This article will consider the purpose and classification of ventilation systems for residential premises. We will tell you how to calculate the ventilation system and give an example of calculating ventilation systems. Let's consider how to check if the ventilation is working and give a detailed methodology for calculating ventilation systems.

Classification of ventilation systems

Ventilation systems for residential and public buildings can be classified into three categories: by functional purpose, by the method of inducing air movement and by the method of air movement.

Types of ventilation systems by functional purpose:

1. Supply ventilation system (ventilation system that supplies the room fresh air);
2. Exhaust ventilation system (ventilation system that removes exhaust air from the room);
3. Recirculation ventilation system (ventilation system that supplies fresh air to the room with partial admixture of extract air).

Types of ventilation systems by the way the air movement is induced:

1. With mechanical or artificial (these are ventilation systems in which air is moved using a fan);
2. With natural or natural (air movement is carried out due to the action of gravitational forces).

Types of ventilation systems by the way of air movement:

1. Ducted (air movement is carried out through the network of air ducts and channels);
2. Channelless (air enters the room is not organized, through leaks window openings, open windows, doors).

What is the threat of poor-quality ventilation?

If there is insufficient supply in the house, then the room will have a lack of oxygen, high humidity or dryness (depending on the season) and dustiness.

Misting windows due to insufficient ventilation

If the hood is insufficient in the house, then there will be high humidity, greasy soot on the walls of the kitchen, fogging of the windows in winter period, fungus is possible on the walls, especially the bathroom and toilet, as well as walls covered with wallpaper.

Fungus on wallpaper with insufficient ventilation

And as a consequence, an increased risk of diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory system. In addition, most furniture and furnishings are constantly releasing hazardous chemical compounds into the air. Their maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in sanitary and hygienic conclusions for this furniture and Decoration Materials set from the conditions for compliance with ventilation standards. And the worse the ventilation works, the more the concentration of these harmful substances in the air at home increases. Therefore, the health of the residents of the house directly depends on the provision of proper ventilation.

How to check if your ventilation is working?

First of all, you can check if the hood is working. To do this, bring a lighter or a piece of paper to the ventilation grill installed in the bathroom wall or kitchen. If the flame (or a piece of paper) bent towards the grate, then there is a draft, the hood is working. If not, then the channel is blocked, for example clogged, with leaves through the air duct. If you have an apartment, neighbors could have blocked it, redeveloping the premises. Therefore, your first task is to provide traction in the ventilation duct.

Checking ventilation for traction with a lighter

If there is a craving, but it is not constant, and neighbors live above or below you. In this case, air can flow to you, carrying smells from neighboring premises. In this situation, it is necessary to equip the hood check valve or an automatic shutter that closes when pulled back.

How to check if you have a sufficient cross-section of the hood, we will consider further.

Calculation of air exchange. Ventilation calculation formula

In order to choose the ventilation system we need, we need to know how much air must be supplied or removed from a particular room. In simple words, it is necessary to find out the air exchange in a room or in a group of rooms. This will make it clear how to calculate the ventilation system, select the type and model of the fan and calculate the ductwork.

There are many options for how to calculate air exchange, for example, to remove excess heat, to remove moisture, to dilute contaminants to the maximum permissible concentration (maximum permissible concentration). All of them require special knowledge, the ability to use tables and diagrams. It should be noted that there are state regulatory documents, such as SanPins, GOSTs, SNiPs and DBNs, which clearly define what ventilation systems should be in certain rooms, what equipment should be used in them and where it should be located. And also, how much air, with what parameters and by what principle should they be supplied and removed. When designing ventilation systems, each engineer carries out calculations in accordance with the above-mentioned standards. To calculate air exchange in residential premises, we will also be guided by these standards and use two of the most simple methods finding air exchange: according to the area of ​​the room, according to sanitary and hygienic standards and air exchange by frequency.

Calculation by the area of ​​the room

This is the simplest calculation. The calculation of ventilation by area is made on the basis that for residential premises the norms regulate the supply of 3 m 3 / hour of fresh air per 1 m 2 of the area of ​​the room, regardless of the number of people.

Calculation according to sanitary and hygienic standards.

According to sanitary standards for public and administrative buildings, one person permanently staying in the room needs 60 m 3 / hour of fresh air, and for one temporary 20 m 3 / hour.

Frequency calculation

V normative document, namely in Table 4 DBN V.2.2-15-2005 Residential buildings there is a table with the reduced ratios for rooms (Table 1), we will use them in this calculation (for Russia, these data are given in SNiP 2.08.01-89 * Residential buildings, Appendix 4).

Table 1. Frequency rate of air exchange in the premises of residential buildings.

Premises	Design temperature in winter, ºС	Air exchange requirements
		Inflow	Hood
Common room, bedroom, study	20	1-fold	--
Kitchen	18	-	According to the air balance of the apartment, but not less, m 3 / hour	90
Kitchen-dining room	20	1-fold
Bathroom	25	-		25
Restroom	20	-		50
Combined bathroom	25	-		50
Swimming pool	25	By calculation
Premises for washing machine in the apartment	18	-	0.5x
Cloakroom for cleaning and ironing clothes	18	-	1.5x
Lobby, common corridor, staircase, apartment hallway	16	-	-
The premises of the staff on duty (concierge / concierge)	18	1-fold	-
Smoke-free staircase	14	-	-
Elevator machine room	14	-	0.5x
Waste collection chamber	5	-	1-fold
Parking garage	5	-	By calculation
Electrical control room	5	-	0.5x

Air exchange rate is a value, the value of which shows how many times during one hour the air in the room is completely replaced with a new one. It directly depends on the specific room (its volume). That is, a single air exchange is when fresh air was supplied to the room within an hour and the "exhaust" air was removed in an amount equal to one volume of the room; 0.5 tap air exchange - half the volume of the room. In this table, in the last two columns, the multiplicity and requirements for air exchange in rooms for the supply and extract of air, respectively, are indicated. So, the formula for calculating ventilation, including the required amount of air, looks like this:

L = n * V(m 3 / hour), where

n- standardized air exchange rate, hour-1;

V- the volume of the room, m 3.

When we calculate air exchange for a group of rooms within one building (for example, a residential apartment) or for a building as a whole (a cottage), they should be considered as a single air volume. This volume must meet the condition ∑ L pr = ∑ L you are t That is, how much air we supply, the same must be removed.

In this way, sequence for calculating ventilation by frequency next:

1. We count the volume of each room in the house ( volume = height * length * width).
2. We calculate the volume of air for each room according to the formula: L = n * V.

To do this, we pre-select from table 1 the rate of air exchange rate for each room. For most rooms, only the inflow or only the exhaust is standardized. For some, for example, the kitchen-dining room is both. A dash means that it is not necessary to supply (remove) air to this room.
For those rooms for which in the table, instead of the air exchange rate, the minimum air exchange is indicated (for example, ≥90 m 3 / h for the kitchen), we consider the required air exchange equal to this recommended one. At the very end of the calculation, if the balance equation (∑ L pr and ∑ L vyt) will not converge for us, then we can increase the air exchange values ​​for these rooms to the required figure.

If there is no room in the table, then we consider the air exchange rate for it, given that for residential premises, the norms regulate the supply of 3 m 3 / hour of fresh air per 1 m 2 area of ​​the room. Those. we consider the air exchange for such premises according to the formula:L = S rooms * 3.

All values Lround up to 5, i.e. values ​​must be multiples of 5.

1. We summarize separately Ltech premises Ltech premises for which the hood is standardized. We get 2 digits: ∑ L pr and ∑ L ext.
2. Composing the balance equation ∑ L pr = ∑ L you are t.

If ∑ L pr> ∑ L vyt, then to increase∑ L vyt to the value ∑ L prwe increase the air exchange values ​​for those rooms for which we at point 3 took the air exchange equal to the minimum allowable value.
Let's consider the calculations using examples.

Example 1: Calculation by multiplicities.

There is a house with an area of ​​140 m 2 with premises: kitchen (s 1 = 20 m 2), bedroom (s 2 = 24 m 2), study (s 3 = 16 m 2), living room (s 4 = 40 m 2), corridor (s 5 = 8 m 2), a bathroom (s 6 = 2 m 2), a bathroom (s 7 = 4 m 2), ceiling height h = 3.5 m. It is necessary to draw up the air balance at home.

1. We find the volume of premises using the formula V = s n * h, they will be V 1 = 70 m 3, V 2 = 84 m 3, V 3 = 56 m 3, V 4 = 140 m 3, V 5 = 28 m 3, V 6 = 7 m 3, V 7 = 14 m 3.
2. Now let's calculate the required amount of air in terms of multiplicities (formula L = n * V) and write it down in the table, having previously rounded the unit part up to five. When calculating the multiplicity n we take from table 1, we obtain the following values ​​of the required amount of air L:

Table 2. Calculation by multiplicities.

Note: In table 1, there is no item that would regulate the frequency of air exchange in the living room. Therefore, we consider the air exchange rate for it, given that for residential premises, the norms regulate the supply of 3 m 3 / hour of fresh air per 1 m 2 of the area of ​​the room. Those. we count by the formula: L = S rooms * 3.

In this way, L pr. living room = S living room*3 = 40 * 3 = 120 m 3 / hour.

1. We summarize separately L of those premises, for which the air flow is standardized, and separately L of those premises for which the hood is standardized:

∑ L at t = 85 + 60 + 120 = 265 m 3 / hour;
∑ L vyt= 90 + 50 + 25 = 165 m 3 / hour.

4. Let's compose the air balance equation. As we can see∑ L at> ∑ L at, so we increase the valueL vtof the room where we took the value of air exchange equal to the minimum allowable. We have such all three rooms (kitchen, bathroom, bathroom). Let's increaseL vtfor the kitchen to valueL out of the kitchen= 190. Thus, the total∑ L you t = 265m 3 /hour. Condition of Table 1(tab. 4 DBN V.2.2-15-2005 Residential buildings ) done: ∑ L pr = ∑ L vyt.

It should be noted that in the rooms of the bathroom, bathroom and kitchen, we organize only an exhaust hood, without an inflow, and in the rooms of the bedroom, study and living room, only an inflow. This is to prevent the spill-over of harmful odors into living quarters. Also, this can be seen from Table 1, in the inflow cells opposite these premises there are dashes.

Example 2. Calculation according to sanitary standards.

The conditions remain the same. We will only add information that 2 people live in the house, and we will carry out the calculation according to sanitary standards.

Let me remind you that according to sanitary standards, 60 m 3 / hour of fresh air is needed for one person constantly staying in the room, and for one temporary 20 m 3 / hour.

We get that for the bedroom L 2= 2 * 60 = 120 m 3 / hour, for the office we will accept one permanent resident and one temporary L 3= 1 * 60 + 1 * 20 = 80 m 3 / hour. For the living room, we accept two permanent residents and two temporary residents (as a rule, the number of permanent and temporary people is determined by the customer's specifications) L 4= 2 * 60 + 2 * 20 = 160 m 3 / hour, we write the obtained data into the table.

Table 3. Calculation according to sanitary standards.

Equation of air balances ∑ L pr = ∑ L vyt:165<360 м 3 /час, видим, что количество приточного воздуха превышает вытяжной на L= 195 m 3 / hour. Therefore, the amount of extract air must be increased by 195 m 3 / h. It can be evenly distributed between the kitchen, bathroom and bathroom, or it can be served in one of these three rooms, for example, the kitchen. Those. the table will change L kitchen I will make L kitchen outlet= 285 m 3 / hour. From the bedroom, study and living room, air will flow into the bathroom, toilet and kitchen, and from there it will be removed from the apartment by means of exhaust fans (if installed) or natural draft. This overflow is necessary to prevent the spread of unpleasant odors and moisture. Thus, the air balance equation ∑ L pr = ∑ L you t: 360 = 360 m 3 / hour - in progress.

Example 3. Calculation based on the area of ​​the room.

We will make this calculation, taking into account that for residential premises, the norms regulate the supply of 3 m 3 / hour of fresh air per 1 m 2 of the area of ​​the room. Those. we consider air exchange by the formula: ∑ L = ∑ L pr = ∑ L out = ∑ S rooms * 3.

∑ L ext 3= 114 * 3 = 342m 3 / hour.

Comparison of calculations.

As we can see, the calculation options differ in the amount of air ( ∑ L out1= 265 m 3 / hour< ∑ L vyt3= 342 m 3 / hour< ∑ L out2= 360 m 3 / hour). All three options are correct according to the regulations. However, the first third is simpler and cheaper to implement, and the second is a little more expensive, but creates more comfortable conditions for a person. As a rule, when designing, the choice of the calculation option depends on the wishes of the customer, more precisely on his budget.

Selection of the duct cross-section

Now that we have calculated the air exchange, we can choose a ventilation system implementation scheme and calculate the ventilation system ducts.

In ventilation systems, two types of rigid air ducts are used - round and rectangular. In rectangular ducts, to reduce pressure losses and reduce noise, the aspect ratio should not exceed three to one (3: 1). When choosing the cross-section of the air ducts, one should be guided by the fact that the speed in the main air duct should be up to 5 m / s, and in the branches up to 3 m / s. The dimensions of the duct section can be calculated using the diagram below.

Diagram of the dependence of the cross-section of air ducts on the speed and air flow

In the diagram, horizontal lines represent air flow and vertical lines represent speed. The oblique lines correspond to the dimensions of the ducts.

We select the cross-section of the branches of the main air duct (which go directly into each room) and the main air duct itself for supplying air with a flow rate L= 360 m 3 / hour.

If the air duct is with natural air exhaust, then the rated speed of air movement in it should not exceed 1m / hour. If the air duct is with a constantly operating mechanical air exhaust, then the air speed in it is higher and should not exceed 3 m / s (for branches) and 5 m / s for the main air duct.

We select the cross-section of the air duct with a constantly operating mechanical air exhaust.

On the left and right in the diagram, the costs are indicated, we choose ours (360 m 3 / hour). Further, we move horizontally until the intersection with the vertical line corresponding to the value of 5 m / s (for the maximum duct). Now, along the speed line, go down to the intersection with the nearest section line. We got that the cross-section of the main air duct we need is 100x200 mm or Ø150 mm. To select the cross-section of the branch, we move from a flow rate of 360 m 3 / hour in a straight line to the intersection at a speed of 3 m 3 / hour. We get a branch section of 160x200 mm or Ø 200 mm.

These diameters will be sufficient when installing only one exhaust duct, for example in a kitchen. If 3 exhaust ventilation ducts are installed in the house, for example, in the kitchen, bathroom and bathroom (rooms with the most polluted air), then the total air consumption that needs to be removed is divided by the number of exhaust ducts, i.e. by 3. And already at this figure we select the cross-section of the air ducts.

According to this schedule, it is rather difficult to select sections for such low costs. We count them in a special program. Therefore, if necessary - ask, we will count.

Natural air extraction. This diagram is only suitable for the selection of cross-sections of mechanical drawing. The natural draft is selected manually or using sizing programs. Again, ask, we will count.

Note: In our example, it was not there, but special attention should be paid to the indoor swimming pool when it is in the house. A pool is a room with an excess amount of moisture and an individual approach is required when calculating the required air exchange. From practice, I can say that the flow rate is at least eight times. This is a rather large consumption and if we take into account that the supply air temperature should be 1-2 ° C higher than the water temperature in the pool, then the cost of heating the air in winter is very high. Therefore, it is more logical to use dehumidification systems for indoor swimming pools. These systems work according to this scheme - the dehumidifier takes moist air from the room, passing it through itself, removes moisture from it (by cooling it), then heats it up to a predetermined temperature and delivers it back to the room. Also, there are air dehumidification systems with the possibility of adding fresh air.

The ventilation scheme is purely individual for each house and depends on the architectural features of the house, on the wishes of the customer, etc. Meanwhile, there are some conditions that must be observed, and they apply to all schemes, without exception.

General requirements for ventilation systems

1. Exhaust air is thrown out above the roof. With natural exhaust ventilation, all ducts are removed above the roof. With mechanical exhaust ventilation - the air duct is also taken out above the roof either inside the building or outside.
2. Fresh air intake with a mechanical supply ventilation system is carried out using an intake grille. It must be placed at least two meters above ground level.
3. The movement of air must be organized in such a way that the air from the living quarters moves in the direction of the premises with the release of harmful substances (bathroom, bathroom, kitchen).

In this article, we have analyzed what ventilation systems are and how the required air exchange is calculated. This information will help you choose the right ventilation system and provide the most comfortable microclimate for life in your home.

In the Appendix to the article you will find normative documents that set out the issue of Ventilation from a regulatory point of view.

Ventilation of residential buildings is one of the key points in providing a comfortable air environment for people. Poor air circulation in the house can not only negatively affect the health of the residents, but also require wasting on additional exhaust systems. Operating air ducts are also one of the main points for ensuring fire safety. In this article, we will explain how ventilation is arranged in an apartment building and what measures can increase the efficiency of its work.

Appointment of general ventilation

The air in a residential apartment is always subject to pollution. Smoke from cooking, fumes from the bathroom, unpleasant odors and dust - all this is in the air and creates an unfavorable living environment for people. Stagnant air can even lead to the development of diseases such as asthma and allergies. That is why every apartment building must be equipped with a common ventilation system.

Residential ventilation functions:

• ensure the penetration of clean air into apartments;
• remove dust and other impurities harmful to health together with the exhaust air;
• regulate humidity in residential and utility rooms.

Most of the urban population of our country lives in panel houses built in Soviet times, others are moving to new buildings. Ensuring ventilation of residential buildings is a mandatory requirement in the construction of houses. However, the level of ventilation in multi-apartment residential buildings remains rather low. It is customary to save on air duct systems during construction.

At the moment, you can find the following types of ventilation in residential buildings:

• with natural inflow and exhaust;
• with forced air movement through ventilation units.

In modern houses of the elite class, heating and ventilation systems correspond to the latest standards and are created using special equipment and materials. For ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings of panel type, natural air exchange is used. The same applies to Soviet-era brick residential buildings, as well as modern budget class buildings. Air must flow through the openings between the doors and the floor, as well as special valves on plastic windows.

Ventilation in a panel house works as follows. The air is discharged through vertical ventilation shafts upwards, thanks to natural draft. It is pulled out of the house through a pipe located on the roof or attic. When air enters the apartment through open windows or doors, it rushes to those located in the kitchen and bathroom - where most of all purification from smoke and moisture is required. Thus, stagnant air is discharged into the pipe, and clean air enters the room through the windows.

If you stop the supply of fresh air, ventilation will not work efficiently. Residents of apartments in apartment buildings often forget about the natural ventilation of the room when they install additional exhaust systems. Here is a list of common mistakes during repairs that stop air circulation:

• installation of blind double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic;
• elimination of the gap between the door leaf and floors when replacing interior doors;
• installation of axial fans in the toilet (affects the ventilation of neighboring apartments).

When decorating living rooms, it is worth remembering to create natural paths for ventilation. You can install plastic windows with special valves that will automatically supply air from the street.

Interior doors should be sized so that they do not stand close to the floor. When installing additional fans, you can adjust them for supply.

Ventilation schemes for residential buildings

Depending on the construction plans, ventilation can have a completely different design. In this section, we will try to figure out how ventilation is arranged in a panel house on the diagrams and talk about the degree of effectiveness of this or that type of its implementation.

The most successful ventilation scheme in a panel house is individual, when each apartment has a separate channel with access to the roof.

In this case, the ventilation shafts are not interconnected, it improves, and polluted air from neighboring apartments does not enter the house. Another type of such a ventilation scheme in Khrushchev is that from each apartment, separate channels lead to the roof, where they are connected into a single pipe that brings air masses to the street.

Unfortunately, quite often the simplest but ineffective ventilation method is used, in which air from all apartments enters a single large shaft - just like ventilation in Khrushchev is arranged. This saves space and costs when erecting a building, but it has a lot of unpleasant consequences:

• the intake of dust and unpleasant odors from other apartments - residents of the upper floors are especially susceptible to this, where air rises naturally;
• rapid contamination of the common ventilation pipe;
• lack of sound insulation.

There are also several other ways to exhaust air through ventilation shafts - with horizontal ducts in the attic and a pipe outlet to the attic without a chimney. In the first case, horizontal air ducts reduce air draft, and in the second, the attic becomes dirty due to the lack of an outlet to the street. The ventilation scheme in Khrushchev and other Soviet-type buildings, although budgetary, is inconvenient for residents.

Schematic diagrams of some natural ventilation systems in residential buildings: (a) - without collecting ducts; (b) - with vertical collecting channels; (c) - with horizontal prefabricated ducts in the attic; (d) - with a warm attic

Fortunately, there is a modern ventilation system that automatically draws in and out air. Its design includes a fan that blows air into the mine. It is usually located in the basement of a building. An exhaust ventilation of the same power is located on the roof of the house, which forcefully removes polluted air masses from the duct. This is the simplest ventilation scheme in an apartment building. It can also be arranged using energy-saving equipment - recuperators. The task of the recuperator is to take away heat (or cold) from the discharged air and transfer it to the supply air.

Ventilation shafts, as a rule, come from the basement of a multi-storey building, additionally providing it with protection from dampness and fumes. Basement ventilation is provided by natural draft, and in modern houses, air supply units are also installed here. To remove raw air from the basement, common ventilation shafts are used, leaving holes on each floor and in each apartment.

Ventilation of the basement, the place where the natural ventilation system begins, is one of the main conditions for its correct operation. For this, air holes are made in the walls of the basement through which fresh air enters the basement. It not only reduces humidity at the base of the house, but also creates traction in the common mine shaft.

The shape of the holes can be simple - round or square. They must be located at a sufficient distance above the ground so that water and dirt from the street do not get inside. The optimal distance from the ground is at least 20 cm. The holes should be placed evenly around the perimeter of the basement, if there are several rooms in it, it is necessary to organize several air vents in each. The air vents must not be closed, otherwise the whole principle of ventilation in an apartment building will be violated. To prevent animals from entering the basement, the holes are covered with a metal mesh.

Apartment ventilation calculation

Natural or artificial ventilation of a residential building is calculated during the construction of the building by specialists, and the residents of the building receive apartments with a "default" ventilation system. It will not work to change the ventilation system in Khrushchev; this will require serious intervention in the structure of the building. However, with the help of various devices, you can improve the air circulation in your apartment. For this it is necessary.

If you are not satisfied with the ventilation in the apartment, you can install additional hoods in the kitchen and fans on the grilles in the bathroom. In this case, you should remember the basic rule - the amount of air drawn out should not exceed the amount of air entering the apartment. In this case, the ventilation systems will work as efficiently as possible. Some models of hoods and fans can operate on air intake - they should be installed if the room is not sufficiently ventilated through windows and doors.

Particular attention should be paid to the capacity of the exhaust devices; for small apartments, a capacity of 50 to 100 m³ of air per hour will be sufficient. To accurately determine what load will be optimal for the device, you can measure the amount of air masses in the room. For this, the area of ​​the apartment is summed up and multiplied by three times. The resulting air volumes must completely pass through the fans within an hour.

Additional air flow can be organized using air conditioners, hoods and fans. Together, these devices will perform the main tasks for ventilation of premises:

• the hood in the kitchen will cleanse the room from unpleasant odors, grease and smoke, filling it with clean air;
• fan in the bathroom - remove humid air;
• air conditioner - to cool and dry the air in the room.

These devices will ensure good circulation of air masses in different rooms and regulate their cleanliness - they are simply irreplaceable in the bathroom and kitchen.

The amount of supply air can be 15–20% higher than the volume removed, but not vice versa.

Home ventilation care

Ventilation often does not work due to a blockage in the air duct or outlet grill. you can independently within your apartment by removing the grate and cleaning the pipe walls with a brush, broom or vacuum cleaner. Particular attention must be paid to the mesh that covers the entrance to the mine - it works as a filter on which all contamination remains.

The full is carried out by a special service at the request of residents.

First, the performance of the exhaust ducts is diagnosed and a work plan is drawn up. To check the cleanliness of mines, a video camera on a cable is often used - it allows you to determine the places of accumulation of dirt and places of deformation of the pipe.

After that, the cleaning of the duct begins. Professionals use weights, pneumatic brushes, weighted brushes and other tools. Ordinary residents should not engage in such work - this can harm the integrity of the pipe.

Natural ventilation in a multi-storey building is not very effective compared to mechanical ventilation, but it requires less cleaning. A team of specialists should be called every few years if there are obvious signs of contamination of the air duct. Automatic ventilation systems are under heavy stress and require more thorough cleaning. The maintenance of such systems is often carried out by the firms that install them.

Tracking the health and increasing the efficiency of home ventilation is one of the key points in creating a healthy microclimate in your home. By taking a series of measures to improve the ventilation of your home, you will rid yourself of dust, unpleasant odors, kitchen or bathroom products in the air.

Central Research
and experimental design institute
engineering equipment of cities, residential and public buildings
(TsNIIEP engineering equipment) Goskomarkhitektury

Reference book toSNiP

The series was founded in 1989

HEATING AND VENTILATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

MOSCOW

STROYIZDAT

Recommended To edition section heating, ventilation and conditioning air Scientifically-technical advice TsNIIEP engineering equipment State Committee for Architecture

FOREWORD

The manual was developed in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings. The parameters of the microclimate in the premises of residential buildings and the air-thermal regime established by SNiP are determined not only by the operation of heating and ventilation systems, but also by the architectural, planning and design solutions of these buildings, as well as by the thermophysical characteristics of the enclosing structures. In addition to the above, in residential buildings, the peculiarities of the operation of apartments by residents have a great influence on the microclimate. The combination of these factors determines the operating costs of heat and the level of air-thermal comfort. Taking this into account, the organization and rational maintenance of the air-thermal regime in residential buildings is a complex task. However, the current system of normative documents, specialized for individual sections of design, does not take into account this complexity.

The design of heating and ventilation systems is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05-86. In this case, reference books to SNiPu, reference books, recommendation and other literature are used, containing methods of thermal and hydraulic calculation of systems, instructions for their design, equipment characteristics. The listed documents, aimed at specialists in the field of design of heating and ventilation systems, do not touch upon the whole range of issues of ensuring a standardized air-thermal regime in the premises of residential buildings with a minimum consumption of thermal energy. Therefore, when compiling this Manual, the main attention is paid to the issues that most often arise among designers and testify not only to the lack of clarity of certain provisions of the regulation, but also to the lack of understanding in some cases of the importance of various elements of residential buildings in their air-thermal regime.

The manual was developed by TsNIIEP of engineering equipment of the State Committee for Architecture and Construction (Candidates of Engineering Sciences A.Z. Ivyansky and I.B. Pavlinova).

1. CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING SOLUTIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

1.1. The air-thermal regime in the premises is one of the main factors that determine the level of comfort in residential buildings. The unsatisfactory microclimate makes them unsuitable for living.

1.2. Optimization of the air-thermal regime of apartments requires their isolation from adjacent premises in order to minimize the amount of overflowing air.

The overflow of air into apartments from adjacent apartments and (or) stairwells is one of the main reasons that reduce the efficiency of the ventilation system and lead to an unsatisfactory state of the air environment in apartments. With this in mind, in the construction part of the project of a residential building, planning, structural and technological solutions should be provided that maximally reduce the possibility of air flow through the entrance doors to apartments, the junctions of the enclosing structures, the passage of engineering communications through them, etc.

1.3. As the experience of the operation of modern residential buildings of mass development shows, one of the most common reasons for underheating of premises at the calculated heat transfer of the heating system is the actual underestimation of the resistance to air permeation of the window filling against the regulated SNiP II-3-79 ** for the design of the windows envisaged by the project. This underestimation is due to the poor quality of manufacturing of window blocks; poor-quality sealing of window blocks into the wall panel; the absence of gaskets sealing the bolsters or their discrepancy with the design ones, etc.

To exclude subcooling of residential buildings at low outside temperatures as a result of the factor noted above, it is recommended to carry out selective full-scale tests of windows in order to determine their actual resistance to air permeability, typical for a particular building area, for example, according to the method of field tests of air exchange in residential buildings by TsNIIEP of engineering equipment.

1.4. The dimensions of the light openings determine not only the calculated heat loss of the premises, but also the thermal regime in them due to negative radiation and falling flows of cold air in winter and overheating in summer. Therefore, one should strive for the minimum permissible dimensions of light openings from natural lighting conditions, but no more than when the ratio of their area to the floor area of ​​the corresponding premises is 1: 5.5.

1.5. When choosing a constructive solution for attics, preference should be given to sectional warm attics used as a static pressure chamber of a natural exhaust ventilation system. Open attics with exhaust air release in them require further research and structural improvement, and are not currently recommended for use in mass housing construction. In buildings with a height of less than 5 floors, in which it is impractical to install a warm attic, the exhaust ducts should directly go into the shafts that are taken out above the roof level.

1.6. Zoning of apartments is associated with an increase in the number of utilities, which leads to an increase in material consumption and operating costs. The presence of exhaust ducts in different parts of the apartment significantly reduces the reliability and efficiency of the natural exhaust ventilation system.

1.7. The adjoining sanitary facilities and ventilation blocks to the outer walls of apartments makes it difficult to ensure a satisfactory humidity regime in sanitary facilities and requires special solutions to increase the temperature of their enclosures, which must be developed and tested in mass construction.

1.8. Planning solutions of apartments from the point of view of the organization of ventilation should mainly be aimed at eliminating horizontal air ducts within the apartment; to ensure the direct flow of air from the kitchen, bathroom and toilet into the ventilation block; to provide access to ventilation blocks during installation, as well as for revision and sealing of joints during operation.

1.9. In the basements and basements of apartment buildings and dormitories with heating systems connected to district heating networks, with an estimated heat loss of buildings for the heating period of 1000 GJ or more, a room should be provided for the placement of an individual heating point (IHP).

The IHP room must have a height (cleanliness) of at least 2.2 m, in the places where the service personnel pass to it - at least 1.9 m; should be separated from other rooms, have an outward opening door, lighting. The floor should be concrete or tiled with a slope of 0.005. A ladder should be installed in the floor of the ITP, and if it is impossible to drain the water by gravity, arrange a drainage pit with dimensions of 0.5´0.5´0.8 m, covered with a removable grate. To pump water from the sump into the sewage system, a drain pump should be installed.

It is recommended to determine the calculated heat loss of the building for the heating period in accordance with Section. of this Manual.

1.10. The use of kitchen niches with mechanical exhaust ventilation is allowed only in residential buildings, all apartments of which are equipped with a mechanical exhaust.

1.11. The device of loggias with floor-by-floor exits from the staircase is associated with a significant additional consumption of heat and is not recommended if this is not related to fire safety requirements.

1.12. In the feasibility study of the constructive solution of the attic, in addition to traditional factors, one should also take into account the costs of insulating the utilities located in them and their operation.

2. CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS

2.1. The calculated heat losses recovered by heating should be determined from the heat balance. The heat balance of the residential building as a whole and of each heated room is found from the equation

Q tr + Q in + Q c.o + Q ins + Q everyday life = 0, (1)

where Q tr - transmission heat losses through the building (room) fences; Q c - heat consumption for heating the outside air in the amount of infiltration or sanitary standards; Q s.o - thermal power of the heating system, which is the desired value when determining the heat balance; Q ins - heat input due to solar radiation; Q everyday life - the total heat input due to all internal sources of heat, with the exception of the heating system (household heat emissions from household appliances and lighting devices, kitchen stoves, distribution of hot water supply pipelines and directly consumed hot water, people in the apartment are conventionally referred to).

2.2. Calculation of transmission heat losses through external enclosing structures is carried out according to app. 8, SNiP 2.04.05-86. In this case, the calculated air temperatures of the premises tcalculated are taken in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings.

2.3. When calculating transmission heat losses through the internal fences of residential buildings, heat transfer should be taken into account:

a) through the attic floors in houses with a warm attic;

b) through ceilings over unheated basements and undergrounds (including when placing heat pipes in them);

c) through the internal fences of the staircase (including smoke-free).

Moreover, the coefficient P take equal to 1.

The air temperature in basements (underground) and warm attics should be determined from the thermal balance of these rooms (when compiling the thermal balance of a warm attic, Recommendations for the design of reinforced concrete roofs with a warm attic for multi-storey residential buildings / TsNIIEP dwelling, 1986) can be used.

After determining the air temperature according to PP. a and b for given building structures, it is necessary to check compliance with the standardized value of Dtn according to table. 2 SNiP II-3-79 ** Construction heat engineering.

In the stairwells of houses with apartment heating, the design air temperature is not standardized.

2.4. The heat consumption for heating the outside air entering the premises is determined twice:

a) based on the amount of air infiltrating through the leaks of external fences;

b) based on the sanitary norm of ventilation air 3 m3 / h per 1 m2 of floor area of ​​living rooms.

For living rooms, of the two obtained values, a large one is taken, for kitchens - according to p. a.

2.5. Heat consumption Qi, W, for heating the infiltrating air is determined by the formula

Qi= 0.28 S Gikic(tp - ti), (2)

where Gi- the amount of infiltrated air, kg / h, through the fence of the room, determined by the formula (); With- specific heat capacity of air equal to 1 KJ / (kg × ° С); ki- the coefficient of accounting for the influence of the counter heat flow in the structures is taken according to App. 9 to SNiP 2.04.05-86; tp, ti- calculated air temperatures, ° С, in the room and outside air during the cold season (parameters B).

Calculation of heat consumption for heating the infiltrating air for all premises of residential buildings (including staircases, elevator halls, floor corridors), taking into account the generalized results of field tests of various elements of fences for air permeability and the results of machine counting (in tabular form), can be carried out using materials TsNIIEP of engineering equipment.

2.6. Heat consumption Q in, W, for heating the sanitary norm of ventilation air is determined by the formula

Q in = ( tp - ti) A n, (3)

where A p is the floor area of ​​the dwelling, m2.

2.7. The amount of air infiltrated into the room S Gi, kg / h, should be determined by the formula *

* Interpretation of formula (3) app. 9 SNiP 2.04.05-86 for residential buildings.

where A1, A2 are the areas of windows (balcony doors) and external doors, respectively, m2, l- length of joints of wall panels, m; R 1 and R 2 - resistance to air permeability, respectively, of windows (m2 × h (daPa) 2/3 / kg) and doors (m2 × h (daPa) 0.5 / kg); determined according to SNiP II-3-79 ** (Appendix 10) and SNiP 2.04.05-86 (Appendix 9) or according to the results of field tests; Dp is the calculated pressure difference on the outer and inner surfaces of the outer fences of the room, daPa; Dp1et - differential pressure Dp, determined for the premises of the 1st floor, daPa.

2.8. For residential buildings with natural exhaust ventilation, the calculated pressure difference DR found by the formula *

2.11. Heat consumption, GJ, for the heating period S Q find from expression

(7)

where Q- estimated heat consumption of the heated building (facade); tp- design temperature of internal air, ° С; - average outside air temperature for the heating period, ° С, taken according to SNiP 2.01.01-82; ti- design temperature of the outside air (parameters B), ° С; P- the number of days of the heating season (the duration of the period with an average daily air temperature of £ 8 ° C), taken according to SNiP 2.01.01-82.

With a sufficient degree of accuracy, one can take

(tp - )/(tR - ti) = 0,5.

Table 1

Q e - additional heat losses associated with the cooling of the coolant in the supply and return lines passing in unheated rooms, kW. The value Q d is recommended to be determined with an efficiency factor, isolation of 0.75, according to table. ...

table 2

	Heat transfer of 1 m of an insulated pipe, W / m, with a nominal diameter, mm
* t d is the temperature of the coolant at the entrance to the heating system (for supply pipelines) or at the exit from it (for return pipelines), ° С; t c - air temperature of the premises in which the pipelines are laid, ° С; determined by the thermal balance of these rooms (see section).

3.2. Estimated flow rate of the coolant in the risers (branches) of the heating system G st, kg / h, should be determined by the formula

where Q st is the total heat loss of the premises served by the riser (branch) of the heating system, kW; With c - specific heat capacity of water, kJ / (kg × ° С); D t- the difference between the temperatures of the coolant at the inlet and outlet from the riser (branch). With a preliminary calculation D t it is recommended to take 1 ° C less than the calculated temperature difference of the coolant in the heating system.

3.3. Heat flow Q the heating device is determined by the formula

(10)

where Q np - nominal heat flow of the heating device, kW; P and R- exponents, respectively, with a relative temperature head and flow rate of the coolant; b3 - dimensionless coefficient taking into account the number of sections in the radiator (only for cast-iron sectional radiators); b4 is a dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the installation method of the heater; b- dimensionless coefficient for the calculated atmospheric pressure; Wed- correction factor, taking into account the connection diagram of the heater and the change in the exponent R in various ranges of water consumption; y1 - coefficient taking into account the decrease in heat flux when the coolant moves according to the "bottom-up" scheme; M- water consumption through the heater (for convectors - for each tube), kg / s; q- temperature head, ° С.

, (11)

where t n and t k is the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the heater, ° С; D t pr is the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the heater, ° С; tв - design air temperature of the heated room, ° С.

The values Q n.p, P, R, b3 , b, Wed, y1 should be taken according to information releases of the institutes of the USSR Ministry of Building Materials, reference books, catalogs, etc.

For the most common heaters, the necessary information is contained in the following literature:

Method for determining the nominal heat flux of heating devices with a coolant water / Scientific Research Institute of Plumbing, 1984.

3.4. The ratio of equivalent square meters (eqm) and kilowatts is recommended to be taken:

for radiators and convectors without casing 1 ECM - 0.56 kW,

for convectors with a casing of 1 ECM - 0.57 kW.

The nominal heat flux of heating devices in kW is determined at a difference in the average temperatures of the coolant and air of 70 ° C, the flow rate of the coolant through the device 0.1 kg / s, atmospheric pressure of 1013 GPa.

The actual heat flux from heating devices in the heating system, depending on the values ​​of the listed factors, will differ from the nominal up or down. As a result, there is no formal correspondence in kilowatts between the heat losses of the premises and the nominal heat flux of the heating devices installed in them (for example, in a room with a heat loss of 1 kW, according to the calculation, a heater with a nominal heat flux of 1.3 kW should be installed), which is a defect of the new meter of heating devices, and not calculation errors.

3.5. Heating systems for residential buildings with a heat consumption during the heating period (see paragraphs of this Manual) 1000 GJ and more should be designed front-to-back for the possibility of automatic separate regulation of each facade. When the heat consumption for the heating period is less than 1000 GJ (240 Gcal), the automatic regulation of the heat flow is provided upon justification.

3.6. Automatic regulation of heat consumption in heating systems should be designed in accordance with the "General provisions for equipping with metering and automatic control devices for gas supply, heating, ventilation, hot water supply, heating networks and boiler rooms" approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

Since 1989, the Moscow Thermal Automation Plant of the USSR Ministry of Instrument has begun production of Teplar-110 microprocessor controllers designed to regulate two frontal heating systems and a hot water supply system for residential buildings (with one device). Teplar-110 is the most efficient specialized regulator.

3.7. When automating heating systems, internal air temperature sensors should be installed in the air flow in the center of the main ducts of ventilation units (with separate ventilation units - kitchen units) 700 - 800 mm below the place where the satellite channel merges with the collection channel in the ventilation unit of the upper floor. In case of per-facade regulation, it is recommended to use ventilation units for apartments, the premises of which are oriented mainly towards one facade of the building, for placement of sensors. In buildings with meridional orientation, it is recommended to install at least one sensor in the ventilation block of an apartment adjacent to the northern end of the building. In other cases, you should strive for the minimum length of connecting lines of sensors with control devices.

3.8. For multi-storey residential buildings, the main heating solution is one-pipe water heating systems from unified units and parts, with top or bottom filling and artificial circulation induction. For buildings with a height of up to 10 floors inclusive, one-pipe systems with P (T) -shaped risers can be used. The parameters of the coolant in water heating systems should be taken as 105 - 70 ° С, if these parameters are not provided with heat sources (individual or group boiler houses) - 95 - 70 ° С.

As heating devices, cast-iron sectional radiators of the MC type and steel convectors of the Universal type are preferable, which provide regulation of the heat flow "through the air" due to the air valve included in their design, which makes it possible not to install control valves in front of them.

3.9. In comparison with traditional central heating systems, panel heating systems with heating elements in single-layer and three-layer external wall panels are a progressive technical solution that, with a high-quality performance, makes it possible to increase the industrialism of installation work, reduce the cost of construction and reduce metal consumption with a high level of thermal comfort in the serviced premises.

Along with this, it should be borne in mind that the large amount of "hidden" work typical for panel heating systems imposes increased demands on the culture of production and adherence to technological discipline. In emergencies of a large scale, surface heating systems require clearer actions of the service personnel. In this regard, decisions on the use of panel heating systems in specific cities (districts) are made by the state structures of the union republics, regional (mountains) executive committees, taking into account the preparedness of house-building factories, heat supply and operating organizations.

When designing panel heating systems, the "Guidelines for the design and implementation of panel heating systems with steel heating elements in the outer walls of large-panel buildings" (SN 398-69) may be used with changes arising from the current regulatory documents.

3.10. In residential buildings connected to district heating networks with a design temperature of the coolant (water) 150 ° С with parameters B outside air and guaranteed pressure drop, a system with step heat recovery (CPT) can be used, which allows to reduce the consumption of heating devices.

The design of the SRT system is carried out in accordance with the "Standards for the design of heating systems with stepwise heat recovery" (RSN 308-85 Gosstroy of the Ukrainian SSR).

3.11. When designing heating systems for residential buildings erected in the Northern construction and climatic zone, in addition to the current regulatory documents, it is additionally recommended:

a) design heating systems with local heating devices with dead-end distribution of main pipelines with the number of risers connected to one branch, no more than 6. With a larger number of risers, provide, as a rule, associated movement of the coolant;

b) provide for heating staircases:

high steel convectors in the lobbies, ahead of their heating system, with installation on both connections in places inaccessible for accidental closing of valves. The load of high convectors should be taken equal to the lobby heat loss, taking into account the heat loss through the entrance doors;

steel convectors on the floors, attaching them to independent risers according to a one-pipe flow-through scheme. Risers of staircases within 1 - 2 floors should be laid in apartments, elevator halls or other rooms heated by the main heating system of buildings. The estimated air temperature in the stairwells should be taken as 18 ° С;

c) heating of waste collection chambers should be provided, as a rule, with coils made of smooth pipes connected to the heating system according to a flow-through scheme, with the installation of shut-off valves on both connections. The estimated air temperature in the waste collection chamber is 15 ° С;

d) unaccounted for losses of circulating pressure in the heating system are taken equal to 25% of the maximum pressure losses;

e) when installing mixing pumps in heating systems, provide a backup pump;

f) in the heating systems of residential buildings with 3 or more floors, on each riser, provide shut-off valves to turn them off and drain taps with a union for emptying;

g) lay risers at the intersection of floors using sleeves;

h) use ordinary steel pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 * for risers and connections to heating devices.

All of the above is aimed at improving the reliability of heating systems built in the Northern construction and climatic zone and reflects the experience of field surveys.

4. VENTILATION

4.1. In mass housing construction, the following ventilation scheme for apartments has been adopted: exhaust air is removed directly from the zone of its greatest pollution, i.e. from the kitchen and sanitary premises, by means of natural exhaust duct ventilation. Its replacement is due to the outside air entering through the leaks of the external fences (mainly window filling) of all rooms of the apartment and heated by the heating system. This ensures air exchange in its entire volume.

When the apartments are occupied by families, which is the focus of modern housing construction, the apartment doors, as a rule, are open or have a trimming of the door leaf, which reduces their aerodynamic resistance in the closed position. So, for example, the gap under the bathroom and toilet doors must be at least 0.02 m high.

The apartment is considered as a single air volume with the same pressure.

Air exchange is rated based on the minimum hygienic requirement of the amount of outside air per person (approximately 30 m3 / h) and is conventionally referred to the floor area. An increase in the occupancy rate, as well as an increase in the height of the premises, is not associated with the indicated amount of air.

It is not recommended to remove air directly from rooms in multi-room apartments, as this violates the pattern of directional air movement in the apartment.

4.13. An increase in the operational reliability (prevention of "overturning" of the air flow) of the natural exhaust ventilation system and at the same time a reduction in material consumption and labor costs are achieved when using one vertical of exhaust ducts per apartment by using combined ventilation blocks. An example of a solution for a combined ventilation unit combined with a sanitary cabin is shown in Fig. ...

Rice. 3. Combined ventilation block, combined with a sanitary cabin

1 - "cap" with a ventilation block; 2 - the bottom of the cabin; 3 - sealing gasket; 4 - wire restraints, 5 - interfloor overlap

The use of two combined or combined and separate ventilation blocks in zoned apartments, as a rule, leads to an excessive intensification of air exchange and therefore is undesirable.

When using two ventilation blocks in one vertical of apartments, it is necessary to ensure the same conditions for the outflow of ventilation air into the atmosphere (in particular, the emission mark in the case of independent mines).

4.14. The use of the same ventilation blocks along the height of the building predetermines the unevenness of air removal along the vertical of the apartments.

An increase in the uniformity of the distribution of air flows is achieved by increasing the resistance of the entrance to the ventilation block or providing a variable along the height of the building the resistance value of the entrance to the ventilation block. The latter can be done using ventilation grilles with mounting adjustment (for example, the design of TsNIIEP of engineering equipment) or special overlays (for example, made of hardboard) with holes of different sizes at the entrance to the ventilation block.

Expansion of the scope of application of ventilation blocks for buildings of various storeys and a change in their nominal performance (see p.) Are possible with the help of specially designed overlays.

4.15. The design and technology of installation of ventilation units should provide for the possibility of sealing their interfloor joints.

The tightness of the ventilation network is of particular importance for natural exhaust ventilation. The presence of leaks leads not only to excessive air exchange in the apartments of the lower floors of multi-storey buildings, but also to emissions of polluted air through them from the collection channel into the apartments of the upper floors. In projects, it is necessary to provide for a special technology for sealing the interfloor joints of ventilation blocks using elastic gaskets.

4.16. Sustainable air removal from apartments on the upper floors is ensured with the correct choice of ventilation blocks for buildings of a specific number of storeys and attic design.

The installation of exhaust fans at the entrance to the ventilation block of the two upper floors, provided for by SNiP, worsens air exchange in apartments, since the fans are not designed for constant operation, and during the period of inactivity they make it difficult to remove air due to excessive resistance.

4.17. The structures of the transit sections of ventilation blocks passing through cold or open attics, as well as ventilation shafts on the roof, must have a thermal resistance not less than the thermal resistance of the outer walls of residential buildings in a given climatic region. To reduce the weight and dimensions of these structures, provided for in this paragraph, thermal resistance can be achieved through effective thermal insulation. The same applies to the ventilation sections of the sewer pipes and garbage chute.

Ventilation in a private house or apartment: how to do it right?

Good ventilation does not at all mean the obligatory installation of expensive supply and exhaust systems in a house or apartment: you just need to correctly organize the movement of air flows in a building or room. In this article, we will consider the basic principles of creating an air exchange system in the house, which will ensure the optimal microclimate in the house and the safety of its structures.

What is ventilation and why is it needed?
Ventilation is an organized exchange of air in rooms, which is created to remove excess heat, moisture, harmful and other substances that accumulate in the atmosphere of the premises and to provide fresh air for breathing. With the help of ventilation, a microclimate and air quality that are acceptable or optimal for a person is created. Ventilation is also needed to protect and ensure the required level of preservation of buildings under various natural and man-made influences and phenomena.
British Building Regulations Building Regulations 2010 Document F, Section 1 defines the purpose of ventilation in a house:
p.4.7 Ventilation is necessary to achieve the following objectives:
a. inflow of external air for breathing;
b. dilution and removal of air pollutants, including odors;
With. control of excess humidity (created by water vapor contained in the indoor air);
d. air supply for combustion equipment.

What are the optimal conditions for a person?

The air characteristics are considered optimal, at which physiological comfort is provided with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person. Most often, optimal conditions mean air temperature from 21 to 25 ° C, relative humidity from 40 to 60%, air velocity no more than 0.2-0.3 m / s and the gas composition of the air as close as possible to the natural composition of atmospheric air (75 , 5% - nitrogen, 23.1% - oxygen, 1.4% - inert gases).

What kind of ventilation is there?
Natural ventilation is the most common type of room ventilation, which creates air exchange due to the difference in the density of warmer air inside the room and colder outside. This type of ventilation is simple to design and operate.

Forced or mechanical ventilation of premises is provided by mechanical induction - the use of fans for air movement. Mechanical ventilation can be supply, exhaust, or supply and exhaust.

Mixed ventilation, in addition to forced ventilation, uses natural ventilation to supply and remove air.

According to the ratio of air inflow and air removal, it is possible to distinguish supply, exhaust and mixed ventilation.

Advantages and disadvantages of various types of ventilation

Comparison of different types of ventilation

Ventilation type	Dignity	Flaws
Exhaust ventilation	Uncomplicated and inexpensive design Suitable for local ventilation	Backdraft may occur when using stoves and fireplaces Supply air comes from random sources Heated or cooled air is lost.
Forced ventilation	Does not negatively affect the operation of stoves and fireplaces Excessive back pressure prevents the entry of pollutants from the ambient air (such as radon) The ability to supply air to a specific place (for example, to the oven)	Does not remove polluted air from rooms Air supply with high or low temperature or humidity Draft sensation possible
Balanced air exchange system	No air infiltration or exfiltration phenomena Possibility of fine adjustment of the balance of inflow and air flow Heat recovery of the exhaust air is possible	Complex design and high cost

What kind of air exchange is recommended for living quarters?
The recommended amount of air exchange is determined based on the number of people sitting in the premises, the area (volume) of the premises and the type of ventilation. For natural ventilation in rooms where there is at least 20 meters of living space per person, an air flow rate of at least 30 cubic meters of air per hour is recommended (but not less than 35% of the volume of the entire room). In buildings where there is less than 20 square meters of space per person, the air exchange must be at least 3 cubic meters of air per hour for each square meter of living space.

The British Building Code (2010 Part F Ventilation Tables 5.1-5.2) provides a simplified calculation of the required constant air exchange in a home:

According to the requirements of the International Building Code for Residential Buildings (IRC, Section R303.4), if the level of fresh air infiltration into the house is less than 5 volumes per hour, the installation of mechanical ventilation is required in the house.

How to arrange ventilation in a house or apartment?

Most often, mixed ventilation is arranged in houses and apartments with periodic use of forced exhaust ventilation in places of suspended humidity and local deterioration of the gas composition of the air (bathrooms, kitchens, saunas, boiler rooms, workshops, garages) in combination with natural supply and exhaust ventilation.

When aerating the premises, the natural flow of air into the premises is carried out during ventilation through open windows and doors (volley ventilation) and infiltration through cracks and leaks in the enclosing structures, windows. In modern houses with a practical absence of cracks in the enclosing structures and windows, the air flow is carried out through slot valves in the upper part of the window frames (wooden or plastic frames), through conventional air infiltration valves installed in the outer walls, or through mechanical infiltrators, which provide both passive, and fan-driven air flow, cleaning and heating if necessary.

To remove air with channelless ventilation, windows, vents and transoms are used. Air removal occurs either due to the difference in the density of the air inside and outside the building, or due to the difference in pressure from the windward and leeward sides of the buildings. This type of ventilation is the most imperfect, since the air exchange in this version is the most intense, it is difficult to regulate it, which can lead to drafts and a rapid decrease in the comfortable air temperature inside the premises.

A more perfect scheme of natural ventilation is a scheme using vertical exhaust ventilation ducts. Exhaust ducts should be located in the thickness of the inner walls or in extension blocks near the inner walls. To prevent freezing, condensation and deterioration of traction, ventilation ducts passing through cold attic rooms should be well insulated. To increase traction, ventilation ducts on the roof are equipped with deflectors.

Intake openings for removing air of natural exhaust ventilation from the upper zones of the room are placed under the ceiling not lower than 0.4 meters from the ceiling and, at the same time, not lower than 2 m from the floor to the bottom of the openings, so that only overheated (waterlogged, gassed) air is removed from the area above human growth.

In houses with stoves and fireplaces, separate ventilation ducts are laid to supply street air to heating devices, which avoids troubles associated with insufficient air supply to the combustion zone, the occurrence of reverse draft, a sharp decrease in oxygen concentration, the need to keep windows open when stoves and fireplaces are in operation ...

Mechanical exhaust ventilation is added for places where air pollution accumulates (hood over a gas stove), in places of excessive humidity (bathrooms, saunas, swimming pools), in a kitchen connected to a living room or dining room, in a kitchen without a window. Forced ventilation will also be required at very low outdoor temperatures (below -40 ° C).

Common mistakes in ventilation devices in houses and apartments.

1 . Complete absence of a ventilation system. Oddly enough it sounds, the main mistake of ventilation systems in country houses is the complete absence of ventilation systems. Homeowners, saving on ventilation ducts, hope that it will be possible to ventilate the house through the vents or window sashes. However, effective ventilation is not always possible due to natural and temperature conditions and the air quality inside the house is rapidly deteriorating, humidity increases, and mold appears. Ventilation must be provided in rooms without windows.

2. Lack of air supply devices to the premises. In modern practically sealed houses with a continuous vapor barrier circuit, excluding slotted air infiltration, with window frames with seals, there are no accidental sources of air infiltration. To provide ventilation in such houses, the installation of air infiltration valves in the walls or slot valves in the window frames is required.

A separate outside air supply duct is required for the normal and safe operation of each stove or fireplace. Moreover, it is necessary to supply air from the street, and not from the underground, where radioactive soil gases can accumulate. If a separate channel for the stove or fireplace is not provided, then it will be necessary to install mechanical supply ventilation, which constantly works in the room during the heating of the stove.

3. Interior doors without ventilation gaps at the bottom or without ventilation grilles. When organizing natural ventilation, less polluted air moves from sources of infiltration or open windows and doors through all rooms to duct exhaust ventilation in rooms with more polluted air (kitchens and bathrooms). For the free movement of air, it is necessary to have ventilation gaps under the doors (S = 80 cm 2) and ventilation grilles on the doors to the bathrooms (S = 200 cm 2) for the supply of fresh air.

4. Availability of air communication in apartments of apartment buildings with staircases or neighboring apartments. Through unsealed channels for the passage of pipes and communications, through socket boxes and keyholes, instead of fresh atmospheric air, polluted air from staircases or neighboring apartments is infiltrated into the apartment.

5. Installation of ventilation ducts in the outer walls, at the junctions to the outer walls, the passage of ventilation ducts through unheated rooms without insulation. As a result of cooling or freezing of ventilation ducts, draft deteriorates, condensation forms on the inner surfaces. If the air ducts are located near the outer wall, then an air or insulated gap of at least 50 mm is left between the outer wall and the air duct.

6. Installation of intake grilles of exhaust ventilation ducts below 0.4 m from the plane of the ceiling. The accumulation of overheated, waterlogged and polluted air under the ceiling.

7. Installation of intake grilles for exhaust ventilation ducts below 2 m from the floor plane. Removing warm air from the comfort zone of a person, lowering the temperature in the comfort zone, creating "drafts".

8. The presence of two or more exhaust ducts in distant places of an apartment or house, horizontal sections of air ducts. The presence of different ventilation ducts remote from each other reduces the ventilation efficiency, as well as the inclination of the ventilation ducts at an angle of more than 30 degrees from the vertical. Horizontal duct sections require the installation of additional duct fans.

9. Connecting the hood above the stove to the exhaust duct ventilation in the kitchen with full sealing of the ventilation duct opening. One of the most common mistakes made by amateur builders and shabashniki. As a result, the extraction of air from the kitchen stops, odors spread throughout the apartment. The hood must be connected while maintaining the intake grille of the exhaust duct with a check valve installed to prevent the exhaust air from being thrown back into the kitchen.

10. Removal of air from bathrooms through the wall to the street, and not through a vertical ventilation duct. In cold weather, the air may not be removed through the through channel, but, on the contrary, enter the bathroom. When using an exhaust fan in such a scheme, its blades can freeze up.

11. Common ventilation duct for two adjacent rooms. In this case, the air may not be discharged outside, but may be mixed between rooms.

12. Common ventilation duct for rooms on different floors. Possible discharge of polluted air from the lower floor to the upper one.

13. Lack of a separate ventilation duct for rooms on the upper floor. Leads to a deterioration in air quality (high humidity, temperature, pollution) on the upper floor .

14. Lack of a separate ventilation duct for the premises of the lower floor. As a result, polluted air from the lower floor rises to the upper floor, preventing the flow of fresh air from the atmosphere.

15. Absence of an exhaust ventilation duct in rooms without windows, behind two doors from the nearest window. Stagnation of air in the room, violation of the flow of air into neighboring rooms.

16. Conclusion of the ventilation duct to the attic, "to make it warmer." A common misconception of self-builders, leading to a deterioration in ventilation and moistening of roof structures. Fatal error in unventilated attic.

17. Laying transit air ducts from technical rooms, boiler rooms and garages through living rooms. Possible leakage of polluted air into living quarters.

18. Lack of natural supply and exhaust ventilation of basements. Basements, as places of potentially high humidity and concentration of radioactive soil gases, should receive atmospheric air through the supply air duct and have a separate exhaust duct for natural ventilation. In radon-hazardous areas, the exhaust ventilation from the basements must have a mechanical ventilation duct isolated from the rest.

If the basement has a constant air exchange with the living quarters through open openings, then the ventilation of the house with the basement is organized as for a multi-storey building.

19. Lack of or inadequate ventilation of cold undergrounds. In the outer walls of basements and technical underground floors that do not have exhaust ventilation, air vents with a total area of ​​at least 1/400 of the floor area of ​​the technical underground, basement, evenly spaced along the perimeter of the outer walls, should be provided. The area of ​​one vent must be at least 0.05 m 2. In radon-hazardous areas, the total area of ​​the basement ventilation must be at least 1/100 - 1/150 of the basement area.

20. Absent or insufficient ventilation of steam baths and saunas. To create a healthy atmosphere in steam rooms, air exchange of 5-8 steam room volumes per hour should be organized. The air is supplied to the steam room through a separate supply air duct under the stove or heater. Air is removed from the sauna or bath through an air duct in the opposite corner of the steam room, located under the shelves at a height of 80 to 100 cm. For quick removal of hot humid air, a shut off exhaust duct with air intake is provided at the ceiling of the steam room.

21. Lack of or insufficient ventilation of the attic space.

In a roof with a cold attic, the interior space must be ventilated with outside air through special openings in the walls, the cross-sectional area of ​​which, with a continuous pitched roof, must be at least 1/1000 of the floor area. That is, for an attic with an area of ​​100 m 2, ventilation openings of the attic space with a minimum area of ​​at least 0.1 m 2 are required.

Andrey Dachnik.

Most modern residential complexes are being built immediately with the installation of multifunctional low-noise roof-type fans. Immediately, special shafts for individual ventilation equipment are equipped, as well as ready-made natural or forced ventilation systems.

On the other side, ventilation in a residential building the old building (not in the last 10-15 years), most often, is based on natural draft, as it was implemented in the residential complex in Devyatkino "My city", more details here. Therefore, in typical apartments, you have to carefully monitor the compliance of temperature and humidity indicators with generally accepted standards to ensure a healthy atmosphere.

Ventilation in private houses

Apartment buildings: possibilities for creating efficient air exchange

The necessary ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings implies the following options for arranging specialized systems:

• When the number of rooms in an apartment is 4 or more, and there is no through ventilation in them, general ventilation in a residential building can be supplemented by air exchange from other living rooms (if only they are not adjacent to the kitchen or bathroom);
• Houses with a height of three floors, located in a climatic zone characterized by a temperature drop of up to -40 ° C during a week, are equipped with a forced supply ventilation system with mandatory heating of the supplied outside air;
• If a residential building is located in a natural area characterized by an increased likelihood of strong winds with dust and hot climates, the built-in ventilation is supplemented by cooling devices (air conditioners). With the help of this equipment, in living quarters, the air temperature that is optimal for life is maintained.

Possibilities of combining ventilation ducts

Functional exhaust ventilation in a residential building is carried out by means of provision of channels areas such as bathrooms and toilets, kitchens and storage rooms. According to generally accepted standards, when drawing up a ventilation scheme for a residential building, it is allowed to combine the channels of bathrooms and kitchens in some cases:

• When the ventilation ducts of the bathroom and toilet are adjacent;
• It is possible to combine a kitchen branch channel with a horizontal bathroom or shower channel;
• When a prefabricated ventilation duct is installed from the toilet, utility rooms, bathroom. In this case, the distance between the combined ducts in height should exceed 2 meters, and the local ventilation ducts connected to the prefabricated ventilation ducts must be equipped with louvered grilles.

Features of the louvered grilles used

The standards also regulate the dimensions of the louvered grilles used: for toilets and bathrooms - within 150x200 mm, for kitchens not equipped with exhaust fans - at least 200x250 mm. For living rooms and bathrooms, it is rational to install exhaust grilles regulated type, and for kitchens - fixed elements. The installation of ventilation shafts in order to ventilate staircases is also taken into account separately.

It should be borne in mind that with the distribution among the population of equipping living quarters with sealed door and window structures, natural ventilation in a residential building is not a sufficient measure. In this regard, experts recommend rationalizing air exchange in an apartment through the use of additional devices, for example, supply valves, which represent a segment of improved mechanical ventilation.

Video review - ventilation of a private house

Much attention is paid to the regulation of the microclimate of residential buildings in construction and technical sciences. After all, a person's well-being, his performance and health largely depend on the quality of indoor air.

Engineering air comfort systems

Optimal air exchange in rooms is ensured by such combined systems as ventilation of a residential building, air conditioning, heating. At the same time, if you combine air heating and ventilation, a satisfactory microclimate is created in the rooms, provided that energy costs are saved. The air conditioning system, in contrast to heating and ventilation, regulates the internal temperature according to seasonal climatic changes.

Combination of ventilation and air conditioning

When arranging ventilation in a residential building, such a system is often created when, depending on the purpose of the room, the air supplied under different pressures... In order not to disturb the interior of the rooms, indoor air conditioning units are placed behind suspended ceilings. If you equip the system with an additional air duct leading to the street, fresh air will be added during air conditioning, but, of course, this measure will not replace a full-fledged supply and exhaust ventilation.

The main advantages of introducing duct or cassette air conditioners into the ventilation system in a residential building are ensuring uniform distribution heated or cooled air streams. A cassette air conditioner, mounted at any convenient point in the room, is capable of blowing out air in 1-4 directions, that is, to optimize the air flow even in rooms with complex shapes. When using duct models, heated or cooled air can be supplied at 2-10 points, that is, a person will not physiologically feel the functioning of the air conditioner. If necessary, temperature-controlled air is blown out simultaneously in several rooms.

Types of air conditioners in demand in the residential sector

When creating a full-fledged ventilation of a residential building and choosing an air conditioner for it, it is necessary to take into account the purpose of each type of this equipment presented on modern markets. Below we will consider two of them.

Split systems- a large group of popular air conditioners, giving a large selection of equipment depending on the requirements for the location of internal devices. Systems with an internal wall unit are most in demand, since they are cheap, do not need to be masked by a false ceiling, are compact, and do not violate the harmony of the interior. Floor-to-ceiling split systems are also common.

Mobile air conditioners optimal for those who often change their place of residence. The most commonplace example is the addition of such a device to natural ventilation of a residential building outside the city, say, a summer residence. In this case, there is no need to leave the expensive built-in climatic equipment unattended for the winter period, the mobile air conditioner can be taken away in the car along with other property. But with the help of such an air conditioner, it will not be possible to cool the air in all the rooms of a large house.

In any case, no matter what climatic equipment is chosen, you should carefully consider its combination with the ventilation system of the house. The air conditioner is not able to fully improve the microclimate, only full ventilation will provide access to fresh air of a certain temperature and humidity.