Where did the English language come from? English language - origins and distinctive features

We invite you to plunge into the fascinating world of history of English language! The British Isles, set apart from the rest of the European countries, were conquered by many empires and tribes. This explains the variety, beauty and complexity of learning English. Below we will tell you.

Old English (450-1100 CE)

The origin of the language begins in the 5th century, when the Germanic Saxons, Angles, Jutes invaded Britain, whose population consisted of Celts and Romans. The invaders drove the population of Britain to the northwest regions, to the territory of modern Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The influence of the Germanic tribes was the impetus for the eradication of the Latin and Celtic languages. The mix of Celtic and Germanic languages gave birth to Old English.

Interesting fact # 1: Old English has a small percentage of similarity with modern English known to us. Today, the English dictionary contains words from that period, for example:

demonstrative pronouns: these, those, etc .;
geographical names: London, Thames (Thames);
degree of comparison: biggest, greatest;
words have been partially preserved, for example: strong, water, school, rose, art, parliament.

Interesting fact number 2: during this period, the parts of speech were inclined according to cases and divided the masculine, feminine and neuter gender. There was also conjugation for persons, numbers, moods.

Interesting fact # 3: It was during the conquest that Britain was renamed "Engla-land", and the English language was called "Englisc". These names have been adapted to what we know "England" (England) and "English" (English).

Interesting fact number 4: True Celtic can be heard in Wales.

Middle English (1100-1500 CE)

Christianity was actively popularized, as a result of which the borrowing of Latin vocabulary began. The general Christianization of the population, directed by Pope Gregory, became the impetus for the replenishment of the vocabulary.

This stage ended with the invasion of the Normans in the person of the Conqueror William. Normandy, as part of France, brought the French language with it and gave birth to the Anglo-Norman dialects.

Due to the decline of political power, the use of Norman dialects did not gain popularity. Then, in the 14th century, the popularization of the Middle English language reached its climax. This language was the language of the greatest poet Jeffrey Chaucer. We advise you to familiarize yourself with his works, you will make sure that Middle English was already more similar to modern English.

Words borrowed from French speech and remained in English: beauty (beauty), art (art), poet (poet), parliament (parliament) and many others.

Latin words that are still used today: genius (genius), history (history) and many others.

Interesting fact number 5: The French language became popular among the upper classes of British society. However, the vast majority of the general population used English.

Interesting fact # 6: The Middle English stage also describes the influence of the Scandinavian and Slavic languages.

Early Modern English (1500-1800)

By the end of the Middle English period, vowels suddenly and rapidly began to decline. Thanks to the active contact of the British Empire with the outside world (16th century), many new foreign words appeared. During this important period for Britain, typography was invented. Literacy has become available to all strata of society.

Print publications allowed the English language to establish established standards, to fix rules in grammar and spelling.

The well-known Shakespearean monologue "To be or not to be" is inherent in the early modern English period.

If you are somehow familiar with the English language, then you will notice the similarities with the currently used language.

In the 1600s, grammatical and spelling standards were fixed, based on the London dialect.

This period is characterized by the emergence of a mass of new words. The industrial revolution, as well as the fact that the Empire of Britain covered more than a quarter of the entire planet, served as the impetus for the formation of the modern English language we know. The Late English Period Accounted for Global Borrowing foreign words.

Britain's entry to the world stage brought the English language replenishment in the form of many words from Arabic, Turkish and a number of European languages: atmosphere (atmosphere), macaroni (pasta), coffee (coffee), tomato (tomatoes), tobacco (tobacco).

The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the familiar words: biology (biology), bacterium (microbe), chromosome (chromosome).

Interesting fact # 7: In the early 1600s, the first English dictionary appeared on the market.

Modern English and its varieties

The most important thing you need to know about modern English is that there are now two major dialects - British and American.

Interesting fact # 8: the American dialect appeared due to the colonization of North America by the British.

There are also Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, Indian and many other dialects of the English language.

Today, about 2 billion people speak English, in 67 countries English is the official language.

Despite such a long history of the formation and development of the English language, it develops to this day, absorbing slang and jargon. The English language keeps pace with modern trends.

English proficiency is a treasured key to success in your career and to achieving heights in life. Regardless of your goal, the English language will become your life companion, opening the door to new opportunities!

We hope that we were able to answer your main question: “ How did the English language come about?". Good luck learning the most popular language in the world!

Directly connected with the development of England. When the Romans left the British Isles back in 410, only the native inhabitants of the island, the Britons, remained in those lands. They used to communicate

Already in 449, the ancestors of the modern English - the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - raided the islands. They all spoke different dialects of the Lower Germanic indigenous inhabitants and conquerors mixed and the Anglo-Saxon dialect was obtained.

One can only speculate how the history of the English language would have developed if the descendants of these tribes did not experience frequent attacks, since the invasions of the Vikings and Normans, together with the missionary movement, significantly changed it. As a result, the English language acquired the most numerous vocabulary, and in grammar the leading role was played not by the endings of words, but by the construction of the sentence itself.

In the 8th century AD, the Vikings invaded the British Isles. They used the North Germanic language and came from Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Their way of communicating was as different from Anglo-Saxon as modern Spanish is from Italian. Despite the differences in endings and pronunciation, both had common roots.

After a small battle, the Vikings began to peacefully coexist with the locals in England. The languages gradually mixed, forming a new one, devoid of most endings. It acquired the name Old English.

Already in 1066 the history of the English language acquired a continuation in the person of the Norman army. They spoke one of the French dialects. Their invasion brought with it French as a state language, but the Anglo-Saxons did not accept such an innovation and continued to use Old English.

It was the Normans who played a crucial role in the education of the British, so the most diverse Germanic and Celtic tribes needed to find a way to communicate. From the merger of existing adverbs and by simplifying grammar, the English language arose.

He was not limited in development to writing, which is why he changed and simplified very quickly. Several endings were supplanted by the standard word order in the sentence, as well as the strengthening of the meaning of functional words. At the same time, it included many borrowings from the French language, which became more delicate and polite versions of the Anglo-Saxon counterparts.

The ubiquity of Latin was reflected in the formation of English. A lot of Latin from Christian priests, got into. Often scientists did not find suitable ways to express their ideas in English and used Latin words in their works. Thanks to this, the language in question acquired a significant number of Greek and Latin words.

The history of the English language received a significant boost with the invention of typography. The London dialect was especially popular, with the help of which manuscripts and writing in general were created.

The first grammar was written in 1586 specifically for foreigners and English-speaking students who were going to study Latin. However, they were not used to teach native speakers themselves. The first attempts at this were made already in 1750.

Unfortunately, linguists of the 18th century were based on incorrect theories, considering the withering away of the endings a sign of degradation. They were unable to return to the language long-lost endings, but succeeded in preserving the existing ones. If not for their direct influence, modern speech would not be replete with so many irregular verbs.

The history of the English language today includes many different dialects and related languages, which were formed as a result of the attempt to educate the colonies. It is official in the UK, USA and Australia, as well as the surrounding islands.

The history of the development of the English language made it possible to bring it to the second position in terms of the number of native speakers (after Chinese). It is the main one for more than 400 million people, and about a billion people use it as a "second". Also, English has acquired the status of the most studied in Europe.

Basically, English is not much different from most other Western European languages. In the sense that it is the same remake as they are.
It should be said right away: until 1733, Latin was the official language of the English state. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/ Although Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell in 1653 tried to translate office work into English. The first pancake came out lumpy. And after 7 years, in 1660, Latin again became the language of documents. In 1731, parliament passed a law according to which English was declared the state language. The law came into force only in 1733.
So who created the English language and when? and what languages were spoken in foggy Albion in the past? Such a picture emerges. Each class had its own language. Thus, the peasants spoke mainly in Germanic Saxon and Frisian dialects.
The nobles preferred French. At first, the Norman language was popular among them. The Duke of Normandy once conquered England. The local nobility switched to the language of the conquerors. Later in the nobility it became good form to speak in the Parisian dialect. Not surprising. After all, England owned significant territories on the continent. English kings claimed the French throne. And the French and English aristocracy was a single whole. Contrary to popular belief, none of the French languages was official in England.
The churches used Latin. Even when the reformation gained momentum in Europe and the service books began to be translated into national languages For the time being, England in this matter remained an outpost of conservatism in this matter. However, a rift once appeared between the English crown and the papal throne. King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife. The Pope did not give his consent to the divorce. Then Henry separated England from catholic church and founded the Church of England, becoming its head himself. And he decided: to translate the services into a language understandable to the people. True, the extravagant king soon canceled his own decision. A series of quarrels and reconciliations began. Work on translating books into the national language was stopped and then started again.
Finally. in 1604, King James (James) I seated 48 scholars and priests to translate the Bible. The translation was completed in 1611. It turned out to be very clumsy. But it was possible to create spelling and semantic rules for the new English language. The King James Version became the foundation upon which modern English was formed.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was an intensive growth of vocabulary. Borrowed from many languages. Most of all from Latin. The creation of the English language was completed in 1755 when Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary.
W. Shakespeare made the greatest contribution to the creation of the English language, introducing over three thousand new words into it. Author of 37 plays, several poems and many sonnets. In the words of Mark Twain - "the greatest man who never lived." Shakespeare was well versed in all aspects of human life. He knew perfectly the cities and countries that he had never been to. It is hard to believe that "Shakespeare" was a semi-literate actor at the court theater. The most plausible version seems to be that "Shakespeare" is a single pseudonym for a team of authors. But this is a topic for a separate conversation ...
When the English language was created (Samuel Johnson's Dictionary)
The creation of the English language as a whole was completed with the publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary on April 15, 1755. It was not the first English dictionary, or even the first ten in a row. That would not be the most voluminous dictionary. The Samuel Johnson Dictionary was originally conceived as the standard of the English language and served as it for 173 years, before the publication of the Oxford Dictionary.
In 1746, a consortium of the most successful book publishers in London, the most authoritative members of which were Robert Dodsley and Thomas Longman, signed a contract to create an English dictionary with the already well-known literary man Samuel Johnson. Such a vocabulary was vital. By the middle of the 18th century, thanks to technical advances in the field of printing and binding, books, brochures and newspapers, for the first time, have become available to the general public at reasonable prices. The explosion of the printed word required familiar grammar and spelling rules for words. This could have been accomplished with the help of an authoritative dictionary of the English language.

William Strahan signed the contract on behalf of the publishers. On the government side, the project was overseen by Lord Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, who at that time was Secretary of State, whose duties included the actual government of England and Wales. The Earl of Chesterfield complained that the English language lacked structure and argued: “We must resort to the old Roman expediency in times of confusion and choose a dictator; therefore I cast my vote for Mr. Johnson to fill this great and difficult position. " Earl of Chesterfield financed the project and spurred on to its early completion, threatening to stop giving money.

Johnson originally promised to complete the creation of the dictionary in three years. For comparison, French academy for this forty years. Naturally, in such a tight time frame, Johnson did not succeed. The work dragged on for ten years. It would be naive to assume that Johnson worked alone. For "copying and mechanical work", he hired a large staff of assistants. According to the descriptions of eyewitnesses, constant noise and disorder reigned in his house. Hundreds of books were scattered around, some of which, unique and expensive, were read to the bone, in the truest sense of the expression.

The dictionary was published in April 1755. Johnson was immediately awarded a Master of Arts degree. The dictionary was a huge book: 41 centimeters high and 51 - wide, it contained 42,773 articles. The dictionary was sold at a huge, even by today's standards, price - 410 pounds sterling per copy. However, it sold out well, which allowed the project to pay off financially. Johnson himself was awarded a life pension of £ 300 by King George II. The pension didn’t make the titular author of the dictionary rich, but it did make it more or less making ends meet.

The main innovation in the dictionary was that Johnson reinforced the meaning of words with quotes from literary works including Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden. There were about 114 thousand such quotes. The most frequently cited author was, of course, Shakespeare. Not surprisingly, after finishing work on the dictionary, Johnson began editing his works.

Written by linguistics professor Claire Bowern. Animated video by Patrick Smith. Below is a transcript of the lecture.

“When we talk about English, we often think of it as a separate language, but what dialects spoken in many countries around the world have in common with each other or with the works of Chaucer? And how are they related to the strange words from Beowulf?

The answer is that like most languages, English has evolved along with generations of native speakers, and has undergone significant changes over time. By undoing these changes, we can trace the development of the language from our days to its most ancient roots.

Although many words in modern English are similar to Latin-derived Romance languages such as French and Spanish, many of them were not originally part of it. On the contrary, they began to come into the language during the Norman conquest of England in 1066.

When the French-speaking Normans conquered England and became its ruling class, they brought their speech with them and added a huge number of French and Latin words to the English language that was formerly spoken in these lands. We now call this language Old English. This is the language of Beowulf. It may look strange, but it may seem familiar to those who speak German. This is because Old English belongs to the Germanic languages first introduced to the British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries by the Angles, Saxons, and Utes. The Germanic dialects they used would become known as Anglo-Saxon. The Vikings - invaders from the 8th to the 11th century added borrowings from the Old Norse language.

It may not be easy to see the roots of modern English underneath all the words borrowed from French, Old Norse, Latin, and other languages. But comparative linguistics helps us by focusing on grammatical structure, patterns of phonetic change, and certain underlying vocabulary.

For example, after the 6th century at German words starting with "p", this sound gradually changed to "pf", while their Old English equivalents retained "p".
In another similar case, Swedish words beginning with "sk" were converted to "sh" in English. English still has words in "sk", such as "skirt" and "skull", but these are direct borrowings from Old Norse, which appeared after the transition from "sk" to "sh".

These examples show that just as the various Romance languages emerged from Latin, English, Swedish, German, and many other languages evolved from their common progenitor known as the Proto-Germanic language, which was spoken around 500 BC. Since this historical language has never been written, we can only reconstruct it by comparing its descendants, which is possible due to a sequence of changes.

Using this process, we can go even further and trace the origins of Proto-Germanic in Proto-Indo-European language, which was spoken about 6,000 years ago in the Pontic steppes on the territory of present-day Ukraine and Russia.

It is the reconstructed progenitor of the Indo-European family, which includes virtually every language historically spoken in Europe and much of South and West Asia. While this requires a little more work, we can find the same systematic similarities or correspondences between related words in various Indo-European branches.

Comparing English with Latin, we see that English "t" corresponds to Latin "d" and "f" corresponds to Latin "p" at the beginning of words. Some distant relatives: Hindi, Persian and Celtic languages, English ousted into the language now called British.

By itself, Proto-Indo-European comes from an even more ancient language, but, unfortunately, that is beyond the limits of our historical and archaeological evidence.

Many mysteries are out of reach, such as the possible connection between Indo-European and other major language families, and the nature of the languages spoken in Europe before its appearance.

But it remains surprising fact that about 3 billion people around the world, many of whom do not understand each other, speak the same words, formed by 6000 years of history. "

Design and research work Mikhailov Alexey 8 "B" class

"History of the origin of the English language"

History of the English language ka

English language (eng. English, English language) - the language of the English

Table of contents

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..

2. Purpose of work ……………………………………………………………. …………

3. Relevance of the problem …………………………………………………. ………

4. From the history of the origin of the language. Borrowing words in languages ………………

5. Research methods by studying the periods of development of the English language ...

6. Education of the English language ………………………………………………… ...

7. Results of the survey …………………………………………………………. …….

8. Your view of the solution to the problem. The language of modern England. Conclusion, conclusion.

1. Introduction. Many of us are learning English and dream of visiting the UK, London. The number of attractions in London is countless: Buckingham Palace, Trafalgar Square, Big Ben, Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Madame Tussauds and others Famous places... Every day, thousands of tourists come to LONDON to get acquainted with the sights of the city, most likely without even thinking at this moment about its history and the history of the origin of the English language. But all the famous landmarks are associated with the history of the country and language. I chose the topic of research on the origin of the English language due to the fact that I study this subject, I associate my further activities with this subject, since it is relevant as never before in our time. I read a lot of literature, did work comparing the origins of some English words... From textbooks, our life, we, students, learn a lot of material about the importance of the English language for our development, science, communication in a foreign language, and progress throughout the world.

2. The purpose of this work is: 1. Expanding students' knowledge of the history of the origin of the English language. 2. Development of skills independent work... 3. Understanding the Importance of Learning foreign language as a means of achieving mutual understanding between people, to familiarize students with the facts of origin from the history of the English language.

3. Relevance of work : Learning English covers not only grammatical study, but also regional information about the language. We must pay attention to the relationship of other languages with the history of other languages. And this can be done by comparing changes in the origins of lexical units of other countries and peoples.

4. From the history of the origin of the language. Borrowing words from languages ... Everyone knows that English is the official language of England and, in fact, the whole of Great Britain, the inhabitants of the United States (the official language of thirty-one states), one of the two official languages of Ireland, Canada and Malta, the official language of Australia and New Zealand. It is used as an official one in some states of Asia (India, Pakistan, etc.) and Africa. English speakers are called anglophones in linguistics; this term is especially common in Canada (including in a political context).

Belongs to the Germanic languages of the Indo-European family of languages. The number of native speakers - about 410 million, speakers (including a second language) - about 1 billion (2007). One of the six official and working languages of the United Nations.The language is dominated by analytical forms of expression of grammatical meaning. The word order is mostly strict. Refers to the analytical group of languages. In the vocabulary, about 70% of words are borrowed. Writing based on the Latin alphabet has existed sinceViicentury. In the Middle Ages, additional letters were used, but they fell out of use). Traditional spellings take a significant place in spelling.It is customary to divide the history of the English language into the following periods: Old English (450-1066), Middle English (1066-1500), New English (from 1500 to the present).

5. Research methods by studying the periods of the development of the English language Old English period

The ancestors of today's English - the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - moved to the British Isles in the middleVv. During this era, their language was close to Low German and Frisian, but in its subsequent development it moved far from other Germanic languages. During the Old English period, the Anglo-Saxon language (as many researchers call Old English) changes little, without deviating from the line of development of the Germanic languages, except for the expansion of the dictionary.

celts ... This contact with the Celts had almost no effect on either the structure of Old English or

his dictionary. No more than eighty Celtic words have survived in memoirs

ikah of Old English.

Among them: cult words :

to curse - curse,cromlech - cromlech (druid buildings),coronach - ancient Scottish funeral lamentation; javelin - dart,pibroch - war song;animal names: hog -pig.

Some of these words are firmly established in the language and are still used today, for example:

tory ‘Conservative Party member’ -(it is interesting)-in Irish meant 'robber',clan - tribe,whiskey - vodka.

Some of these words have become international heritage, eg: whiskey, plaid, clan. Such a weak influence of Celtic on Old English can be explained by the cultural weakness of the Celts in comparison with the victorious Anglo-Saxons. The influence of the Romans, who owned part of Britain for 400 years, is more significant. Latin words entered Old English in several stages. Firstly, some of the Latinisms were adopted by the German-speaking population of the north of continental Europe even before the resettlement of some of the Germans to the British Isles.

Among them: street - from lat.strata via ‘Straight, paved road’wall - payment.vallum, wallwine - from lat.vinum 'wine';

Another part - immediately after the resettlement of the Anglo-Saxons: these areplace names e.g .:

Chester , Gloucester , Lancaster - from lat.castrum ‘Military camp’, orLincoln , Colches - from lat.colonia'the colony', Port - Smouth , Devonport - from lat.portus ‘Harbor’ and several others.

The names of many species are also Latin in origin.food and clothing :

butter - Greek-Latinbutyrum 'butter', cheese - lat.caseus 'cheese',pall - lat.pallium 'cloak';names of a number of cultivated or used plants: pear - lat.pira 'pear',peach - lat.persica ‘ peach, etc., etc. dr.

Another layer of Latin words refers to the era of the penetration of Christianity into Britain. There are about 150 such words. These words also deeply entered the language and became a part of it along with the native Germanic words. these are primarily terms that directly relate to the church: apostle - Greek-lat.apostolus 'apostle', bishop - Greek-lat.episcopus 'bishop', cloister - lat.claustrum'monastery'.

The era of raids, and then the temporary conquest of Britain by the Vikings (790-1042) gives the Old English language a significant number of commonly used Scandinavian words in origin, such as:call - call,cast - throw,die - to die,take - take,ugly - ugly,ill - sick. Borrowing of grammatical words is also characteristic, for exampleboth - both,same - the same,they - they,their - them, etc.

At the end of this period, a process of great importance gradually begins to manifest itself - the withering away of inflection. It is possible that some role in this was played by the actual bilingualism of the part of the English territory under Danish rule: linguistic confusion led to the usual consequences - a simplification of the grammatical structure and morphology. It is characteristic that inflection begins to disappear earlier precisely onin the north of Britain - the area of "Danish law".

Middle English period

The next period in the development of the English language spans from 1066 to 1485. The invasion of the Norman feudal lords in 1066 introduced a powerful new lexical layer of the so-calledNormanisms - words ascendingto Norman French dialectold French the language spoken by the conquerors.

For a long time, Norman French remained in England the language of the church, government, and the upper classes. But the conquerors were too few to impose their language on the country unchanged. Gradually, medium and small landowners, who belonged to a comparatively greater extent to the indigenous population of the country -Anglo-Saxons , become more important. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Anglo-Saxons

The ancestors of today's English - Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes , - moved to the British Isles in the middle of the 5th century. During this era, their language was close to Low German and Frisian , but in its subsequent development, it moved far away from other Germanic languages. During the Old English period, the Anglo-Saxon language (as many researchers call Old English) changes little, without deviating from the line of development of the Germanic languages, except for the expansion of the dictionary.

A militant people, pressure with their might, militant, victorious force.

The Anglo-Saxons who moved to Great Britain entered into a fierce struggle with the indigenous local population - celts ... This contact with the Celts had little effect on either the structure of the Old English language or its vocabulary. No more than eighty Celtic words have survived in Old English monuments. Here we see typical images of the Anglo-Saxons, warriors of the 1200-1700 years.

The seizure of lands, the establishment of their domination, assert their customs and customs, the establishment of a "language complex"

6. Educated in English.

Examining many examples, it should be clarified: economic development, legal proceedings, general trade with European countries contributed to the formation of English, in which Europeans were forced to communicate, replenishing the language with new words, changing their pronunciation and spelling.

A typical example of the formation of nouns in two languages: German and English. We see from these examples, comparing these nouns that have much in common in pronunciation and education.

We see that these examples symbolize much in common with the Russian language, which proves a great connection in the all-round development of Russia in close connection with the European countries of this period.

Illustrative research examples:

Litigation and introduction of English

Fusion of words into the formation of a new language- english .

Shipbuilders, English workers, carpenters, carvers, mercenary serfs communicate only in their own native language, involving others in communication. People survived under the motto:"To understand is to survive, to get food and shelter, to feed, to improve the way of life, to help the family and loved ones."

Let's make sure with these examples.

1.high pipe [mast ] - tall chimney assemblymast ; mast - gin polarized lattice post;mast - Dreieckmast. "Triangularmast ”- translation fromRussianlanguage into german language

2. das Deck - deck , die Decke -ceiling. boat deck - boat-deck deck bulkheads- bulkhead boatspider deck - spider desk battery deck ...

3. chamber, lock, sluice, gole, dyke lock

GatewayGateway. german language . ... nzh.- it... slüse,Wed.- n.- it... slûse < lat. exslūsa « Gateway , dam»

The crowding out of French by English

Instead of the dominance of the Norman-French language, a kind of "linguistic compromise" is gradually taking shape, the result of which is a language approaching what we call english ... But the Norman French language of the ruling class retreated slowly: only in 1362 English was introduced into legal proceedings, in 1385 teaching in Norman French was discontinued and English was introduced, and from 1483 parliamentary laws began to be published in English. Although the basis of the English language remained Germanic, it included such a huge number of Old French words in its composition that it became a mixed language. The process of penetration of Old French words lasts from about 1200 to the end of the Middle English period, but peaks between 1250-1400.

As you might expect, the Old French go back to (with the exception of the original Germanic ones):

king - King,queen - queen and a few others) the vast majority of words related togovernment :

reign - to reign,government - government,crown - Crown,state - the state, etc .;most noble titles:duke - the duke,peer - peer.

Words related to military affairs: army - army,peace - peacebattle - battle,soldier - soldier,general - general,captain - captain,enemy - enemy;court terms : judge - referee,service court - court, crime the crime;

church terms : service (church),parish - arrival.

It is very significant that the words related to trade and industry are of old French origin, and the names of simple crafts areGermanic. An example of the former:commerce - trade,industry - industry,merchant - a merchant. No less significant for the history of the English language are two series of words noted by Walter Scott in his novel Ivanhoe: the names of live animals are Germanic: ox - bull, cow - cow, calf - calf, sheep - sheep, pig - pig;

the meat of these animals is called Old French: beef - beef, veal - veal, mutton- mutton, pork - pork, etc.

During this period, the grammatical structure of the language undergoes further changes: the nominal and verbal endings first undergo confusion, weaken, and then, by the end of this period, they almost completely disappear.

They appear in adjectives, along with in simple ways the formation of degrees of comparison, new, by adding words to the adjectivemore‘More’ andmost'most'. By the end of this period (1400-1483), the country won a victory over other English dialects of the London dialect. This dialect arose from the fusion and development of southern and central dialects. In phonetics, the so-called Great Vowel Shift occurs.

New English period

The period of development of the English language, to which the language of modern England belongs, begins at the endXvcentury. With developmenttypography and mass distribution of books there is a consolidation of the normative book language, phonetics and spoken language continue to change, gradually moving away from dictionary norms.

An important stage in the development of the English language was the formation of diaspora dialects in the British colonies. The ancestors of today's English - the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - moved to the British Isles in the middle of the 5th century. The Anglo-Saxons who moved to Great Britain entered into a fierce struggle with the indigenous local population - the Celts. This contact with the Celts had little effect on either the structure of the Old English language or its vocabulary.

Survey results

Anglo-Saxons - The ancestors of today's English

There are several periods of language formation

As a result, it became English. the spoken language in Europe?

English is the language of international communication

began to take shape, with the development of printing and the massive distribution of books at the end of the 15th century. An important stage in the development of the English language was the formation of diaspora dialects in the British colonies. Lpeople of the same nationality (using diaspora dialects), living outside their country of origin, outside their historical homeland. And today there are millions of them, communicating in different dialects of the English language, but finding a common understanding in communication.

After conducting research on the origin of the English language, I summed up: as a result of the evolutionary development of European countries, the conquest of new lands by Europeans, trade, industries and shipbuilding in England, France, Russia, and other countries, people were forced to communicate in a language of understanding, which, thanks to this from ancient languages was formedEnglish . The language changed, developed, as did the people communicating in this language. And today we communicate in modern English, the language of understanding, the language modern technologies and innovation. tolerance.

"Do you speak English" - a phrase familiar to us since school. A set of words that we once did not attach much importance to. But how sad it sounds now, when, while on vacation abroad, we suddenly got lost. They are trying to help us by explaining something in English. And we just do not understand, because we do not speak this language! Or in business negotiations, we cannot conduct a dialogue with a foreign partner. It is so bitter, so doomed to have to answer all the same question "No."

English is the language of international communication. Our politicians and presidents speak it. And for the one who knows it perfectly, all the doors of the world are open. Travel, communication with foreign friends on the Internet, business negotiations in English, education in the most prestigious universities not only in Russia, but also in the world! You will be sure to understand you and understand you. There will be no such problem for you as a language barrier. Learn English, communicate in English, the language of world significance and communication, understanding!

Communicating in English is modern, great, worthy!

Literature for research.

Dictionaries: English-Russian dictionary. 3rd edition 1933 by V.K. Müller, S.K. Boyanus. English grammar. 1999 year Mozhaisk, st. Mira, 91. School dictionary. A.Yu. Moskvin. 1990 Dictionary of foreign words. Moscow. "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1964 English textbooks. O.V. Afanasyev. I. V. Mikheeva. 9-11. Classes. English. M.Z. Biboletova N.N. Trubanev. Textbooks. 9-11. Classes. 2013-2013. G.

Design and research work was carried out by Aleksey Mikhailov, grade 8 "B" Curator - MI Fedotova. MBOU "Education Center No. 11", Cherkessk. 2017 April.

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