Large group of Ossetians. History of Ossetia
Ossetians for a long time - the people who live in different directions of the Caucasian ridge, which imposed a noticeable imprint on his past and present. Mountains have become a difficult obstinate obstacle that divided the ethnos into two parts.
A very long message between the southern and northern regions was carried out exclusively on the mountain paths. Only in 1984 it was finally conducted a highway connected to the southern and, and until today, this road remains the only one.
History of Ossetian people
Ossetian ancestors are militant nomads - Iranian-speaking tribes, which are talking about writing sources of the I century. It was then that these numerous and powerful Skifo-Sarmatian tribes mastered the predfabcasses and provided a serious impact on the whole region.
In the 6th century, the number of Alanov significantly decreased - most of the tribes left, like many other nations of the world, taking part in the great resettlement of those years, initiated by the invasion of warlike Gunnov. The remaining formed their own state, sprinkling with local tribes.
Under the name "YaSa", Alans are mentioned in the Russian Nikonovsky Chronicle - Prince Yaroslav committed successful for the Russian squad of a trip in 1029. Mongols who captured in the XIII century fertile predfabcasse, forced Alan to retreat in, where modern Ossetia is now and is located. Here they led a typical for life, adopted some customs of their neighbors, but also gently retained their own.
There was nothing about this ethnicity for a long time, while in the XVIII century North, and in the next century did not become part of the Russian state. With the accession of the southern territories, the Tsarist administration rejected the claims of Georgian princes to the serfdom of the Ossetian population. The benefit from joining was mutual. The small-earth people got access to fertile plain, and Russia is control over important passes.
After entering Russia, the history of Ossetia and the history of the Russian state became common. In the 20s of the last century, an event with colossal in future consequences took place: there was an official division into the southern and northern zones for more convenient administration. The northern territory has become a separate republic, South became part.
In the Great Patriotic War, both Ossetia suffered heavy losses - almost all men called to the army, more than half of them fell in battles. In the list of Ossetians of the Heroes of the Soviet Union, dozens of surnames, and by the number of people of the people per hero, it is the descendants of warlike Alanov in the first place!
How Alans became Ossetians
Ossetians Alans became not own willing "So they called neighbors, Georgians, they learned them under this name in Russia. Georgian words "OVSI" and "Yet", folded together, formed "Osseti". It is worth clarifying that the Georgians meant the ASS, which are part of Alanov.
What religion is confess
Orthodox and Muslim communities coexist here for a long time, taking joint participation in rites based on the ancient beliefs of ancestors. Moreover, according to a survey conducted in 2012 by the "Wednesday" service, about 30% of the population counted himself to perceive exclusively. Another feature is Ossetians (about 12-15% according to local authorities) live mainly in the northern zone.
The dominant role in the formation of ancient beliefs was played by Sarmat and Scythians. After resettlement to the mountainous areas, religious traditions were supplemented with elements of local beliefs. This system includes the Supreme Body Huytsau, in whose subordination are the deities - patrons of natural elements. The religious system is tolerant, can perceive new spiritual ideas, therefore Ossetians of Christians and Muslims did not become alien phenomenon for her.
Orthodoxy came to local mountains from Byzantium already in the V century through the Orthodox, and in the 10th century Christianity recognized the official religion of the country. Islam originated in the country in the goldside period, when part of Alans, who served Khanam, accepted Islam. The invasion of Timur led to the loss of the positions of Christianity, but after joining Russia, they were gradually recovered.
Culture, traditions and customs
Many cultural traditions of Ossetians are rooted in the Scythian-Alan past. The long insulation in the mountains, which occurred after the invasion of the Horde of Mongols and Timur, was the cause of the preservation of cultural norms in almost the priority form, although the neighboring peoples affected the rites, and the total culture. That is why scientists of historians and philologists show genuine interest in the language of this people and that part of its culture, which is associated with the Alan period.
Famous Ossetians
In the "Hero of our time", Lermontov about Ossetian was expressed by the words of one of the characters: "... stupid, miserable people." Although nothing says that he also thought, people still offended for it. Although they are confident that in our time, Lermontov would change dramatically. This people presented a lot of outstanding people a lot of outstanding people, and one of them Costa Hetagurov, a writer, founder of Ossetian literature, wrote in Russian.
The conductor Valery Gergiev, the famous wrestler Andyiev, \u200b\u200bis known for the whole world. In Vladikavkaz, Evgeny Vakhtangov lived for a long time, the famous theatrical figure, whose name was called the Moscow Theater. - Motherland Valery Gazzayev, a famous football coach, one of the most titled in Russia. Fifteen Shoten's cousins \u200b\u200band their sister participated in the Batals of the Great Patriotic War. Only four sheltered Shotaians returned home.
Stalin consider half of their Ossetians, because for some sources the father of the head of the Communist Party was Ossetian. The list of famous representatives of the Ossetian people can be continued for a long time. It's just surprising how many well-known cultural figures, athletes, warriors gave this small people - the number of Ossetians is only 700 thousand people in the world, and only about half a million live in native places.
This is a distinctive people who remember her story well. Its traditions and customs have deep roots flowing far in past centuries. Culture is extremely interesting and deserves not only attention, but also development. His best representatives, this is the pride of the entire Caucasus and all of Russia, an example for youth - work and talent allow you to achieve any heights!
Ossetians are the people in the Russian Federation. Number in the Russian Federation - 402275 people. They speak the Ossetian language of the Iranian group of the Indo-European family.
Ossetians are the people in the Russian Federation. The bulk of the population of North Ossetia, about 335,000 people, and Georgia (the main population of South Ossetia). Also live in Kabardino-Balkaria, in Karachay-Cherkessia. The number in Russia is 402.000 people.
The main subecadetic groups: ions and djigans (in the west of North Ossetia).
They speak the Ossetian language of the Iranian group of the Indo-European family. Has two dialects: ion (lay on the basis literary language) and digorsky. Writing since the XIX century on the basis of the Russian alphabet.
Believers - Orthodox, there are Muslims. Most Ossetians confess to Orthodoxy, penetrated in the VI - VII centuries from Byzantium, later from Georgia, from the XVIII century from Russia. Minority - Islam (perceived in the XVII - XVIII centuries from Kabardians); Saved pagan beliefs and rituals. Among the diverse genres of folklore is allocated epos about narts, heroic songs, legends, crying.
The ethnonym of Digor (Ashdigor) is first mentioned in the Armenian geography (VII century). In the same source are twisted. The Georgian historian of Leonthy Mrowel (XI century) indicates the meaning of the "Big Dwalle Road", which was held from Georgia through the territory of Dzllov to the North Caucasus.
Ossetians are one of the most ancient peoples of the Caucasus. Since the times of Scythian campaigns to the front Asia, they are referred to in the Georgian chronicle oats (axes, from here the Russian name of Ossetian). The formation of the Ossetian people is associated with the aboriginal population of the Northern Caucasus and with the arrivals of Iranian-speaking peoples - Scythians, Sarmatians and especially Alanen (in the first century AD). As a result of the subsidence of the latter at the Central Caucasus, the indigenous population took their language and many of the traits of culture. The powerful Union of Alanov established here (the wasps - in Georgian and Yasi, Sony in Russian medieval sources) laid the beginning of the formation of Ossetian nation.
In the XIII century, the Alansky state was defeated by Mongol-Tatars, Alanes are pushed out of fertile plains to the south, in the mountain gorge of the Central Caucasus. Four "societies" formed on its northern slopes (Digorskoe, Alagirskoye, Kurtatinskoe, Tagursk, on the southern, are many smaller "societies", depending on Georgian princes.
Many Ossetian Alan went to Mongolia and especially the countries of Eastern Europe (in Hungary, a large compact group of descendants Alan, who refers to himself, but lost his native language). From the forties of the XVIII century, Russian-Ossetian relations were evolved. The Russian government was created "Ossetian Spiritual Commission". Commission members organized the Ossetian embassy in St. Petersburg (1749 - 1752), contributed to the resettlement of Ossetians in Mozdok and Mozdok steppes and the development of new lands. Ossetians, experiencing acute need in Earth, repeatedly appealed through the Commission asking the Russian government to relocate them in poptic regions North Caucasus. In 1774, Ossetia became part of Russia. The consolidation of Ossetian nation has increased. At the end of the XVIII - XIX centuries The resettlement of part of Ossetians from the mountains began on the plains. The land transferred to the Ossetians by the Russian government was fixed mainly for the Ossetian vest.
After 1917, there is a massive resettlement of Ossetians on the plain. On April 20, 1922, the South Ossetian Autonomous Region was formed as part of the Georgian SSR, in 1924 - the North Ossetian Autonomous Region, which was transformed into the North Ossetian ASSR as part of the RSFSR. In 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted a declaration of state sovereignty of the Republic of North Ossetia.
The traditional Ossetian is agriculture. There is rich national cuisine. The most revered drink is beer produced in the mountains exclusively from barley, and on the plain, in addition, from wheat and corn. Beer is an ancient beverage of Ossetian, according to legend it was invented by the Narovic heroine of Satan.
Ossetian society was divided into several social groups. The Ossetians have retained the elements of many ancient institutions. Among them were particularly distinguished blood revenge, spreading on close and distant relatives and stretching over the years. She arose due to the land, insults of the honor of the house or individual family members, the abductions of women, etc. Reconciliation completed the perpetrator large number cattle and valuable things (weapons, brewing boiler, etc.) and the device "blood table" for treating the sides of the victims. The customs of hospitality, robusts, twottenitudes, mutual assistance, differed little from the same people of the North Caucasus.
One of the peoples living in the North Caucasus is called Ossetians. It has rich and unique traditions. For many years, scientists are interested in the question: "Ossetians - Muslims or Christians?" To answer it, it is necessary to get acquainted with the history of the development of religiosity of this ethnos.
Ossetians in antiquity
The nationality of Ossetians has long been different names. For example, they themselves called "Iron Adam", and the country in which they lived, "Iriston". Georgians called their "OVSI", and the country, respectively, "Oviet".
From the first millennium, our era lived in the North Caucasus, in the Alanian Kingdom. Overall, Mongols and troops of Tamerlane strongly sweat greatly, after which their life line was very modified. Beating under the influence of Georgia, they began to change their lives, and with it and confessional affiliation. The people were quite difficult to live on new conditions and had to be prefabricated in the harsh mountains.
People who watched the life of Ossetians from the side very much, since their country was closed and inaccessible to the outside world because of the mountains shrouded in ice and snow, and even due to the presence of rocks and fleeting rivers. because of ambient The fertility of Ossetia is small: except for cereals, such as oats, wheat and barley, actually nothing there will be born.
Ossetians, whose religion from ancient times was considered to be Christian, today they are only considered those due to compliance with the Great Post, West Icons, faith to priests and churches. More in anything they do not have relation to Christianity. Previously, Ossetians revered many of the gods of natural elements and were looking for parallels between Christian Pantheon and Saints in Muslim. They often brought victims and Christian saints, such as Nicholas, Georgy Victorious, Archangel Mikhail and Oborrhe.
Appearance of Christianity in Ossetia
How became Christians of Ossetians? This religion came to them from Georgia in the XI-XIII centuries - this is according to official data, but not many know that the people met with this faith much earlier. And he entered their life she gradually.
Even in the 4th century, South Ossetians accepted Christianity from Western Georgia. But because of the weakening of faith after the Lasik's waste to Persians, the religious doctrine did not spread further. Again, Christianity declared himself when the Justian hike in Ossetia and Kabarda. It happened already in the VI century. With the activities of Justinian as a missionary, the churches began to be built, and bishops came from Greece. It is for this period that the dissent of the Ossetians to the elements of the Christian cult and the rites. But already in the VII century, the campaigns of Arabs conquerors began, which again suspended the development of Christianity.
Many centuries, religious life in Ossetia remained unstable. There were also Ossetian Christians, and those who adhered to Islamic faith. Both branches have become natives for them.
Research of Vera Ossetin
For many years, this people (Ossetians) adhered to both Christianity and Muslims. Despite the differences in denominations, rites were conducted together. In addition, they were interrelated with old beliefs. Today, North Ossetia has a community of 16 denominations. The researchers constantly monitor the residents of the country and their religion, their attention attracts the form and degree of influence of faith on the people.
Systematically study the beliefs of Ossetians became after the joining of Ossetia to Russia. It is representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church that began to observe as Ossetians, the faith of which was unstable, live, and what traditions are preferred. And the first studies began during missionary activities in the territory of this mountainous country.
Specificity of Faith Ossetin
Thanks to the traditional religion system, many centuries have developed the opinion of the people, which radically differed from monotheistic beliefs. Their faith is open and capable of taking completely new ideas and the views of other denominations. The specifics of the Ossetian religion is the tolerant attitude of this people as Christianity and to Islam. These are these are Ossetians. Muslims or Christians around - it doesn't matter for them. Despite the faith that relatives and friends take, these people relate to them equally, because different times Christianity and Islam were present in the life of the people.
Manifestation of Christianity in Ossetia
The origins on the territory of Alanya could not be studied as well as the arrival of Christianity. There are some discrepancies among scientists. The history of Ossetians suggests that the belief of the sons of Allah began to spread on these lands in the VII century, and other sources claim that Islam became "his" among Ossetians only in the XVIII century. Whatever it was, but it is reliably known that the fracture occurred precisely after the joining of Ossetia to Russia. Religious forms have been sharply transformed and adapted to the new rules. The Orthodox Church began to restore Christianity among Ossetians, although it was not easy to achieve missionaries to achieve the desired result.
Ossetians belonged to baptism as an act necessary for joining the Russian people, and were absolutely not interested in Christian dogmas and, naturally, did not adhere to rites. Several decades left for Ossetians to know the faith of Christ and joined church life. The creation of Christian schools was helped quite strongly, where popular education was happening.
Christianity and Islam began to develop in parallel after the joining of Ossetia to Russia. In some parts of the country, Islam applied, to the greater extent it concerns Western and eastern regions. There, people accepted him as the only religion.
The influence of Russia on the religion of Ossetians
Already at the first Orthodox Russian church, they declared a stronghold of counter-revolution. Subsequently, there were repression directed against the clergy. They stretched out for several decades, began to destroy the churches and temples. The Vladikavkaz diocese has already been crushed in the first 20 years of Soviet power. Ossetians, Christians or Muslims did not have unified Faith. And already in 32-37 years, the second wave of repression was held, then Christianity and Muslim faith suffered. It was during these years in Ossetia that there were mass risks and closures of temples. For example, in Vladikavkaz from 30 cathedrals, only two who act today were survived.
In the 30s, the mosques that were in North Ossetia were destroyed. The best priests of various nationalities were subjected to persecution.
In Soviet times, it became very difficult to exist, but the Orthodox Vera remained traditional and numerous for indigenous Ossetians. Only by the 90s in Ossetia began to revive Islam, the communities began to register, recover the mosques. Until today, the consequences of old attacks and raids are felt. The priests do not have professional special training, the literature necessary for worship, is practically no. This affects the work of Muslim communities. There were attempts to invite young people who were educated in Egypt and in Saudi Arabia, but they led to poor consequences, since, together with them in the Caucasus, an unfamiliar and unusual people began to appear the doctrine of Salafiya.
Modern Ossetia
IN modern world Due to the transformation of religion, its new forms began to appear, which are very far from traditions. Culture Ossetians is also subject to change. Under the guise of recovery of the National Ossetian religion there are attempts to create new currents that can become an alternative to Islam and Christianity. They are defined as non-language. Three such communities in the Republic of Ossetia have already been registered. They try to create a republican organization.
Today, Ossetia has become a small state with a territory of almost 4,000 square meters. km and small population. After the August war with Georgia, Ossetians began to live safely. Georgians left them, but at the same time, the people became very vulnerable. The borders of South Ossetia and Georgia are under the rigid control of the Russian government. Russia specially created border management in South Ossetia. After the war with Georgia, the country is very slowly restored, and its capital Tskhinval has recently begun to truly reconstruct.
Pentecostals and communities of Ossetia
The situation that pretended to religion is rather sore way. Only the Tskhinvalian synagogue survived after the atheism of the Soviet era, and acts to today, however, it was redone under the Jewish cultural center. Nowadays, the Jews have become massively leaving Ossetia and return to Israel, so the synagogue began to work for the Ossetian Pentecostals. But now there is only part of the building, which was from behind, because in the anterior they conducted the worship of the Jews. There are six more communities of Pentecostals throughout Ossetia.
Many representatives of the Ossetian intelligentsia accepted their faith, and worship for convenience are conducted both in Russian and in local languages. Although the Pentecostal today is not officially registered, they are absolutely free and engaged in their own business. This flow occupied a strong position in the public structure of the United Church of Christians with the faith of the Gospel.
Ossetians today
A considerable part of Ossetians to this day is true to traditional beliefs. Different villages of the republic have their own sanctuary and chapels. To date, the Ossetia is restored and reconstructed. Due to the unsatisfactory socio-political situation, many citizens left the country, and those who remained, live on a small salary. People are very hard to engage in construction or acquire the necessary food, since Russia's customs services continue to work in the same scheme as before the war with Georgia. Culture Ossetians does not quickly develop enough, so far they have no opportunity to get a good education and achieve something in life. And it is despite the fact that Ossetia is rich in non-ferrous metals, they have a wonderful wood, the textile industry is reborn. The state may begin to develop and become one of the most modern, but this will take a lot of effort and the new government.
Religion Ossetian today
The history of the people is quite complex, the situation with religion is likely. Who are such Ossetians - Muslims or Christians? It is very difficult to say. North Ossetia remained closed for research, and not so much is known about it. Experts estimated that approximately 20% of the population in the north are the faithful Sons of Allah. Mostly religion this began to rise after many young people of North Ossetia began mainly in the form of Wahhabism. Some people think as if the clergy wants to keep the Muslim religious activities under control, and that it itself is rigidly controlled by the FSB, although it is secretly.
Religion and nationality
South Ossetia has become a refuge for different peoples - Ossetians and Georgians, Russians and Armenians, as well as Jews. In large quantities left the country due to the conflict of the 90s and began to live in Russia. Mostly it is North Ossetia - Alanya. Georgians, in turn, massively drove to their homeland. Orthodox faith, despite all the peripetics, began to prevail among the Ossetians.
Communication of culture and religion
Culture Ossetians is constantly developing, but the people try to adhere to old traditions and teaches this new younger generation. For residents of Ossetia absolutely no matter what religion from their relatives and neighbors. The main thing is good relationship To each other and mutual understanding, and God is one for everyone. Thus, it does not matter who is Ossetians - Muslims or Christians. For spiritual and mental development in the republic, museums and theaters, libraries and educational institutions are open. The state is constantly working on the rise of the economy and other areas.
Persons of Russia. "Live together, remaining different"
The multimedia project "Persons of Russia" has existed since 2006, telling about the Russian civilization, the most important feature of which is the ability to live together, remaining different - such motto is especially relevant for the countries of the entire post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we have created 60 documentaries about representatives of different Russian ethnic groups. There were also 2 cycles of radio broadcasts "Music and the songs of the Peoples of Russia" - more than 40 gears. In support of the first series of films, illustrated almanacies were released. Now we are halfway to the creation of a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a snapshot, which will allow residents of Russia to know themselves and to descend to leave a picture of what they were.
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"Persons of Russia." Ossetians. "These are my mountains", 2006
General
Osset'in Iron, Digoron [self-breaking; Etnonyms of Toylag (Twisters, Naro-Mamsona region) and Husairag (Husar, Ossetian Group in South Ossetia)] are also preserved, - the people of Iranian origin living in the Caucasus, the descendants of Alan, the main population of the two republics of North Ossetia - Alania and South Ossetia (The main population of North Ossetia, the number of about 335 thousand people) and Georgia (the main population of South Ossetia, the number of 65 thousand people); Also live in Kabardino-Balkaria (10 thousand people), in Karachay-Cherkessia (4 thousand people), Turkey and other countries. The number in Russia is 402 thousand people.
According to the 2002 census, the number of Ossetians living in Russia is 515 thousand people, according to the 2010 census. - 528 thousand 515 people. The current number of Ossetians is more than 600 thousand people, taking into account the numerous diaspora living outside of its ethnic territory. Northern Ossetian is the main population of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alanya with a center in the city of Vladikavkaz and is part of Russian Federation. The southern part of the Ossetian people lives on the southern slopes of the Caucasian Range (about 80 thousand people), the Center of the Republic of South Ossetia (2008) in the city of Tskhinval.
The main subecadetic groups: ions and djigans (in the west of North Ossetia). They speak the Ossetian language of the Iranian group of the Indo-European family. It has 2 dialects: Iron (Loeful as the basis of the literary language) and Digorsky. Writing (from the 19th century) on the basis of the Russian alphabet, most Ossetians bilingual (bilingualism - Ossetian-Russian, less often - Ossetian-Georgian or Ossetian-Turkish).
Believers - Orthodox, there are Muslims. Most of the fantastic Ossetians are considered to be Orthodox, who have accepted Christianity in several stages from Byzantium, Georgia and Russia. Part of the Ossetians profess Islam Sunni sense, perceived in the XVII-XVIII centuries from the Kabardians. But a significant part of Ossetians is actually adherents of traditional Ossetian beliefs that have experienced a significant influence of Christianity at certain historical stages.
Cycle of audio sets of "Peoples of Russia" - Ossetians
With the Caucasus Ossetians are associated long. Since the times of Scythian campaigns to the front Asia, they are mentioned in the Georgian chronicle: they are referred to as oats (axes, from here the Russian name of Ossetians). Ossetian people were formed together with the aboriginal population of the North Caucasus (the creators of Kobansky culture) and with the arrivals of Iranian-pagan peoples - Scythians, Sarmatians and especially Alans. This process began in the first century of our era. The powerful Union of Alans, which established in the Caucasus, gave an incentive to the formation of Ossetian nation.
For the first time, the hypothesis of Iranian origin of Ossetians was nominated by Jan Pototsky in the XVIII century. And in the first half of the 19th century, Julius Clapproid was soon confirmed by the Language Research of the Russian Academician Andreas Schogrena.
The ethnonym of Digor (Ashdigor) is first mentioned in the Armenian geography (7th century). In the same source are twisted. The Georgian historian of Leonthius of the rover (11th century) indicates the meaning of the "Big Dwalle Road", held from Georgia through the territory of Dvllov to the North Caucasus. Ossetians are one of the ancient peoples of the Caucasus. Since the times of Scythian campaigns to the front Asia, they are referred to in the Georgian chronicle oats (axes, from here the Russian name of Ossetian). Svants called them Saviar, Megrella - Opsami, Abkhaza - Auaps, Chechens and Ingushi - Iry, Balkarians and Karachai - Duger, Kabardians - Kuushchie. The formation of the Ossetian people is associated with the aboriginal population of the North Caucasus (the creators of Kobansky culture) and with the arrivals of Iranian-pagan peoples - Scythians, Sarmatians and especially Alans (from the 1st century of our era). As a result of the subsidence of the latter at the Central Caucasus, the indigenous population took their language and many of the traits of culture.
The powerful Union of Alanov (wasps - in Georgian and Yaasi, Sony - in Russian medieval sources) laid the beginning of the formation of Ossetian nation. In the 13th century, the Alansky state was defeated by Mongol-Tatars, Alans are pushed from fertile plains to the south, in the Mountain Gorge of the Central Caucasus. On his northern slopes there were 4 major "societies", ascending to the tribal division (Digorskoe, Alagirskoye, Kurtatinskoye, Tagursk, on the southern - many smaller "societies", depending on the Georgian princes. Many Ossetian-Alan went to Mongolia and especially to the countries of Eastern Europe (in Hungary, a large compact group of descendants Alan, who names himself, but lost his native language).
From the 40s of the 18th century, Russian-Ossetian relations were evolved. The Russian government was created "Ossetian Spiritual Commission." The members of the Commission organized the Ossetian embassy in St. Petersburg (1749-52), contributed to the resettlement of Ossetians in Mozdok and Mozdok steppes for settlement and mastering new lands. Ossetians, experiencing acute need in Earth, repeatedly appealed through the Commission asking the Russian government to relocate them in the foothill areas of the North Caucasus. In 1774, Ossetia became part of Russia. The consolidation of Ossetian nation has increased. At the end of the 18th and 19th century, the relocation of part of Ossetians from the mountains began on the plains. The land transferred to the Ossetians by the Russian government was fixed mainly for the Ossetian vest.
After 1917 there is a massive resettlement of Ossetians on the plain. On April 20, 1922, the South Ossetian AO was formed as part of the Georgian SSR, in 1924 - North Ossetian JSC, which was transformed into the North Ossetian ASSR as part of the RSFSR. In 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Republic of North Ossetia.
On the plain the main traditional occupation - agriculture (wheat, corn, millet, barley, etc.). In the mountains, along with farming, cattle breeding (sheep, goats, cattle) was developed. Traditional agriculture system on the plain - Tri-Poly. The main tool in the mountains - the Rail with the iron couch, a harness with a couple of bulls, on the plain - a heavy plow, in the harness of which was 8-10 oxen. The cattle breeding was the most important occupation provided by the Ossetian food, raw materials, force. Sheepading and goat breeding prevailed, on plain - cattle, horses. Domestic crafts were developed, handicrafts - production of cloth, sheepskin, furniture, dishes, wood carving and stone, blacksmith, jewelry, embroidery, etc.
Traditional settlements in the mountains (Kau) are small, cue or ordinary layout, on the plains - larger, outdoor planning. Main construction material - Stone, in wooded gorges - a tree. Houses single or two-story, first floor for livestock, roofs are flat, earthy. Inside the wall was treated with clay, with the appearance of an oven with chimney was delicious. Paul earthy. The windows are small, quadricular. The houses were multicline, designed for a large family. The dining room combined with the kitchen had open focus With a sore chain (considered sacred, like the central support pillar that supports the overlap) and shared on the men's and female halves. For guests, a special room was satisfied - Kunatskaya.
Monuments of traditional architecture are multi-tiered (3-5 tiers or more) combat towers, locks (halongs), residential two-, three-story towers (ganachs), a variety of cryptic structures (Zejpepadz), pagan sanctuers (DZAUR). In South Ossetia, dwellings with a closed terrace and four-tight roof, first floor of stone, second - from the tree. Less wealthy Ossetians lived in turbulent (pintry) and in saman houses, indoor straw or reed.
Traditional men's clothing - Circassian with gazells, Beshmet, shirt, sharovar, burgted, sheepskin fur coat. Headwear - dad from sheepskin or doodle, loaf of cloth, goat fluff, less frequent camel wool, felt hat with wide fields. Shoes are noise, boots, leather, saffian or cloth. The constant belonging of a male costume is a dagger.
Women's casual clothes up to the 19th century, almost identical to the male; With the penetration of elements of Russian culture becomes more diverse. The festive dress, accounted for to the spots, stuck in the waist with a cross in front and long sleeves, under it - a silk skirt; Were wearing a short bridge with a wide belt. Silver-gilded decorations (bibs), appliqués were sewn to the dress. Round velvet hat (wedding) was covered with a light openwork.
Traditional food is close to the food of other peoples of the Caucasus. In the mountains prevailed dairy and meat dishes, on the plain - flour and vegetable. Of the national flour products, pies with meat and cheese, with filling from beans, pumpkins, potatoes, cabbage, etc. have a lot of distribution. From dairy products and dishes are most used cheese, fuel oil, kefir, various porridges on milk. A special place in the diet is a dzykka, prepared from fresh cheese mixed with flour. In South Ossetia, Lobio and Adjabsandal, perceived from Georgians, became favorite vegetable dishes.
The most revered drink is beer produced in the mountains exclusively from barley, and on the plain, in addition, from wheat and corn. Beer is an ancient beverage of Ossetian, according to legend it was invented by Narov's heroine Sat'an. It is usually prepared for large family and public celebrations in huge copper brewing boilers. Wides of Arak (Moonshine) from corn, and in South Ossetia - various wines.
Ossetian society was divided into several social groups. In everyday life, the Ossetians survived the remnants of many ancient institutions. Among them, it was especially distinguished by blood revenge, spreading on close and distant relatives and stretching over the years. She arose due to the land, insults of the honor of the house or individual family members, the abductions of women, etc. The reconciliation was completed by the perpetrator of a large number of livestock and valuable things (weapons, brewing boiler, etc.) and the "blood table" device for treating the sides of the victims. Customs of hospitality, robusts, witness, mutual assistance, atylism differed little from the same peoples of the North Caucasus.
In the Ossetian life, many installations of the generic system are preserved, patriarchals. For example, such a principle as unconditional subordination of the younger senior. In big families, many issues were solved on family councils. The head of the family was the eldest in age. At the same time, quite a few elements and matriarchy have been preserved. Senior women in age are managers on family and public celebrations.
Relics of the generic system were manifested in division on patronmia - Small (Magkag) and a large (oervadoslet). Large families remained even in the first years of Soviet power. All questions were solved on the family council. The rights of the head of the family were limited. Usually the head was the eldest in age. The duties between women distributed his wife or senior woman. The main family was a small family. Patriarchal foundations were dominated in it: the unconditional subordination of the youngest senior, the missile defense of a woman. At the same time, quite a few elements of the matriarchate preserved. An elderly woman enjoyed special respect. The older woman was a manager for family and public celebrations.
Most Ossetians confessed Orthodoxy, penetrating in 6-7 centuries from Byzantium, later from Georgia, from the 18th century from Russia, a minority - Islam (perceived in 17-18 centuries from Kabardians); Salad pagan beliefs and rites. Among the various genres of folklore, epic on narts, heroic songs, legends, crying are distinguished. In the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th century, the Ossetian intelligentsia is formed.
In 1798, the first book was published in Ossetian ("Short Catechism"). In the 40s of the 19th century, the Russian philologist and ethnographer A.M. Ossetian grammar and Ossetian practical alphabet in a Russian basis are composed of Surena. The spiritual and secular literature, folklore texts, school textbooks, and the Ossetian Lira ("Iron Fandyr") began to be published on it. Until the mid-1910s, there were more than 200 primary and secondary schools in Ossetia, a significant number of national intelligentsia developed. fiction, Dramaturgia appeared, prose. Further, education, culture, art, health care, science, and professional theaters, state ensembles, artistic groups have been developed.
B.A. Kaloev
EssaysWhat people give, it will not disappear
When the words "Ossetians", "Ossetian" sound, then for some reason the picture is immediately remembered, on which a young and beautiful woman is depicted, and next to her manly man. He is in the traditional Cherkysk with Gazells, Beshmete, Bourke, on the head - dad from sheepskin or doodle. Young woman dressed in a fitted dress up to the fifth, trimmed with silver with gilding decorations. She has a round velvet hat, covered with a light openwork. All strictly and everything is beautiful. And one more significant detail of a male Ossetian costume is a dagger. It is not only a weapon, but also an important part of strict male psychology.
Life customs customs
Since the times of Scythian campaigns to the front Asia of oats (wasps, from here, the Russian name of Ossetian) is mentioned in the Georgian chronicle. Ossetian people were formed together with the aboriginal population of the North Caucasus (the creators of the Coban culture) and with the arrivals of Irano - the pagan peoples - Scythians, Sarmatians and especially Alans. This process began in the first century of our era. The powerful Union of Alanes, which established in the Caucasus, gave an incentive to form the formation of Ossetian nation. In the XIII century, Mongol-Tatars defeated the Alansky state. Alans were pushed out of fertile plains in the Mountain Gorge of the Central Caucasus. Many Ossetian Alan went to Mongolia, as well as to the countries of Eastern Europe. On the northernmost slopes of the Caucasus, four large communities are formed, ascending to the tribal division: Digorskoe, Alagir, Kurtatinskoe, Tagur. In the forties of the XVIII century, Russian-Ossetian relations are established. The process of rapprochement occurs quickly, and in 1774 Ossetia is already part of Russia. The current number of Ossetians is more than 600 thousand people, taking into account the numerous diaspora living outside of its ethnic territory. The North Ossetian is the main population of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alanya with the center in the city of Vladikavkaz and is part of the Russian Federation. The southern part of the Ossetian people lives on the southern slopes of the Caucasian Range (about 80 thousand people), the center of South Ossetia - in the city of Tskhinval. Especially severity of Ossetians is based on strict compliance with customs. In the folklore, this topic is spelled very carefully: "There is nothing older than the custom in the world." "Life is custom," "Custom is the whole head." "Custom does not grow out." In the Ossetian everyday, many installations of the generic building, patriarchal foundations have been preserved. For example, such a principle as unconditional subordination of the younger senior. In the folklore of the Ossetian people, you can find a lot of judgments confirming the stability of the fundamental principles of the kind, family: who does not honor their ancestors, he himself is unworthy of reverence. Who is good for his mother and father, it is not very stronger in the world. Son is paying for her mother. His offspring lives. Impact the morals and the nature of the Ossetian people is impossible, not knowing what "Agedau" is a code of behavior.
Nose and Farn ancestors
Ossetian has such a notion of "snag", literally conversation. In the center of any Ossetian aul there is an area where old men are going. It is also called snag. Everything sophisticated questions Divided here. On the Nõys, Ossetians occupied places strictly for seniority. When there was a need, the elder gave the right to vote and young people. Thanks to such speeches, young people studied in old people with oratory, as well as respectful attitude towards the elders. And, which is also important, during the work of Napoche (this is like an ancient parliament), young people have comprehended the norms of everyday law, acquainted with the ideological foundations of their people and moral concepts. All the most complex problems, such as conflicts with neighboring peoples, as well as issues related to the reconciliation of the parties participating in the blood revenge, were solved on the Nõrugi. In the North Caucasus, many nations are committed to the old patriarchal lifestyle, but Ossetian the situation is quite unique. They managed to maintain their tongue, culture, religion, tradition almost in primeval form. The most important thing for all Ossetians, including for now living, is contained in the so-called Farman ancestors, Farming of the people. The concept of Farn can be translated into Russian as all the good: happiness, well-being, prosperity, peace, silence, grace.
Dad-man, scarf-woman
In the minds of Ossetian, personal and informed was one of the whole. Each member of the generic team considered himself responsible for his team, and the generic team, in turn, considered himself responsible for each of his member. Ossetians believe that a person can be offended and disgraced physically and morally. Physical insults include a strike with a stick or a leaf. According to folk concepts, the stick exists only for dogs, therefore, who hit a man with a stick equifates him with a dog. In the same humiliating insult is considered to be a shock. After all, only wordless and dyeing slaves were being blissfully beat. Ossetian felt offended when someone touched his headquarters. No matter how poor neither was the Highlander, he always tried to have a good, good. After all, the hat on the views of Ossetians and generally Highlanders - belonging to the real man. Accordingly, the scarf is a belonging of a woman. When you wanted to shake a man for cowardice, he was told that he was not worthwhile to wear a hat. Therefore, let her shift it to the handkerchief, and then there will be no complaints of it for a man at all. Also painfully reacted Ossetians on the verbal insult of his wife, mother or a deceased loved one. The morals of the professional society of centuries were brought up in Ossetian pride and vitality. For insulting the person and human dignity, Ossetians severely Avenged his enemy. Cases of deliberate killings or insult to family members, the kind in inevitably led to blood revenge. The female childbirth could continue in centuries, carrying out dozens of young men. At the same time, even in the most cruel times, the clinber ever touched the children, women and old people never touched. Sooner or later, the blood feud ended with the conclusion of the world. Sometimes it was necessary to have a huge diplomatic and oratory of intermediaries to convince the warring parties to stop meaningless bloodshed. In the proverbs of the Ossetian people we find such eloquent judgments: "The tip of the sword can stretch" (that is, the blood revenge stretches for a long time). "It is unknown who earlier uses - the Debtor's Debt or the Bulk-Avenger." "Revenge is performed only in this light."
Traveling with NARTA Costrodko
As for the light, according to the ideas of Ossetians, this is not a completely extended territory, where the living input is prohibited. In the Ossetian tale of NARTA-heroes there is a poetic story about how Nart by the name of the conviction makes a journey into a majority, to the country of the dead. And there, in the aftermart world, he actively communicates with the ancestors. In Russian, this legend translated the poet Rurik Ivnev. In our opinion, this is a very instructive story, in which without false pathos, the idea is argued that a person always pays for earthly affairs to merit, but in a different life.
1.06.2016
Currently, there is actual injury for traditional Ossetian beliefs. Insults and various accusations for adherents of the faith of ancestors in social networks No longer. There are even calls for the criminal prosecution of supporters of traditional beliefs, with a famous appeal of the Soviet era "Where is the prosecutor's office?". At the same time, critics causes the greatest irritation of critics in the RUO Constitution, according to which Orthodoxy and traditional Ossetian beliefs are equalized in rights (Article 33). The founders of our republic sounds that such a phenomenon at one time received consolidation at the legislative level. But strangely different. Critics of traditional beliefs at the same time allow work on the territory of the RUO of the Georgian Church, various sects ...
Opponents of rebirth folk traditions In the religious sphere they agreed even before they deny the fact of the existence of folk beliefs. In particular, the thought is pushing that the very concept of "traditional Ossetian beliefs" appeared only in our days. Therefore, we propose to your attention the material written by the famous Ossetian writer, a publicist, a translator, an officer of the Russian army by Temirkhanov in the distant 1922.
"Although Ossetians are officially listed by Christians and Muslims, they still hold the religions of their ancestors, according to which they believe in a single God, the creator of the world, the existence of the soul and the afterlime world, and into the world of spirits subordinate to God.
This religion of Ossetians does not know neither temples nor idols, no priesthood or sacred books. Instead of the sacred books, she has a mythology, full of undischarged poetry, exciting that Holy Spark, which raises a person, illuminates and warms his soul, makes him strive for good and light, gives him the courage and effort to fight evil and blurred, inspires him to self-sacrifice For the good of the near.
Instead of an artificial temple, it serves as the temple of the Universe, the beautiful and immense, calling person to swell to the beautiful and infinite. That is why Ossetians make their religious festivities on the lap of nature, on the mountain or in a grove, in the open sky.
Instead of the priest acts the oldest family or family, meetings or society. He is not a carrier of any sacraments, does not call himself a mediator between God and people, but only is an expressant of common feelings and beliefs.
Believing in God, the Creator of the World, Ossetians, however, the sacrifices make only patrons of spirits, believing that the achievement of their goals depends on their intervention. Does this not follow from observation and mind: from observation because it has long been noticed that the desire around which they focus hard and thought and will be achieved by a person, and from reason because it is unreasonable to reduce God to the degree of a perverse creature capable of sacrifices to execute requests wearing most of the egoistic character; Directed to the detriment of others. There is a different deal to the patrons, spirits with passions: it is nothing more than an appeal to his spirit, which has a variety of abilities requiring access to oneself; The stronger the desire, i.e. The requirement aimed at his spirit, especially manifests his inner abilities or its strength and, all the more manages to achieve a person, for the spirit is the same real power of nature, as well as every other power of nature, which can be used in its benefit, if only be able to contact with her.
Ossetians never talk about the essence of God, do not depict him and do not claim anything as given by God said, but they often hear them, like, turning unscrupulous, they say: "Fear of God, have conscience." Do they say that they are "something higher", which should obey the person that this "something higher" manifests itself through the conscience, which, as we know, represents the totality of the best concepts inherited from the ancestors, or perceived by the person themselves. The best concepts contain the desire for a common good, the ministry to which requires, therefore, "something higher", which should obey the person.
Deeply believing in the immortality of the soul, Ossetians believe that those who live on earth are closely, although not apparently, are associated with those who have departed into the afterlife.
The cult of the deceased wears a deeply religious character in Ossetians. The deceased, as a spirit, is alive and does not interrupt connections with living on Earth. The dead are constantly remembering at home sacrifices, and thus descendants penetrate the spirit of the ancestors.
Thanks to this, the fathers see those shoots from themselves from themselves, which will be continuing on Earth and will remember them at home sacrifices. That is why the older and especially the old men take care of children, to their upbringing, and although they cherish children, but they do not indulge them with a well-minded attitude, do not allow themselves in the presence of children and actions that could drop them in the eyes of children. After and these, induzhov, surround the parents and old people with special honor, and from the elderly parents they remove all care, freeing them from labor.
Thus, thanks to the cult of the ancestors, Ossetians in childhood uses a particularly careful attitude of the older generations, then, indurating, assumes all the care of the family and about parents and, finally, in old age, enjoys peace, surrounded by attention and honor.
All the religious festivities of Ossetians serve the development of a solidarity and represent public sneakers on a religious lining. All the latter and the last poor man and the first rich, and the most notable, and simple and in the name of the patrons of the spirits, and the most notable, and simple and in the name of the patrons of the spirits, and the latter and disadvantage, are sitting at a common meadow The exploits of folk heroes, as well as about public and national affairs.
All this creates an atmosphere of general lift and promotes mutual understanding and spirit of unity.
Thanks to this, people of various social provisions make up one broad society, they are found as equal, come from each other, and feasts and envelope are carried out together. This communication raises the mental horizon of poor and uneducated Ossetians, unfamiliar with the life of cultural centers, and intellectuals do not allow to break away from the people and turn into a narrow closed circle. The same communication is called mutual assistance, strongly developed in Ossetians, and respect for the human person, tolerance to others, and as a result of all this excerpt and tact in relations and public discipline.
The spirit of religiosity penetrates the customs of Ossetians and because one already fulfill them enforces the relationship of people and gives them slimity and beauty.
In general, religion of Ossetian gives the laws of morality and teaches hard work, courage, excerpt and self-sacrifice.
This religion is the power that supported the disadvantage of the spirit of Ossetians in their titanic struggle with the natural disasters of the mountains and their infertility, as well as the pleasure of the enemies who did not give them the opportunity to breathe freely.
So great and beneficial influence of the Ossetian religion, and it is not surprising that with such a powerful influence of the native religion, Ossetians could not succumb to the influence of alien religions, despite the fact that the ingenic conquerors of the whole power of their state apparatus supported their religion, realizing well, that only by grafting She can finally conquer Ossetians.
Nor Orthodoxy, the Byzantine and Georgian, armed in the Middle Ages, nor Muslim, brought from the East and the North, nor Orthodoxy, the Russian, exhausted by police measures, were not rooted in Ossetia, and Ossetians, according to this course, continue to confess the faith of their ancestors, but do not want to be ridiculous Like Don Quixote and do not struggle with windmills. From that night, Ossetians did not restore and do not rise against the ridiculous work of the aliens, forcibly planted their religion.
Let them build temples and satisfy the priests, the name of God's preaching the most ridiculous absurdities, but this Ossetians does not interfere with seeing the universe of God in the universe, and in their mythology is the best leader and inspirer.
Deeply religious worldview of Ossetians, inherited by them from the ancestors, did not allow them to make them alien to religions. This was saved by Ossetians from the degrading influence of the official church, aspiring to capture and settle the soul conquered. And the ministers of Russian Orthodoxy were able to be able to be able to be able to be clarifiers and their friends of Russifiers, this is seen from the history of Orthodoxy's planting in Ossetia.
According to the final conquest of Ossetians, the royal government according to the plan of Holy Synod laying in the Ossetian of missionaries, who, without having success in preaching Orthodoxy, became gifts to lure children and the poor and those who were attributed to Orthodoxy. Children interested in gifts were the masses, without the knowledge of the parents, and the poor, hunters of light profit were several times, calling themselves in other people's names. In addition, missionaries contributed to the lists of surround and many such people who were not at all.
All, therefore, their children shown by the crisp began to be considered the royal government of Orthodox, and it set up to them the church and put the priests. But these Ossetians, not believing themselves Orthodox, did not attend churches and did not pay attention to the priests.
Then the government, through the police bodies, began to force them to visit the churches and to the execution of Orthodox rites, for the evasion of which they began to subjected to persecution, reaching imprisonment and to the separation of her husband with his wife (not marked), at least they had children , And the family began to break down and ruin the farms, but the Ossetians still continued to continue the boycott of the Orthodox Church, without visiting it, and not fulfilling her rites.
Then the government saw that his repression was a little help to spread Orthodoxy in Ossetia, and decided to move to the measures of an educational nature, and for this purpose began to cover the Network of the Church Girls and opened the Ossetian Spiritual School in Ardon.
So, the facts themselves say that in life Ossetians their native religion is a powerful factor guarding them from all hostile and disconnecting influences.
In it, in this religion, all the innermost beliefs of Ossetians, which constitute the basis of his worldview, which cannot be killed by any violence. She, this religion of Ossetians, deeply religiously, as it encourages to strive for good and light and fight evil and darkness. "
Our certificate
Temirkhanov Soslant Gavrilovich (1881 -1925). Born in the peasant family in 1881. Father - Temirkhanov Gavril Alekseevich, Mother - Gabueva Ekaterina Andreevna. The family was the suffer from six children. Initially, he received a home education, after the 6th grades of the real school, and in 1904 it was released in the rank of the pyflis Junkers school.
Participant of the Russian-Japanese war. He was awarded the Order of the "St. Anne" of the 4th degree with the inscription "For courage in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905.". Participated in the revolution 1905-1907. Member of the First World War. For courage and manifested courage was awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir with a saber and a bow.
In addition to military service, being gifted by a gifted man, attracted an attraction to the humanitarian sciences. He was a writer, a historian, a researcher, a publicist, translator, a collector of monuments of people's literature, a teacher, an expert on the Ossetian language. In Ossetian language, they were written by the book "Ira of the history" ("History of Ossetia"), which came out with a separate publication in 1913 under the pseudonym "Vano". The author covers the historical past of the Ossetian people, the spread of our ancestors in Europe, the high culture of the people and its fall in connection with endless wars.
Since 1920 he worked in Vladikavkaz. She held various positions. He was the proofreader of the Ossetian language under the printing house of the Gorsky, it was a drug addict, a teacher of the Ossetian language ... collaborated with the newspaper "Kermen", published stories ("Fallula", "Labor" ...). Posted by the historical essay about the hero of the Ossetian people of the Middle Ages Os-Bogatyr, who was published by a separate book in 1922.
He wrote, as a rule, in Ossetian, was his connoisseur. But in the archive of Sigi, manuscripts were found written by S.temkhanov and in Russian in 1922: the two essays "Ossetians" and "National Religion of Ossetians".
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