Artistic style of literary language examples. Artistic style: concept, traits and examples

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is the way writers express themselves, so it is generally used in writing. Pre-written texts are read orally (for example, in plays). Historically, the artistic style functions in three kinds of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, stories, novels).

An article about all styles of speech -.

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The features of the artistic style are as follows:

2. Linguistic means are a way of conveying the artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymy, etc., emotional and expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Versatility. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative intention. From these combinations, what is called the author's style is gradually formed.

5. Use of verbal polysemy - words are chosen so that with their help not only "draw" images, but also put a hidden meaning into them.

6. The function of transferring information is often hidden. The purpose of the artistic style is to convey the emotions of the author, to create a mood and emotional mood in the reader.

Artistic style: parsing an example

Let's consider the features of the parsed style using an example.

An excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with the surviving huts stood, like monuments of national grief, charred stoves. Pillars protruded from the gate. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away.

There were gardens, and now the stumps are like rotten teeth. Only here and there are two or three teenage apple trees.

The village has become depopulated.

When the one-armed Fedor returned home, his mother was alive. Got old, emaciated, gray hair has increased. I sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat. Fyodor had his own, soldier's. At the table, the mother said: everyone was picked up, cursed skins! We hid pigs and chickens, who go wherever. Will you really save it? He makes a noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be it the last one. With fright, they gave the last one too. So I have nothing left. Oh, it was bad! The damned fascist ruined the village! You can see for yourself what is left ... burned more than half of the yards. The people who fled where: some to the rear, some to the partisans. How many girls have been taken away! So our Frosya was taken away ...

Fyodor looked around in a day or two. They began to return their own, Borovsk. They hung plywood on an empty hut, and on it in lopsided letters in soot on oil - there was no paint - "The board of the collective farm" Krasnaya Zarya "- and off it went! Down and Out trouble started.

The style of this text, as we have already said, is artistic.

Its features in this passage:

Borrowing and using vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of national grief, fascist, partisans, collective farm rule, dashing trouble began).
The use of visual and expressive means ( hijacked, cursed skins, really), the semantic polysemy of words ( the war disfigured Borovoe, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
all were picked, cursed skins! We hid pigs and chickens, who go where. Will you really save it? He makes a noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be it the last one. Oh, it was bad!).
There were gardens, and now the stumps are like rotten teeth; I sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat; on oil - there was no paint).
The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author's impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts stood, like monuments of national grief, charred stoves. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, now stumps are like rotten teeth).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps - like rotten teeth; the charred stoves stood like monuments to the people's grief; sheltered two or three teenage apple trees).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary, which forms the basis and creates the imagery of the analyzed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in context, and words of a wide range of use ( aged, emaciated, burned, letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit those places about which the narrator is telling. Of course, there is also a certain "imposition" of the author's experiences, but it also creates a mood, conveys feelings.

The artistic style is one of the most "borrowing" and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use other linguistic styles, and secondly, they successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations of scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Scientific and artistic style: analysis of an example

Let's take an example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

An excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country love forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Once at a meeting, even splinters appeared on the presidium table. Some rascal cut down an apple tree that grew lonely on the banks of the river. Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep boat. They got used to her, as to the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day, a group for the protection of nature was born. They called it the Green Patrol. There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Scientific style features:

Terminology ( presidium, laying of forest belts, cool, poachers).
The presence in a number of nouns of words denoting the concept of a sign or state ( bookmark, security).
The quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( this love is fruitful, active; in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests).
The use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, guard, mercy, meeting).
Verbs in the present tense, which in the text have a "timeless", indicative meaning, with weakened lexico-grammatical meanings of tense, person, number ( loves, expresses itself);
A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in conjunction with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests.).

Artistic style features:

Extensive use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying of forest belts, cool).
The use of various pictorial and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant guard, rascals), active use of the speech ambiguity of the word (the guise of the house, "Green Patrol").
Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to her, as to the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. The group was born on this day).
The manifestation of the creative individuality of the author is the author's style ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Here: linking traits of multiple styles).
Paying special attention to particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations, behind which you can see the typical and general ( Some rascal cut down an apple tree ... And now she was gone. On this day, a group for nature conservation was born).
The syntactic structure and corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of the imaginative-emotional author's perception ( Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep boat. And now she was gone).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this love, fruitful, active, like a beacon, she stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary, which forms the basis and creates the imagery of the parsed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, dashing, fruitful, active, guise).

In terms of the variety of linguistic means, literary techniques and methods, the artistic style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper drawing of images and an emotional mood, you can even write a literary text in scientific terms. But, of course, this should not be overused.

At school literature lessons, all of us at one time studied styles of speech. However, few people have anything left in their memory on this issue. We propose to refresh this topic together and remember what a literary and artistic style of speech is.

What are Speech Styles

Before talking in more detail about the literary and artistic style of speech, you need to understand what it is in general - a style of speech. Let us briefly touch on this definition.

By the style of speech it is necessary to understand the special speech means that we use in a certain situation. These means of speech always have a special function, and therefore they are called functional styles. Another common name is language genres. In other words, it is a set of speech formulas - or even clichés - that are applied in different cases (both orally and in writing) and do not coincide. This is a speech demeanor: at an official reception with high-ranking officials, we speak and behave this way, and meeting with a group of friends somewhere in a garage, cinema, club - quite differently.

There are five in total. Let us briefly describe them below, before proceeding in detail to the question of interest to us.

What are the styles of speech

As mentioned above, there are five styles of speech, but some believe that there is also a sixth - religious. IN Soviet time When all styles of speech were highlighted, the study of this issue was not carried out for obvious reasons. Be that as it may, there are officially five functional styles. Below we will consider them.

Scientific style

Used, of course, in science. Its authors and addressees are scientists, specialists in a particular field. This writing style can be found in scientific journals. This language genre is characterized by the presence of terms that are common scientific words, abstract vocabulary.

Journalistic style

As you might guess, he lives in the media and is called upon to influence people. It is people, the population that are the addressee of this style, which is characterized by emotionality, brevity, the presence of common phrases, and often the presence of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

As the name suggests, it is a communication style. This is mainly an oral language genre, we need it for simple conversation, expression of emotions, exchange of opinions. Sometimes even vocabulary, expressiveness, liveliness of dialogues, colorfulness are characteristic of him. It is in colloquial speech that, along with words, facial expressions and gestures often appear.

Formal business style

It is mainly a style of writing and is used in a formal setting for paperwork - in the field of legislation, for example, or office work. With the help of this language genre, various laws, orders, acts and other papers of a similar nature are drawn up. It is easy to recognize it by its dryness, information content, accuracy, the presence of speech cliches, and the absence of emotionality.

Finally, the fifth, literary and artistic style (or simply - artistic) is the subject of interest of this material. So we'll talk about it in more detail later.

Characteristics of the literary and artistic style of speech

So what is it - an artistic language genre? Based on its name, one can assume - and not be mistaken - that it is used in literature, specifically in fiction. This is really so, this style is the language of fiction texts, the language of Tolstoy and Gorky, Dostoevsky and Remarque, Hemingway and Pushkin ... The main role and purpose of the literary and artistic style of speech is to influence the minds, the consciousness of readers in such a way that they begin reflect, so that the aftertaste remains even after reading the book, so that you want to think about it and come back to it again and again. This genre is intended to convey to the reader the thoughts and feelings of the author, to help see what is happening in the work through the eyes of its creator, to feel it, to live their life with the heroes on the pages of the book.

The text of the literary and artistic style is also emotional, like the speech of its colloquial "brother", but these are two different emotionality. In colloquial speech, we free our soul, our brain with the help of emotions. While reading a book, we, on the contrary, are imbued with its emotionality, which acts here as a kind of aesthetic means. We will tell you more about those features of the literary and artistic style of speech, by which it is not at all difficult to recognize it, but for now we will dwell briefly on the enumeration of those literary genres that are characterized by the use of the above-mentioned style of speech.

What genres are inherent in

The artistic language genre can be found in a fable and a ballad, an ode and an elegy, in a story and a novel, a fairy tale and a short story, in an essay and a story, an epic and a hymn, in a song and a sonnet, a poem and an epigram, in a comedy and tragedy. So both Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Krylov - all can equally serve as examples of the literary and artistic style of speech, regardless of how different works they wrote.

A little about the functions of the artistic language genre

And although we have already announced above which task is the main one for this style of speech, we will nevertheless give all three of its functions.

Effective (and a strong impact on the reader is achieved with the help of a well thought out and written "strong" image).
Aesthetic (the word is not only a "carrier" of information, but also constructs an artistic image).
Communicative (the author expresses his thoughts and feelings - the reader perceives them).

Style features

The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style of speech are as follows:

1. Usage a large number styles and their mixing. This is a sign of the author's style. Any author is free to use in his work as many linguistic means of various styles as desired - colloquial, scientific, official business: any. All these speech means used by the author in his book add up to a single author's style, according to which one can easily guess one or another writer later. This is how Gorky can be easily distinguished from Bunin, Zoshchenko from Pasternak, and Chekhov from Leskov.

2. Using words that are ambiguous. With the help of this technique, a hidden meaning is put into the narrative.

3. The use of various stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, allegories and the like.

4. Special syntactic constructions: often the order of words in a sentence is built in such a way that it is difficult to express in such a way in oral speech. It is also easy to recognize the author of the text by this feature.

The literary and artistic style is the most flexible and borrowing. It absorbs literally everything! You can find in it neologisms (newly formed words), and archaisms, and historicisms, and swear words, and various argos (jargons of professional speech). And this is the fifth feature, the fifth distinctive feature of the aforementioned language genre.

What else you need to know about art style

1. One should not think that the artistic language genre lives exclusively in writing. This is not at all the case. In oral speech, this style also functions quite well for itself - for example, in plays that were first written and now read aloud. And even listening to oral speech, one can well imagine everything that happens in the work - thus, one can say that the literary and artistic style does not tell, but shows the story.

2. The aforementioned language genre is perhaps the most free from any restrictions whatsoever. Other styles have their own prohibitions, but in this case, there is no need to talk about prohibitions - what restrictions may be, if authors are allowed even to weave scientific terms into the canvas of their narrative. However, you should not abuse other stylistic means and pass off everything as your own author's style - the reader should be able to understand and understand what is in front of his eyes. The abundance of terms or complex constructions will make him bored and turn the page without finishing reading.

3. When composing a work of fiction, you must be very careful in the selection of vocabulary and take into account what situation you are describing. If we are talking about a meeting of two officials from the administration, you can screw in a couple of speech clichés or other representatives of the official business style. However, if the story is about a beautiful summer morning in the forest, such expressions will clearly be inappropriate.

4. In any text of the literary and artistic style of speech, three types of speech are approximately equally used - description, reasoning and narration (the latter, of course, takes up most of it). Also, in approximately the same proportions in the texts of the aforementioned language genre, types of speech are also used - be it a monologue, dialogue or polylogue (communication of several people).

5. The artistic image is created at the expense of all the means of speech available to the author. In the nineteenth century, for example, the use of "speaking surnames" was very widespread (remember Denis Fonvizin with his "Minor" - Skotinin, Prostakov and so on, or Alexander Ostrovsky in "The Thunderstorm" - Kabanikh). A similar method made it possible, from the very first appearance of the character in front of the readers, to designate what this character is. Currently, the use of this technique has somewhat moved away.

6. Each literary text also contains the so-called image of the author. This is either the image of the narrator, or the image of the hero, a conventional image that emphasizes the non-identity of the "real" author with him. This image of the author takes an active part in everything that happens to the characters, comments on events, communicates with readers, expresses his own attitude to situations, and so on.

This is the characteristic of the literary and artistic style of speech, knowing which it is possible to evaluate works of fiction from a completely different angle.

Stylish layering of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, of which the main one is the sphere of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the informal atmosphere associated with it give rise to a conversational style, the spheres of public consciousness with the accompanying officiality nourish book styles.

The difference in the communicative function of the language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - the function of the message.

Among the book styles, the artistic style of speech stands out. So, his language is not only (and perhaps not so much) but also a means of influencing people.

The artist summarizes his observations with the help of a specific image, through a skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can show, draw only what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement for concreteness is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, for example, a spring forest directly, so to speak, head-on, in the manner of science. He will select for his image a few strokes, expressive details and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.

Speaking about figurativeness, as the leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish “image in word”, ie. figurative meanings of words, and "image through words." Only by combining both, we get an artistic style of speech.

In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:

1. Scope of use: works of art.

2. Objectives of speech: to create a vivid picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.

3. Characteristic features of the artistic style of speech. The saying basically happens:

Figurative (expressive and lively);

Specific (it is this person who is described, and not people in general);

Emotional.

Specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; did not look, but paid attention, looked.

Words are often used in a figurative sense: an ocean of smiles, the sun is asleep.

The use of emotionally evaluative words: a) having diminutive-affectionate suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.

The use of perfective verbs with the prefix for-, indicating the beginning of the action (the orchestra played).

Using present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (I went to school, suddenly I see ...).

The use of interrogative, incentive, exclamation sentences.

Use of sentences with homogeneous members in the text.

Speeches can be found in any fiction book:

Shone forged damask

The rivers are cold stream.

Don was terrible,

The horses snored,

And the backwater was foaming with blood ... (V. Fetisov)

Quiet and blessed is the December night. The village is quietly asleep, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is peace on earth, so that troubles and strife, God forbid, do not disturb the unsteady consent, do not push people to new quarrels - the Russian side is already well fed with them ( A. Ustenko).

Note!

It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means of speech characterization of the hero. Most often, the characters' remarks reflect the colloquial style of speech, but if the task of creating an artistic image requires it, the writer can use both scientific and businesslike in the hero's speech. the perception of any passage from a work of art as an example of an artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.

There are five styles of speech in Russian:

colloquial;
art;
journalistic;
formal business;
scientific.

In general, all styles of speech can be divided into two large groups: colloquial style on the one hand and book styles of speech (artistic, journalistic, official-business, scientific) - on the other.

Styles of speech serve to serve any aspect of human life, and therefore each style is distinguished by two characteristics: the sphere of communication and the purpose of communication.

Table 1. Styles of the literary language.

In addition to the features listed above, the styles of the Russian language have a specific set of linguistic means for each of them, as well as genres in which the style is implemented.

Conversational style

The conversational style is used by people to communicate in everyday life in order to convey their thoughts, feelings, as well as messages about something.

For a long time, there was a misconception that the main linguistic means of the spoken language are colloquial words. This is wrong.

In fact, the basis of the colloquial style is formed by the neutral means of the language, that is, the words used in all styles of speech: family, go, lunch, evening, etc.

A smaller percentage are colloquial words (blur out, pinned, hostel), vernacular (now, just now, go) and jargon (boy, grandmother (money), etc.)

A feature of the syntactic construction of the colloquial style is the use of mostly incomplete sentences (Natasha is home, he is behind her.). This is due to the fact that during a conversation there is always an opportunity to ask again, to show for a discussion.

In addition, gestures and facial expressions play an important role, replacing a piece of information that could be expressed in words. Very rarely used complex sentences, and if used, then it is mainly non-union proposals(I come home, I see - again my brother brought his friends.).

The conversational style is characterized by appeals, motivating and interrogative sentences. Often in colloquial speech, introductory words, interjections, modal particles are used (Imagine, tomorrow is an exam. I'm not ready!).

Also, words with suffixes of emotional evaluation (for example, diminutive) are widely used: mommy, sissy, as well as truncated forms of nouns, especially proper nouns: dads, mom, Mish, Wan, etc.

Art style

The art style is used in artistic creation, its purpose is to influence readers through the created images.

For example:
The sail of the lonely grows white
In the mist of the blue sea.
What is he looking for in a distant land?
What did he throw in his native land? (M. Yu. Lermontov)

The poem by M. Yu. Lermontov created the image of a lonely sail on the blue surface of the sea, through which the author influences the thoughts and feelings of readers.

In the artistic style, pictorial and expressive means (metaphors, epithets, etc.) are widespread. In addition, any linguistic means (neutral vocabulary, dialectal and slang words, emotionally colored words, etc.) are appropriate to create an image in an artistic style.

The genres of the artistic style depend on the genre: prose, lyrics, or drama. It will be a novel, a story or a story, an elegy, an ode, a tragedy, a comedy or a drama, respectively.

Journalistic style

It is used in propaganda and mass media activities, its purpose is to influence through a call. The genres of journalistic style are: article, essay, speech, etc.

Any text of a journalistic style has a bright emotional coloring (often reaching pathos), therefore, in the journalistic style, pictorial and expressive means, words with expressive coloring, polysemantic words in a figurative sense, phraseological units, solemn, high words, civil vocabulary, a combination of book and colloquial words and constructions.

In the syntactic structure of the texts of the journalistic style, simple syntactic constructions, rhetorical questions and exclamations, particles, introductory words, repetitions, the use of homogeneous members of the sentence (with gradation) prevail.

Formal business style

It is used in an official business environment for communication of citizens with institutions and institutions among themselves, the purpose of this style is to communicate official business information. The genres of the official business style are law, decree, power of attorney, statement, act, protocol, etc.

The peculiarity of the official business style is the accuracy, reliability of information, its objectivity, excluding ambiguity of interpretation, and therefore pictorial and expressive means, words with expressive coloring are inappropriate in it.

In this style, neutral words are used, as well as words in their direct meaning, abstract vocabulary (fulfillment, observance), standardized phrases (according to the order ..., we, the signatories below ...), complex sentences with compound unions, terms, words of obligation (must, must , it is supposed to be).

Sentences in the official business style are always narrative, widespread, as a rule, complicated by participial and participial phrases or homogeneous members of the sentence.

Often, texts of an official business style are divided into parts designated by numbers (articles of laws), or have a strictly limited and regulated position on the page (header of statements and other documents).

Scientific style

Used in the field of science, its purpose is to communicate scientific information. Scientific style genres - monograph, Research Article, dissertation, diploma, report, abstract, review, abstract, etc.

As well as formal business style, the scientific style is characterized by accuracy, rigor, laconic expressions, therefore, in the scientific style, pictorial and expressive means, words with expressive coloring, vocabulary in a figurative sense are not acceptable.

Used in this style are scientific terms, special phraseological units, complex syntactic constructions, introductory words, sentences with generalizing generic names.

Literary and artistic style- a functional style of speech that is used in fiction... This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, opportunities different styles, characterized by imagery, emotionality of speech.

In a work of fiction, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the more it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialectal and colloquial words.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the conversational and everyday and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of language means; all language tools are used to create images. Distinctive feature artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, giving the narrative brilliance, the power of depicting reality.

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Video tutorial on the Russian language "Styles of speech"

How to make your own literary style... Mini-lecture by Elvira Baryakina

Style problems

Subtitles

Expressive and pictorial means of language

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. This is:

Paths (comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litota, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from ancient Greek. τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the imagery of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor(from ancient Greek μεταφορά - "transfer", "figurative meaning") - trope, word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other on the basis of their common feature. (“Nature here we are destined to cut a window to Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
Metonymy(Old Greek μετονυμία - "renaming", from μετά - "above" and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - "name") - a kind of path, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or other (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the object, which is indicated by the word being replaced. In this case, the substitute word is used in a figurative meaning. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on replacing the word "by contiguity" (part instead of whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, or vice versa, container instead of content, or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - "by similarity." Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. ("All flags will visit us," where flags replace countries.)
Epithet(from ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - "attached") - a definition for a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb ("love ardently"), a noun ("fun noise"), a numeral ("second life").

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic shade, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, saturation. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose ("timid breathing"; "magnificent omen").

Synecdoche(Old Greek συνεκδοχή) - trope, a kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is asleep - man, beast, and bird”; “We all look at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, shone”; “Take care of a penny most of all.”)
Hyperbola(from ancient Greek ὑπερβολή "transition; excess, excess; exaggeration") is a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance the expressiveness and emphasize the said thought. (“I've said this a thousand times”; “We'll have enough food for six months.”)
Litota- a figurative expression that belittles the size, strength, meaning of what is described. Lithota is called inverse hyperbole. ("Your spitz, adorable spitz, no more than a thimble").
Comparison- a trope in which there is an assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal new properties that are important for the subject of the statement in the object of comparison. ("A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as a devil"; "My house is my fortress"; "He walks around with a gogol"; "Attempt is not torture.")
In style and poetics, periphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from ancient Greek. περίφρασις - "descriptive expression", "allegory": περί - "around", "about" and φράσις - "statement") is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrase - an indirect mention of an object by not naming, but by description. ("Night light" = "moon"; "I love you, Peter's creation!" = "I love you, St. Petersburg!").

Allegory (allegory)- a conditional image of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

A nightingale is sad at a fallen rose, sings hysterically over a flower.
But the garden scarecrow also pours tears,
who loved the rose secretly.

Impersonation(personification, prosopopeia) - trope, assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used to depict nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.

For example:

And woe, woe, woe! And grief girded with bast,
Legs are entangled with scabs.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you cannot run away, for it is impossible to take with you
Homeland - suffering mother.

Aydin Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

Irony(from ancient Greek εἰρωνεία - "pretense") - a path in which true meaning hidden or contradicts (opposes) the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems. ("Where can we, fools, drink tea.")
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally "tear [meat]") - one of the types of satirical exposure, stinging mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, of what is happening in relation to. Examples.

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