and reactionary;

on participation in power - ruling and opposition, legal and illegal, parliamentary and non-parliamentary.

The most famous classification of parties according to organizational structure, according to which cadre and mass parties are allocated.

Personnel parties focused on the participation of professional politicians, parliamentarians and united around a group of leaders - a political committee. Such parties are usually small and elite, and receive funding from private sources. Their activity is intensified during the elections.

Mass parties are numerous, funded by membership fees. They are centralized organizations with statutory membership, they are organized and disciplined, they carry out extensive advocacy work in the field, as they are interested in increasing the number of their members (and, consequently, the amount of membership fees). If the cadre parties strive to mobilize the elites, then the mass ones - to mobilize the broad masses of the people.

The group subjects of political activity also include mass movements, public organizations, pressure groups, etc.

Political party concepts

Political Party Is a voluntary non-profit public association for ideological reasons and political principles, striving to achieve political goals and using political means.

Political Party- this is the political organization of the most active part; association (political or class), which directly expresses the interests of a class or society and consists of its most active representatives, aware of its interests, fighting for their implementation and possession of state power (or its retention).

In the Marxist tradition parties are viewed as the highest form of organization of a class or its stratum, embracing its most active part, reflecting its fundamental political interests and pursuing long-term class goals. Parties as political organizations directly participate in social and political life, express their attitude to the existing government, are created in the name of preserving and strengthening this government or changing it.

In the liberal democratic tradition parties are interpreted as organized political forces that unite citizens of one political tradition and serve to conquer or participate in power in order to realize the goals of their adherents. Embodying the human right to political association with other people, parties reflect the common group interests and goals of diverse segments of the population (social, national, religious, etc.). Through this institution, people put forward their group demands to the state and at the same time receive appeals from it for support in solving certain political issues.

Mandatory political party elements:

every party is the bearer of a certain ideology, or at least expresses a specific orientation of the vision of the world and man.
this is a relatively long-term association, i.e. an organization with a specific structure and territorial dimension (national, regional, local, and sometimes international).
the goal of any party is the conquest of power or participation in it along with other parties.
Each party seeks to secure the support of the people for itself - from inclusion in its membership to the formation of a wide range of sympathizers.

Signs of a political party:

the presence of an organizational structure;
program and charter;
payment of membership fees;
party discipline;
organizational connection between party members;
shaping public opinion;
participation in the formation of parliamentary and government institutions.

The role of a political party in the life of society:

the connecting link between the masses and the state;
regulator of the socio-political life of society;
the leader of the class struggle in society.

The main task of a political party is to capture and participate in.

THE CONSIGNMENT

THE CONSIGNMENT

1. Political organization, which is a part of whatsoever. class and protecting its interests. “The ruling classes of capitalist society and their separate strata have, respectively, several parties fighting among themselves on particular issues, but jointly defending the foundations of the capitalist system. "Where there are no several classes, there cannot be several parties, for a party is part of a class." Stalin .

2. All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). “The most active and conscientious citizens from the ranks of the working class and other strata of the working people are united in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which is the vanguard of the working people in their struggle to strengthen and develop the socialist system and represents the leading nucleus of all organizations of working people, both public and state . " USSR Constitution . "The party is the highest form of the class organization of the proletariat." Stalin . The Komsomol is the party's reserve. Party Congress.

3. A group of persons united by a common interest (mainly spiritual), views, aspirations. Pushkin in his youth adhered to the party of Karamzin. This incident split our society into two parties.

4. A group of persons, collected or selected from some. purpose, squad. "The Moldovan party I worked with went to the seashore." Maksim Gorky . The hunters were divided into parties. Hiking, equestrian party(military).

5. What-n. a certain amount of goods. A batch of galoshes has been received. New batch of book. Stocking party.

|| Sheet music for such a separate piece.

|| Solo role in the opera (theater, music). Onegin's part was written for baritone. Crown Party(for the performance of which the artist was especially famous). Title part(that is, the role of the person to whom the opera is named).

7. Complete game from start to finish. We played 5 games of chess. Picket Party.

8. A group of persons necessary for the implementation of the game (predominantly in cards; colloquial). "I composed your party: Monsieur Kok, Foma Fomich and myself." Griboyedov . Preference game was made.

9. Marriage, marriage or marriage (without definition - in the meaning of a profitable marriage), as well as a person from the point of view of suitability, acceptability of him as a spouse for another (colloquial obsolete). “Think! what kind of party is this for you? " Turgenev . “Not long in the young maiden lurked meditation:“ to neglect such a beautiful party is madness. ” Nekrasov . He (she) is not your party. Make a batch(it is profitable to marry or, less often, to get married). "She was confident that he would make a brilliant game that would fix everything." L. Tolstoy .

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary... D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

Synonyms:

See what "PARTY" is in other dictionaries:

- "Party of Socialist Revolutionaries" Date of foundation: January 1902 Date of dissolution: 1922 Ideology: Socialism Party press: "Revolutionary Russia", "Narodny Vestnik", "Thought", "Conscious Russia" ... Wikipedia

- (French partie, from Latin partire to divide). 1) the connection of many persons with the same goal; like-minded comrades in opinions, convictions. 2) marriages, mainly of convenience. 3) in trade, a known amount of a similar product received for ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Female, French about people: supporters, party, society, defenders, like-minded people, accomplices, fellows, comrades in opinions, convictions, aspirations; the alliance of some persons against others, who have different motives. The assembly of the nobility was divided into ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

- (from the Latin partio I divide, divide), 1) a group of people united by a commonality of ideas, interests and goals (for example, a political party), as well as allocated to perform some kind of work (for example, a search party). 2) Certain (usually ... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (musical), one of the components of the texture of a polyphonic (orchestral, chamber, vocal, etc.) musical work; performed by an individual musician or a homogeneous timbre group (for example, violin part in a string quartet, part ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from lat.pars genus partis part, participation, share), 1) a group of people united by a commonality of ideas, interests (see political party), as well as allocated to perform some kind of work (for example, a search party) .2) Play until a certain ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

See society, part ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. party group, union, with ... Synonym dictionary

- (from Latin pars, genus partis part, participation, share) 1) a group of people united by a commonality of ideas, interests (for example, a political party), as well as allocated to perform some kind of work (for example, a search party) ; 2) play up to a certain ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

PARTY, and, wives. 1. The political organization of what n. the social stratum, expressing and protecting its interests, guiding it to achieve certain goals and having its own program. Parliamentary parties. Democratic, republican, ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

the consignment- the consignment; Lenin's Party Lenin's Party ... Nanai-Russian Dictionary

Books

Party of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. T. 2.P. 2,. Party of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. T. 2. Part 2 ...

The consignment

noun, f., uptr. often

Morphology: (no) what? parties what? parties, (see) what? party, how? party, about what? about the party; pl. what? parties, (no) what? parties what? parties, (see) what? parties, how? in parties, about what? about parties

1. The consignment- This is an organization that has political goals, a specific program of economic, social, etc. development of society or some part of it.

Democratic Party. | Join the party. | Bourgeois Party. | The largest part young people (52%) are still apolitical and do not sympathize with any parties and movements. | For this person, being nominated for the presidency is an opportunity to campaign not so much for himself as for the party, for reforms, for democracy in Russia.

2. Party called a group of people with common political interests, the same opinion on some issue.

The Green Party made an appeal not to wear genuine leather products. | The hard-line party in the leadership is constantly growing.

3. Party is a group of people who go somewhere (usually in hard-to-reach places) to conduct research or to perform some difficult task.

Research party. | At the age of sixteen, Makarov first hired a geological party and went to Siberia to look for minerals. | In 1988, a special search party found here the remains of a ship that sank on January 26, 1512.

4. In batches groups of people, animals, into which the large group and which are sent somewhere in turn.

Last batch the prisoners were brought to the place only in the evening. The construction of the health-improving complex has been completed, and the first batch of miners is scheduled to take rest in the second quarter.

5. Party goods, items, etc., is a sufficiently large number of goods, items, etc., with which some actions are performed (they are produced, sold, transported).

The largest consignment of drugs in the past two years was seized at the border yesterday. | The firm could not find buyers, but Ptakhin, fortunately, managed to sell the first batch of lamps to his friends.

Lensky's part. | Piano part. | Bass part. | The violin part was beautifully performed by the young violinist. | This part is designed for a female voice with a wide range of pitches.

7. Party notes are called for a part of a polyphonic piece of music, which is performed by one voice (singer), an instrument or a group of homogeneous voices, instruments.

After discussing the future performance, the performers were given their parts.

8. Party called one game (from beginning to end) of chess, cards, etc.

The game began in an interesting way, and soon a dense ring of spectators - lovers of chess and thrill-seekers - formed around their table. | I won the first game easily, because I had a good card and my opponent could do nothing.

9. Party they called a man or woman, talking about the benefits of entering into marriage with him, with her.

Everyone thought that she could count on the best game, and were surprised that she chose the poor Knyazev. | Friends hinted to him that the young Ilyinskaya was a wonderful party for him - with money, and even a beauty.

10. If in classical literature a man or a woman made (made up) good (profitable, shiny, etc.) party means that he or she entered into a marriage for a profit.

At eighteen, she made a wonderful party by marrying a Spanish envoy.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Dmitriev... D. V. Dmitriev. 2003.

Synonyms:

See what a "party" is in other dictionaries:

Party, wives. [from Latin. pars part]. 1. Political organization, which is a part of whatsoever. class and protecting its interests. “The ruling classes of capitalist society and their separate strata have, respectively, several parties ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

See society, part ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. party group, union, with ... Synonym dictionary

politician an organization uniting the most active representatives of societies. class or social group that expresses their interests and guides them in political. fight. As a result of the victory of socialism and the consolidation of society without antagonistic. For the first time in history, conditions are created when the party of the working class acts as the spokesman and defender of the interests of the entire people, its vanguard, organizer and political leader. The emergence and development of P. p. And school desks. systems is associated with the split of society into classes, with the history of class struggle, especially the struggle for the possession of political. power. "In a society based on the division of classes, the struggle between hostile classes inevitably becomes, at a certain stage of its development, a political struggle. The most integral, complete and formalized expression of the political struggle of classes is the struggle of parties." . 10, p. 61). In contrast to the spontaneous process of the formation of classes, the emergence of class interests can occur only in connection with the awareness of class interests by thinking representatives of the class and their expression in the form of definition. ideology, political. programs. P. n. Enlightens and consolidates a class or social group, giving their actions an organized character. Ideology means. the least defines the guiding principles of the policy, as well as the organizational. structures and practical. the activities of the party, to-rye are concretized in the program (and often in the charter) of the party. P. item in the slave owner. and the feud. state-wahs were a kind of class polit. groupings that expressed the interests of various strata of the ruling classes. The working classes are slave-owning. and the feud. society, by virtue of economic. disunity and spiritual oppression, could not create themselves. P. n. Their interests to a certain extent were expressed by progressive politicians. groupings of the propertied class interested in nar. support in the fight against reactionaries. forces (for example, the Jacobins in France). Under capitalism, the struggle for political. the domination of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is exercised through their own political parties, the Part. the system becomes organic. an integral part of the bourgeois mechanism. state authorities. The nature of this system ultimately depends on the relationship of class forces, which predetermines the forms and methods through which the bourgeoisie exercises its dictatorship. While maintaining the constitutional foundations of the bourgeois. In democracy (freedom of outlook, freedom of association, parliamentary regime), the existence of various political parties is natural. A multiparty system reflects both the presence of several classes and the existence of various factions and groupings within one class. According to the theories of the majority of the bourges. sociologists and state scientists, P. n. are the spokesmen for the will of the people. They regard a multiparty system as one of the fundamental principles of a free democratic. building. They argue that the strengthening of the role of the trade union means a new stage in the development of the bourgeoisie. states, when the place of the former "liberal-parliamentary" democracy is taken by "plebiscite mass democracy of the party state" (Leibholz, Burdo, Feiner, Dahl). Fact. domination of monopolistic parties. the leaders expose the bourges. the theory of multiparty systems. Along with the liberal-democratic in the West, reactionaries are spreading. theory, according to which the activity of various P. p. undermines the functioning of democratic. institutions. These theories serve as the ideological basis for an open dictatorship. Program documents of the bourgeois. parties reflect their true goals in a veiled form (ideas of "economic liberalism", "free market economy", etc.). Bourges are widely used in them. nationalism, religion. ideology, adherence to democracy, freedom, protection of inalienable human rights is proclaimed. In order to ensure freedom of maneuvering, pl. parties generally refuse to develop programs, limiting themselves to publishing election platforms and appeals. The true criterion of the essence of P. n. Are not the slogans proclaimed by them, but their political. practice (see ibid., vol. 18, p. 29). For organizers structure of the bourgeois. parties are bureaucratic. centralism. Independence of parties. leadership from the mass of members of the P. p. and its fact. lack of control is ensured by the ultimate restriction of the rights of elective and collegial parties. bodies and the concentration of the most important functions in a narrowly composed governing "headquarters", which, as a rule, is the party's board with a group of parties. leaders within it. The party elite simultaneously occupies the most important posts in the state. With the desire to consolidate and expand influence among the masses, the increasingly widespread distribution of the bourges is associated. parties with formalized membership, as well as the formation of youth, women, students adjoining the party. and other org-tions. Main development trend of parties. systems in modern bourgeois. state-ve consists in adapting them to the needs of the dictatorship of monopolies by reducing the total number of parties acting in societies. life. Consolidation of monopoly forces. capital within the framework of one party, with its promotion to the role of the only dominant one, threatens the foundations of the bourges. democracy. An extreme expression of this tendency was the establishment of a monopoly dictatorship of fascist parties in Germany, Italy and other states before World War II. In the present. time is the process of adaptation of desks. systems to the needs of monopolies goes, as a rule, within the framework of the parliamentary regime, combined with the prohibition and persecution in a number of democratic states. parties (for example, in the USA, Germany). The acuteness of the contradictions between monopolistic. the top and the rest of society leads to the creation of the old bourgeois. state-wah anti-imperialistic. parties on a broad social basis, nominating a general democratic. requirements. In pl. states-wah, freed from colonial dependence, are formed anti-imperialist. parties representing broad masses of villages. and mountains. population, united under the slogans of nat. liberation. Serious politician force in many bourges. state-wakhs are Social-Democrats. parties (England, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, etc.). Social democracy in these countries leads the way. part of the working class. In the understanding of the socialist. goals, methods and pace of its achievement, right-wing social democrats are far from scientific. socialism. Social-Democrats adopted in a number of countries. programs openly repudiate Marxism, advocating an evolutionary path to socialism, a reconciliation of class contradictions and a commitment to bourgeois democracy. The contradictions between the mass of Social-Democratic members parties and reformist leaders encourage the latter to organize internal parties. life on the basis of bureaucratic. centralism. The Social Democrats have repeatedly been in power on their own (England, the Scandinavian countries) or as part of coalitions. pr-in (Scandinavian countries, France, Italy, Austria). However, their rule did not shake the foundations of capitalism. The unity of the fundamental interests of all working people dictates the need to establish contacts and cooperation between communists and social democrats, which will serve as a prerequisite for achieving the unity of all anti-monopoly. forces. For the successful implementation by the working class of its historical. the mission needs to organize it on its own. P. p. (See F. Engels, in the book: K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 16, p. 69). The party of the working class is fundamentally different in its character, ideology, organization. forms, methods of activity from P. n. of all other classes. Its ideology, program and tactics are based on scientific research. worldview of Marxism-Leninism. It acts as a vanguard, uniting and organizing the working class in the struggle for general class interests. The work of the working class must ensure the unity of its purpose, will, and action. Historical The role, tasks, and principles of building a political party for the working class were elucidated by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto. parties "(1848). In the pre-imperialist era, workers 'parties in a number of countries took shape primarily as a political representation of the proletariat within the framework of bourgeois democracy, which focused on parliamentary activities. The first international union of workers' parties was the 1st International (1864–76 ) - played an important role in laying the foundation for the international organization of workers to prepare their revolutionary onslaught on capital. This "... was not without a temporary lowering of the height of the revolutionary level, without a temporary intensification of opportunism, which ultimately led to the shameful collapse of this International" (V. I. Lenin, Soch., vol. 29, p. 280) In a new historical epoch, when the socialist revolution became an immediate task, the need arose to create workers' parties of a new type.Such a party was first created by the Russian communists headed by Lenin (1903). the process of formation of the communist. parties in the majority of capitalist. countries. The principles on which the organization and activities of the communist are based. party, are loyalty to Marxism-Leninism and an irreconcilable struggle against all attempts of right- and left-opportunistic, revisionist and dogmatic. perversion of his software, tactful. and organiz. installations; fidelity span. internationalism and will decide. struggle against all manifestations of nationalism, democratic centralism, as the basis for building the party, ensuring the unity of the will and actions of the party with the maximum activity and initiative of all its members; organic communication with the masses, taking into account the experience of the masses in developing tactics, training the masses on their own. experience; collective leadership, ensuring the development of the correct political. lines, "... the correct relationship between the leading, communist party, revolutionary class, proletariat - and the mass, that is, the entire totality of the working people and the exploited" (ibid., vol. 31, p. 163); suppression of conditions that could give rise to ideology and practice of the cult of the individual that are incompatible with Marxism-Leninism; hardness in carrying out DOS. principles with maximum flexibility in respect of tact. means and methods of activity based on scientific. analysis taking into account the originality of specific int. and int. conditions; self-critical attitude to own. activity, open recognition of own. mistakes and practical. correcting them. "To openly admit a mistake, reveal its causes, analyze the situation that gave rise to it, discuss carefully the means to correct the mistake - this is a sign of a serious party, this is the performance of its duties, this is the education and training of the class, and then m a s s s "(ibid., p. 39). Communist. and the workers' Marxist-Leninist parties are the most consistent. spokesmen for the interests of the working masses. They act as an organizing and guiding force in the struggle for democracy, peace, nat. independence and socialism. After the victory of the socialist. revolution, the Marxist-Leninist parties become the leading political. force in the state. Specific histor. conditions in which occurred? kt. revolution, led to the fact that the leadership of the construction of socialism in the USSR was carried out by one party of the proletariat. The experience of the countries of nar. democracy testifies to the successful use of multiparty in the interests of building socialism. systems, with a cut different parties cooperate within the Nar. (Nat., Fatherland.) Front under the leadership of the communist. party. Communist. party in the capitalist. countries strive for an alliance with all progressive forces in order to curb and overthrow in one way or another the monopoly power. bourgeoisie, conquest and strengthening of the nat. independence, in the struggle for peace and peaceful coexistence. During the societies. developments develop and the span itself. party. So, as a result of the victory of socialism in the USSR, the strengthening of the unity of the Sov. Communist society. the party of the working class became the vanguard of all Sov. people. At the same time, the CPSU remains the exponent of the communist. ideals of the working class, its leading role in building the highest phase of the communist. society. The era of building communism is characterized by an increase in the leading role of the communist. party. As a politician. org-tion communist. the party will cease to exist with the construction and consolidation of a developed classless communist. society. In the communist. society, the management of society will lose political. character. However, the management of the economy, culture, scientific. research will require the existence of an organization, non-political. by its nature, but uniting the most experienced, knowledgeable and authoritative people. In the resolution of the Second Congress of the Comintern "The Role of the Communist Party in the Prolet. Revolution" (1920) (see Communist. International in documents. 1919–32, Moscow, 1933), it was suggested that three fundamental principles would gradually transform in the course of building communism. workers' organizations - parties, councils, trade unions - into a single type of organization. This idea was reflected in the Program of the CPSU. Only practice will show the concrete paths of this process. Lit .: K. Marx, Founding. Manifesto Int. Workers' Associations, K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 16; F. Engels, Principles of Communism, ibid., Vol. 4; him, O politician. the action of the working class, ibid., vol. 17; him, the Party of Workers, ibid., v. 19; Lenin V.I., What are "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the social democrats ?, vol. III, Works, 4th ed., Vol. 1; his, Draft and explanation of the program of the Social-Democrats. parties, ibid., vol. 2; its the same, What to do ?, ibid, v. 5; same, Step forward, two steps back, ibid., v. 7; his, Two tactics of social democracy in a democratic. revolution, ibid., v. 9; him, Tactich. platform to Unite. Congress of the RSDLP. Attitude towards the bourgeois. parties, ibid., v. 10; his, Experience of classification rus. politician parties, ibid., v. 11; same, First important step, ibid, v. 12; him, Politich. parties in Russia, v. 18; his, Results and significance of the presidential elections in America, ibid; his, The latest data on parties in Germany, ibid, v. 19; its the same, Span. the revolution and the renegade Kautsky, ibid., vol. 28; his, the Third International and its place in history, ibid., v. 29; his, Childhood Illness of "Leftism" in Communism, ibid., v. 31; Program documents of the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism, Moscow, 1961; Program of the CPSU (Adopted by the XXII Congress of the CPSU), Moscow, 1961; Steklov Y., Political. parties (their organization, composition, strength and activity), St. Petersburg, 1905; Vasilevsky L.M., Political. parties in the West and in Russia, [issue] 1-2, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1906; Kovalevsky MM, From direct rule of the people to representation and from patriarchal monarchy to parliamentarism, v. 1–3, M., 1906; Leibzon B.M., Lenin's doctrine of the party and sovr. communist movement, M., 1963; Parties in the system of the dictatorship of monopolies, Moscow, 1964; Communists and Democracy. Materials of the exchange of opinions, held in the editorial office of the journal "Problems of Peace and Socialism", Prague, 1964; Joannes W., Multi-Party and the Struggle for Socialism, Problems of Peace and Socialism, 1965, No 2; Bluntschli I. K., Charakter und Geist der politischen Parteien, N? Rdlingen, 1869; Michels R., Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie, 2 Aufl., Lpz., 1925; Calker F. van, Wesen und Sinn der politischen Parteien, 2 Aufl., T? Bingen, 1930; Duverger M., Les partis politiques, 2d., P., 1954; Key V. O., Politics, parties and pressure groups, 4th ed.,?. ?., 1958; Burdeau G., Droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques, 8? D., P., 1959; Bailey S. K., The condition of our national political parties, [?. ?., 1959]; Togliatti P. , Il partito, 1964. A. Aizikovich, Y. Uryas. Moscow.

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