The Epoch of the Board of Justinian. Justinian I Great, Flavius

Josephus Peter Savvaty Justinian (.. Lat Flavius \u200b\u200bPetrus Sabbatius Iustinianus, Greek Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός), more commonly known as Justinian I (Gk Ιουστινιανός Α.) Or Justinian Great (Greek Μέγας Ιουστινιανός; 483, Tavresy, Upper Macedonia - 14 November 565. , Constantinople). Byzantine emperor from August 1, 527 until his death in 565. Justinian himself referred to himself by Caesar Flaviem Justinian Alamansky, Gothic, Frankish, German, Antian, Alansky, Vandali, African.

Justinian, commander and reformer, is one of the most prominent monarchs of late Antiquity. His rule marks an important step of the transition from antiquity to Middle Ages and, accordingly, the transition from Roman traditions to the Byzantine style of the Board. Justinian was full of ambitions, but he failed to make a "restoration of the empire" (Lat. Renovatio Imperii). In the West, he managed to take possession of a large part of the lands of the Western Roman Empire, having broken down after the great resettlement of peoples, including the Apennine Peninsula, the southeastern part of the Pyrenean Peninsula and part of North Africa. Another important event is the instruction of Justinian on the processing of Roman law, the result of which has become a new set of laws - the arch of Justinian (Lat. Corpus Iuris Civilis). By the decree of the emperor, who wanted to surpass Solomon and the legendary Jerusalem Temple, was completely rebuilt by the burned cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople, striking his beauty and magnificence and remained for thousands of years the most grandiose church of the Christian world.

In 529, Justinian closed the Platonic Academy in Athens, in 542 the emperor abolished the position of the consul, perhaps for financial reasons. An increasing worship of the ruler as the Holy finally destroyed the illusion of the principal that the emperor is the first among equal (lat. Primus Inter Pares). During the board of Justinian, the first pandemic of the plague in Byzantium and the largest riot in the history of Byzantium and Constantinople - Nika revolving, provoked by the tax negle and the church politics of the emperor.

Regarding the origin of Justinian and his family, there are various versions and theories. Most sources, mainly Greek and Eastern (Syrian, Arab, Armenian), as well as Slavic (entirely based on Greek), are called Justinian by the Thracian; Some Greek sources and the Latin Chronicle of Viktor Tonnennesis call him Illyrian; Finally, the procopies of Caesarian claims that the birthplace of Justinian and Justina was a donance. In all these three definitions there is no contradiction among themselves. At the beginning of the 6th century, the Civilian administration of the Balkan Peninsula was divided between two prefectures. Praefectura Praetorio Per Illyricum, smaller, included two diostez - Dakia and Macedonia. Thus, when sources write that Justin was an Illyrian, they mean that he and his family were residents of the Illyrian prefecture. In turn, the province of Daria was part of Dakia's Daisseason. The confirmation of the Thracian theory of Origin of Justinian can also serve as the fact that the name of Sabbatius is likely to be likelying on behalf of the ancient Thracian deity Sabazius.

Until the end of the XIX century, the theory of the Slavic origin of Justinian, based on Niccolo Alamanni, was popular, based on the theophile abbot (Bogumila) called IUSTINIANI VITA. It is introduced for Justinian and its relatives with special names that have Slavic sound.

So, the father of Justinian, called the Byzantine sources of Savvatimi, was named Bogomil Istokus, and the name of Justinian himself sounded like Upravda. Although the origin of the book published by the book was doubted, the theories based on it were developing intensively until in 1883 James Bryce made the original manuscript research in the library of Barberini Palace. In the article published in 1887, he argued the point of view that this document does not represent historical value, and Bog himself hardly existed. Currently, IUSTINIANI VITA is considered as one of the legends connecting Slavs with the great leaders of the past, such as Alexander Macedonian and Justinian.

Regarding the place of birth of Justinian Prokopii expresses quite definitely, putting it in place called Tavresi (Lat. Tauresium), near the Fort of the Bedroom (Lat. Bederiana). About this place is the proofer further says that the city of Justinian Prima was subsequently founded next to him, whose ruins are now in the south-east of Serbia. Prokopii also reports that Justinian has significantly strengthened and produced numerous improvements in the city of Ulpiana, renaming it to Justinian-Secund. Nearby he erected another city, calling him Justinopolis, in honor of his uncle.

Most of Darudania cities were destroyed in the reign of Anastasia with a powerful earthquake of 518. Near the destroyed capital of the province of Zupupi, Justopolis was built, a powerful wall with four tower was built around Tavresia, which the proof was called tetrapyrgy.

The names of "Bewan" and "Tavresi" reached our time in the form of the name of the villages of the Bader and Taories near Skopje. Both of these places were investigated in 1885 by the English archaeologist Arthur Evans, who found rich numismatic material there, confirming the importance of the settlements located here after the V century. Evans came to the conclusion that the district of Skopje is the birthplace of Justinian, confirming the identification of old settlements with modern villages.

The name of Mother of Justinian, the sisters of Justina - Biglenica is given in Iustiniani Vita, the inaccuracy of which is said above. Since there is no other information on this score, we can assume that its name is unknown. The fact that the mother of Justinian was the sister of Justina, confirm numerous sources.

For the father of Justinian, there are more reliable news. In the "Secret History" of the procopy leads the following story: "They say that his mother [Justinian] said to someone from loved ones that he was born not from her husband to Savvatia and not from any person. Before she became pregnant to them, a demon visited her, invisible, but she left her impression that he was with her and had a dream with her, as a man with a woman, and then disappeared as in a dream ".

Hence, we learn the name of the Father of Justinian - Savvathi. Another source where this name is mentioned is the so-called "acts about Callopodia" included in the Chronicle of Feofan and the Easter Chronicle and related to events directly by the preceding Nick's uprising. There are Prasins, during a conversation with the emperor representative, the phrase is pronounced "It would be better not born in Savvathi, he would not give rise to the son-killer".

Savvatia and his wife had two children, Peter Savvathius (Lat. Petrus Sabbatius) and Wigilantia (Lat. Vigilantia). Written sources nowhere mention the real name of Justinian, and only on consular diptych 521 we see the lat's inscription. FL. Petr. Sabbat. Justinian. v. i., Com. Mag. EQQ. et p. Praes., et c. OD., meaning a lat. Flavius \u200b\u200bPetrus Sabbatius Justinianus, Vir Illustris, Comes, Magister Equitum Et Peditum Praesenalium et Consul Ordinarius.

The marriage of Justinian and Feodora was noodles, nevertheless he had six nephews and niecers, of which Justin II became the heir.

Uncle Justiniana - Justin, among other Illyrian peasants, fleeing from extreme need, came from her festival in Byzantine and hired military service. Arriving at the end of the reign of Lev I in Constantinople and entered the service in the Imperial Guard, Justin rapidly grew through the service, and already in the reign of Anastasia participated in the wars with the Persion as a commander. Further, Justin distinguished himself when the uprising of Vitalyan is suppressed. Thus, Justin won the location of Emperor Anastasia and was appointed head of the Palace Guard in the rank of Komit and Senator.

The time of arrival of Justinian to the capital is definitely not known. It is assumed that this happened at about twenty-five years, then for some time, Justinian studied theology and Roman law, after which he was awarded the title of Lat. Candidati, that is, the personal bodyguard of the emperor. Somewhere at this time there was adoption and changing the name of the future emperor.

At the death of Anastasia in 518, Justina managed relatively easily to seize power, despite the fact that there was a large number of richest and influential candidates. According to the proof, this was the will of the Higher Forces interested in the ultimate elevation of Justinian. The election procedure is described by Peter Patricium. Among the reasons provided to the election of Justine and the elevation of Justinian is the support of Patriarch John II, which was certified in the fact that the new dynasty will be faithful to the decisions of the Chalkidon Cathedral, unlike the pro-Monophimita configured Anastasia. Probably, the Bologosovsky educated by Justinian played an important role. Immediately after the election of Justin Emperor, he appointed a lat's nephew. Comes DomesticORum Head of the Special Corps of Palace Guard, which is known from the letter of the Pope Hormizda dated to the beginning of 519.

In 521, as mentioned above, Justinian receives the consular title, which he uses to increase its popularity, arranging the magnificent spectacles in the circus, which grew so much that the Senate turned to the elderly Emperor with a request to appoint Justinian with his co-program. According to the testimony of Chronista John Zonara, Justin answered this sentence with refusal. The Senate, however, continued to insist on the elevation of Justinian, asking him to assign him the title of Lat. Nobilissimus, which happened until 525, when he was assigned the highest title of Caesar. Despite the fact that such a brilliant career could not have no real influence, reliable information about the role of Justinian in the management of the empire during this period there is no.

Over time, the health of the emperor worsened, the disease was intensified caused by the old wound in the leg. Feeling the approach of death, Justin responded to the next petition of the Senate on the appointment of Justinian co-guide. The ceremony that came to us in the description of Peter Patricia in the Treatise of Lat. De Ceremoniis Constantine Bagryanorovnoe, occurred at Easter, April 4, 527 - Justinian and his spouse Theodore was crowned as August and August.

Justinian finally received full power after the death of Emperor Justina I August 1, 527.

Descriptions of the appearance of Justinian preserved a bit. Justinian was depicted on one of the largest (36 solids or ½-pounds) of famous medallions stolen in 1831 from the Paris Cabinet of Medals. The medallion was integrated, but its images and blind were preserved, allowing you to make copies from it.

A copy of the statue of Justinian from Egyptian marble is kept in the Roman-German Museum of Cologne. A certain idea of \u200b\u200bthe appearance of the emperor gives the preserved drawings of the column of Justinian built in 542. Discovered in Kerch in 1891 and the silver missories stored in the Hermitage in the Hermitage were originally considered the image of Justinian. Perhaps Justinian is also depicted on the famous Diptyjhe Barberini stored in the Louvre.

On the board of Justinian, a large number of coins were issued. Known-donal coins of 36 and 4.5 solid, a solid with a full-picture image of the emperor in the consular closure, as well as an exceptionally rare aureus weighing 5.43 g, chased in the old-faith foot. The front side of all these coins occupies either three-fourth, or the profile bust of the emperor, in the helmet or without it.

A bright image of an early career of the future empress is given with numerous details in "Secret History"; John Efesse simply notes that "she came from a brothel." Despite the opinion of individual researchers that all these statements are unreliable and exaggerated, the generally accepted point of view as a whole agrees with the description of the events of the early career of the Feodora, this proof.

The first meeting of Justinian with Feodoroy occurred in approximately 522 in Constantinople. Then Theodore left the capital, spent some time in Alexandria. How did their second meeting occurred, it is not reliably known. It is known that wanting to marry Theodore Justinian asked his uncle to appreciate her rank patricia, but this caused a strong opposition to Empress Euphimia, and before death in 523 or 524, the marriage was impossible.

Probably, with the desire of Justinian, the adoption of the law of the law "On Marriage" (LAT. DE NUPTIIS), which abolished the law of Emperor Konstantin I, prohibiting the person who had reached the senatorial title, marry the Bludnice.

After the marriage of the feodorah completely broke with his stormy past and was a faithful wife.

In foreign policy, the name of Justinian is connected primarily with the idea "Restoration of the Roman Empire" or "West Reconquists". Currently, there are two theories regarding the question when this goal was set. According to one of them, currently more common, the idea of \u200b\u200breturning the West existed in Byzantium from the end of the V century. This point of view comes from the thesis that after the emergence of the barbaric kingdoms professing Arianism, public elements were to be preserved, which did not recognize the loss of the Rome of the Great City status and the capital of the civilized world and did not agree with the dominant position of Arian in the religious sphere.

An alternative point of view that does not deny the general desire to return the West to the Lono of Civilization and Orthodox Religion, refers the emergence of a program of concrete actions after success in the war with vandals. In favor of this, various indirect signs say, for example, the disappearance of the legislation and state documentation of the first third of the 6th century words and expressions, one way or another of those mentioned Africa, Italy and Spain, as well as the loss of the interest of Byzantine to the first capital of the Empire.

Perceiving himself as the heir to Roman Caesarians, Justinian considered his duty to recreate the Roman Empire, wanting to be one law and one faith in the state. Based on the principle of absolute power, he believed that in the well-established state everything was supposed to be subject to imperial attention. Understanding the importance of the church for public administration, he made all their efforts to fulfill his will. He is a discussion question about the primaryness of the state or religious interests of Justinian. It is known at least that the emperor was the author of numerous letters on religious topics addressed to dads and patriarchs, as well as treatises and church chants.

This is what the contemporary of the emperor, Prokopii Caesarian, wrote about the attitude towards the Church and the Christian faith: "In the Christian faith, he seemed to be solid, but it turned out to be wrapped up by their subjects. In fact, he allowed the clergymen to oppress their neighbors with impunity, and when they captured the land adjacent to their possessions, he shared their joy, believing that in a similar way he manifests his piety. And the Casual Court for such matters, he believed that he had a good cause, if anyone, hiding behind the shrines, was removed, assigning what he did not belong. " (Prokokii Caesarian "Secret History" Ch. Xiii, Part 4,5).

In accordance with his desire, Justinian considered it with his right not only to solve issues related to the leadership of the Church and its property, but also to establish a certain dogma among its subjects. What religious direction adhered to the emperor, the same directions were to adhere to his subjects. Justinian regulated the life of the clergy, at his own discretion of the highest hierarchical positions, performed as an intermediary and a judge in a clearing. He patronized the church in the face of her servants, contributed to the construction of temples, monasteries, multiplying their privileges; Finally, the emperor established a religious unity among all the subjects of the Empire, gave the last rule of faithful teachings, participated in dogmatic disputes and gave a final decision on controversial dogmatic issues.

A similar policy of the secular prevalence in religious and church affairs, up to the poses of the religious beliefs of a person, especially the vividly shown by Justinian, received the name of CaesaParapism in history, and this emperor is considered one of the most typical representatives of such a direction.

Justinian has taken steps for the final eradication of paganism. In 529, he closed the famous philosophical school in Athens. It had predominantly symbolic meaning, since by the time the event this school lost the leading position among the educational institutions of the Empire after it was founded in the V century at Feodosia II Constantinople University. After the closure of the school, at Justinian, the Athenian professors were exposed to expulsion, some of them moved to Persia, where the Plato West Persons met in the face of Josrova; The property of the school was confiscated. John Efesse wrote: "In the same year, in which St. Benedict destroyed the last pagan national sanctuary in Italy, namely the temple of Apollo in the Sacred Grove on Monte Cassino, the stronghold of the ancient paganism in Greece was also destroyed. " Since then, Athens has lost their own importance of the cultural center and turned into a deaf provincial city. The full eradication of the paganism of Justinian did not reach; It continued to be hidden in some impact localities. Prokopii Kaesariy writes that the persecution of pagans was carried out not so much of the desire to approve Christianity, how many of the tastling of pagan temples to take the hands of the gold.

In the "Divine Comedy", posting Justinian to Paradise, trusts him to make a historical review of the Roman Empire (Divine Comedy, Paradise, Song 6). According to Dante, the main merits of Justinian before the story were the reform of the right, the renunciation of the monophimitis and campaigns of the Veliar.

The West of the Roman Empire, captured by Germanians who shared him on the barbaric kingdoms, lay in ruins. There are only the islands and fragments of Hellenistic civilization, by that time the Gospel has already been transformed. The German kings - the taperial, Arian, pagan - remained still drinking in front of the Roman name, but the center of attraction for them was no longer a dilapidated, devastated and impersonal city in Tiber, and the new Rome created by the creative act of St. Constantine on the European Bosphorian shore, cultural superiority which over the cities of the West was indisputable evidence.

Intonian Latin-speaking, as well as the Latinized residents of the German kingdoms assimilate their ethnonyms of their conquerors and the Lord - ready, francs, burgundy, while the Roman name has long become familiar to the old Ellinians who have gone to their original, who fed their national pride ethnonym in the east in the past empires to the pagans. We subsequently subsequently in Russia, at least in the Scriptures of the monks' scientists, "Hellyami" are called the pagans of any origin, at least in Samoyed. Romans, or, in Greek, Romanes, called themselves and native people from other nations - Armenians, Syrians, Copts, if they were Christians and citizens of the Empire, who was identified in their consciousness with Okumeno - the Universe, not therefore, of course, that they imagined At its boundaries, the edge of the world, and because the world lying behind these borders was deprived of their consciousness and self-relief and in this sense belonged to Tharynny darkness - Meoh, needing to enlighten and encourage the benefits of Christian Roman civilization, needing integration into genuine Okumen, or that the same, in the Roman Empire. Since these are new peoples, regardless of their real political status, already due to the very fact of Baptism were considered to be included in the imperial body, and their rulers from barbaric sovereigns became tribal archons, whose authority stem from emperors, who are at least symbolically Completed, honored as remuneration of the ranks from the Palace Nomenclature.

In Western Europe, the Epoch from the VI to the 9th century is the dark century, and the East of the Empire experienced during this period, despite the crises, external threats and territorial losses, brilliant flourishing, whose reflections were discarded to the West, because only not tilted as a result of the barbaric Conquesting into the parents of prehistoric Being, as it happened at one time with the Mycenaean civilization, destroyed by the people involved in its limits from Macedonia and Epir, conditionally named Dorians. Dorians of the Christian era - German barbarians - not higher than the ancient conquerors of the Ahaya in terms of their cultural development, but, being within the empire and turning the conquered provinces in the ruins, they hit the field of attraction to the adopted blows of human elements a fabulously rich and beautiful world capital - new Rome And they learned to appreciate the bonds who tied their peoples to him.

The epoch ended with the assimilation of the Frankish king Karl of the Imperial title, and more accurately and definitely - the breakdown of attempts to settle the relationship between the newly-promoted emperor and the continuity of the emperor - Holy Irina - so that the empire remains uniform and indivisible if it has two rulers with the same title, as it has many times happened in the past. The failure has led to the formation of a separate empire in the West, which, from the point of view of political and legal traditions, was an act of usurpation. The unity of Christian Europe was undermined, but not destroyed, because the peoples of the East and the West of Europe remained for two and a half centuries in the village of a single church.

The period that lasted from VI to the turn of the VIII-IX centuries is called the Runnevianizanisky on anachronistic, but sometimes used sometimes in these centuries as applied to the capital - and never to the empire and the state - the ancient toponym of Byzantium, reanimated by historians of the new time for which he began to serve the name and the state and civilization itself. Within this period, his most brilliant segment, his Akme and the apogee became the era of Justinian Great, who began with the reign of his uncle Justin Senius and ended with Smutowing, who led to the overthrow of the legitimate emperor Mauritius and the coming to power of the Usurper Foki. The emperors who ruled after St. Justinian before the Foki mound had a direct or indirect attitude towards the Justin dynasty.

The Board of Justina Senior

After the death of Anastasia, his nephews of the Master of East of Ipathia and Consillires and Pompey could be applied to the Supreme Power, but the dynastic principle itself did not mean anything in the Roman Empire without support for real power and the army. Nephews, having no support from the exquisite (Life Guard), the power seems to have not claimed. The most special influence on the late emperor prepositions the sacred fever (a kind of minister of the courtyard) Even Amanci tried to put the emperor of his nephew and bodyguard Foocrita, for which he, if you believe Evanchiya Scholastik, calling the compence of the Evagra and Senator Justina, "the great wealth sentenced him, ordered to distribute him They are among people, especially useful and capable (help) Foocrites in painting purple clothing. Bribeing by these wealth or the people, whether the so-called exquisites ... (Justin himself) seized power. " According to John Malal, Justin conscientiously fulfilled the instruction of Amanc and distributed money to him to excoils, so that they supported the candidacy of Foocrita, and "the army and the people, taking (money), did not want to make the king of Foocrit, but by the will of God made the king of Justina."

According to another and quite convincing version, which, however, does not contradict the information about the distribution of gifts in favor of Foocrit, at the beginning of the traditionally rival Guards Parties (the technology of power in the empire provided for the system of counterweights) - Eccubs and Schol - were different candidates for the Supreme Power. Eccubs raised on the shield of the tribune of John - a companion of Justina, who soon after the acclamation of his chief, the emperor became a cleric and was put by Metropolitan Heraklei, and Scholla proclaimed the emperor Magista Militum Patrickius (army quartered in the capital) Patricia. Thus, the threat of civil war was prevented by the decision of the Senate to put the Emperor of the elderly and the popular military man in Justina, shortly before the death of Anastasia defeated the rebellious troops of the Usurper Vitalyan. Eccubats approved this choice, and Scholi agreed with him, and the people gathered at the racetrack welcomed Justin.

On July 10, 518, Justin climbed the lodge of the hippodrome along with the Patriarch of John II and the highest dignitaries. Then he stood on the shield, the campiductor godila plays a gold chain on his neck - hryvnia. The shield was raised under the welcoming acclamation of warriors and the people. Banners were filled up. The only innovation, by observing J. Dagron, was the fact that the newly promoted emperor after the acclamation "did not return to the tricks of the lodge, in order to accept the insignia," but the soldiers lined up "Turtle" to hide him "from curious eyes" until "Patriarch has laughed The crown on his chapter "and" flew him in chlamyda. " Then herald on behalf of the emperor announced a welcoming appeal to the troops and the people, in which he called for help in his ministry to the people and the state divine fishing. Every warrior was promised to 5 gold coins and a pound of silver as a gift.

The verbal portrait of the new emperor is in the "Chronicle" of John Malal: "He was low growth, wide-hearted, with gray curly hair, with a beautiful nose, ruddy, good. " To the description of the appearance of the emperor, the historian adds: "experienced in military affairs, ambitious, but illiterate."

At that time, Justin was closer to the 70-year-old frontier - at the time it was an age of deep old age. He was born around 450 in the peasant family in the village of Bewean (located near the modern Serbian city of Leskovac). In this case, he, which means his more famous nephew of Justinian Great, comes from the same inner Dakia as Saint Constantine, born in Nais. Some historians are homeland of Justina in the south of the modern Macedonian state - near Bitola. Both ancient and modern authors designate the ethnic origin of the dynasty: the proof calls Justina Illyrian, and Evagry and John Malala - Thracian. The version of the Thracian origin of the new dynasty seems to be less convincing. Despite the name of the province, where Justin was born, the inner Dakia was not genuine Dakia. After the evacuation of Roman legions from the real Dakia, its name was moved to the province, to her the adjoining, where the legions left the Legions conquered by Tracian Dacia were replicated, and not Thracian, but the Illyrian element prevailed in its population. In addition, within the Roman Empire, by the middle of the 1st Millennium, the Romanization and Hellenization process of the Thracians has already ended or completed, while one of the Illyrian peoples - Albanians have been safely preserved to the present day. A. Vasiliev definitely considers Justina Illyrian; In one way or another, he was, of course, with a novellier Illyrian. Moreover, his native language was the language of the ancestors, he, like his fellow villagers and all the residents of inner Dakia, as well as neighboring Darudania, knew Latin badly poorly. In any case, Justin should have mastered her at military service.

For a long time, the version of the Slavic origin of Justina and Justinian was seriously considered. At the beginning of the XVII century, the Vatican librarian Alemann was printed by the Biography of Justinian, ascribed by a certain abbot of Feofil, called him by the mentor. And in this biography, Justinianan is learned by the name "Manager". In this name, the Slavic translation of the Latin Name of the Emperor is easily guessed. The seeping of Slavs through the imperial border to the central part of the Balkan in the V century took place, although at that time it was not massacre and did not seek a serious danger. Therefore, the version of the Slavic origin of the dynasty was not rejected from the threshold. But, as A.A. writes Vasilyev, "The manuscript that Alemann was used was found and studied at the end of the XIX century (1883) by the English scientist Bryce, who showed that this manuscript, being compiled at the beginning of the XVII century, is of legendary nature and historical value does not have."

At the board of Emperor Lion Justin, along with his fellow villagers Zimarch and the Divist, to get rid of the need, went to military service. "They got on foot to Byzantium, carrying the shoulders of Kozca Tulup, in which they had nothing, except for the climbed from the house of superstars. Locked in the soldiers' lists, they were selected by Vasilev in court custody, because they differed in excellent build. " The imperial career of a beggar peasant, fantastically unthinkable in medieval Western Europe, was a phenomenon of the ordinary and even typical for the late Roman and Romary Empire, just as similar metamorphoses were repeated more than once in China's history.

Consisted in the service in the guard, Justin acquired a concubine, and then brought to his wife, - Lupicin, the former slave, which he bought at her master and cohabitant. After becoming an empress, Lupicin changed its prime name to the aristocratic. According to the proof observation, "in the palace, she appeared not under his own name (it was too funny), but he became referred to as Euphimia."

Possessing courage, common sense, perpetrators, Justin made a successful military career, reached the officer, and then the general rank. On the service field, he had breakdowns. One of them was preserved in the annals, because after the elevation of Justina, a providential interpretation was found in the people. The story about this episode is included by the proof in his "secret history". During the suppression of an insavirov rebellion, Anastasia Justin was in the current army, which was commanded by John the nicknamed Kirt - Gorbatoy. And so for an unknown, what provinicity John was arrested by Justina to "betray his death the next day, but to make it prevented him ... Vision ... In a dream, somehow huge growth came to him ... And this vision ordered him to free her husband, whom he ... Vrib " John first did not give the meaning to sleep, but the sleepy vision was repeated the following night and then for another third time; The husband who was in the vision threatened to Kirt "to prepare him a terrible fate if he did not fulfill the ordered, and added that he later ... he would extremely need this person and his relatives. Thus, then the Justina remained alive, "it will summarize his anecdote, founded, perhaps on the story of Kirta himself, proof.

Anonymous Valnesia tells another story, which, according to People's Molve, foreshadowed Justin, when he was already one of the surroundings close to Anastasia, the Supreme Power. Having reached deep old age, Anastasi swelled about who from nephews should become his successor. And once, in order to guess the will of God, he invited everyone three to his chambers and after dinner left them to spend the night in the palace. "In the headboard of one bed, he commanded to put the royal (sign), and by the one who of them would choose this bed to relax, he will be able to determine who subsequently give the power. One of them was silent on one bed, the two other fraternal love lay together on the second bed. And ... the bed, where the royal sign was hidden, turned out to be unoccupied. When he saw it, reflected, he decided that none of them would rule, and began to pray to God so that he would send him a revelation ... And once he saw at night in a dream of a man who told him: "The first one, who will be reported to you Tomorrow in the rest, and will take the power after you. " It so happened that Justin ... as soon as he arrived, was sent to the emperor, and he had reported to the first ... he conteps. " Anastasi, according to Anonymous, "asked gratitude to God for the fact that he pointed to him a worthy heir," and though he had been distinguished by Anastasiya, "Once during the royal exit, Justin, I hurry to express respect, wanted to bypass the emperor on the side and involuntarily came on his chlamyda. On this emperor only told him: "Where are you in a hurry?".

In ascent on the service staircase, Yustina did not prevent his lightness, and the program was probably an exaggerated countertility of the proof, illiteracy. The author of the "Secret History" wrote that, and becoming the emperor, Justin made it difficult to sign a signature under the issued edicts and constitutions, and so that he could still do this, was made of a "small smooth plate", on which the "contour of four letters" was cut through Meaning in Latin "Read" (Legi. - prot. V.Ts.); Having saved the pen into the painted ink, what kind of Vasilessians are usually written, they handed it to this Vasileu. Then, putting the mentioned plank to the document and taking the hand of Vasilev, they were injected with the pen of these four letters. " With a high degree of warbarization of the army, the head of it was raised not yet illiterate military leaders. This does not mean that they were taught generals, on the contrary - in other cases, small and illiterate generals turned out to be outstanding commander. Turning to other times and peoples, you can point out that Charles is great, although he loved to read and appreciated his classic education highly, did not know how to write. Justin, famous for Anastasia successful participation in the war with Iran and then, shortly before his climb on the top of the authorities, suppressing the rebelliousness of Vitalyan in the decisive sea battle at the walls of the capital, was at least the warlord and a courteous administrator and a politician, which is eloquently Says People's Solva: Anastasiy thanked God when he was discovered that it was he who would be his successor, and therefore Justin did not deserve the contemptant characteristics of the proof: "He was quite simple (hardly, probably, only likely, according to Manners. - prot. V.Ts.), I didn't know how to say how to speak and was very much a man. " And even: "He was extremely loosened and truly like a binded duty, capable of following those who pull him over the ultieu, and then the ears were shaking." The meaning of this fibrous Philippika is that Justin was not an independent ruler that they were manipulated. So sinister, in the presentation of the proofer, a manipulator, a kind of "gray cardinal", was the nephew of Emperor Justinian.

He really surpassed uncle and abilities, and even more education and willingly helped him in the affairs of the state rule, using the perfect confidence from his side. Another assistant of the emperor was an outstanding lawyer Blokl, from 522 to 526, who held the position of Quest of the Holy Court and headed the imperial office.

The first days of the Board of Justina were stormy. The sacred fear of Ammanci and his nephew foocritus, whom he read to the heirs of Anastasia, not having resigned with an annoying defeat, with the failure of his intrigue, "they conceived," according to Feophan confessor, "to produce outrage, but paid life." The circumstances of the conspiracy are unknown. Prokopii presented the execution of the conspirators in another form unfavorable for Justin and especially Justinian, whom he considers the main culprit of what had happened: "There was no ten days to achieve power (meaning the proclamation by the emperor of Justina. - prot. V.Ts.) How he killed together with some other chapter of the court eunukhov asmanuti without any reason, unless because he said the raised word Bishi of the city of John. " The mention of Patriarch of Constantinople John II sheds light on the possible spring of the conspiracy. The fact is that Justin and his nephew of Justinian, in contrast to Anastasia, were adherents, and their rupture of Eucharistic communication with Rome. Overcoming the split, the restoration of the church unity of the West and the East, they considered the main goal of their policies, especially since Justinianan Great for achieving this goal was seen by the prospect of restoring the Roman Empire in its former completeness. Their like-minded people had a new-fledged charter of the city church John. It seems that in his desperate attempt to replay the party already played, eliminating Justina, prepositions the sacred fever wanted to rely on those dignitaries who, like the deceased emperor, to the monophimity and someone had a little bothering the gap of canonical communication with the Roman department. According to the monophysitis of John Nikiussky, who names the emperor not otherwise as a Justian cruel, he after coming to power "betrayed the death of all ENUHOV, regardless of their guilt, since they did not approve of his advice on the throne." Monophysites, obviously, were in the palace and other eunuchs, in addition to the bunch of the sacred felling over them.

Orthodoxy was trying to rely on Anastasia Vitalyan in his mint. And in the new situation, despite the fact that in the defeat of the rebel, he himself played a decisive role at one time, Justin now, perhaps - on the advice of the nephew, decided to bring Vitalyan to himself. Vitalyan was appointed to the highest military office of the commander of the army, quartered in the capital and its surroundings, - Magister Militum Praesenalis - and even awarded the title of Consul for 520, which the emperor, members of the Imperial House with the titles of August or Caesone, and only the most High-ranking dignitaries from persons who do not belong to the number of close relatives of the autocratrum.

But in January 520, Vitalyan was killed in the palace. At the same time, he was applied 16 daggey wounds. Byzantine authors find three basic versions regarding the organizers of his murder. According to one of them, he was killed by the orders of the emperor, because it became known that he was "planned to raise the rebellion against him." This is the version of John Nikiusky, in the eyes of which Vitalyan was especially odious, because, close to the emperor, he insisted that the monophimite Patriarch of Antioch Sevirus was cut down the language for his "sermons, full of wisdom and accusations against the emperor Lion and his vicious faith" In other words, against the Orthodox diaphyisite dogma. Prokopii Kaesarian in the "Secret History", written with the frenzy of obsessed with hatred of Saint Justinian, it was he calls him the culprit of the death of Vitaliana: it was an at least the name of his uncle, Justinian first "hastily sent himself to Vitalyan, who had previously allowed a tunter in his security," but " Soon, suspecting him that he had an insult, he was unfortunately killed him in the palace along with his close, by no means considering such scary oaths for it. " More trust deserves, however, the version described significantly later, but probably based on not preserved documentary sources. So, according to Feofan confessor, writer of the turn of the VIII-IX centuries, Vitalyan was "killed insidiously those from the Byzantines, who were angry at him for the extermination of such many compatriots with their uprising from Anastasia." The reason to suspect Justinian in the conspiracy against Vitalyan could give the fact that after his murder he took the position of master's army, which became vacant, although in reality the emperor's nephew was undoubtedly more direct and unspanitious ways to senior posts in the state, so a serious argument This circumstance can not serve.

But to any act of the emperor, his nephew was really touched, so this is the restoration of Eucharistic communication with the Roman Church, torn to the Board of Zenon in connection with the publication of the notorious "Enoticon", the initiative of what belonged to Patriarch Akakiya, so that this gap itself continued during 35 years old, in Rome received the name "Akakian Schism". At Easter 519, after extremely difficult negotiations, which were led in Constantinople Poppal Legs, in the metropolitan church of St. Sophia, a worship was committed with the participation of Patriarch John and Popet Legal. Justinian raped to this step is not only the same with his uncle's commitment to Chalkidon Oros, but also concern to eliminate obstacles (among which one of the most difficult was the church schism) for the implementation of the grandeur scheduled for them to restore the integrity of the Roman Empire.

From the execution of this plan, the government distracted different circumstances, and among them - the renewed war on the eastern border. This war was preceded by rarely happening in the history of the relationship between Iran and Rome not only a peaceful, but also a directly friendly phase, established in the first years of the Board of Justin. From the end of the V century, Iran shook the confrontation caused by the teachings of Mazdak, who preached utopian social ideas, similar to those who grew in Christian soil Halyazmu: about universal equality and abolition of private property, including the introduction of generality of wives; He received massive support from the simple people and that part of the military aristocracy, which was illustrated by the religious monopoly of Zoroastrian magicians. Among the enthusiasts of Mazdakism were the persons belonging to the Shah dynasty. The sermon Mazdak was carried away and Shah Kavada himself, but later he was disappointed in this utopia, seeing his direct threat to the state, turned away from Mazdak and began to pursue himself and his supporters. Being Already Star, Shah bought the throne after his death, he got his younger son Hoshrov Anushirvan, closely connected with the circles of zero-taught traditional Zoroastrianism, to bypassing the eldest son of Kaos, the upbringing of Kavad, at the time of his passion, Mazdakism handed the jealous teachings, and he Unlike his father's glances changed his eyes, remained in his convictions Mazdakit.

To acquire an additional guarantee of the transfer of power to the Hoshrov, Kavad decided to enlist the support of the critical development of the events from Rome and sent Justin the message, which in the retelling of the prisoner of Caesaresky (not in his "Secret History", and in a deserving trust book "War with Persians" ) It looks like this: "What we have undergone the Romans of injustice, you yourself know, but all the insults I decided to finally forget ... however, for all this, I ask you one mercy, which ... It would be able to give us in Abundant all the benefits of the world. I suggest you to make my Hosrow, who will be the successor of my power, his adoptive son. " It was an idea, a mirror-reproducing situation of century ago, when at the request of Emperor Arkady Shah Yezdygerd took under his custody of the juvenile successor to Arkady Feodosia II.

Justina, and Justinian, who did not see the probe in him, but the questor of the sacred courtyard in him (on the praise of whom the proof was not bought in the history of wars, and in the "Secret History", where he opposes his other outstanding lawyer Tribonian and Justinian himself As an adherent of existing laws and enemy legislative reforms), the danger for the Roman state in the proposal of Shaha. Turning to Justin, he said: "I am not used to apply my hand to what I am going to innovate ... Good knowing that the desire to innovations is always associated with danger ... In my opinion, we are now talking about anything else, as Under the faithful pretext to convey to Persians, the State of Romans ... For ... This embassy from the very beginning has the goal of this Josrow, whoever he was, to make the heir of Roman Vasilev ... according to the natural right of the Fathers' property belongs to their children. " The proof managed to convince Justin and his nephew in the danger of Kavad's proposal, but, on his own advice, it was decided not to refuse him in his request directly, but send Messengers to him for negotiations on the conclusion of the world - until then only a truce was operating, and the question of The boundaries were not settled. As for the adoption of Joshov's adoption by Justin, the ambassadors will have to declare that it will be done, "how it happens at the barbarians", and "Barbarians do not take adoption with the help of the lead, but by the presentation of weapons and armor." Multiple and excessively cautious politician Proclus and, as it can be seen, quite sympathetic for his incredulsion, the cunning levantizhin of the procopies were hardly right in his suspicion, and the first response to the proposal of Shah on the part of Rome rulers, by the origin of the immigrants from the Illyrian rural depth, could be more adequate But they changed their mind and followed the advice of the barbell.

For negotiations, the nephew of the late emperor Anastasia Ipathia and Patricia Rufin, which was associated with a friendly relationship with Shah. From the Iranian side, high-ranking SEOS, or Siyavush, and Mevod (Mahbod) participated in the negotiations. Negotiations were conducted on the border of two states. When discussing the conditions of the peaceful agreement, the stumbling block was the country of Lases, which Kolchide was called in antiquity. Since the time of Emperor Lion, she was lost Rome and was in the sphere of influence of Iran. But shortly before these negotiations, after the death of Tsar Lazz Damnaz, his son Tauche did not want to contact Shah with a request to give him the royal title; Instead, he went to Constantinople in 523, accepted baptism there and became a Vassal of the Rome state. At the negotiations, the envoys of Iran demanded the return of the lazz to the Supreme Power of Shah, but this requirement was rejected as an offensive. In turn, the Iranian side found the proposal to make the adoption of Hoshrov Justine on the rite of barbaric peoples. Negotiations went to a dead end, there was no reason to agree.

The answer to the breakdown of negotiations from Kavad was the repression against the close-mentioned lassels of the iris, which, according to the characteristic of the proof, "Christians and the best of all peoples known to us remain the charters of this faith, but since ancient times ... are subordinate to the Persian king. Kavada decided to rapidly turn them into his faith. He demanded from their king Gurgen so that he fulfill all those rites, which the Persians hold, and, among other things, in no way betray the earth of the dead, but all of them to quit the birds and pits. " Tsar Gurgen, or, in a different way, Bakur, asked for help to Justin, and he sent the nephew of Emperor Anastasia Patricia to the Bosporus Kimmerisk, so that the ruler of this state for the monetary remuneration sent his troops against the Persians to help Gourgen. But the mission of Prov did not bring results. The ruler of the Bosporus refused assistance, and the Persian army occupied Georgia. Gurgen, together with his family and Georgian, fled to the lasik, where they continued to resist the invading now in the Lasik Persians.

Rome started war with Iran. In the country of Lazov, in the powerful fortress of Peter, located at the modern village of Cikhisdziri, between Batum and Kobuleti, the Roman garrison was located, but the main theater of combat operations became the most familiar to the Romans with Persians, Armenia and Mesopotamia. The Personnia entered the Roman army under the command of the young commander Sitta and Belisarius, who had the titles of the Spear Pieces of Justinian, and against the Mesopotamian city of Nisibis, headed by the Master of the Master of the Army of the East to Livelary. Sitta and Belisarius were successful, they broke the country into which their army entered, and "capturing the multiple Armenians, retired to their limits." But the secondary invasion of the Romans in the staff under the command of the same military leaders turned out to be unsuccessful: they were defeated by Armenians, the leaders of which were two brothers from the noble clan of Kamsarakanov - Nursa and Arames. True, soon after this victory, both brothers changed Shah and switched to the side of Rome. Meanwhile, the army of Livelary during the hike carried the basic losses not from the enemy, but because of the exhausting heat and in the end was forced to retreat.

In 527, Justin dismissed the unlucky military man, appointing instead of the Master of the Army of the East of the nephew Anastasia Ipaimati, and Duxury Mesopotamia - Belisariya, for whom, was entrusted with the command of the troops who retained from Nisibis and quartered as a gift. Talking about these movements, the historian of the war with Persians did not fail to see: "At the same time, proofs were appointed as an adviser" - that is, he himself.

On the Board of Justina Rome provided armed support for the distant Ethiopian kingdom with the capital in Aksum. Christian king Ethiopia Caleb led the war with the king of Yemen, who patronized to local Jews. And with the help of Rome, Ethiopses managed to win over Yemen, restored in this country, located on the other side of the Bab El Mandantry, the domination of the Christian religion. A.A. Vasiliev notes about this: "We are at the first moment surprised, seeing as Orthodox Justin, who ... began an offensive against monophysites in his own empire, supports the Monophimitsky Ethiopian king. However, behind the official borders of the Empire, the Byzantine emperor supported Christianity as a whole ... From a foreign policy point of view, the Byzantine emperors considered every conquest for Christianity as an important political and, possibly, economic conquest. " In connection with these events in Ethiopia later, it was later developed by the official status of the legend, which included in the book "Kebra Negast" ("Glory of Kings"), according to which two kings - Justin and Caleb - met in Jerusalem and were shared all the land there, but when This worst part of it moved to Rome, and the best - to the king of Aksum, because he has a better origin - from Solomon and the Queen of Sava, and his people are therefore a God-in-friendly new Israel, one of many examples of Naive Megalomania.

In the 520s, the Roman Empire suffered from several earthquakes, destroyed major cities in different ends of the state and among them Dirrahius (Durres), Corinth, Anasarb in Kilicia, but the earthquake became the most detrimental in their consequences, comprehended about 1 million inhabitants of Megapolis Antioch . As the Feofan confessor writes, on May 20, 526, "in the 7th hour of the day, during the consulate in Rome Olive, the Great Antioch Syrian, in the anger of God, has undergone an unspecified disaster ... almost the entire city fell and became a coffin for the inhabitants. Some, being under the ruins, have become still alive by the victim of fire, emitting from under the ground; Another fire was out of the air in the form of sparks and, like zipper, burned whom only met; At the same time, the earth was shaking in the continuation of a whole year. " Up to 250 thousand antihighs, headed by their Patriarch Euphrasium, fell victim to a natural disaster. The restoration of Antioch was needed huge costs, and it continued to decades.

From the very beginning of his reign, Justin relied on the help of a nephew. On April 4, 527, the emperor appointed a deeply and seriously sick emperor appointed Justinian with his co-citizen with the title of August. Emperor Justin died on August 1, 527. Before the death, he felt painful pain from the moral wound in his leg, which in one of the battles was pierced by an enemy arrow. Some historians rearly put it a different diagnosis - cancer. In its best years, Justin, although it was small, was distinguished by fairable abilities - otherwise he would not make careers of the commander and even more so would not become the emperor. "In Justin," according to F.I. Assumption, - a person who has been fully prepared for political activity, which contributed to the Office of a certain experience and well-humored plan ... The main fact of Justin's activities is the end of the prolonged church dispute with the West "that in other words, it is possible to designate as a restoration of Orthodoxy in the East of the Empire after Long dominance of monophimitis.

Justinian and Feodora

After the death of Justin, his nephew and the co-program of Justinian, at that time we already wearing the title of August, remained the only emperor. The beginning of his sole and in this sense of the monarchical rule did not cause confusion in any palace, nor in the capital, nor in the empire.

The future emperor before the elevation of his uncle was called Peter Savvatimi. Justinian, he called himself in honor of his uncle Justina, having learned himself, already becoming an emperor, as his predecessors, the family name of the first Christian autocratry of Konstantin - Flavius, so that in Consular Diptyhe 521, his name is read as Flavius \u200b\u200bPeter Savvatiy Justinian. He was born in 482 or 483 in the village of Taurism near the Bedroom, the native village of his uncle for the mother of Justina, in the poor peasant family of Savvatiya and Wigilance, Illiromsky, according to the proof, or, less likely, Thracian origin. But even in the rural outback of Illyrika at that time, in addition to the local language, Latin, and Justinian knew her since childhood. And then, being in the capital, under the auspices of his uncle, who made the brilliant general career in the rule of Anastasia, Justinian, who had an extraordinary ability, inexhaustible inquisitiveness and exceptional adjudication, mastered the Greek language and received a thorough and comprehensive, but most importantly, how can this be concluded The circle of his late classes and interests, legal and theological education, although he was also knowledgeable in mathematics, rhetoric, philosophy and history. One of his teachers in the capital was the outstanding theologian Leontius Byzantine.

Without a tendency to a military case, in which Justin's wonderful succeeded, he developed as a person a cabinet and book, equally well prepared for both scientists and state activities. Nevertheless, Justinian began his career under the emperor of Anastasia from an officer position in the Palace Schole Eccubs under the start of the uncle. He enriched his experience for several years at the court of the Osthots of the King Theodorich the Great as a diplomatic agent of the Roman government. There he learned the Latin West, Italy and Varvarov-Arian.

On the Board of Justina, becoming his closest assistant and then the co-program, Justinian was honored with honorary titles and titles of the senator, Comita and Patricia. In 520, he was appointed an consul for the next year. The festivities that took place on this occasion were accompanied by "the most cost games and performances on the hippodrome that Constantinople ever knew. At least 20 Lviv, 30 Panther and the exact number of other exotic animals were killed in the Great Circus. At one time, Justinian was held by Master of the Army of the East; In April 527, shortly before the death of Justin, he was proclaimed by August, becoming not only de Facto, but now also de Jure the co-coster of his uncle. This ceremony passed modestly, in the personal rest of Justin, "where he no longer allowed him to go out," in the presence of the Patriarch of the Epiphany and other Higher Sanovniks. "

The verbal portrait of Justinian find the proof: "He was not great and not too small, but the average height, not thin, but slightly complete; He had a rounded face and not devoid of beauty, for and after a two-day post played a blush. In order for a few words to give an idea of \u200b\u200bhis appearance, I will say that he was very similar to Domitian, Son Vespasiana, "whose statues are preserved. This description can be trusted, especially since it corresponds not only to miniature relief portraits on coins, but also mosaic images of Justinian in the Ravenskiy churches of St. Apollinaria and St. Vitaly and a porphyry statue in the Venetian Church of St. Mark.

But it is hardly worth trusting the proofer when he is in the "Secret History" (in a different named "Anecdota", which means "non-convicted", so that this conditional title of the book, in view of its peculiar content, has been subsequently entered into use as the designation of the relevant Genre - Herbal and ulcer, but not certainly reliable stories) characterizes the temper and moral rules of Justinian. At least to its evil and predensive estimates, such a contrasting with other statements, already the panegyric tone, which he in abundance has equipped its history of wars and especially the treatise "On the buildings", should be critically. But, given the extreme degree of irritable dislike, with whom he writes the procopies about the identity of the emperor in the "Secret History", there is no reason to doubt the justice of the characteristics placed in it representing Justinian from the best side, regardless of which - which is a positive, negative or dubious - Light they saw the author with his special hierarchy of ethical values. "Justiniana," he writes, "everything went easy ... because he ... did without sleep and was the most affordable person in the world. In humans, at least dinner and completely unlucky, there was a complete opportunity not only to appear to Tirana, but also to have a secret conversation with him "; "In the Christian faith, he ... was solid"; "He, it can be said, almost never experienced needs in a dream and never eaten and did not drink an opportunity, but he was hard enough to touch the meals with his fingertips to stop the meal. As if it seemed to him a minor, imposed by nature, for he often remained without food, especially when the eve of the eve of the celebration of the so-called Easter was occurring. Then often ... He stayed without food for two days, I was satisfied with a small amount of water and wild plants, and by caught, give God, an hour, I spent the rest of the rest in constant parage. "

The ascetic Mobility of Justinian Prokokii wrote in more detail in the book "On the Construction": "He was constantly rising from the bed at dawn, awake in concerns about the state, always and the word and the word leadership of self-government state affairs and during the morning, and at noon, and often all night long. Late at night he went on his bed on his bed, but very often she got up, as if angry and indigrant on soft bedding. When he was taken for food, he did not touch her guilt, nor to bread, nor to the other, which is edible, but he fed only with vegetables, and at the same time rude, for a long time weathered in salts and vinegar, but a drink for it was served pure water. But this, he never satisfied that he was satisfied: when dishes were served him, he, only having tried from those that he had fed at that time, the rest sent back. " His exceptional devotion of debt is not hidden in a gravily "secret story": "What he wanted to publish on his own behalf, he did not charge to someone who had the position of the quest, as was headed, but considered it to do it for the most part " The reason for this proofer seems that in Justinian "there was nothing from royal dignity, and he did not consider it necessary to obey him, but also the language, and the appearance, and the way he was like a barbarian." In such conclusions, a measure of the conscientiousness of the author is found in a characteristic way.

But the accessibility of Justinian, its incomparable hardworking, which was noted by this hatering emperor, which was obvious from the sense of duty, ascetic lifestyle and Christian piety with a highly original conclusion about the demonic nature of the emperor, in confirmation of which the historian refers to evidence of the courts not named by the courtes which "seemed that instead they see some unusual devilish ghost"? In the style of the Corpin Chartler, anticipating medieval Western fantasies about suckubes and incubations, reproduces or rather, still composes the stunning gossip about that "that and his mother ... used to say to someone from her loved ones that he was born not from her sovereign her husband and not from any person. Before she became pregnant with them, a demon visited her, invisible, but he had the impression that he was with her and had a confusion with her as a man with a woman, and then disappeared as in a dream. " Or about how one of the courtes "told how he ... suddenly rose from the royal throne and began to wander back and forth (he was not used to sit in one place long), and suddenly the head of Justinian suddenly disappeared, and the rest of the body seemed It continued to commit these long movements, he himself (who saw it) believed (and it seems to be completely healthy and soberly, if all this is not a fiction of pure water. - prot. V.Ts.) that he had a vision, and he had long stood shocked and depressed. Then, when the head returned to the body, he thought in embarrassment that the gap (in vision) had been filled with him before. "

With such a fantastic approach to the image of the emperor, it is unlikely to seriously take into inventors contained in such a passage from "Secret History": "He was at the same time insidious, and fell on deception, from those who are called evil fools ... His words and actions were constantly A lies are executed, and at the same time he easily succumbed to those who wanted to deceive him. There was some unusual mixing of the unreasonableness and spoilness of the Nrava ... There was this Vasilev filled tricks, cunning, was distinguished by insincerity, had the ability to hide his anger, was two-inclined, dangerous, was an excellent actor when it was necessary to hide his thoughts, and knew the sheds of tears Not from joy or grief, but artificially causing them at the right time as needed. He constantly lied. " Some of the traits listed here include, as it seems to the professional qualities of politicians and statesmen. However, a person, as is known, is peculiar to a special look, exaggerating and distorting scales, mark its own vices in the near. Prokopii, by one hand, wrote the "story of wars" and more than complimentary to Justinianan a book "On the buildings", and the other is "a secret story", with special energy heats for insincerity and duplicity of the emperor.

The reasons for the prissuality of the proof could be and, obviously, were different - perhaps someone who remained an unknown episode of his biography, but also probably the fact that for the famous historian the holiday of the Resurrection of Christ was the "so-called Easter"; And, maybe another factor: According to the procopy, Justinian "banned the law of men, exposing inquirying cases that took place not after the publication of the law, but concerning those persons who were seen in this vice long before it ... The complicated thus deprived them Employ members and so drove around the city ... they were angry at astrologers. And ... the authorities ... subjected to their torment on just this reason and, firmly fading on his back, were planted on camels and drove throughout the city - their people, people already elderly and in all respects, which were charged only that they wished to become We are wounded in the science of the stars. "

Whatever it was, in view of such failed contradictions and inconsistencies, found in the notorious "Secret History", follows with aboutto the same trust, please treat the characteristics that the same proofer gives him in his published books: in the "History of Wars" and even in the book written in the panegyric tone of the book "On the Constructions": "In our time, Emperor Justinian, who, having received power over the state , stunned by unrest and brought to shameful weakness, increased its size and led him to a brilliant state ... Finding faith in God in the old time with a non-hard and forced to go through the paths of different confessions, erased from the face of the earth all the ways leading to these heretical fluctuations, he achieved that so that it stands now on one solid foundation of true confession ... Himself, on his own motive andwe are malicious against him who needed funds to life with the riches and those overcoming the unusable ill-fated fate, achieved the fact that the joy of life reigned in the empire ... From those whom we know about rumors, they say, the best sovereign was the Persian king Cyrus ... if anyone who carefully happens to the board of our emperor of Justinian ... This man admits that Cyrus and his power were relatively with him a toy. "

Justinianan was given to a wonderful bodily fortress, excellent health, inherited from his peasant ancestors and hardened by an unpretentious, ascetic manner of the lifestyle, which he led in the palace, being initially a co-associate of his uncle, and then an unique truckra. His amazing health was not undermined and sleepless nights, in which he, as in the daytime, indulged in the affairs of state rule. In the elderly, when he was already 60 years old, he fell ill with Chuma and was safely cured from this deadly ailment, he then lives to deep old age.

The great ruler, he could surround himself with assistants of outstanding abilities: These were the commander of Belisarius and Naruses, an outstanding lawyer Tribonian, the brilliant architects Isidore from the Milestone and Anthimi from Thrall, and among these shining the star of the first magnitude shone his wife Feodor.

Justinian got acquainted with her about 520 and carried away by her. Like Justinian, Theodore had the most modest, although not so ordinary, but rather an exotic origin. She was born in Syria, and in some, less reliable, information - in Cyprus at the end of the V century; The exact date of her birth is unknown. Her father Akaki, who moved with his family to the capital of the Empire, found a kind of earnings: he became, according to the procopy, which is repeated from other Byzantine historians, "supervisor of the Circus Beasts", or, as it was also called, "bearish". But he died early, leaving the orphans of three young daughters: Comito, Feodoro and Anastasia, the elders from whom were also not yet seven years old. The widow of the "bearishman" was married for the second time in the hope that her new husband would continue the craft of the deceased, but her hopes were not justified: there was a different replacement in Dima Prasinov. The mother of orphaned girls, however, according to the story of the proof, did not fell in spirit, and "when ... the people gathered in the circus, she, putting on three girls on the head of a wreath and giving each hand of the garland of flowers, put them on her knees with a prayer about protection." The competing circus party of Venetov, probably for the sake of a moral celebration over the opponents, took care of the orphans and took their stepfather to the position of the assistant of animals in their faction. Since then, Feodora, like her husband, became an ardent fan of Venetov - blue.

When the daughters have grown up, the mother attached them to theatrical stage. Prokoki, characterizing the profession of older of them, como, calls her not an actress, as it should be with a calm attitude to the topic, but hetera; Subsequently, at the board of Justinian, she was married to the master of the army of Sitta. At the time of his childhood spent in poverty and the need, Feodora, according to the procopy, "dressed in a hitter with the sleeves ... accompanied her, serving her in everything." When the girl grows, she became an actress of the Mimic theater. "She was unusually elegant and witty. Because of this, everyone came from her delight. " One of the reasons for the delight in which the audience led the young beauty, the proof is not only its inexhaustible ingenuity in sharpness and jokes, but also the lack of shame. His further story about the farodore is overflowing with sidewalls and dirty fantasies, bordering a sexy nonsense, who speaks more about the author than about the victim of his password inspiration. Is there an inflamed pornographic imagination in this game the share of truth? The famous Gibbon historian, who asked the tone of Western fashion for Visantophobia, willingly believes the procopy, finding an irresistible argument in favor of the reliability of the jokes of the anecdotes in their implausibility: "Do not invent such incredible things - it means that it is true." Meanwhile, street gossip could serve as the only source of information on this part of this part, so that the real image of the life of a young feodora can be judged by only on the basis of the biographical canvas, the characteristics of the artistic profession and the morals of theatrical environment. Modern historian Norwich, affecting this topic, rejects the reliability of the pathological insinuations of the proof, but, belonging to the Molva, from which he could learn some of his anecdotes, notes that "yet, as you know, the smoke without fire does not happen, so there is no doubt about The fact that Feodora has, as our grandmothers, was "past". Was it worse than others - the answer to this question remains open. " The famous viscentologist Sh. Dil, affecting this scrupulous theme, wrote: "Some psychological features of Theodore, her concerns about poor girls who died in the capital more often than from the viciousness, the measures taken by it for their salvation and their liberation" from the Iga Shameny slavery "... as well as a few contemptuous cruelty, which she always showed to men, to a certain extent confirm what they are conveyed about her youth ... But is it possible to believe as a result of this that the adventures of the farodora produced that terrible scandal, which proofs describes that she was really From a series of outgoing curtains? .. do not have to lose sight of the fact that the proof love to represent the depravity of those withdrawn people in the size of almost epic ... I ... I would be very inclined to see in her ... the heroine of a more banal story - a dancer who behaved just like at all times behave Women of her profession. "

For the sake of fairness, it should be noted that the elipe characteristics of the aeodora proceeded from the other side, however, the essence of them remains not clarified. S. Diel expresses annoyance for the fact that the monophimite historian Bishop John Efesse, "who knew the feodoro closely, from respect to the great world of this, did not tell us in detail of all offensive expressions, which, in his words, had a pious monks, who were known to the Empress - people known With its gross frankness. "

When at the beginning of the board of Justin, the Gorky Feodore was not easily produced by the Theater Bread, she changed the lifestyle and, brings closer to the native of Tira, perhaps with his countryman, hekought, who was then appointed by the ruler of the province of Pentapole, located between Libya and Egypt, went to his place Services. As it commented on this event in the life of Theodore Sh. Dil, "Tired of finally fleeting, and, finding a serious person who provided her durable position, she began to lead a decent life in marriage and piety." But her family life lasted for a long time, ending with a gap. A young daughter remained with Feodoroy. Abandoned by HEKebol, the later fate of which is unknown, Feodora moved to Alexandria, where she settled in a strange house owned by the Monophimitskaya community. In Alexandria, she often conversated with monks who were looking for consolation and instructions, as well as with priests and bishops.

There she met the local monophimita patriarch Timofey - at that time the Orthodox throne of Alexandria remained vacant - and with the Savir's Monophimitsky Patriarch with the Monophizite Patriarch of Antioch, the respectful attitude to which she retained forever, which was specially encouraging her when she became a powerful assistant His husband, to seek reconciliation of diaphysites with monophysites. In Alexandria, she was seriously engaged in his education, read the books of the fathers of the Church and external writers and, possessing uncomfortable abilities, to the rare insightful mind and brilliant memory, became over time, like Justinianan, one of the most erudite people of his time, a competent connoisseur of theology. Estricious circumstances prompted her to move from Alexandria to Constantinople. Contrary to everything that is known about piety and immaculate behavior of Theodore since she left the stage, proof, losing a feeling of not only measures, but also reality and plausibility, wrote that "passing throughout East, she returned to Byzantine. She resorted to the craft, to call which, I think, a person will not be able, without having lost the grace of God, "this expression is given here to show the price of the writer's testimony: in other places in his pamphlet, he is not afraid of" deprivation of the grace of God " , with enthusiasm calls the most shameful from the exercises that existed in reality and invented by its inflamed imagination, which he crucially attributes to the farodore.

In Constantinople, she settled in a small house on the outskirts. In need of the means, she, by legend, arranged a spinning workshop and in it the factor of the yarn, separating the works of hired workers. There, under the circumstances, the remaining unknown, about 520, Feodor was met with the nephew of Emperor Justinian, who was carried away by her. At that time, he was already a mature man approaching the 40-year border. Lightness he was never deepening. Apparently, in the past he had no rich experience of relationships with women. He was too serious for this and picking up. After learning Theodore, he loved her with an amazing devotion and constancy, and this later, at the time of their marriage, was expressed in everything, including in his activity of the ruler, to which theodore influenced as no other.

Having a rare beauty, insightful mind and education, which Justinian knew how to appreciate both women, brilliant wit, an amazing self-reliance and a strong character, Feodora was able to repel the imagination of his high-ranking chosen one. Even a vengeful and evil proofer seems to be painfully leaning by her stinging joke, but she had a disadvantaged and splashing her on the pages of his "in the table" written "Secret History", pays for her external attractiveness: "Theodore was beautiful face and to The grace is executed, but the lowest growth, a pale, but not quite white, but rather yellowish-pale; Her appearance from under the extracted eyebrows was Grezden. " This is a kind of lifetime verbal portrait, the more reliable, that it corresponds to it, too, a lifetime, but already a mosaic image that has been preserved in the apse of the Ravenskaya Church of St. Vitaly. A successful description of this portrait, belonging, not by the time of her acquaintance with Justinian, and at later her life, when old age was already ahead, was made by Sh. Dilem: "Under the severe imperial mantia, the standard seems higher, but less flexible; Under the diadem, hiding forehead, a small gentle face with a somewhat, as if a graded oval, a big straight and thin nose looks solemnly, almost sad. The only one was preserved on this faded face: under the dark line of controversial eyebrows, beautiful black eyes ... are still illuminated and as if they destroy the face. " Exquisite, truly by the Byzantine greatness of the Augusts on this mosaic emphasize its royal clothes: "The long, covering her mantle from purple purple is in the bottom of the lights in the soft folds of the embroidered gold kayma; On her head, surrounded by a nymba, high tiara of gold and precious stones; The hair is intertwined by pearl threads and threads, snapped with precious stones, and the same decorations with sparkling jets fall on her shoulders. "

Having become acquainted with Theodore and having loved her, Justinian asked him to donate her high title of patrician. Emperor's co-advocate wanted to marry her, but collided in this his intention with two obstacles. One of them was legal in nature: the senators, to whose class, was considered a nephew of the autocratrum, the law of St. Emperor Konstantin was forbidden to marry with former actresses, and the other came from the resistance of the thought of the Mesallians from the spouse of Emaptic Eviefmy, who loved the nephew His husband and sincerely who wanted him every good, nothing that she herself, who was named this aristocratic, but by the common name of Lupicin, which proofed is funny and ridiculous, had the most humble origin. But such a fanberia is just a characteristic feature of suddenly raised persons, especially when they are characteristic of simpleness in combination with common sense. Justinian did not want to go against the prejudices of his aunt, for the love of which he answered grateful attachment, and did not rush to the marriage. But the time passed, and in 523 Efimiya moved to the Lord, after which the Emperor Justin was alien to the late spouse, the Emperor Justin canceled the law that was unequal marriages, and in 525, in the Church of St. Sophia, Patriarch Epiphani whistled Senator and Patricia of Justinian with Patrician Feodoroy.

With the proclamation of Justinian by Augustus and the co-programmer of Justina on April 4, 527, the holy feodoroch was held next to him and his wife. And henceforth, she shared his government work and honors, who liked him as an emperor. Theodore took ambassadors, gave the audience to the dignitaries, she put the statues. The state oath included both names - Justinian and Feodora: I swear on the "Almighty God, His only Beggar Son of the Lord, by our Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit, happily sainted by the Virgin Mary Mary and Savodneva Maria, the four Gospels, the Holy Archangels Mikhail and Gabriel, that I would be good to serve the pious and holy states well Justinian and Theodore, the wife of His Imperial Majesty, and unlimited to continue to succeed their autocracy and board. "

War with Persian Shah Kavad

The most important foreign policy event of the first years of the Board of Justinian was the renewed war with Sassanid Iran, described in detail by the proof. In Asia, four Mobile Field Army of Rome were quartered, which were aboutthe easiest part of the Armed Forces of the Empire and intended for the defense of its eastern borders. Another army stood in Egypt, two buildings were in the Balkans - in Thrace and Illyric, covering the capital from the north and west. The personal Guard of the Emperor, consisting of seven Schol, had 3,500 selected soldiers and officers. There were still garrisons in strategically important cities, especially in the fortresses located in the border zone. But, as can be seen from the above characteristics of the composition and placement of the armed forces, Sassanid Iran was considered the main opponent.

In 528, Justinian commanded the head of the garrison of the border city city of Dara Visaria to begin construction of a new fortress in Mindon, near Nisibis. When the walls of the fortress, over the construction of which many workers worked, rose to a fair height, the Persians were worried and demanded to stop the construction, seeing a violation of the concluded previously, with Justin, the contract. Rome rejected ultimatum, and on both sides the redeployment of troops began to border.

In the battle between the Roman detachment, headed by Kutsu and Persians in the walls of the fortress of the fortress, the Romans were defeated, which remained alive, including the warlord himself, were captured, and the walls of which served as the war of war, were broken to the ground. In 529, Justinian appointed Belisarius to the Higher Military Position of the Master, or, Greek, Stratilate, East. And he made an additional set in troops and moved the army towards Nisibis. Next to Belisarius, the headquarters were sent by the emperor Hermogen, who also had a master's title - in the past he was the closest adviser to Vitalyan, when he learned the rebellion against Anastasia. To meet the Persian army under the command of Mirran (Commander-in-Chief) of Peroses. The Persian army first consisted of up to 40 thousand canes and infantry, and then reinforcement with a number of 10 thousand people. They were opposed by 25 thousand Roman warriors. Thus, the Persians had two-time superiority. On both fronts of the front, the two-legged troops of two great powers were stood.

Between the warlords: Mirran Perez, or Firuz, - from the Iranian side and Belisarius and Hermogen - with Roman - a correspondence took place. The Roman commander offered the world, but insisted on the discharge of the Persian army from the border. Mirran wrote in response that it is impossible to believe the Romans, and therefore only war can resolve the dispute. The second letter of the Parom, sent by Visarian and his associates, was completed by the words: "If you are so strive for war, then we will oppose you with the help of God: we are confident that he will help us in danger, conducive to the peace-loving of Romans and amazing the boasting of Persians, who decided to go war on us who offered you the world. We oppose you, attaching before the battle for the impossibles of our banners, what we mutually wrote each other. " The answer of Mirrhan Belisaria was executed offensive arrogance and barracks: "And we spell into battle with no help from our gods, we will go to you with them, and I hope that tomorrow they will introduce us to the gift. Therefore, let the bath and lunch be ready for me in the city. "

The general battle took place in July 530. Pernom began it at noon with the calculation that "they will attack hungry," because Romans, unlike the Persians who are accustomed to dinner on the outcome of the day, eat before noon. The battle began with a shootout of onions, so that the arrows carried in both sides obscured sunlight. The reserves of arrards were richer, but in the end they dried up. The Romans favored the wind, who blew in the face of the enemy, but losses, and considerable, were on both sides. When there was nothing more to shoot, the enemies joined each other in hand-to-hand fight, acted with spears and swords. During the battle, more than once, the overwhelming of the power was found on the other side in different parts of the line of combat contact. The moment that was dangerous for the Roman army, when the Persians standing on the left flank under the command of one-eyed Varesman, together with the detachment of "Immortal", "Romans stood against them", and "those who could not withstand their onslaught, turned into flight", but here There was a fracture that decided the outcome of the battle. The Romans, who were on the flank, hit the squad along the rapidly moving along the side and cut it in half. The Persians, who turned out to be in the environment and turned back, and then the Romans who fled them from them stopped, turned around and hit the warriors who were persecuting them earlier. Once in the ring of the enemy, the Persians were desperately resisted, but when they fell their warlord Varesman, relieved from the horse and killed by Dube, they rushed into a panic to escape: the Romans overtook them and beat them. Up to 5 thousand Persians died. Belisarius and Hermogen finally ordered to stop persecution, fearing surprises. "That day the Romans," according to the procopy, "managed to defeat the Persians in the battle, which was not happening for a long time." For the failure of Mirrrian Perenom subjected to a humiliating punishment: "The king took his decoration of gold and pearls, which he usually wore on his head. The Persians have a sign of the highest dignity after the royal. "

The victory of the Romans near the walls of the war war with Persians did not end. Sheikh arab Bedouins intervened in the game, nomocated at the boundaries of the Roman and Iranian empires and robbing the border cities of one of them in agreement with the authorities of the other, but, above all, in their own interests - with profitable for themselves. One of these Sheykhs was Alamundar, a hype, inventive and quiet robber, not devoid of diplomatic abilities. In the past, he was considered Vassal Rome, received the title of Roman Patricia and the king of his people, but then switched to the side of Iran, and, according to Prokopiya, "For 50 years he has exhausted the forces of Romans ... From the borders of Egypt to Mesopotamia, he ruined all the terrain, hijacked And he took everything in a row, fascinating the buildings falling to him, many tens of thousands of people turned into slavery; Most of them immediately killed, others sold for big money. " The rival Romans from the number of Arab Sheikh Area in the hassle with Alamundar invariably failed failure or, suspects the proof, "the treacherously accepted, as, most likely, should be allowed." Alamundar came to the court of Shah Kavada and advised him to move around the Oroensk province with her numerous Roman garrisons through the Syrian Desert on the main outpost of Rome in Levante - to the brilliant antioch, whose population is distinguished by special carelessness and takes care of one entertainment, so the attack will be for him A terrible surprise to which they will not be able to prepare in advance. As for the difficulties of the campaign through the desert, the Alamundar suggested: "On a lack of water or something not worried about, because I myself will negone the army, as I consider it best." Alamundara's proposal was made Shah, and he put at the head of the army, which was to storm the Antioch, Persian Azaret, who had to be Alamundar, "showing him the road."

Having learned about the new danger, the Belisarius, who commanded the troops of the Romans in the East, moved a 20,000th army towards the enemy, and he retreated. Belisarius did not want to attack the retreating enemy, but militant moods prevailed in the troops, and the commander did not manage to calm their soldiers. April 19, 531, on the day of Holy Easter, on the banks of the river Kalinik, the battle took place for the Romans by defeat, but the winners who made the army of Belisory retreat, suffered colossal losses: when they returned home, it was made to count the dead and captured. Prokoki tells about how this is done: before going around the warriors, everyone alone alone in the Basket placed on the Place, "Then they are stored, sealed by royal seal; When the army is returning ... then every soldier takes from these baskets on the same arrows. " When the Azareret's troops, returning from the campaign, in which they could not take neither an antioch, nor any other city, although they won in the case under Callinii, took place in front of Kavad, taking out the arrows from the baskets, then, "since in Many arrows left baskets ... The king found this victory with shame for Azaret and subsequently kept him among the least worthy. "

Another war theater between Rome and Iran was, as in the past, Armenia. In 528, the Persian detachment invaded the Roman Armenia from the side of the staff, but was defeated by the troops who were commanded by Sitta, after which the Shah sent a larger army under the command of Mermery, whose backbone was Savira's nominations with a number of 3 thousand riders. And again the invasion was reflected: Mermer was defeated by troops under the command of Sitta and Dorofee. But, having recovered from the defeat by making an additional set, Mermer again invaded the limits of the Roman Empire and became the camp near the city of Satal, located 100 kilometers from Taptuzund. The Romans unexpectedly attacked the camp - the bloody stubborn battle began, the outcome of which hung in the hairs. Thracian riders played a decisive role, who fought under the command of Florence who died in this battle. After the defeat of the defeat, the Mermer was left of the limits of the empire, and the three prominent Persian military leaders, by origin from Armenians: the brothers Narzes, Arames and Isaac - from the aristocratic clan of Kamacharakanov, who successfully fought with the Romans to the Board of Justin, went to the side of Rome. Isaac passed the Fortress Bologna, located near Feodosiopol, on the border, whose garrison he commanded.

On September 8, 531, Shah Kavad died of paralysis of the right side, which is comprehended by him five days before the death. He was 82 years old. His successor became, on the basis of his will, the younger son of the Hoshret of Anushirvan. The highest states of state led by Mevoda stopped attempting the eldest son of Kaos to occupy the throne. Soon after that, negotiations began with Rome on the conclusion of the world. Ruthin, Alexander and Thomas participated in them with the Roman side. Negotiations were difficult, interrupted by the breaks of contacts, threats from the Persians to resume war, accompanied by the movement of troops towards the border, but in the end, in 532 the "Eternal World" agreement was signed. In accordance with it, the border between the two powers remained basically unchanged, although Rome returned to the Paramangii and Volu Persians from them, the Roman side also pledged to postpone the headquarters of the commander of the army quartered in Mesopotamia, further from the border from the gift to Konstantin. In the course of negotiations with Rome Iran and earlier, and this time exhibited the demand for joint defense of passages and passes through the Big Caucasus Range at the Caspian Sea to reflect the raids of nomadic barbarians. But, since for the Romans, this condition was unacceptable: the military unit, located in a significant distance from the Roman limits, would be there in an extremely vulnerable position and in full dependence on the Persians, an alternative proposal was launched - to pay Iran money in compensation for its expenses for the defense of Caucasian passages. This proposal was made, and the Roman side assumed the obligation to pay Iran 110 Kentinarians of Gold - Kentinarium was 100 limbs, and the weight of Libra is approximately one third kilogram. Thus, Rome under the favorable cover of compensation of costs for joint defense needs pledged to pay the contraction of about 4 tons of gold. At that time, after the multiplication of the treasury at Anastasia, this amount was not for Rome especially burdensome.

The subject of negotiations was also a situation in Lasik and Ieria. Lasika remained under the Program of Rome, and Irania - Iran, but those Ivem, or Georgians who fled from the Persians from their country to the neighboring Lasik, was granted the right to stay in the Lasik or return to their homeland.

Emperor Justinian went on the conclusion of peace with the Persians, as he developed at the time planning a fighting plan in the West - in Africa and Italy - in order to restore the integrity of the Roman Empire and for the protection of Orthodox Christians of the West from discrimination, which they were subjected to the dominant Ariana. But from the implementation of this idea for a while, the dangerous development of events in the capital itself was held.

Miknet Misty

In January 532, the rebellion broke out in Constantinople, whose instigators were the participants in circus facts, or dimov, - prasins (green) and venets (blue). Of the four circus parties to the time of Justinian, two - left (white) and Russia (red) - disappeared, without leaving noticeable traces of their existence. "The initial meaning of the names of four parties, - according to A.A. Vasilyeva, - Unclear. Sources of the VI century, that is, the era of Justinian, they say that these names correspond to the four elements: land (green), water (blue), air (white) and fire (red). " Dima, similar to the metropolitan, who wearing the same names of the colors of clothes of circus matters and crews, existed in those cities where hippodrols were preserved. But Dima was not only communities of fans: they were endowed with municipal duties and rights, served as a form of organizing civil militia in case of the siege of the city. Dima had their own structure, their treasury, their leaders: these were, according to F.I. Assumption, "Dimocrats, which had two - Dimocrats of Venetov and Prasinov; Both of them were appointed king from the highest military ranks with Nestospafaria. " In addition, there were still Dimarhi, who used to headed Dima Levkov and Rusiyiv, actually faded, but preserved the memory of themselves in the rank of ranks. Judging by the sources, the remnants of Dima Levkov were absorbed by Venetians, and Rusyiv - Prasins. There is no complete clarity regarding the structure of dims and the principles of division into Dima due to the insufficiency of information in the sources. It is only known that Dima, headed by their Dimocrats and Dimarhs, were subordinated to the prefect, or the Epar, Constantinople. The number of Dimov was limited: at the end of the 6th century, in the Board of Mauritius, there were one and a half thousand prasins and 900 venetians in the capital, but their much more numerous supporters were adjacent to formal members of Dimov.

The division into Dima, like modern party accessories, to a certain extent reflected the existence of various social and ethnic groups and even different theological views that in the new Rome served as the most important orientation indicator. Among Venetov, more wealthy people prevailed - landowners and officials; Natural Greeks, consecutive diaphalsis, while Dim Prasinov united the advantage of merchants and artisans, there were many people from Syria and Egypt, among the Prasins, the presence of monophysites was also noticeable.

Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodore were supporters, or, if you like, fans, venetov. The characteristics of the feodora that occurs in the literature as a supporter of Prasinov is based on a misunderstanding: on the one hand, on the fact that her father at one time consisted of the service of Prasinov (but after his death Prasina, as mentioned above, did not take care of his widow and orphans, in while Venates showed up the mother's orphaned family, and Theodore became a zealous "fan" of this faction), and on the other hand, on the fact that she, not being a monophimite, put the patronage of monophysites at that time, when the emperor himself was looking for the way to their reconciliation With diaphysites, meanwhile, in the capital of the empire, monophysites concentrated around Dima Prasinov.

Not being recognized by political parties, fulfilling, in accordance with the place allotted by them in the hierarchy of metropolitan institutions, rather a representative function, Dima still reflected the mood of various circles of urban inhabitants, including their political lusts. In the times of the principle and then Dominata, the hippodrome became the focus of political life. After the acclamation of the new emperor in a military camp, after the church blessing on the board, after approval by His Senate, the emperor appeared on the racetrack, held his defense there, which was called the cafium, and the people - citizens of the new Rome, made his welcoming cries a legally significant act of his election by the emperor, Or, closer to the real state of affairs, recognition of the legitimacy of the previously perfect election.

From a really political point of view, the participation of the people in the election of the emperor was solely a formal, ceremonial character, but the traditions of the ancient Roman republic, who was tumped during the times of Grakhov, Maria, Sulla, triumvirates struggled by parties, made their way in the rivalry of circus faults, which beyond the borders of sports excitement. As written by F.I. Uspensky, "The hippodrome represented the only arena, for the lack of a printing machine, for a loud expression of public opinion, which sometimes had binding power for the government. The public affairs were discussed here, the Constantinople population expressed here to a certain extent its participation in political affairs; While the ancient political institutions, through which the people expressed their own rights, gradually came into decay, not being able to get along with the monarchical principles of Roman emperors, the urban hippodrome continued to remain the arena, where the free opinion could speak unpunished ... People polished at the racetrack , I expressed the censure and king, and the ministers, sometimes mocked the unsuccessful policy. " But the hippodrome with his Dima served not only by the place where the masses could criticize the actions of the authorities with impunity, it was also used by groupings or clans surrounding emperors, carriers of government authority in their intrigues, served as an instrument of compromising rivals from hostile clans. In the aggregate, these circumstances turned Dima into risky weapons, fraught with rebellion.

The danger was exacerbated by extremely bold criminal shorts, which reigned in the middle of Stamiotov, who made up the core of Dimov, is something like avid fans, who did not overcome the runs and other representations of the hippodrome. About their inels, with probable exaggerations, but still not fantasizing, but relying on the real state of affairs, the procopies wrote in the "Secret History": Stasiota Venetov "At night, wearing a weapon were openly, the day was hiding small double-edible daggers from the hips. As soon as it began to darken, they were knocked out in the gangs and robbed those who (looked) replay, throughout Agore and in narrow streets ... Some of the time, during a robbery, they thought it was necessary and to kill that they did not tell anyone about what happened to them . Everyone suffered from them, and among the first those venets who were not stamioti. " Extremely color was their shoe and faded apparel: they were separated by the clothes "beautiful border ... Part of Hiton, which closes his hand, was tightly tight near the brush, and from there to the shoulder itself expanded to incredible sizes. Whenever they are in the theater or on the racetrack, shouting or pudding (ardition) ... swung up with their hands, this part (Hiton), naturally, was inflated, creating an impression from fools, as if they had such a beautiful and strong body that they had to climb him In such robes ... Cape, wide pants and especially shoes and by name, and the appearance were Gunns. " Stasiota competing with the venets of Prasinov either moved to the opponent's gang, "the desire to be accomplished at all unpalcounter to participate in crimes, others, Beshav, hid in other places. Many, overtighted and there, died either by the hands of the enemy, or persecuted by the authorities ... Many other young men began to flow into this community ... They encouraged them the opportunity to send strength and keenness ... Many, predicting them with money, pointed stamitats on their own enemies And they immediately exterminated them. " The words of the proof that "no one has already had the slightest hope that he will remain alive with such unreliability of being," is, of course, only a rhetorical figure, but the atmosphere of danger, anxiety and fear was present in the city.

The thunder tension was discharged by Bunt - an attempt to overthrow Justinian. The rebels had different motives to risk. In the palace and government circles, adherents of the nephews of Emperor Anastasia, though they themselves did not seem to strive for the supreme power. Basically, these were the dignitaries who adhere to the Monophimitsky theology, which was adherence to Anastasi. The people have accumulated discontent with the tax policy of the government, the main perpetrators saw the nearest assistants of the emperor Prefect Pretoria John Cappadocyan and Quester Tribonian. Solva accused them in charges, bribes and extortion. Prasins were outraged by a frank preference that Justinian rendered Venetans, and Statasiota Venetov were unhappy with the fact that the government, despite the fact that they wrote a proofer of their gangsterism, nevertheless made police measures against particularly obvious criminal excesses that they committed. Finally, in Constantinople, there were still pagans, Jews, Samarists, as well as heretics Ariana, Macedonian, Montanists and even Maniai, who rightly seen the threat to the very existence of their communities in the religious policy of Justinian, focused on supporting the Orthodoxy of the entire strength of the law and the real power. So the combustible material in the capital has accumulated in a high degree of concentration, and the epicenter of the explosion served as a hippodrome. People of our time captured by sports passions are easier than it was in the previous century, to imagine how easily the fans, charged at the same time and political preferences may pour out the riots representing the threat of an uprising and coup, especially when the crowd is skillfully manipulate.

The beginning of the rebellion was the events that took place at the racetrack on January 11, 532. In the interval between the races, one of the Prasinov, apparently, prepared to the speech in advance, on the face of his Dima turned to the emperor who was present at the races with a complaint against the Sacred Worker of Calopodia Spaffaria: "For many years, Justinian - August, defeat! - We are offended, a single good, and we are unable to demolish it, the witness is God! " . The representative of the emperor in response to the accusation said: "Calopodia does not interfere in the affairs of the Board ... You are going to spectacles only to insult the government." The dialogue was becoming more busy: "" Anyway, and who offends us, the part will be with Juda. " - "Silent, Jews, Manichei, Samarita!" - "Do you mean us by Judah and Samarities? Mother of God, buddies with all of us! .. "-" Not joking: If you don't take it, we will tear off the head "-" Orders to kill! Perhaps punish us! Already the blood is ready to flow streams ... it would be better to not be born to Savvatiya than to have a son killer ... (it was already frankly rebellious attack.) So in the morning, behind the city, the murder occurred at Zejm, and you, the sovereign, at least looked at that! There was a murder and in the evening. "" The representative of the Blue Facility answered this: "The killers of the whole stage are only yours ... You kill and rebellious; You have only the killers of the stage. " The representative of the Greens appealed straight to the emperor: "" Who killed the son of Epagaf, autocrats? " - "And you were killed him and dump it on the blue" - "Lord, humbly! Truth is raped. Therefore, it can be argued that the world is not managed by God's fishery. Where is this evil? " - "Blaspholes, Bogobors, when you silence?" - "If you please the power of yours, unwillingly silently, the triavgushest; Everything, I know everything, but silent. Goodbye, justice! You are already fragrant. I turn to another camp, I will do the Jew. God knows! It is better to become Hellen, than to live with blue "." Throwing the challenge to the government and the emperor, the green left the racetrack.

An offensive for the emperor a passage with him on the racetrack served as a prelude to methe. The epars, or the prefect, the capital of Evdemon ordered to arrest on six suspects in the killings of a person from both dims - green and blue. An investigation was conducted, and it turned out that the seven of them are really guilty of this crime. Evdea sentenced: four criminals beheaded, and three to crucify. But then something incredible happened. According to John Malal, "when they ... began to hang, the pillars were collapsed, and two (sentenced) fell; One was "blue", the other is "green". The plot of execution gathered the crowd, the monks came from the monastery of St. Conon and took with them the broken criminals sentenced to execution. They crossed them through the strait to the Asian coast and provided them asylum in the Church of the Martyr of Lawrence, which had refuge. But the prefect of the capital of Evdemon sent a military squad to the temple, so as not to give them the opportunity to leave the temple and hide. The people were outraged by the actions of the prefect, because in the fact that hanged fell and survived, saw the wonderful effect of the fishery of God. The crowd of people went to the house of the prefect and asked him to remove the protection from the temple of St. Lawrence, but he refused to fulfill this request. In the crowd, dissatisfaction with the actions of the authorities increased. The conspirators took advantage of the ropot and indignation of the people. Stasotiota Venetov and Prasinov agreed on a solidarity mound against the government. Password conspirators became the word "Nick!" ("Defend!") - Announcement of the audience at the racetrack, which they encouraged the competing matters. In history, the uprising entered under the name of this victorious cleric.

On January 13, on the metropolitan hippodrome, horse contests were again held, timed to the January Idam; Justinian recreated at the imperial cafia. In the breaks between the races of Vennets and Prasans, the emperor about mercy was coordinated, about the forgiveness of sentenced to execution and miraculously rid of death. As John Malala writes, "they continued to shout until 22 arrival, but did not receive an answer. Then the devil inspired them the bad intention, and they began to praise each other: "Many years old with merciful prasins and venetam!" ", Instead of welcoming the emperor. Then, leaving the hippodrome, the conspirators together with the crowd joined them rushed to the residence of the city's prefect, demanded to free the sentenced to death and, without having received a favorable answer, the prefecture set fire to it. This was followed by new arsons, accompanied by the murders of warriors and everyone who tried to counteract the rebellion. According to John Malala, "the copper gates burned to the sickle, and the Great Church, and the public portico; The people continued to be increasing. " A more complete list of fire destroyed by the fire gives the Feofan confessor: "The porticists are burned from the Kamara itself on the square to the Hulka (stairs), silver shops and all Love buildings ... entered the house, robbed property, burned the palace porch ... the room of the royal bodyguards and the ninth part of Augusta ... Baths of Alexandrov and the Bolshoi Sampon's Big Strengthened House with all his patients. " In the crowd, cries with the requirement to put the "other king".

Equestrian competitions scheduled for the next day - January 14 were not canceled. But when the flag was raised on the face ", the flag, the rebels and Vennets, shouting" Nick! ", Began to wait for the venues for the audience. The detachment of Georulov under the command of the Munda, to whom Justinian ordered the doubt of the rebellion, did not cope with the rebels. The emperor was ready to make a compromise. Having learned that the rebelled Dima demanded the resignation of John Cappadocyc, Tribonian and Eugene, he fulfilled this requirement and sent all the three in retirement. But this resignation did not satisfy the rebels. Loggers, murders and robbery continued for several days, covering a significant part of the city. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe conspirators was definitely ate to the removal of Justinian and to proclaim the emperor of one of Anastasia's nephews - Ipatia, Pompey or a sample. To speed up the development of events in this direction, the conspirators have spread false rumors in the people that Justinian with Feodoroy fled from the capital to Thrace. Then the crowd rushed to the house of the test, who left him in advance and disappeared, not wanting to be mixed in the rebellion. In anger, the rebels burned his house. Ipatiya and Pompey, they also did not find, because at that time were in the imperial palace and there they assured Justinian in their devotion to him, but, not trusting those who were going to hand over the insights, fearing that their presence in the palace could encourage The fluctuating bodyguards to the treason, Justinian demanded that both brothers leave the palace and went home.

On Sunday, on January 17, the emperor took another attempt to repay the reaction with reconciliation. He appeared on the hippodrome, where the crowd involved in the rebellion was gathered, with the gospel in his hands and with an oath promised to free the offended criminals, as well as to grant an amnesty to all the meter participants if they stop the riot. In the crowd, some believed Justinian and welcomed him, and others were, obviously, there were most among those gathered - they were insulting him and demanded to put the nephew of Anastasia Ipatiya by the emperor. Justinian surrounded by bodyguards returned from the hippodrome to the palace, and the rebellious crowd, having learned that Ipathia was at home, rushed there to proclaim it with the emperor. He himself was afraid of the forthcoming fate of him, but the rebels, acting guideline, led him to the Constantine forum to commit solemn acclamation. His wife Maria, according to the proof, "The woman is reasonable and known for his judgment, held her husband and did not let him down, loudly the wall and appealing to all close ones that Dima lead him to death," but it was not able to prevent the plot. Ipatia led to the forum and there, for the lack of diadems, the gold chain was laid on his head. The Senate has gathered in emergency order approved the perfect election of Ipatia by the emperor. It is not known whether many senators who have gone from participation in this meeting, and who those present by the senators acted a driven by fear, considering the position of Justinian hopeless, but it is obvious that his conscious opponents are probably mainly from the monophimitism environment, they also attended the Senate earlier. before rebellion. Senator Origen offered to prepare for a long war with Justinian, the majority, however, expressed the immediate assault on the Imperial Palace. Ipatiy supported this proposal, and the crowd moved towards the hippodrome, adjacent to the palace to start the attack on the palace.

Meanwhile, it was held at Justinian's meeting with his nearest assistants left to him. Among them were Belisarius, Nursa, Mund. Holy Feodorus was also present. The current state of affairs and the Justinian himself, and his advisers were characterized in extremely dark light. We have not yet joined the warriors who have not yet attached to the rebels from the metropolitan garrison, even on the palace schola, it was risky to rely. The Evacuation Plan of the Emperor from Constantinople was discussed seriously. And then the word took the feathers: "In my opinion, escape, even if I ever brought salvation and, perhaps, bring it now, unworthy. The one who has appeared on the light should not die, but the one who once reigned was unbearable to be a fugitive. Yes, do not lose this porphyra to me, but do not live to the day when the oncoming will not call me Mrs! If you wish to save yourself, Vasilev, it is not difficult. We have a lot of money, and the sea is near, and the court is. But look to you, saved, did not prefer the death of salvation. I also like the ancient saying that the royal power is a wonderful Savan. " This is the most famous saint feodorrore, it is necessary to believe - an authentic reproduced by her hater and lets proofer, a person of an outstanding mind that was able to assess the irresistible energy and the expressiveness of these words characterizing it: Her mind and the striking gift of the word she brightened once on scene, her fearlessness and self-control, her excitement and pride, her steel will, hardened by everyday tests, which she in abundance has undergone in the past - from early youth to marriage, ascended her for unparalleled height, to fall from which she did not want, even if Konou stood life and herself, and her husband-emperor. These words Theodora remarkably illustrate the role that she played in the immediate surroundings of Justinian, the measure of her influence on government policy.

The statement of Theodore marked the turning point during the insurgency. "The words of Her, - according to the observation of the proof, - inspired everyone, and again gaining the lost courage, they began to discuss how they should be defended ... Soldiers, like those on which the protection of the palace, and all the others, did not show devotion to Vasileu But they did not want to clearly take part in the case, waiting for what the outcome of events would be. At the meeting was made the decision immediately proceed to suppressing the inside.

A key role in the guidance of the order was played by a detachment that brought Belisarius from the Eastern Border. Together with him, the German mercenaries were operating under the command of their commander Munda, appointed by Illyric Stratig. But before they attacked the rebels, the Palace eunuch Nursa joined the negotiations with rebidden venetians, who were previously considered reliable, because on the side of their blue Dima, Justinian himself and his wife Feodor. According to John Malal, he "secretly coming out (from the palace), bribed some (members) of the Party of Venetov, distributed to them. And some of the rebels from the crowd began to proclaim the Justinian king in the city; People were divided and went against each other. " In any case, the number of rebels as a result of this separation was gone, and yet it was great and inspired the most disturbing fears. Making sure in the unreliability of the capital garrison, Belisarius fell in spirit and, returning to the palace, began to assure the emperor that "their business was killed," but, while under the charm of words, said on the Council of the Feodoroi, Justinian was now performed determination to act the most vigorous way. He ordered Belisaria to lead his squad at the racetrack, where the basic forces of the rebels were concentrated. In the same place, recreated at the Imperial Cathison, was also proclaimed by the emperor of Ipathia.

The squad of Belisarius made his way to the hippodrome through the burnt ruins. Reaching the Portica of Venetov, he wanted to immediately attack Ipatia and grab it, but they were separated by a locked door, which IPATI's bodyguards were guarded, and Belisarius feared that, "when he would be in a difficult position in this narrow place," people will pounce on a detachment And because of his smallness, it will take all his warriors. Therefore, he chose another direction of impact. He ordered the warriors to attack a crowded inorganized crowd, gathered at the racetrack, cauting her by this attack by surprise, and "the people ... seeing dressed in the lats of warriors, glorified by courage and experience in battles, without any mercy of the victims, turned into a flight." But there was nowhere to run, because through the other gates of the hippodrome, which were called the dead (nekra), the Germans broke into the hippodrome under the command of the Munda. A massacre began, victims of which five more than 30 thousand people fell. Ipatiy and his brother Pompey were captured and assigned to the palace to Justinian. In his justification, Pompei said that "the people of force forced them against their own desire to take power, and they then went to the racetrack, without having evil intent against Vasilev," - what was only a half-truth, because from a certain moment they stopped opposing the will of the rebel . Ipathius did not want to justify the winner. The next day they were both killed by soldiers, and their bodies were thrown into the sea. All the property of Ipatia and Pompei, as well as those senators who participated in the mute, was confiscated in favor of Fisk. But later, for the sake of the waters of peace and harmony in the state, Justinian returned the confiscated property to their former owners, without having even children of Iparati and Pompei - these unlucky nephews Anastasia. But, on the other hand, Justinian shortly after suppressing the rebellion, which shed great blood, but less than could shed in the event of the success of his opponents, who would have imperiya in a civil war, canceled orders made by him as a concession to the rebels: the nearest assistants of the emperor Tribonian And John were returned to their former posts.

(To be continued.)

Main article: Byzantium

Justinian I.

List of citizens

Saint Sophie Cathedral

Diplomacy

Pictures (photos, drawings)

• Emperor Justinian Board Table: Polytec

• Ways to achieve the goal of Justinian

• Essay about Unistian Polytec 1

• Cultural achievements of Justinian

• The purpose of the Board of Justinian

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The art of Byzantium at Justinian is great. 6th century.

Under Justinian, all the trends that have emerged early in culture have received their further development.

1. Architecture.

One of the first architectural monuments of the Board of Justinian is church of San Vittal in Ravenna (Italy). This church amazes internal decoration: mosaic completely covers the walls of the temple, the smalt dissolves the wall, destroying its materiality. It is noteworthy the image of two processes bringing the gifts to the Christian temple: one of them is headed by the emperor of Justinian, and another Empress of Theodore.

Here they are depicted by perfect rulers, autonated by the reflections of Divine Glory.

The most complete, remaining in centuries, the unsurpassed embodiment of Byzanthism is the Church of Sofia Konstantinople. The construction of this cathedral was the work of the life of Justinian. Sofia Konstantinople surpasses Roman Pantheon and St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican. In this temple, the feeling of the prosecution of space is incomparably brighter and stronger. This cathedral was to become the main temple of the new Tsargrad.

For the construction of the cathedral, the forces and means of equal funding of a large military-industrial program were used for the current times. But these funds justified themselves - the beauty of this cathedral brought the Byzantium more allies and income than its numerous wars. The architects of Sofia Constantinople were two geniuses, the best representatives of the lateantic scientific intelligentsia:

- Great Mathematics Isisidor from the Mileta,

- Engineer, professional architect anfilly from the troll.

In the construction of this cathedral, we see the alloy of the highest scientific and artistic culture with the solution of an amazing in the courage of a constructive task.

The main complexity was the grandeur of the construction: it was necessary to build a construction of 100 meters long, and to block it with a diameter with a diameter of 32 meters, lifting this dome by 40 meter height (14 storey house). In case, this was an almost intractable task. Byzantine, unlike Roman architectants, did not have raw materials for the production of concrete - volcanic sand.

Temple concept - Domocent Baldahin. The center of the cathedral was the giant dome, but thanks to the decrease and crushing of architectural elements of the book, the whole structure seems deprived of gravity, as if hanging. The authors have found a way out of the intricacies of numerous arches and arches carrying the main load and semi-tps adjacent to the main dome. The main dome has 40 windows in diameter, so it seems that it is soaring in the air. The arch of the temple is supported by 104 columns, the material for which was brought from all over the ancient world: Green columns were made from Fassoline marble, white from Egyptian Porphira. There are columns brought from Syria from the Sun Temple; 8 columns made of green jasper were brought from the temple of Artemis. Ivory, semi-precious stones, inlay, thread with gilding were used as decoration. The cathedral was built for a record deadline -

5 years. Scene mosaics on the walls and arches of the temple arose later in the 9-10 centuries, the last mosaics date back to the 12th century. Some of them reached our time.

Designed for the patriarch and imperial ceremonies, the cathedral was built on the highest hill of the city over the shore of the Marmara Sea.

According to legend, Justinian, by entering the constructed cathedral, said such words: "Solomon, I exceeded you," bearing in mind the legendary Jerusalem Temple. For the 15 past centuries, no one dared to repeat the same words to Justinian and the same words constructed by him.

Sofia Cathedral survived a long and difficult story:

- three times suffered from earthquake in 6, 10 and 14th centuries;

- After the seizure of Constantinople, the Turks in 1453 were converted to the main mosque of the Turkish Empire: 4 Minaral Towers increased around Saint Sophia, under the sizes of the Great Church;

- And only in 1930, this temple was turned into a museum of three religions.

It is still easy to understand the words of our ancestors sent 1000 years ago by the Grand Prince Kiev Vladimir in Constantinople: "We do not know, in the sky or on Earth we were. But no on earth of this kind and such beauty. We only know that there is God comes with a person. " Prokopii Kaesariy in the 6th century about Hagia Sophia wrote: "Everyone immediately understands that it is not human power or art, and God's deign has completed."

In addition to Sofia Konstantinople, with Justinian, many other temples were built. In the same capital there were 25 churches. The architecture has become a real passion of Justinian: In addition to the churches, fountains, wells, storage tanks for storing fresh water in the case of the siege of the city of the enemy were built.

2. Iconography.

The Greeks and Romans believed that the gods could enjoy in the statue and built the statues of the gods in their temples.

Justinian Board in the Byzantine Empire

Christianity refused sculpture, since internal, spiritual beauty, not bodily, is important in Christian teachings. In the painting of God, it is also impossible to portray, as he is out of being. Therefore, even during early Christianity in the Roman catacombs, either the figures of praying or the image of Our Lady with a baby were depicted.

With Justinian, the icons are widespread as decorative decoration of temples - portraits of saints performed on the boards. From the early icons there is not much preserved. The Byzantine manner of icon painting writing is an image of a saint with an elongated face and a ascetic expression, with almond-shaped eyes. All drawing lines were prescribed gold.

3. Gymnography.

Gymnography was widespread with Justinian - a special form of liturgical chants. Singing in churches was accompanied by organ music.

mybiblioteka.su - 2015-2018. (0.1 sec.)

Main article: Byzantium

The highest heyday, the Byzantine Empire reached during the reign of the emperor Justinian I.(527-565). At this time, Vi-Zanya not only reflected the onslaught of neighboring Persia, Turkic, Her-Manan and Slavic tribes, but also expanded its territory almost twice, won the Vandalov State in North Af Rica, the Osthots of the Kingdom in Italy and the southeast part Westgoth kingdom in Spain.

Achievements of the Empire of Justinian I

List of citizens

Under Justinian, the most famous memo-Nick of the Byzantine legal thought was created - a plumber of civil law (arch). It was a single legislate code, which was based on legislative establishments of Roman law. ON-NAO appear here and completely new ideas. So, it was in the arch "for the first time, the theory of natural human rights was legally, according to which all people are free from nature. Many of the arrangement of the arch facilitated the leave of slaves to the will, blocked the principle of private property. As the Projective Code of the Christian State, the Around of Conditioned and the Rights of the Church.

Saint Sophie Cathedral

The symbol of the greatness of the Christian Byzantine Empire became built under Justinian in Con Stannopol Cathedral of St. Sophia. Material from site http://wikiwhat.ru

This monumental, richly decorated with frescoes and mosaics the construction shocked the imagination of contemporaries. Due to the fact that the grand dome with a diameter of 31.5 meters relied on the many thin columns, published it seemed that he literally boil over the cathedral. Therefore, Le-Gende spread among travelers that the Dome of the Saint Sophia Cathedral was suspended against the sky as a sign of the benefit of the benefits of the Lord God to the Emperor Justinian.

Diplomacy

Wearing an active foreign policy, the Byzantine Empire, with Justinian I, has become great success in the field of diplomacy. Byzantine diplomas, trained in the languages \u200b\u200bof almost all nations of the world, developed a row of reception and departure of embassies, created formulas of international agreements, which became the benchmark for many nations.

Pictures (photos, drawings)

On this page, material on the themes:

• 1261 in the history of Byzantium

• Justinian as a politician

• How the territory of Byzantium was expanded during the Board of Justinian

• International relations in Byzantium Development Periods

• Achieving the Byzantine Empire

Questions to this article:

• What are the main achievements of the Byzantine Empire during the Board of Justinian I?

Material from site http://wikiwhat.ru

Golden age of Byzantium at Justinian 1

The greatest power of the Byzantine Empire reached with the Emperor Justinian I (527-565).

Justinian I came from a poor peasant family. His uncle Justin drove out of ordinary soldiers to the title of the commander and, by the strength of mastering the throne, became the emperor. Justin brought his nephew to the yard, gave him a good education. After the death of uncle Justinian I inherited the throne.

Emperor Justinian I possessed a considerable political wisdom and courage. He significantly updated the life of the empire reforms, revived international trade, which became not only a means of replenishing the state treasury, but also the source of prosperity of the entire people. In the nature of Justinian I next to the energy, will and foresight, there were bad features inherent in many great politicians - hypocrisy, cunning, cruelty.

The spouse of Justinian I - Empress Theodore was famous. In the early youth of Theodore was an actress. Although in those days, the actor craft was considered shameful and unworthy of decent people, Emperor Justinian I, conquered by her extraordinary beauty, despised the opinion of the Company and married a feodore, making it an empress. Theodore was distinguished by a sharp mind, authority and extraordinary fearlessness.

Wars of Justinian

Emperor Justinian I was conceived to reunite the former lands of the Roman Empire. In 534, the emperor sends a commander of Belisarius against Vandals, settled in North Africa and robbed trading ships in the Mediterranean. Vandals were heretics-Ariana, and therefore they could not enter into consent to the local Orthodox population, which showed full indifference to the troubles of their enslavers. The most beautifully armed forces of Byzantines quickly dealt with the Wandowal kingdom, North Africa with the city of Carthage became the Byzantine province.

Then the Belisarius went to Italy, the Byzantines easily conquered Sicily Island. However, in Italy itself, they met with a stubborn resistance of the sharp. In the fight against Velisarius, the isgotes used runaway slaves, giving them freedom, while the Byzantines sought to preserve slavery in Italy and for any disobedience slaves cruelly punished. However, most of the inhabitants of Italy still did not support the sharp not only because they were German, but also because the isgs, like the vandals, adhered to Arianism. Byzantines conquered most of Italy, creating special governance on the obedited lands with the capital in Ravenna.

When the war in Italy approached the end, Justinian I sent troops to Spain. Westges dominated in Spain. However, here, as in Italy, the local population did not help the goths. Especially hostile with them the powerful Spanish church. Byzantines were easily defeated by Visestry, captured the southern regions of Spain and mastered the Gibraltar Strait.

Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople

Emperor Justinian I, having accumulated great wealth, built the temples, fortresses throughout the empire, fortresses, re-landscaped whole cities. The most famous building of Justinian I became the temple of St. Sophia (i.e., the wisdom of God) in Constantinople. Now Constantinople is within Turkey. The Turks call it Istanbul, and the Holy Sophia (on Turkish Lada Sofia) became a mosque.

This grand construction for a long time remained unsurpassed either in Europe or in Asia. The temple built of bricks inside was decorated with a rare marble and decorated with mosaics, which depicted Christian characters and vegetable patterns. The landmark of the temple is its huge dome with a diameter of 31.5 m. At the base of the dome, numerous windows are cut. When a man standing in the temple, looks up on the dome, because of the light, flowing out of the windows, and because of the long distance to the dome, thin openings between the windows are not visible, and it seems that the dome is boiled over the temple without support. Once they even rumored that the Dome of St. Sophia was allegedly suspended on the Golden Chains to the Sky itself. When the temple was consecrated (537), Emperor Justinian I exclaimed: "Thank Lord who honored me to commit such a thing! Solomon, I won you! "

Arch of Roman law

Another great deal of emperor Justinian I was to create a Roman law (Latin - Corpus Juris Tivihs). Justinian I ordered to reduce and streamline the various teachings and opinions of the famous Roman lawyers who lived in the old century. And so far, Roman law is based on the civil law of most modern countries.

After the death of Justinian I Byzantium, over many centuries, step by step is inferior to its numerous enemies and new and new lands. Byzantium will never return to themselves the power and gloss of the Justinian era.

Prokokii Caesarian about the uprising of 532 in Constantinople

In Byzantium, the rebellion unexpectedly broke out in the people, which, against the aspiration, was extremely spread and had the most disastrous for the people and the end of the city was set up, as if the enemies were in the hands. Church of Sofia, Bani Zevxippa and the Tsarist Palaces ... Made a victim of the flame, and with them there are large porticoes ... Many houses of the richest people and great wealth. The king and his spouse, along with some synclitters, locked in the Palatia and remained there in idleness. (Resellers) filed a conventional cry: "Nick! Nika!" (i.e. "Defend!

what achievements the Byzantine Empire has been famous for Justinian

defend! "), And because the rebellion is still known to the name of Nick ...

Meanwhile, the king had a meeting: what the rays do, whether to stay here or run on the courts. A lot was now in favor of the other opinion. Finally, Queen Feodora said:

Now, I think, not the time to reason, whether the woman degrees to show courage to men and speak to the Youth and Youth of Youth. Those who have things are in the greatest danger, nothing remains another, as soon as they have their best handling. In my opinion, flight, even if ever brought salvation and may bring it now, unworthy. Those who have appeared on the light can not die, but someone who once reign, be a fugitive unbearably. Yes, do not lose this porphyra to me, but do not live to the day when the oncoming will not call me Mrs! If you wish to save yourself the flight, the sovereign is not difficult. We have a lot of money, and the sea is near, and the court is. But look so that you can't prefer the death of salvation. I also like the ancient saying that the royal power is the best Savan.

So said the queen; She was inspired by everyone. Formation of the Spirit, the advisers argued already on how to defend if the rebels attack them ... The king (the same) believed all the hope of Belisarius ...

(Belisarius) judged better to attack the people, for this countlessly stood on the racetrack and in a large disorder of pushed people. He bared a sword, ordered the warriors to follow his example and crouched in the middle of the scope. The people who did not know building, seeing that the soldiers covered with lats ... hit everyone without mercy, betrayed themselves ... The victory was complete, the great many people were killed.

Prokokii Caesarian on how the Byzantines learned the secret of silk

At that time, some monks arriving from India, knowing that the king of Justinian is in difficulty, as the Persians do not sell Roma Silk Romanes, promised the king to introduce this raw silk to Romese ( It is understood by the Sassanid Power in Iran III-VII centuries, a constant rival first Roman, and then Byzantine Empire. ) Could not receive this product for any of the Persians, their enemies, nor from any other nations. For they spent a long time in the ground located above India, (inhabited) numerous peoples and called serinda ( Serday - so the Byzantines called China. Perhaps, however, here is meant one of the regions of Central Asia.), where they accurately studied the art of this kind, so that it was possible to get silk raw silk in Romeic land.

Continuing to explore and recognize whether the words spoken by monks are fair that Silk-raw is produced, (the king learned) that the living worms are impossible to transport, and their embryos, on the contrary, are convenient for transportation and completely easy. Eggs put each of the worms are countless. These people (i.e. monks) buried in the manure of the eggs after a long time after their laying and after a while they got live worms. The king (promised) to give up husbands with gifts, convincing to fulfill the word by them.

And they again went to the serond and delivered eggs to Byzantium. When worms were taken out in this way, they released them to fade into the tute leaves, and in the future they went silk-raw in Romeary Earth. Such were the circumstances with silk during the Romeev war with Persians.

From the code of Justinian 0 Justice and the right

We need to learn right to find out where the word "right" came from where the word "right" came from. The right got its name from "Justice", because ... the right is the science of good and fair.

1. According to the merits of us (experts' comments) were called priests, for we care about justice, we argue the concept of kind and fair, separating the fair from unfair, distinguished by an unauthorized, wishing to be improved not only by penalties, but also by encouraging awards , seeking to true if I am not mistaken, philosophy, and not to imaginary.

2. The study of the right decays into two parts: public and private (right). Public law belongs to the position of the Roman state, private refers to the benefits of individuals ... Private law is divided into three parts, because it is compiled from natural norms, or from (prescriptions) of nations, or from (prescriptions) of civilian.

3. Natural right is that nature taught all the living: for this right is inherent not only to the human race, but also to all animals that are born on earth and in the sea, and birds; This includes a combination of a man and a woman, which we call marriage, here the creation of children, here more upbringing; We see that animals, then wild, have the knowledge of this right.

4. The right of peoples is the right to enjoy the peoples of mankind; It is easy to understand its difference from natural law: the latter is common to all animals, and the first is only for people (in their relationship) among themselves.<…>

5. Civil law is not entirely separated from the natural law and the right of peoples and does not adhere to it; If we add something to a common right or excluding something from it, we create our own, i.e. civil law.

6. Civil law is something that comes from laws, plebiscites ... opinions of the wise men.

Emperor Justinian. Mosaic in Ravenna. Vi in.

The future emperor Byzantium was born around 482 in the Little Macedonian Taurius village in the family of a poor peasant. In Constantinople, he hit the teenager at the invitation of his uncle Justina, an influential courtier. Justin had no her children, and he patronized her nephew: called to the capital and, despite the fact that he himself remained illiterate, gave him a good education, and then found a position at the court. In 518g. Senate, Guard and Residents of Constantinople proclaimed the elderly Justin Emperor, and he soon made his nephew. Justinian was distinguished by a clear mind, a wide political horizon, determination, perseverance and exceptional performance. These qualities did it in fact by the ruler of the Empire. His young, beautiful wife of Theodore was playing a huge role. Her life was unusual: the daughter of a poor circus artist and the circus artist herself, she left 20-year-old girl in Alexandria, where he fell under the influence of mystics and monks and transformed, becoming sincerely religious and pious. Beautiful and charming, Feodora possessed the Iron Will and turned out to be an indispensable to the emperor in difficult moments. Justinian and Feodora were a decent pair, although the evil languages \u200b\u200bdid not give peace for a long time.

In 527, after the death of uncle, the 45-year-old Justinian became the autocratrum - the autocrat - the Empire of Romeyev, as the Byzantine Empire was called then.

He received power in difficult time: only their eastern part remained from the former Roman possessions, and barbarian kingdoms were formed in the Western Roman Empire: Westges in Spain, Island in Italy, Frank in Gaul and Vandals in Africa. The Christian Church was spreading disputes about whether Christ was "Bogochlek"; The dependent peasants (colos) were blocked and did not handle the land, arbitrarily ruined the simple people, the city was shaking the riots, the finances of the empire were in decline. The situation could be saved only with decisive and dedicated measures, and Justinian, alien luxury and pleasures, sincerely believes an Orthodox Christian, theologians and a politician, as it should not be suitable for this role.

In the reign of Justinian I, several stages are clearly allocated. The beginning of the board (527-532) was a period of broad charity, distribution of funds to the poor, reducing taxes, assistance to the victims of the earthquake to the city. At this time, the positions of the Christian Church in the fight against other religions were strengthened: the last stronghold of paganism was closed in Athens - Platonov Academy; The possibilities for the open confession of the cults of Inactive - Jews, Samaritans, etc. It was a period of wars from the neighboring Iranian power of Sasanidov for influence in South Arabia, the purpose of which was to strengthen in the ports of the Indian Ocean and the time to undermine Iran's monopoly to travelers with Kitavy. It was the time to combat the arbitrariness and abuse of nobility.

The main event of this stage is the reform of law. In 528, the Commission from experienced lawyers and statesmen was established by Justinian. The main role in it was played by a specialist in the right of Roblinian. The Commission prepared a meeting of the Imperial Dechens - "Code of Justiniana", the composition of the compositions of Roman lawyers - "Digesites", as well as a guide to the study of the right "institution". Conducting legislative reform, proceeded from the need to combine the norms of classical Roman law with the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof Christianity. It was above all in the creation unified system imperial citizenship and proclaiming the equality of citizens before the law. Moreover, with Justinian inherited from ancient Rome, laws related to private property accepted final look. In addition, the laws of Justinian considered the slave no longer as a thing - the "talking gun", but as a person. Although slavery was not canceled, there was a lot of opportunities to be released for a slave: if he became a bishop, went to the monastery, became a soldier; The slave was forbidden to kill, and killing someone else's slave attracted a cruel execution. In addition, the new laws of the law of a woman in the family were equalized with the rights of a man. The laws of Justinian prohibited the divorce condemned church. However, the right could not impose an imprint of the era. Frections were executions: for commoners - crucifixion on the cross, burning, the declaration of wild beasts, beating rods to death, quarters; Noble parts beheaded. The death of the emperor was punishable and the insult of the emperor, even damage to his sculptural images.

The reforms of the emperor were interrupted by the national uprising "Nika" in Constantinople (532). It all started with the conflict between the two parties of fans in the circus: venets ("blue") and Prasins ("green"). These were not only sports, but in part and socio-political unions. TO traditional struggle The fans were added political offenses: Prasins believed that the government oppresses them, and the Venetans patronize. In addition, the bottoms were dissatisfied with the abuses of the "Minister of Finance" of Justinian - John Cappadocyan, to know the same hoping to get rid of the emperor-jack. Prasin's leaders presented their demands to the emperor, and in a very sharp form, and when he rejected them, called him a killer and left the circus. Thus, the autocratror was inflicted unheard of insult. The situation was complicated by the fact that when the instigators were arrested on the same day and they sentenced them to death, two convicts broke down from the gallows ("they were pardoned by God"), but the authorities refused to free them.

Then a single "green and blue" party with a slogan "Nick!" Was created. (Circus cry "Defeat!"). In the city began open riot, girlfriends were committed. The emperor agreed to concessions, sending the most hated people of ministers to resign, but she did not bring so calm. A big role was played by what to know gifts and weapons with a ripping plebs, incitement to meat. Nothing did not give any attempts to force the uprising with the help of the barbarian detachment, nor the public repentance of the emperor with the Gospel in his hands. The rebels demanded now his renunciation and proclaimed the emperor noble senator of Ipatia. Fires meanwhile more and more. "The city represented the cheece of black ravings," the contemporary wrote. Justinian was ready to renounce, but at that moment the Empress Theodore stated that she prefers the death of escape and that "Purple Emperor is an excellent savan." Her decisiveness played a big role, and Justinian decided to fight. The faithful to the Government of the troops took a desperate attempt to restore control over the capital: the squad of the Gasizaria, the winner of the Persians, penetrated the circus, where the stormy rally of the rebels went, and made a brutal massacre there. They said that 35 thousand people died, but the throne of Justinian stood.

A terrible catastrophe, comprehended by Constantinople, - fires and death - did not read, however, in the despondency, nor Justinian nor the citizens. In the same year, violent construction began on the treasury. Paphos recovery captured wide layers of citizens. In a sense, it can be said that the city rebelled out of the ashes, like a fabulous Phoenix bird, and became even more beautiful. The symbol of this lift was, of course, the construction of a miracle from the wonders - the Konstantinople church of St. Sophia. It started immediately, in 532, under the leadership of architects from the province of Anthimia from Thrall and Isidor from the Mileta. Externally, the building could not hit the viewer, but the real miracle of transformation occurred inside when the believer turned out under a huge mosaic dome, which hung in the air without any support. Dome with a cross soared over praying, symbolizing the divine cover over the empire and its capital. Justinian was not doubted that his power had a divine sanction. On holidays, he recresented on the left side of the throne, and the right was empty - Christ was invisible on it. The truckrater dreamed that invisible cover would be ascended over all Roman Mediterranean. The idea of \u200b\u200brestoring the Christian Empire - "Roman House" - Justinian inspired the whole society.

When the Dome of Constantinople Sophia was still built, the second stage of the Board of Justinian (532-540) began with the great liberation campaign to the West (532-540).

By the end of the first third of the VI century. The barbaric kingdoms arising in the western part of the Roman Empire experienced a deep crisis. Religious distribution solved them: the main population professed Orthodoxy, but Barbars, Goths and Vandals were Ariana, whose doctrine was declared heresy, convicted in IV century. At the I and II Ecumenical Councils of the Christian Church. Inside the barbarian tribes themselves, a quick pace was a social bundle, it was reinforced between a story and commoners, which undermined the combat capability of the armies. The Elite of the Kingdom was engaged in intrigues and conspiracy and did not care about the interests of their states. The indigenous population was waiting for Byzantines as liberators. The reason for the beginning of the war in Africa was the fact that Vandalskaya to know the overall of the legitimate king is a friend of the empire - and put on the throne of his relative Gelizer. In 533, Justinian sent a 16-year-old army under the command of Veliaria to the African shores. Byzantine managers were able to hidely fall and unhindered to occupy the capital of the Vandaral kingdom of Carthage. Orthodox clergy and Roman know solemnly met imperial troops. The simple people also referred to their appearance sympathetically, as the Gosnisarius of the Surgo Kalal robbery and ladded. King Gelizmer tried to organize resistance, but lost the decisive battle. Byzantine accidents helped: at the beginning of the battle, the brother of the king was killed, and the gell member left the troops to bury him. Vandals decided that the king was fled, and the army covered panic. All Africa was in the hands of the Gazier. With Justinian I, the grandiose construction was developed here - 150 new cities were built, close trade contacts with Eastern Mediterranean were restored. The province was experiencing an economic rise in all 100 years, while it was as part of the Empire.

Following the accession of Africa, the war began for possession of the historical core of the western part of the Empire - Italy. The reason for the beginning of the war was the overthrow and murder of the legitimate queen of sharp Amalasunt, her spouse the theo date. In the summer of 535, the Gazezaria with an eight-thousand detachment landed in Sicily and in a short time, almost without resistances, took the island. The next year, his army crossed on the Apennine Peninsula and, despite the huge numerical advantage of the enemy, disheveled his southern and central parts. Italians everywhere met the Gassenia with flowers, the resistance had only Naples. The Christian Church played a huge role in such support for the people. In addition, the breakdown was prevailed in the camp: the murder of a cowardly and insidious theodate, a riot in the troops. The army chose the new King of Viti-Gis - a bold soldier, but a weak policy. He, too, could not stop the offensive of the Veliariya, and in December 536, the Byzantine army without a fight took Rome. The clergy and the townspeople arranged a solemn meeting by the Byzantine soldiers. The population of Italy no longer wanted the power of the sharpness, as evidenced by the next fact. When in the spring of 537, the five-thousandth detachment of Delicaria was besieged in Rome of the huge army of Vitigis, the battle for Rome lasted 14 months; Despite the hunger and illness, the Romans retained the loyalty of the empire and did not let Vitigis in the city. It is also indicative of the fact that the king of the coin itself proved coins with a portrait of Justinian I - only the power of the emperor was considered legal. In the late autumn of 539, the Army of Veliaria laid out the capital of the barbarians to Ravenna, and after a few months, relying on the support of friends, the imperial troops occupied her without a fight.

It seemed that the power of Justinian does not know the borders, he is in the suitorine of his power, the plans for the restoration of the Roman Empire come true. However, the main tests were only waiting for his power. The thirteenth year of the Board of Justinian I was the "Black Year" and began a lane of difficulties, to overcome which only faith, courage and perseverance of Romeyev and their emperor. It was the third stage of his reign (540-558).

Even when the Gasienary was led by negotiations on the surrender of Ravenna, the Persians violated the "Eternal World" signed by them with the empire. ShahHosras i with a huge army invaded Syria and besieged the capital of the province - richest city Antioch. Residents were safely defended, but the garrison turned out to be non-visible and ruined. Persians took Antioch, plundered the blooming city and sold residents to slavery. The next year, Hoserov's troops I invaded the Allied with the Empire Lasik (Western Georgia), began a protracted Byzantine-Persian war. Thunderstorm from the east coincided with the invasion of Slavs on the Danube. Taking advantage of the fact that the border strengthening remained almost without garrisons (the troops were in Italy and in the East), the Slavs reached the very capital, broke through through Long walls (Three walls with a singer from the Black Sea to marble, protecting the windows of the city) and began to rob the suburbs of Constantinople. The Gasienary was urgently moved to the east, and he managed to stop the invasion of the Persians, but until his army was in Italy, the isgs were revived there. They chose the king of young, beautiful, bold and smart tethyl and under his leadership began a new war. Barbarians enrolled in the army of runaway slaves and colons, distributed to their supporters of the Earth of the Church and nobility, attracted those who were offended by the Byzantines. A very fast, the little Army Totil took almost all of Italy; Under the control of the empire, only ports remained, which were impossible without a fleet.

But, probably, the most severe test for the Power of Justinian I was the terrible epidemic of plague (541-543), which almost half of the population. It seemed that the invisible dome of Sofia over the empire gave a crack and the black whirlwinds of death and destruction hurt it.

Justinian well understood that his main strength in the face of the superior opponent - faith and cohesive cohesion. Therefore, simultaneously with the incessant war with Persians in Lasik, a heavy struggle with Tethyl, who created his fleet and captured Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, the attention of the emperor more and more occupied the issues of theology. Some seemed that the elderly Justinian survived from the mind, in such a critical situation, the days and nights for the reading of the Holy Scriptures, studying the creations of the Fathers of the Church (the traditional name of the Christian church figures that created her dogmatic and organization) and writing their own theological treatises. However, the emperor understood well that in the Christian faith of Romeev their strength. Then the famous idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Symphony of the Kingdom and Priesthood" was formulated - the Union of the Church and the state as the warranty of the world - the Empire.

In 543, Justinian wrote a treatise, condemning the teachings of mysticism, Asketa and theologian III century. Origen, denying the eternal flour sinners. However, the magnitude of the emperor paid to overcoming the split of Orthodox and Monophysites. This conflict has been tormented by the church for more than 100 years. In 451, the Ecumenical Cathedral in Chalkidon condemned monophysites. Theological dispute was complicated by rivalry between the influential centers of Orthodoxy in East - Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople. The split between the supporters of the Chalkidon Cathedral and his opponents (Orthodox and Monophysites) to the reign of Justinian I took a special sharpness, as Monophysites created their separate church hierarchy. In 541, the activities of the famous Monophysitis Yakova Baradey begins, which in the clothes of the beggar went around all countries inhabited by monophysites, and restored the Monophysitian church in the East. The religious conflict was complicated by the national: Greeks and Romans, who considered themselves the ruling people in the Empire of Romeyev, were mainly Orthodox, and the Cocks and many Arabs are monophysites. For the Empire, it was all the more dangerous that the richest provinces - Egypt and Syria - gave huge amounts in the treasury and from the support of the government by trade and craft circles of these regions depended. While was the alive of Feodor, she helped soften the conflict, patronizing monophysites, despite the complaints of the Orthodox clergy, but in 548 the Empress died. Justinian decided to make the question of reconciliation with monophysites on the V Ecumenical Cathedral. The intention of the emperor was reduced to smooth the conflict by condemning the teachings of the enemies of monophysites - Theodorite Kirsky, Willow of Edess and Fedor Mopshetsky (the so-called "three chapters"). The difficulty was that they all died in the world with the church. Is it possible to condemn the dead? After a long fluctuations, Justinian decided that it was possible, but with his decision did not agree Pope Vigili and the overwhelming majority of Western bishops. The emperor brought dad to Constantinople, held him almost under house arrest, trying to make agreement under pressure. After a long struggle and oscillations, Vigil surrendered. In 553, the Universal Cathedral in Constantinople condemned the "three chapters". Dad did not participate in the work of the cathedral, referring to malaise, and tried to counteract his decisions, but in the end still signed them.

In the history of this cathedral, his religious meaning should be distinguished, consisting in the celebration of the Orthodox dogma that the divine and human nature is connected in Christ unless and inseparable, and political intrigues that he was accompanied. The direct goal of Justinian was not achieved: reconciliation with monophy-sires did not come, and there was almost a break with Western bishops, displeased solutions of the cathedral. However, this cathedral played a big role in the spiritual consolidation of the Orthodox Church, and this was extremely important at that time, and for the next epochs. The time of the board of Justinian I was a period of religious lifting. It was at this time that church poetry was developed, written by a simple language, one of whose prominent representatives was a novel Sladkopev. It was the era of the heyday of Palestinian monasticism, the time of John the Draveling and Isaac Sirin.

There was a fracture and political affairs. In 552, Justinian has a new army for a trip to Italy. This time she went to the land road through Dalmatia under the command of Enuch Nazas, a brave commander and a cunning policy. In the decisive battle, the Connection of Totil attacked the nurses troops built by the Crescent, fell under the cross-shelling of archers from the flanks, turned to flight and crushed his own infantry. Tothyl was seriously injured and died. During the year, the Byzantine army restored its dominance over all Italy, and after another year, Naruses stopped and destroyed the hordes of the Langobards, who felt on the peninsula.

Italy was saved from terrible looting. In 554, Justinian continued the conquest in Western Mediterranean, trying to capture Spain. It was not completely possible to do this, but the small area in the south-east of the country and the Gibraltar Strait passed under the domination of Byzantium. The Mediterranean Sea again became the "Roman lake". In 555 Imperial troops defeated a huge Persian army in Lasik. Hosras i signed first truce for six years, and then the world. I managed to cope with the Slavic threat: Justinian I concluded an alliance with Avara nomads who took over the protection of the Danube Border of the Empire and the struggle with the Slavs. In 558, this agreement entered into force. For the Empire Romeyev came the long-awaited world.

The last years of the Board of Justinian I (559- 565) was calm. Finance of the Empire, weakened by the quarter-time struggle and terrible epidemic, were restored, the country heal wounds. The 84-year-old emperor did not leave his theological classes and hope to finish with a split in the church. He even wrote in the spirit of monophysites a treatise on the nettitude of the body of Christ. For resistance to the new looks of the emperor, the reference was the Constantinople Patriarch and many bishops. Justinian I at the same time was the successor of the traditions of early Christians and the heir of pagan caesarians. On the one hand, he fought only the priests in the church that only priests were active, and the laity remained only by the audience, on the other, they constantly intervened in church affairs, shifting the bishops at their discretion. Justinian conducted reforms in the spirit of the Gospel Commandments - helped the poor, facilitated the position of slaves and colons, restored the city - and at the same time subjected to the population with a brutal tax negle. I tried to restore the authority of the law, but I could not destroy the sales and abuse of officials. His attempts to restore the world and stability on the territory of the Byzantine Empire turned around blood rivers. And yet, in spite of everything, the empire of Justinian was an oasis of civilization surrounded by pagan and barbaric states and hit the imagination of contemporaries.

The value of the Acts of the Great Emperor comes far beyond his time. Strengthening the position of the church, ideological and spiritual consolidation of Orthodoxy played a huge role for the formation of a medieval society. The Code of Emperor Justinian I became the basis of European law of subsequent centuries.

The first wonderful state truck of the Byzantine Empire and the inner order of its internal orders was Justinian I Great(527‑565), which glorified his reign by successful wars and conquests in the West (see Vanda War 533-534) and delivered the final celebration of Christianity in his state. The designers of the Feodosius of the Great in the East for few exceptions were long-capacity people. The imperial throne went to Justinian after his uncle Justina, who in his youth came to the capital by a simple rustic boy and entered the military service, served on it to the highest ranks, and then became emperor. Justin was a rude man and uneducated, but leaning and energetic, so he handed his nephew empire in a relatively good condition.

Having happened from the simple title (and even from the Slavic family), Justinian married the daughter of one caretaker over wild animals in a circus, Feodorewhich was before the dancer and led a frivolous lifestyle. She subsequently had a great influence on her husband, distinguished by an outstanding mind, but at the same time insatiable supervision. Justinian himself was also a man ploud and energetic,he loved glory and luxury, sought to the grand targets. Both of them were distinguished by great external piety, but Justinian was inclined somewhat into monophimite. With them, courtfrost reached the highest development; Theodore, crowned by the Empress and even made the co-guarantee of his husband, demanded that in solemn cases the highest officials of the empire were applied to her legs to her leg.

Justinian decorated Constantinople many magnificent buildings, from which he received loud fame church of St. Sophiawith an unprecedented dotole on the huge dome and wonderful mosaic images. (In 1453, the Turks turned this temple into a mosque). In the internal policy, Justinian kept her glance that the empire should be one power, one faith, one law.Needing big cash for their wars, buildings and court luxury, he introduced many different ways to increase government revenues, For example, created the executed monopolies, established taxes on life supplies, arranged forced loans and wouldingly resorted to the confiscation of the property (especially in heretics). All this exhausted the strength of the empire and undermined the material well-being of its population.

Emperor Justinian with a retinue

42. Blue and green

Justinian was not immediately established on the throne. At the beginning of the reign, he had to even withstand serious folk uprising in the capital itself.Constantinople population has long been fond of horse runs, as before the Romans - gladiator games. In the capital hippodrometens of thousands of viewers flocked to look at the chariot contests, and often a crowded crowd used the presence of the emperor in the hippodrome to make real political demonstrations in the form of complaints or requirements that the emperor immediately were presented. The most popular circus on horse rhysthanations had their fans who broke out on the parties, which differed between themselves with the flowers of their favorites. The two main parties of the hippodrome were blueand greenwho were hosting not only because of Kucher, but also because political issues. Justinian and especially Theodore patronized blue; Once earlier, the green refused her in the request to give her father's place with a circus to the second husband of her mother, and having done the Empress, she was avenged for it green. Different positions as the highest and the lowest were distributed only blue; blue were awarded in every way; They all went with the hands that they would do.

Once the green appealed in the hippodrome to Justinian with very persistent ideas, and when the emperor refused, then the real uprising was raised in the city, the name "Nika", from a combat cry (νίκα, that is, win), with which the rebels, attacked Adherents of the government. The whole half of the city burned during this disturbance, and the rebels who joined the same part of the blue, even proclaimed the new emperor. Justinian was going to flee, but was stopped by Feodoroy, showing a greater hardness of the spirit. She advised her husband to fight and entrust the doubt of the rebellasting gazes. With Gotami and Georules, who were under his boss, the famous commander attacked the rebels when they gathered in the racetrack, and drove them about thirty thousand people. Following this, the government approved its position with numerous executions, references and confiscations.

Empress Theodore, wife of Justinian I

43. Corpus Juris.

The main thing to the domestic board of Justinian was meeting of all Roman lawi.e., all the laws applied by the judges and all theories set out for lawyers (Juris Prudentes) for all times of Roman history. This is a huge thing was committed by the whole commission of lawyers, at the head of which was supplied Tribonian.I used to be made attempts to such a kind, but only Corpus Juris.Justinian, concluded for several years, was valid by the Code of Roman Law,generated by integer generations of the Roman people. IN Corpus Juris.: 1) systematized by the content of the former emperors ("Justinian Code"), 2) a guide to the study of the NRAV ("Institutions") and 3) systematically outlined opinions of authoritative lawyers, cured from their writings ("Digests" or "Pandecages" ). This three parts later added 4) a collection of new rulings of Justinian ("Novella"), already a part of the Greek, with Latin translation. This work, which the age-old development of Roman law was completed,it has historical meaningparamount importance. First, Justinian law served as the foundation on which everything developed byzantine legislation,influenced and on the right of peoples that borrowed from Byzantium began their citizenship.The Roman right itself began to change in Byzantium under the influence of new living conditions, as a large number of new laws published by the Justinian himself and their successors. On the other hand, this changed Roman law began to be perceived by the Slavs who took Christianity from the Greeks. Secondly, the temporary possession of Italy after the fall in the Ostrovsky rule in it made it possible to Justinian to approve their legislation here. It is easier it could be hurt here, which was, so to speak, only moved to the native soil, on which originally originated. Later in the Westroman law as it received during Justinian, began to be studied in higher schools and carried outthat and here led to the whole range of various consequences.

44. Byzantium in the VII century

Justinian gave his reign of great shine, but with his successors began again internal space(especially church discord) and external invasions. At the beginning of the VII century. Emperor became much cruelty Focahaving worked as the throne through the rebellion and began the reign by the sacrifice of his predecessor (Mauritius) and the whole family. After the short-term rule, he himself was subjected to a similar fate when an uprising occurred against him under the head of Irakli, who was proclaimed by the emperor outstanding soldiers. It was time of decline and government activitiesin Byzantium. Only brilliantly gifted and energetic Irakli (610-641) by some reforms in the management and troops for a while somewhat improved the inner position of the state, although not all enterprises turned out to be successful (for example, his attempt to recur in Orthodox and monophysites on monobhelitis). The new period in the history of Byzantium began only with the introduction of the throne at the beginning of the VIII century. majualazia or Isaver dynasty.