Story about War Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya brief content. Brief biography Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
On September 13, 1923, a girl was born, on the example of which was brought up not one generation. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya - Hero of the Soviet Union, 18-year-old yesterday's schoolgirl, staging under the most severe torture of the fascists and not issued comrades for partisan movement
Those who grew up and adults during the Soviet Union, do not explain who is Zoya. She became a symbol, an icon, an example of unreleased courage and self-sacrifice in the name of the Motherland. It is impossible to even imagine what courage must be posted to go to the right death and torture. Few of modern people could decide on it.
And Zoe did not even think. As soon as the war began, she immediately went to the draft board and did not calm down until she was enrolled in the intelligence and sabotage group. Her head immediately warned his fighters: 95% perished. It is likely that after brutal torture. But no one left: everyone was ready for death for their homeland.
In the 90s, when there were sharp changes in our country and much of what was previously hidden and silent, there were people who wanted to question the feat of Zoe.
Version 1: Zoya was mentally ill
In 1991, the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper came a letter, signed by supposedly doctors of the Scientific and Methodological Center for Child Psychiatry. They wrote that at 14-15 years Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya More than once lay in the children's hospital. Kashchenko With suspicion of schizophrenia. This letter was one of the responses to the previously published article, in which the circumstances of the death of Zoya were audited.
Komsomol ticket Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Source: wikimedia.org. However, no documents confirming that Zoya suffered schizophrenia was not found. Moreover, in the archives did not even find the names of doctors, which allegedly put this diagnosis of the patient of the Kosmodemyanskaya. The only thing that is not in doubt is the suffering from the age of 17, sharp meningitis. With this diagnosis, she lay in the Botkin hospital, and then recovered in the sanatorium.
Under the version of "Schizophrenia", especially zealous "Fighters for the truth" tried to bring the phenomenon of zoic courage: they say, schizophrenics in general the unknown fear for their lives, they used during the war, formed combat groups from mentally ill people, and those calmly rushed under the train, To blow it up or openly approached the headquarters of the fascists and set fire to them ... Here, they say, and Zoe did not feel fear of the Germans, because he was sick: he was in a stupor. But the prosecutors could not have been able to prevent any evidence of the disease.
Some, however, it still seems that love for homeland, durability and courage is an abnormality that otherwise than mental disabilities, it is impossible to explain.
Version 2: Not Zoya died, but lily
At about the same time, when the fascists killed a zoya, near Moscow, near the village of Petrishchev, disappeared without a different intelligence - Lilya (Leiha) Ozolina. Some historians suggested that it was Lilya that became the heroine that the villagers were executed in front of the villagers and which was called Tanya, not to open its real name. In favor of this version some moments said. For example, the identification of the disfigured body of the mother happened more than a month after death.
It would be possible to doubt the objectivity of an unfulfilled woman who lost her daughter. But as soon as the first voices were heard in favor of this version, the research institute of the forensic examination of the Ministry of Justice of Russia fulfilled the forensic examination, the results of which were confirmed by the unconditional personality of Zoe.
Version 3: Zoya made slandering actions
This, in fact, is not a version, but clarifying the essence of the task that Zoya received and when executing which he died. The Hero of the Soviet Union tried to put in guilt the largest mistake of the Supreme Commander Joseph Stalinawho decided to apply to the coming to Moscow with the fascists "tactics of the scorched land", making an order No. 428.
According to this order, Soviet sabotage groups should have destroyed all the Moscow region settlements so that the Germans there were no place to hide from the cold and that they could not take Moscow.
Today, all the crime of such an order is already clear, because he left and no chance of salvation without only Germans, but first of all the inhabitants of the villages of the villages found themselves in the occupied territory. But is it possible to blame why she diligently performed an order that could not not fulfill?
How Mama Zoya was forced to become a "professional" mom of heroes
Zoya did not have time to marry and give birth to children. However, the descendants of this family live today: for example, actress Zhenya Ogurtsova, known to the audience for the role in the series "Ranetki" and by participating in the music group with the same name, - the grandchildren of Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya. More precisely, her grandfather was a cousin Zoe.
After the feat of Zoya became known and assigned to her the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously), and her younger brother Alexander also died and also got the same high title, Love Timofeevna Kosmodemyanskaya stopped belonging to myself. They made a professional "mother of heroes".
She had to perform without a breather before going to the front fighters, before schoolchildren, workers, participants in the labor front ... Of course, she could not tell people what he thought to share their pain: every word of her word was carefully seen and grinded that the listeners were inspired by example Zoe and began to fight and worry about the glory of the Motherland. No "personal" emotions love Timofeevna show could not.
After the war, it was forced to become a public figure. Lyubov Timofeevna was sent as part of delegations to socialist countries, where she once again repeated his speech. Every day - in humans, every day - under the uncomfortable approach of the special services ... So it continued almost all her life. In 1978, Mom Zoe and Shura died.
In the house of the cucumber, a small bronze bust of Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya is kept. Zhenya knows about his brave relative of Zhenya from early childhood. Her mother, Tatyana Anatolyevna, Zoe's niece, said that her father as a relative of the hero had the right to many benefits, but never used them, as it believed that it was not quite honest. Apparently, these features are decency, modesty and hyperence, which many are considered abnormal, - hereditary.
Booker Igor 02.12.2013 at 19:00
From time to time attempts are made to blacken the feat of True folk heroes Soviet era. The dedicated 18-year-old Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya did not avoid this fate. How many dirt ears were poured into it in the early 90s, but time was washed away and this foam. These days 72 years ago, Zoya died by the death of martyrs, holy believing in his homeland and her future.
Is it possible to defeat the people who retreating leaves the enemy the scorched land? Is it possible to put on the knees of people if women and children are unarmed ready to break the throat of a hefty kids? To defeat such heroes, you need to try to make them no longer. And here there are two ways - the violent sterilization of mothers or castration of the memory of the people. When the enemy came to Holy Rus, he always opposed the people of high faith. In different years, she changed the external covers, inspiring a Christ-loving military for a long time, and then he fought under the kumachi banners.
It is significant that the first of the women who, in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously) was born in the family of hereditary priests. Zoya Anatolyevna was ordinary for Orthodox priests the name Kozmodemyanskaya. By its origin, the surname is obliged to Saint Miracle Miracle Brothers and Damian. In the Russian people, the Greeks-Bescarians quickly redested on their own ways: Kozma or Kuzma and Damian. Hence the surname that Orthodox Batyushki was worn. Grandfather Zoe, the priest of the Znamensky Church in the Tambov village of Osino-Guy, Peter Johnventich Kozmodemyansky, in the summer of 1918 after the brutal strongest of the Bolsheviks drowned in a local pond. Already in the Soviet years, the usual writing of the name - Kosmodemyansky. The son of the Martyr Priest and the Father of the Future Heroine, Anatoly Petrovich, first studied in the spiritual seminary, but was forced to quit her.
Name:Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (Zoya KosmodeMyanskaya)
Age: 18 years
Activity: Intelligence, Hero of the Soviet Union
Family status: was not married
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya: biography
On January 27, 1942, the article of Peter Lidova "Tanya" was published in the newspaper "Pravda". The sketch was told on the heroic death of young Komsomolskaya, the partisans called the name of Tanya during torture. The girl captured the Germans and hanged on the square in the village of Petrishchev, in the suburbs. Later it was possible to establish a name: it turned out to be Komsomolka Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. The girl called the name of Tanya in memory of the idol, the Hero of the Civil War Tatiana Solomakh.
Hero of the Soviet Union Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya Not one generation of Soviet youth increased by the example of the courage, dedication and heroism of young people, such as Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who gave life to the fight against fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War. The guys knew that, most likely, would die. They do not need fame - they saved their homeland. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became the first woman who received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously) during the Great Patriotic War.
Childhood
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was born on September 13, 1923 in the village of Osinov Gai, the Gavrilovsky district of the Tambov region. Mom love Timofeevna (in Churikov's Majicist) and Father Anatoly Petrovich worked school teachers.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (second right) with parents and brother Father loved for some time in the spiritual seminary. Rose into the family of the priest Peter Johnventich Kozmodemiansky, who served in the church in the village of Osin Guy. In the summer of 1918, for the help of the counter-revolutionary priests, the Bolsheviks suffered and death. The body was found only six months later. The priest is buried by the walls of the Znamensky Church, in which the service was led.
In the village, the Zoe's family lived to 1929, and then, fleeing from the Donos, moved to Siberia, in the village of Shttleino Irkutsk region. There the family lived a little over a year. In 1930, Olga's older sister, who worked in the People's Commissariat, helped Kosmodemyansky to move to Moscow. In Moscow, a family lived on the outskirts, near the station near Moscow, in the Timiryazevsky Park area. From 1933 after the death of his father (dad girl died after surgery on the intestines) Zoya with the younger brother Sasha remained three of them with mom.
Zoya and Sasha Kosmodemyansky Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya graduated from the 9th grades of the 201st School (now Gymnasium No. 201 named after Zoe and Alexander Kosmodemyanskih) city of Moscow. Studied for "excellent"; He loved the story and literature, dreamed of entering a literary institute. Because of a direct nature found hard mutual language with peers.
Since 1939, according to the memories of the mother, Zoya suffered from nervous disease. At the end of 1940, Zoya got sick with sharp meningitis. In the winter of 1941, after severe recovery, the strength went to Sokolniki, in a sanatorium for people, patients with nervous diseases. There I got acquainted and made friends with the writer.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in Sanatorium in Sokolniki To come true for the future of Zoe, as well as peers, prevented the war. On October 31, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, together with 2,000 volunteers from the Komsomol, came to the draft point, located in the Colosseum Cinema, from where he went to the prerequisite training in a sabotage school. The kit was made from yesterday's schoolchildren. Preference was given to athletes: Yurik, strong, hardy, able to withstand heavy loads (such people were also called "people with increased patency").
When entering the school, recruits warned that in sabotage work to 5% survive. Most partisans dies, captured to the Germans when performing shuttle raids in the opponent's rear.
After preparation, Zoya became a member of the intelligence and sabotage part of the Western Front and abandoned in the rear of the enemy. The first combat task of Zoe was successful. It as part of a subversive group mined the road near Volokolamsk.
Feat Kosmodemyanskaya
Kosmodemyanskaya received a new combat assignment, in which in a short time, the partisans were ordered to burn the village of Anashkino, Gribsovo, Petrishchevo, Usadkovo, Ilyatino, Grachev, Pushkino, Mikhailovskoye, Bugailovo, Korovina. To undermine the fighters, several bottles with an incendiary mixture were issued. Such assignments of the partisans were given in accordance with the order of the Supreme Commander No. 0428. It was the policy of "scorched land": the enemy led an active attack on all fronts, and to slow down the promotion, the objects of life were destroyed on the way.
The village "Petrishchevo", in which Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya died According to many, these were very cruel and unreasonable actions, but it was required in the realities of the terrible war - the Germans were rapidly approaching Moscow. On November 21, 1941, on the day of the exit to the task of diversants-scouts, the troops of the Western Front led heavy battles in the Stalinogorsk direction, in the Volokolamsk district, Mozhaisk, Tikhoretsk.
To perform the task, two groups of 10 people are highlighted: Group B. S. Khorinov (19 years old) and P. S. Provorova (18 years), which included Kosmodemyanskaya. Under the village of Golkovo, both groups were in the ambush, the losses: some of the saboteurs were killed, and some partisans captured. The remaining fighters were united and the execution of the operation continued under the Kriunov team.
Near this barn was captured by Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya On the night of November 27, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, together with Boris Krhinov and Vasili, I set fire to Petrishchev (this village performed by the German transportation of the Germans) Three houses that have a connection knot, and the Germans were quartered before shipping to the front. And also destroyed 20 horses intended for transportation.
For further execution of the task, the partisans were collected in an agreed place, but Cranes did not wait for their own and returned to the camp. Clikov grabbed the Germans. Zoya decided to continue the task.
Captivity and torture
On November 28, after the darkness of the darkness, the young partisan tried to set fire to the shed heads of Sviridov, who gave the nights of the Fascists, but was noticed. Svirida raised the alarm. The women arrested the girls arrested. During the detention, Zoya did not shoot. Before the task, she gave a girlfriend's weapon, Claudia Miloradova, who was coming to the task first. The Pistol of Claudia was faulty, so Zoe gave a more reliable weapon.
From the testimony of the residents of Petrishchevo Vasily and Praskovy Kulik, in the house of which led the Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, it is known that the interrogation was led by three German officers with a translator. It was stripped and sequels with belts, drove to spread in the cold. According to witnesses, the Germans failed to snatch information about partisans from the girl, even by inhuman torture. The only thing that said, called Tanya's name.
Witnesses have shown that local residents of A. V. Smirnov and F. V. Solina, whose houses were injured from the arsons of partisans in torture. Later they were sentenced to shooting under Article 193 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for cooperation with the fascists during the war.
Casman
On the morning of November 29, 1941, beaten, with frostbitten legs, Kosmemyanskaya Kosmodemyanskaya brought to the street. There, the Germans have already prepared the gallows. The girl's chest hung a sign on which in Russian and German was written: "Homes of houses". Many Germans and local gathered on the spectacle. Fascists photographed. At that moment the girl shouted:
"Citizens! Do not stand, do not look. It is necessary to help to fight the Red Army, and for my death our comrades will distort the German fascists. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated. "
Incredible courage is to stand on the edge of the grave and, without thinking about death, call to dedication. At that moment, when Zoe put on a loop on the neck, she shouted the word legend:
"How much do we hang, everyone does not exist, we are 170 million. But for me, our comrades will be distorted. "
I did not have time to say anything more.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged Hannored Komsomol dates were not shot from the gallows for another month. Above the insistered body continued to mock the fascists passing through the village. On the eve of the new 1942, the rugged knives, bare, with a sliced \u200b\u200bbreast, Zoe's body removed from the gallows and allowed to bury the villagers. Later, when the Soviet land was cleared of fascists, the ashes of Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya reburied in the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Confession
Young Komsomolic is a symbol of the era, an example of the heroism of the Soviet people shown in the fight against the fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War.
However, information about the partisan movement of that time decades was classified for decades. This is due to military orders and methods of execution, on a simple view of the average man, too cruel. And inexpensively leads to any kind of speculation, and even simply - to the insinuations of "critics from history".
So, in the press there are articles about the schizophrenia of the Kosmodemyanskaya - allegedly, the feat made another girl. However, we are irreversible that the Commission consisting of representatives of the Officers of the Red Army, representatives of the WLKSM, a member of the VCC (b), witnesses from the village council and villagers, with identification confirmed that the corpse of the shot girl belongs to the Muscovite Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya, which is noted in the act from February 4, 1942. Today there is no doubt about it.
Tank with the inscription "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya" Heroes killed and comrades Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya: Tamara Makhinko (crashed during landing), sisters Nina and Zoya Suvorov (killed in battle under Sukhinichi), Masha Golotyukov (grenade broke in his hands). The heroic and the younger brother Zoe - Sasha. Alexander Kosmodemeyansky 17-year-old went to the front, having learned about the heroic death of the sister. A tank with the inscription on the side "Zoe" was a lot of fighting. Alexander heroically proved to almost the very end of the war. He died in the battle for the support point in the town of Fir Cirudenkrug, near Königsberg. Awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
Memory
The image of the heroine Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya found widespread in monumental art. Museums, monuments, busts - reminders of the courage and dedication of the young girl are still in sight.
In memory of the Zoe Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya, the streets are named in the post-Soviet space. Street Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya is in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Ukraine.
Other objects are called the name of the guerriana-diversantchiks: Pioneer Camps named after Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya, schools and other educational institutions, library, asteroid, electric locomotive, tank regiment, vessel, village, peak in Zailish Alatau and BT-5 Tank.
The execution of Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya is displayed in works of art. The most recognizable works belong to the artist Dmitry Mochal and the creative team of "Kukryniks".
In honor of Zoya, poems were greeted, and. In 1943, the Stalinist Prize was awarded Margarita Aliger, who dedicated to the Kosmodemyanskaya poem "Zoya." The tragic fate of the girl toned and foreign authors - the Turkish poet of Nazima Hikmet and the Chinese poeti Qina.
Know Soviet people that you are descendants of fearless warriors!
Know the Soviet people that the blood in you flows the great heroes,
delivered for the homeland of life, not mindful about the benefits!
Know and honor Soviet people feats of grandfathers, fathers!
Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya Born on September 13, 1923 in the village of Osinovy \u200b\u200btraffic police of the Tambov region. A completely young girl showed the highest human valor. Zoya gave life to protecting his homeland. I bow before the zoya and the memory of her feat will be eternal in our hearts.
November 29, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was executed by the Nazis after brutal torture in the village of Petrishchevo of the Moscow region. And a few days after that, December 5, 1941, the turning point began in the Great Patriotic War . Now you understand why the Nazis was so cruel to the zoya and what exactly Zoya did not tell them the price of their young life.
The name Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya is known to each of the history textbooks. Photos of violence over the young Soviet girl, made in 1941, flew around the world. The execution of the brave guerrilla Fascists tried to shoot from all angles, her speech before death witnesses remembered the Word for Word, and the feat of Zoe was removed dozens of films.
In November 1941, a group of Soviet soldiers, among whom were NKVD employees, including the young Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, coming out of the front line. Their task is to intelligence the live strength and technology of the enemy, destroy the Communications of the Nazis, destroy the food reserves in the rear of the enemy. In the Moscow region Petrishchevo, the bold intelligence was due to failure. Here the Komsomolka and grabbed the fascists.
The girl was tortured for a long time. But the brave guerrilla, despite the terrible pain, did not give out his comrades and did not ask for a mercy.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became the first woman - the hero of the Soviet Union. In honor of it, villages, schools, ships, military units, as well as dozens of streets across the country and abroad are named. Interest in life and the feat of Kosmodemyanskaya does not subside so far. Every year about 20 thousand people come to the Museum in Petrishchevo.
First, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was buried in Petrishchevo. In 1942, urn with rice is reburied in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery. A monument was established, which was not preserved to this day.
Mom Zoe love Timofeevna at the funeral of his daughter. April 1942.
Hero of the Soviet Union
Cavalier Orden Lenin
Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was born on September 13, 1923 in the village of Osino-Guy of the Gavrylovsky district of the Tambov region, in the family of hereditary local priests.
Her grandfather, the priest Peter John Kosmodemyansky, was executed by the Bolsheviks for hiding in the church of counter-revolutionaries. The Bolsheviks on the night of August 27, 1918 grabbed him, and after brutal, the tortures were drowned in the pond. Father Zoe Anatoly studied in the spiritual seminary, but did not graduate from her. He married the local teacher of Lyubov Churikova, and in 1929 the Kosmodemyansky family was in Siberia. According to some statements, they were exiled, but according to Mother Zoe - Love Kosmodemyanskaya - fled from the Donos. During the year, the family lived in the village of Shttleino on Yenisei, then managed to move to Moscow - perhaps, thanks to the troubles of the sister's love of the Spaceman, who served in the People's Commissariat. In the children's book "Tale of Zoe and Shura", the Kosmodemyanskaya love also reported that moving to Moscow occurred after the letter of Sisters Olga.
Zoe's father - Anatoly Kosmodemyansky - died in 1933 after surgery on the intestine, and the children (Zoya and her younger brother Alexander) remained on the upbringing of the mother.
In school, Zoya studied well, especially interested in history and literature, dreamed of entering a literary institute. However, her relationship with classmates did not always develop the most the best way - In 1938 she was elected by Komsomol Group, but then did not re-election. According to the testimony of the love of the Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya, he was sick of the nerve disease since 1939, when he passed from the 8th to the 9th grade ... peers did not understand her. She did not like the inconstancy of the girlfriends: Zoya was often sitting alone, worried that she said that she was a lonely man, and that could not pick up a girlfriend.
In 1940, she suffered acute meningitis, after which he was rehabilitated in the winter of 1941 in the sanatorium on nervous diseases in Sokolniki, where he became friends with the writer Arkady Gaidar there. In the same year she graduated from 9 classes high School No. 201, despite a large number of Missed occupation disease.
On October 31, 1941, Zoya, among the 2000 Komsomol residents, volunteers, appeared to the place of collection at the Colosseum Cinema and from there was taken to a sabotage school, becoming a fighter of the intelligence and sabotage part, who was officially called the "partisan part 9903 of the Western Front headquarters". After three-day learning Zoya, as part of the Group, was transferred to the Volokolamsk area on November 4, where the group successfully coped with the mining of the road.
On November 17, the order of Stalin No. 0428 was published, who prescribed to deprive the "German army of the opportunity to be located in villages and cities, expel the German invaders from all settlements to the cold in the field, smoke them from all the premises and warm shelters and make the open air, with what The purpose of "destroying and burning the duck all settlements In the rear of the German troops at a distance of 40-60 km deep from the front edge and 20-30 km to the right and left from the roads. "
To fulfill this order, the 18th (according to other information on the 20th) of November, the commanders of the sabotage groups of Part No. 9903 P. S. Provorov (Zoya entered his group) and B. S. Kravenev received a task to burn within 5-7 days 10 settlements, including Petrishchevo village (Ruza district of the Moscow region). Participants of the groups had 3 bottles with an incendiary mixture, a gun (Zoe was "Nagan"), dry pie for 5 days and a bottle of vodka. Going out for the task together, both groups (10 people each) came under the shelling at the village of Golovkovo (10 kilometers from Petrishchev), suffered heavy losses and partially dissipated. Later, their remnants were united under the command of Boris Krotnev.
On November 27, at 2 o'clock in the morning, Boris Kraisi, Vasily Talkrak and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya setulated three houses of the residents of Karelova, Solntsev and Smirnov in Petrishchev, while the Germans killed 20 horses.
It is known about the future that Zoe and Golkova did not wait for Zoe and Golkova in the agreed place of the meeting and gone safely returned to his. Talking was captured by the Germans, and Zoe, kneading with his comrades and remaining alone, decided to return to Petrishchevo and continue the azzaths. However, the Germans, and the locals were already on guard, and the Germans created the protection of several Petrishchev's men who were entrusted to follow the appearance of the arsonis.
With the occurrence of the evening on November 28, while trying to set fire to the Sarai S. A. Sviridov (one of the guards designated by the Germans ") Zoya was noticed by the owner. The people caused by the houses grabbed the girl around 7 o'clock in the evening. Sviridov for it was awarded the Germans of a bottle of vodka and subsequently sentenced to the Soviet court to the shooting. At the interrogation, Kosmodemyanskaya called Tanya and did not say anything definite. Dogged breakdown, her belts, then the clock-fitted clock for 4 hours drove her barefoot, in one lingerie, on the street in the cold. Local residents of Solina and Smirnov (chaphericarians) were also trying to join the torture of the singer and Sirnov (Pogoretian), who gave birth to a cauldron. And Solina, and Smirnov were subsequently sentenced to shooting.
At 10:30 the next morning, Zoya was taken to the street, where the hung hinge was already built, she hung up a sign with the inscription "Pyro". When Zoya led to the gallows, Smirnova struck her with a stick, shouting: "Who did you hurt? My house burned, and the Germans did nothing ... ".
The execution itself, one of the witnesses describes as follows: "Before the gallows herself led her under his arms. She went smoothly, with his head raised, silently, proudly. Brought to the gallows. There were many Germans and civilians around the gallows. Made to the gallows, commanded to expand the circle around the gallows and began to photograph her ... with her there was a bag with bottles. She shouted: "Citizens! You do not stand, do not look, but you need to help fight! This my death is my achievement. " After that, one officer swung, while others shouted at her. Then she said: "Comrades, victory will be behind us. German soldiers, not too late, give up. " The officer screamed viciously: "Rus!" "The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated," she said all this at the time when she was photographed ... then stained the box. Without any team, she became the box herself. German came up and began to wear a loop. She shouted at that time: "How much do not hang us, you do not exit all, we are 170 million. But for me, our comrades will be distorted. " She said it already from the loop on her neck. She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the drawer was removed from under his feet, and she hung. She took up his hand of his hand, but the German hit her hand. After that, everything went away. "
The resulting personnel of Zoe's execution did one of the soldiers of the Wehrmacht, who was shortly killed.
The body of Zoe was kept on the gallows about a month, repeatedly exposed to abuse from the German soldiers passing through the village. Under the new 1942, drunken Germans rided with rimpled clothing and once again abarted over the body, spars of his knives and cutting off his chest. The next day, the Germans retracted to remove the gallows and the body was buried by local residents behind the village of the village.
Subsequently, Zoya was reburied at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
The fate of Zoya became widely known from the article by Peter Lidov Tanya, published in the Pravda newspaper on January 27, 1942. The author accidentally heard the execution of Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya in Petrishchev from a witness - the elderly peasant who shook the courage of an unknown girl: "She was hanging, and she said. She was hung, and she threatened everything ... ". Lidov went to Petrishchevo, asked in detail the inhabitants and based on their questions published an article. They argued that the article noted Stalin, allegedly said: "Here is a folk heroine," and precisely from this point on, the propaganda campaign is taken around Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya.
Her personality was soon established, this was reported by the "True" in the article Lidov from February 18, "who was Tanya." Even earlier, on February 16, a decree was signed on the posthumous title of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
During and after restructuring, on the wave of anti-communist propaganda, the new information about Zoe appeared in the press. As a rule, it was based on rumors, not always accurate memories of eyewitnesses, and in some cases, and speculation - which was inevitably in a situation where documentary information contrary to the official "myth" continued to stay secret or just declassified. M. M. Gorinov wrote about these publications that they reflected some facts of the biography of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, stuck in Soviet times, but were reflected in the mirror curve - in a monstrously distorted form. "
Some of these publications argued that Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya suffered from schizophrenia, others - that she was arranged at home, in which there were no Germans, and was captured, beaten and transferred to the Germans themselves. The assumption was also put forward that actually the feat did not see Zoya, and the other Komsomolka-Diversantka - Lily Azolin.
Some newspapers wrote that she was suspected of schizophrenia, based on the article "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya: a heroine or a symbol?" In the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" (1991, No. 43). The authors of the article are the leading doctor of the Scientific and Methodological Center for Child Psychiatry A. Melnikova, S. Yuryeva and N. Kasmelson - wrote: "Before the war in 1938-39, a 14-year-old girl named Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was repeatedly on a survey in the leading scientific and methodological The center of child psychiatry and lay in the hospital in the children's department of the hospital. Kashchenko. She was suspected of schizophrenia. Immediately after the war, two people came to the archive of our hospital and seized the history of Kosmodemyanskaya disease. "
Other evidence or documentary confirmations of suspicion of schizophrenia in articles were not mentioned, although in the memoirs of the mother and classmates, it was indeed told about the "nervous disease of the mentioned conflict with classmates)" nervous disease ", about which she passed surveys. In subsequent publications of the newspaper, referred to the "Arguments and Facts", often lowered the word "suspected."
In recent years, the version has existed that the Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya betrayed her comrade for the detachment (and the commerce) of Vasily Talkrak. It was based on the materials of the Clarkova case, declassified and published in the newspaper Izvestia in 2000. In early 1942, the clubs, who appeared in early 1942, said that he was captured by the Germans, fled, was again grasped, he fled again and managed to get to his. However, during interrogations, he changed his testimony to a little one and stated that he was captured along with the roy and issued it. Talking was shot "for treason to the Motherland" on April 16, 1942. His testimony was contrary to the testimony of witnesses - residents of the village, and besides were contradictory.
Researcher M. M. Gorinov assumed that the Smessmen made the clowry to stipulate themselves either of the career considerations (in order to receive their share of dividends with the unfolded propaganda campaign around Zoe), or from propaganda (to "justify" the getting of Zoe captured, unworthy, according to the then ideology , Soviet fighter). However, in the propaganda turnover, the version of betrayal has not been launched.
The text has prepared Andrei Goncharov
Another look
"True about Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya"
The history of the bee of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is still from the military pore is essentially the case of a honesty. As they say, it wrote about it - rewritten. Nevertheless, in the press, and recently on the Internet, there is no - no yes, and some "revelation" of the modern historian will appear: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was not a defender of the Fatherland, but a detector, which destroyed the villages near Moscow, condemning the local population for death in Low frost. Therefore, they say, Petrishchevo residents themselves grabbed and betrayed the occupation authorities. And when the girl led to the execution, the peasants allegedly cursed it.
"Secret" mission
The lie rarely occurs on an empty place, its nutrient medium - all sorts of "secrets" and the inconsideration of official interpretations of events. Some circumstances of the feat of Zoya were classified, and because of this, and somewhat distorted from the very beginning. Until recently, official versions did not even clearly define who she was, which concretely did in Petrishchevo. Zoya was called the Moscow Komsomolskaya Komsomol, who went to the rear of the enemy to revenge, then a scout partisan, captured in Petrishchevo when performing a combat task.
Not so long ago, I met a veteran of front-line intelligence Alexandra Potapovna Fedulina, who knew Zoe well. The old explosion told:
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was not a guerrilla.
She was a redarmese of a sabotage brigade, which was led by the legendary Arthur Karlovich Spranis. In June 1941, he formed a special military unit No. 9903 for sabotage actions in the rear of enemy troops. Its foundation made up volunteers from the Komsomol organizations of Moscow and Moscow region, and the command staff was dialed from the listeners of the Frunze Military Academy. During the battle near Moscow, 50 combat groups and detachments were prepared in this military unit of the explosion of the Western Front. In just September 1941- February 1942, they were committed 89 penetrations of the opponent's rear, 3,500 German soldiers and officers were destroyed, 36 traitors were eliminated, 13 tanks with fuel, 14 tanks blown up. In October 1941, we studied in the same group with the John of Kosmodemyanskaya in the explosion of the brigade. Then they went to the enemy's rear on the special purpose. In November 1941, I was injured, and when I returned from the hospital, I learned the tragic news of martyrdom Zoe.
Why was Zoya who was the fighter of the army, was silent for a long time? - I asked Fedulina.
Because the documents defined the field of activity, in particular, the Brigade of Spranis were classified.
Later I had the opportunity to get acquainted with not so long ago, the declassified Order of the BGK rate No. 0428 of November 17, 1941, signed by Stalin. I quote: it is necessary to "deprive the German army of the opportunity to be located in villages and cities, drive out the German invaders from all settlements to the cold in the field, smoke them from all the premises and warm shelters and make an open-air flaw. To destroy and burn down all the settlements in the rear of the German troops at a distance of 40-60 km deep from the front edge and 20-30 km to the right and left from roads. To destroy settlements in the specified radius of action, throw immediately aviation, the artillery and mortar fire, scout teams, skiers and sabotage groups equipped with bottles with an incendiary mixture, grenades and subversive means. With a forced waste of our parts ... take away the Soviet population with me and be sure to destroy all the settlements without exception so that the enemy cannot use them. "
This task was performed in the suburbs of the brigade of the Brigade of Spranis, including Red Armenian Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Probably, after the war, the leaders of the country and the Armed Forces did not want to mutate the information that the fighters of the current army burned near Moscow village, therefore the above-mentioned order of bets and other documents of this kind have not yet been declassified.
Of course, this order reveals a very painful and ambiguous page of the Moscow battle. But the truth of war is significantly more cruel than our ideas about her. It is not known how the most bloody battle of World War II would end, if the fascists gave a complete opportunity to relax in the hungry rustic sings and refill with collective farm harches. In addition, many fighters of the Brigade of Spranis tried to blow up and wait for only those left, where the fascists were quartered and headquarters were hosted. It is impossible not to emphasize that when the struggle is not on life, but for death, in the actions of people, there are at least two truths: one is a philistine (survive at any cost), the other is heroic (readiness for self-sacrifice for victory). It is precisely the collision of these two truths and in 1941, and today occurs around the feat of Zoe.
What happened in Petrishchevo
On the night of November 21-22, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya passed the front line as part of a special sabotage-intelligence group of 10 people. Already in the occupied territory, the fighters in the depths of the forest turned on the enemy patrol. Someone died, someone, showing the troubles, turned back and only three - the commander of the group Boris Krainov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya and the Comsorrh Sports Schools Vasily Talkraki continued to move along a previously defined route. On the night of November 27-24, they reached Petrishchevo village, where, in addition to other military facilities of the Nazis, there was a thoroughly disguised as a brave point of radio and radio engineering intelligence.
Senior, Boris Krinov, distributed the roles: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya penetrates the southern part of the village and the bottles with an incendiary mixture destroys the houses where the Germans themselves are wielding, Boris Krainov - to the central part, where the headquarters is located, and Vasily Talkrak - to the North. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya successfully completed a combat task - "CS" bottles destroyed two houses and an enemy car. However, when returning back to the forest, when she was already far from the place of the sabotage, she noticed her local elder of Sviridov. He caused fascists. And Zoya was arrested. Sviridov The grateful occupiers poured a glass of vodka, as the locals were told after the liberation of Petrishchevo.
Zoya long and brutally tortured, but she did not give any information about the brigade, or about where her comrades should wait.
However, soon the fascists captured Vasily Clikov. He showed the foolishness and everything that he knew told. Boris Krinov miraculously managed to go into the forest.
Traitors
Subsequently, Claws, fascist intelligence officers moved over and with the "legend" about the shoot of the captivity sent back to the team of Spranis. But he was quickly exposed. At the interrogation of the clubs spoke about the feat of Zoe.
"- Specify the circumstances in which you captured?
Going to the house defined to me, I broke a bottle of "COP" and threw it, but she did not catch up. At that time, I saw the unveiled from myself two German watch and, showing cowardice, ran into a forest, located in meters 300 from the village. As I only came running to the forest, two German soldiers fell on me, they took a nagan with cartridges, bags with five bottles of "COP" and a bag with prospasers, among which there was also a liter of vodka.
What evidence did you give an officer of the German army?
As I just handed over to the officer, I showed a cowardice and told that three of us came three, calling the names of Krainov and Kosmodemyanskaya. The officer gave some ordered to German soldiers in German, they quickly left the house and after a few minutes they led the Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya. Did they detained Krainov, I do not know.
Have you been present at the interrogation of Kosmodemyanskaya?
Yes, attended. Her officer asked how she set fire to the village. She replied that she did not set fire to the village. After that, the officer began to beat the zoya and demanded the testimony, but she categorically refused to give. I was in her presence showed an officer that it really Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya, which together with me arrived in the village to fulfill the sabotage acts, and that she set fire to the southern outskirts of the village. Kosmodemyanskaya and after that the officer's questions did not respond. Seeing that Zoya is silent, several officers are separated by its devil and for 2-3 hours he was strongly beaten by rubber sticks, seeking testimony. Kosmodemyanskaya declared officers: "Kill me, I will not tell you anything." After that, it was increased, and I did not see her anymore. "
From the interrogation protocol A. V. Smirnova dated May 12, 1942: "On the other day after the fire, I was at my burned home, a citizen of Solina approached me and said:" Let's go, I will show you who burned you. " After these words of the words, we went to the house of Kulikov, where the headquarters were transferred. Entering the house, saw the Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya soldier who was under the protection of German soldiers. I and Solina began to scold her, except for the swearing, I swung at the cosmodemyanskaya twice the midge, and Solina hit her hand. Further, we didn't give us a guerrian on the guerrice, which was kicked out of your home. During the execution of the Kosmodemyansky, when the Germans led her to the gallows, I took a wooden stick, went to the girl and in front of all those present hit her legs. It was at the moment when the guerrian was standing under the gallows that I did not remember at the same time. "
Casman
From the testimony of the village of Petrishchevo V. A. Kulika: "She hung on the chest plate on which he was written in Russian and in German:" Moisther ". Before the gallows, they led her under his arms, because because of torture, she could no longer go on their own. There were many Germans and civilians around the gallows. Made to the gallop and began to photograph it.
She shouted: "Citizens! You do not stand, do not look, but you need to help the army to fight! My death for homeland is my achievement in life. " Then she said: "Comrades, victory will be behind us. German soldiers, not too late, give up. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated. " She spoke all this at the time when she was photographed.
Then they lay the box. She, without any team, pulling away from somewhere, got up the box herself. German approached and began to wear a loop. At that time she shouted: "How much do we hang, we do not exist all, we are 170 million! But for me, our comrades will be distorted. " She said it already from the loop on her neck. She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the drawer was removed from under his feet, and she hung. She instinctively grabbed the rope with her hand, but the German hit her hand. After that, everything went away. "
The whole month was kept in the center of Petrishchevo the body of the girl. Only on January 1, 1942, the Germans allowed the residents to bury the zoya.
To each his own
January night of 1942 during the battles behind Mozhaisk, several journalists were in the village of Rustic hut in the Pushkino area. Putr Lidov's correspondent, Peter Lidov talked to the elderly peasant, who said that the occupation was laid out in the village of Petrishchevo, where he saw a execution of some kind of Muscovite girl: "She was hanging, and she spoke. She was hung, and she threatened everything ... ".
The story of the old man shook Lidov, and by the same night he went to Petrishchevo. The correspondent did not calm down until she talked to all the residents of the village, did not find out all the details of the death of our Russian Jeanne D'Arch, he called the executed, as he believed, the guerriana. Soon he returned to Petrishchevo together with the Pravda photoconductor Sergey Stringnikov. Opened the grave, took photos, showed the partisans.
One of the partisans of the Virusian detachment learned in the executed girl, who was celebrated in the forest on the eve of the tragedy flewing in Petrishchevo. She called himself tanya. Under this name, the heroine entered the article Lidov. And only later it was discovered that this was a pseudonym that Zoya took advantage of conspiracy.
The present name of the executed in Petrishchevo in early February 1942 was established by the Commission of the Moscow City Committee of the WRCSM. The act of February 4 stated:
"one. Citizens of Petrishchevo (follow the surnames) According to the collapse of the headquarters of the Western Front, photos identified that the Kosmodemyanskaya Komsomolskaya Z. A.
2. The Commission made an excavation of the grave, where the Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna is buried. Inspection of the corpse ... once again confirmed that it was overgrown. Kosmodemyanskaya Z.A..
On February 5, 1942, the MGC Commission VLKSM prepared a note to the Moscow City Committee of the WCP (b) with a proposal to submit the Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya to the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). And already on February 16, 1942, the corresponding decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR saw. As a result, Krasnoamec Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya became the first in the Great Patriotic War by a woman-cavalier of the Golden Star Hero.
The elder of the Sviridov, the traitor of clubs, the accomplices of the fascists of Solina and Smirnov were sentenced to the highest punishment.
chtoby-pomnili.com.