How to determine the volume of firewood? Taxation measurements and measuring instruments.

Pneum Osmole. - This is naturally spotted sound part of the stumps and the roots of coniferous rocks. Osmole serves as raw materials for turpentine and rosin production. In our country, the billet and processing of pneumatic osmola from the pine of ordinary and pine cedar.

Power osmol resources are determined based on the number and diameters of the stump, using regional regulatory reference tables.

Using the source data in Appendix 1 and the taxation characteristic of the policies presented in Table. 2.17, as well as by the values \u200b\u200bof the average diameter and the amount of osmola pneums per 1 hectare (Table 2.18), the supply of pneumine osmola is determined by 1 hectare and the total area of \u200b\u200bthe selected (Table 2.19).

Table 2.17

Taxation characteristic of pine tree asstements

No. sq.	Ident number.	S, G.	Structure	D, see	Bonitet	Fullness	Year cutting
		5,2	6C2E2B.			0,6
		3,4	7S3B			0,5
		1,2	6C2B1E1OS.			0,6
		6,8	6c3b1os.			0,5
		2,2	7c2b1os.			0,5
		4,1	6S4B			0,4
		5,0	6C1E3B			0,5
		3,8	7S1E2B			0,5
		2,9	8c2b			0,6
		4,2	8C1E1B.			0,5
		2,4	7S3B			0,6
		6,3	6C2E2B.			0,5
		2,2	8c2b			0,4
		6,4	7С1E1B1OS			0,6
		3,3	7S3B			0,5

When determining the number of OSMOL stumps, it is necessary to take into account the fraction of pine in the formula of the stand by multiplying the coefficient of participation. Also, the number of osmola stumps depends on the statute of logging and is expressed by the following ratio:

Table 2.18

Determination of the average diameter and number of osmola pnegia per 1 hectare depending on the class of bonitet and the completeness of pine plantations

Bonitet class	Cf. D trees., Cm	Number of trunks (panti) when full	Cf. D Stumpy, see
1,0	0,9	0,8	0,7	0,6	0,5	0,4
II.






III








IV







V.

Example. Determine the supply of pneumatic osmol with an average diameter of 28 cm panties and their number per 1 hectare - 325 pcs.

The supply of pneuming osmole in the categories of numbers and the corresponding diameter will be: for three hundred - 17 SKL. m 3 (the intersection of the numbers 3 in the column number and column of the Force); For two tens - 1 SKL. m 3; For 5 units - 0. Accordingly, the margin of 325 page will be: 17 + 1 + 0 \u003d 18 SCL. m 3.

Table 2.19.

Determination of stock of pneumasol

Cf. D Stumpy, see	Number		Cf. D Stumpy, see	Number	Funeral Osmol, Skl. 3 on the categories of numbers
thousand	hundreds	Des.	units.	thousand	hundreds	Des.	units.
				-	-				-
			-	-				-
			-	-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-	-				-
			-	-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-
				-	-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-
				-
				-	-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-	-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-
					-				-
				-				-
				-				-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-

Table. 2.20 There is a mass of a punch osmol, prepared from the area of \u200b\u200bseparation at a given humidity, per 1 hectare.

Table 2.20

Transfer of a stagnation volume of pander osmole in weight indicators

Based on the indicator of the pressure of the cutting, the ripeness classes of pyro osmola are determined for all the segments, the characteristics of which is given in Table. 2.21 and the content of resinous substances per 1 hectares is calculated in the total mass of raw materials in Table. 2.22, taking into account Annex 19.

Table 2.21

Purge Osmol ripe

Table 2.22.

Class of ripeness	Tum
Bors	Sibers
Dry	Fresh	wet	raw	Dry	Fresh	wet	raw
I.	9,8	10,5	7,1	6,5	10,2	11,2	7,6	5,8
II.	16,4	16,9	11,9	10,8	16,2	15,5	11,5	10,2
III	20,5	19,4	16,5	14,2	19,8	18,5	16,7	15,8
IV	23,8	24,5	22,2	20,1	23,5	22,9	21,0	19,5

Knowing the area of \u200b\u200bseparation is determined by the supply of pneumatic osmol (SKL. M 3 and kg) and the number of resinous substances (kg) on \u200b\u200ball separations.

According to the results of all calculations, the table is filled. 2.23.

Table 2.23.

Consolidated statement to determine the reserve of pander osmol and the number of resinous substances

No. sq.	Ident number.	S, G.	Class of ripeness	Power Osmol, SCL. m 3.	Mass of pneum osmol, kg	Number of resinous substances, kg
		5,2
		3,4
		1,2
		6,8
		2,2
		4,1
		5,0

Tasks for execution practical work 2.10

1) Determine the average diameter of the stump and their number for each separation.

2) Determine the supply of puff osmol (SL. M 3 per 1 hectare) for each separation.

3) Find a mass of pneum osmol, harvested with 1 hectare area of \u200b\u200beach separation.

4) Determine the content of resinous substances in a pneumatic osmola (kg / ha) for each separation.

5) Find a total stock of pneumatic osmol, its mass, the number of resinous substances for all policies.

2.11. Calculation of resources of forest waste and the dynamics of their education during the year

An important direction is currently the more complete use of the forest fund, a decrease in wood losses in its preparation and transportation. For various reasons, the rutting the sawmaster is mastered and is extremely irrational. The magnitude of the losses and waste of wood at all stages of production ranges from 1/3 to 1/2 of the entire diverse foundation.

With the currently applied in the enterprises of the forest complex of technology and technology of logging, waste is formed on the cutter, loading point (upper warehouse) and a timber industry warehouse.

The branches, branches and vertices, fragments of trunks, waste from the processing of dimensions of the Warnesses, as well as the remnants of the battleings of the whips on the sorties (optic, visors) are branched.

In general, the volume of any wood waste V 0 T,can be determined by the formula:

where V C. - the volume of raw materials, relative to which waste, m 3 is determined; N. - Number of waste generation,%.

The volume of waste in the form of bruises, branches and vertices on the cutter, and on the loading point is determined relative to the volume of wood removal. On the timber industry warehouse - the volume of exported wood, in particular the volume of waste waste, is determined relative to the volume of wood to be disclocked. The consolidated structure of the formation of forest waste, established by regions, taking into account the natural disappearance, used as fertilizers and to strengthen the skiing wipes is given in Table. 2.24.

Table 2.24.

Summary of the formation of forest waste

Region	Standard formation of forest waste,% of wood removal
Branches, branches, tips on a growing tree	Opad of the branches, branches, with a roll, trillion	A consolidated substantive of forest waste, suitable for use
Used to strengthen the stripping wolves and further as a fertilizer	Including the strengthening of wolves
Northwest	13,3	8,1	2,8	5,2
central District	12,2	7,7	3,4	4,5
Volga region	12,2	4,4	-	7,8
North Caucasian District	16,6	5,7	-	10,9
Ural district	14,4	10,2	5,0	4,2
West Siberian District	12,2	10,9	5,8	1,3
East Siberian District	13,3	10,1	5,3	3,2
Far Eastern region	15,5	11,8	6,2	3,7

A free averaged standard of forest waste suitable for use may vary depending on a number of factors. In the summer, its value increases somewhat (1.2 times), and in winter - decreases (up to 0.9 times). It is adjusted for its magnitude and, depending on the degree of wetlastin, the forestfund is dismissed. During the slaughter of the cutter to 20, to 40, and up to 60%, correspondingly correction coefficients are 0.8; 0.6 and 0.4.

A significant impact on the size of the formation of forest emergency is similar to the applied technique and technology of work. For example, the loss of stem wood, harvested by a machine to approximately 1.6-1.8 times higher than when developing cutlets Systems with gasoline-pot saws. Wood waste on the cutter in the form of damaged whips and their debris are taken into account in the volumes of actual use. According to research TsNIIME , the average standard of use of stem wood relative to the volume of removal can be taken on average for 6.4% (in winter - 6.65%, in the summer - 6.16%). Regulations for the use of waste from bringing the lubricants of auto-facilities to the requirements for transportation of goods on roads common use It can be taken in 4% - when removing wood in the whips, 9% - when removing wood trees (in summer - 10%, in winter - 8%). The value of the division of waste in the forest can be taken as for forest warehouses (Table 2.26), increased by 30% due to the worst working conditions.

For the reasonable choice and operation of systems of machines producing technological chips in the conditions of the region, it is important not only to know the total amount of waste, but also take into account the dynamics of the formation of these waste during the year (by months, in shift).

Then, in general, the real annual volume of forest waste generated in the enterprise can be determined by the formula

(2.67)

where V I.- the real volume of forest waste in i.-Mone month, m 3. In general, the magnitude V I.can be calculated by the formula

where - the annual volume of logging works of the enterprise, m 3; To I T.and To I B. - non-uniformity coefficients, respectively, trolls and wood exports in i.-Mone (Table 2.25), showing how the volume of a certain type of work is different in comparison with the average monthly per year; N. ij - use standard j.- kind of sawmade waste in i.-Mone,%.

For specific conditions for production and taken into account, the types of formula (2.68) will take the form

where N I. 1 , N I. 2 , N I. 3 , N I. 4 - standards, respectively, the use of waste in the form of: branches, branches, vertices; fragments of trunks; Woods formed during the processing of the size of the war Opening and visors; With s, with 3, with m - coefficients taking into account respectively: season of work; The degree of landscape wetlands and the system of machines carrying out wood blank.

Replaceable volume of forest waste generated after the main use of the main use, in m 3 at various months of the year, can be determined by the formula

where n PI. - the number of working days in i.-Mone month; k See I. - Replacement coefficient in i.-Mone month.

The medium-term volume of forest waste during the year is equal to (2.7

where n P. number of working days per year; - Replacement coefficient during the year.

Example(Conditional figures): a logging enterprise with an annual volume of production 200 thousand m 3 is located in the Komi Republic and carries out removal in the assortments; The billet is conducted by a system of machines using gasoline-engine saw; The number of working days by months, starting from January, is: 24, 23, 24, 21, 23, 26, 25, 26, 24, 24, 20.25; Replacement coefficient in all months is 1; The degree of radlement is 20%.

The volume of forest waste, suitable for use on technological and fuel need, will include branches, branches, vertices, fragments of trunks, optic and visors.

Real volume of forest waste generated in i.-Mone is determined by formula (2.68) using the data: Table. 2.24 ( N i 1., diminished for mmmmmmmmmmer of winter months 0.9 times and increased for summer months by 1.2 times); Table. 2.25, option ( K IT. and K IB.); Standards for the use of damaged stem wood: N i 2.\u003d 6.4% (in the winter of 6.65%, in summer 6.16%), as well as the values \u200b\u200bof the formation of waste waste, taken from Table. 2.26 and increased by 30%.

Table 2.25

Monthly coefficients of non-uniformity of trouts K i T and exporting K I B wood

Months	Options
but	B.	in	G.	D.	E.
K I T.	K I B.	K I T.	K I B.	K I T.	K I B.	K I T.	K I B.	K I T.	K I B.	K I T.	K I B.
January	1,15	1,18	1,22	1,41	1,28	1,73	1,08	1,12	1,10	1,15	1,13	1,20
February	1,30	1,33	1,28	1,39	1,32	1,72	1,04	1,12	1,20	1,25	1,16	1,23
March	1,38	1,41	1,33	1,40	1,66	2,01	1,21	1,25	1,30	1,35	1,28	1,28
April	0,95	0,69	0,83	0,76	0,88	0,87	0,98	1,00	1,00	0,60	0,95	0,73
May	0,77	0,64	0,74	0,70	0,61	0,46	0,82	0,80	0,70	0,80	0,84	0,93
June	1,00	0,92	0,95	1,00	0,72	0,63	0,96	1,01	0,90	0,90	0,95	1,05
July	0,95	0,99	0,92	0,90	0,78	0,63	0,94	0,98	0,90	0,95	0,90	0,87
August	0,92	0,99	0,94	0,98	0,87	0,67	0,92	0,92	0,90	1,00	0,92	0,98
September	0,91	0,88	0,87	0,72	0,86	0,60	1,00	0,94	0,95	1,00	0,91	0,93
October	0,77	0,89	0,87	0,64	0,89	0,51	1,00	0,95	0,90	0,95	0,96	0,96
November	0,90	1,02	0,98	1,00	0,91	0,85	0,99	0,92	0,95	0,90	0,97	0,91
December	1,00	1,06	1,07	1,10	1,16	1,30	1,06	0,99	1,10	1,15	1,04	1,03

Table 2.26

Disclocked waste formation

Then the volume of forest waste generated, for example, in January, will be

and in August it will be equal

Similarly, the volumes of forest waste for other months are determined. Having summed up their values \u200b\u200bfor all months (formula 2.67), we will find the real annual volume of forest waste at the enterprise equal to 19646 m 3.

Determining the monthly volumes of forest waste according to formula (2.70), it is easy to obtain interchangeable volumes of forest waste during these months. For example, in August in the shift will be formed

Waste

Identifying the monthly and replaceable volumes of forest waste, we build a schedule for the dynamics of their formation during the year (Fig. 2.9) based on Annex 1.

Fig. 2.9. Dynamics of formation of forest waste

Tasks for practical work 2.11

1) establish the types of waste generated on the cutter and the area of \u200b\u200buse.

2) Determine the real annual volume of forest waste.

4) Build a schedule for the dynamics of formation of forest waste during the year.

This question sounds from each third wishing to learn the price of firewood or purchase firewood for fireplaces baths, saunas or kebabs.

Streker It can be represented as a cube (1 meter-high, 1 meter-Gulubin, 1 meter-wirina) tightly laid firewood. 1 SKL / M. - This is about 0.75 cubic meters of solid wood (just imagine such a solid wooden cube).

Determine how much sk Cl. / M or cube / m of firewood in the car, if they are not laid there, and lie exactly embankment along the entire length of the body without a slide, you can, measuring the length, width and height of the body, and then, moving them.

From mound to art. / M. Recalculation coefficient - from 0.73 to 0.82, depending on the length of firewood.
0.80 for fire ves 25cm
0.78 for firewood 33cm
0.75 for firewood 50cm
0.73 for fire ves in length 75cm

The error of such a miscalculation is 5-8%.

Question: How many firewall strokes in the car body (for example, shown in the photo below)? To get an answer, we turn on the logic and remember the school. While the car was driving on our roads to you, the firewood somewhat stupid on Ughab and Buaeraki. It is good, because as a result of the morning, a more homogeneous "bunch" of firewood turned out, and the value that will turn out after recalculating the firing "in bulk" to the stroketers will be more accurate.

Mentally We divide the body into 2 parts (in Figure 1 and 2). One part (1) is represented in the form of a rectangular palallillepieda and so-called. "Gorki".

Determine the volume of parallelepiped (1) by multiplying the lengths. As a result, we obtain the volume of firewood in parallelepiped "in bulk":

V (1) \u003d 3.6 m * 2,2m * 0,6m \u003d 4,752m3

Multiplying the value for the recalculation coefficient (for firewood with a length of 0.33m it is 0.78) We obtain the amount of firewalls of firewood in the specified parallelepiped, namely:

VKL (1) \u003d 4.752m3 * 0.78 \u003d 3.707Scl.meter

Determine the volume of firewood in the "hill" (2) is somewhat more complicated. To do this, it is necessary to simulate the formulas of the curves shown in the photo, and then using mathematical methods of integral calculus and transformations to derive the volume occupied by the "slide" (2) in the body. :)

However, we will not do so, because there are no time, and we do not want to delay the car (we need to quickly and approximately?), And react as follows:

Mentally imagine instead of "slide" (2) palallilipped, in which the "hill" (2) itself in the area in each of the corporate projections (side view and rear) takes at least 70% (see photo). Esni "Gorka" is too cool, they do not hesitate, we climb on the body and make it more common. Let's go down from the "heaven" to the ground and measure the height.

In this case, the height is equal: 0.28m + 0.35m \u003d 0.63m.

Determine the volume of parallelepiped (2) by multiplying the length, width and height. As a result, we obtain the volume of firewood in parallelepiped "in bulk":

VPP \u003d 3.6 m * 2,2m * 0.63m \u003d 4,987m3

To obtain a volume of firewood in bulk, occupied by "slide" (2), multiply the value obtained by 0.7:

V (2) \u003d 4.987m3 * 0.7 \u003d 3.49m3

Multiplying the value obtained to the coefficient of recalculation, we obtain the number of firewalls in the "hill" (2):

VKL (2) \u003d 3.49m3 * 0.78 \u003d 2.72scl. Meet

Total, we get that according to our approximate calculations, in the specified body is:

VKL \u003d VKL (1) + VKL (2) \u003d 3.707 +2.72 \u003d 6.43 SCL.

what corresponds to reality within the error (0.5-0.60 store meter) for the proposed method, since at least 6.3 oak wood coarse frames are in the body of the car shown in the photo.

The error of the given methodology of the calculation is 10-12%, but it makes it possible to approximately determine the volume of loading machines with an accuracy of 0.5-0.,70 meters.

Attention: The given approach to the determination of the volume of firewood in the car body can be used only as indicative or approximate for evaluating perception.

Another popular method of delivery of firewood in grids or laid in the ranks.In this case, determine the number of brought cubic meters is quite easy. We do not have to translate the bulk volume into the share, the only thing that needs to be done is to measure the field, calculate the volume, and then the coefficient already known to you.

As you can see, nothing complicated in the calculations. To accurately determine the number of cubic meters, it is enough just to find out the volume of brought firewood, translate it to share meters, and then, using the coefficient to find out the number of cubes.

Calculation on 1 tree

Name of works

Units. Introduction

Once, a number of workers

Execution term, month

Summary

Scope of work

Thought-ray

Means of mechanization

Materials

Cherts.

Name, brand

Mash.-Ch.

Name

Units. measuring

Number

TNV 1987 1.2.11B-1 add. ETKS 1997 TNV 1987 1.2.11B-2 add. ETKS 1997 TNV 1987 1.2.11B-3 add. ETKS 1997 TNV 1987 1.2.11B-4 add. ETKS 1997.

The removal of trees on the stump manually with a stubborn of boring and squabble on a border at the diameter of the trunk at the height of the chest: up to 0.2 m 0.2-0.3 m 0.3-0.4 m 0.4-0.5 m

SKL. m 3 SKL. m 3 SKL. m 3 SKL. m 3.

3.64 2.66 2.11 1.85

6-2 h leads 6-2 h leads 6-2 h leads 6-2 h leads

1-hp 1-hp 1-hp 1-hp

0.758 1.60 3.66 6.63

2.75 4.25 7.723 12.26

Chainsaw Gazella Chainsaw Gazella Chainsaw Gazella Gazenopil Gazelle

1.37 2.12 3.862 6.13

- - - -


TNV 1987 1.2.11B-54 extra. ETKS 1997.	Collection of branches I. carrying residues After the rollers of trees - with the diameter of the trunk to 0.2 cm (20%) - with a barrel diameter 0.2-0.3 cm (30%) - with a barrel dimode of 0.3-0.4 cm (30%) - with a barrel diameter 0.4-0.5 cm (20%)		0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15		1-hp 1-hp 1-hp 1-hp	0.758 1.60 3.66 6.63	0.11 0.24 0.549 0.99	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -
TNV 1987 1.2.11B-9-60 add. ETKS 1997.	Loading on motor vehicles and unloading branches and carrying residues (NVR X 2) - with a barrel diameter to 0.2 cm (20%) - with a barrel diameter 0.2-0.3 cm (30%) - with a barrel diameter 0.3-0.4 cm (30%) - With a barrel dimer 0.4-0.5 cm (20%)	SKL. .m 3 skl. m 3 SKL. m 3 SKL. m 3.	1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08		1-hp 1-hp 1-hp 1-hp	0.758 1.60 3.66 6.63	0.88 1.72 3.9528 7.16	ZIL-MMZ ZIL-MMZ ZIL-MMZ ZIL-MMZ	0.88 1.72 3.9528 7.16	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -
	Export of branches and carrying remnants by motor vehicles up to 60 km	T.	0.96	-	1-CP	7.5888	-	ZIL-MMZ	7.285248	Coupon for garbage collection	T.	7.5888

TOTAL: 42.5848

Note: Calculation of the volume of the cube of the cutting trees must comply with the tables of wood volumes 19. 22. 183. 187. 206, published in "Union-Union Standards for Taxation of Forests". M. 1992
Technological card 4.7.

Korchevka manually manually

Calculation on 1 stump

The basis of normative costs

Name of works

Units. Introduction

The rate of time. Measurements, person-h

Once, a number of workers

Execution term, month

Summary

Scope of work

Required to perform work

Thought-ray

Means of mechanization

Materials

Cherts.

Name, brand

Mash.-Ch.

Name

Units. measuring

Number

TNV 1987 1.2.11b-3-48 add. ETKS 1997.

Displays with a diameter of up to 70 cm manually. Take a stump, pour roots and clean from the ground. Return, move to a distance of up to 5 m using scrap, horns and other devices. Fall as a pit of the earth

stump

10.6

1-CP

10.6

TNV 1987 1.2.11b-7-56 add. ETKS 1997.

Cachevka separate shrub manually. Side, tweak the roots and move to a distance of up to 50 m with styling in a bunch. Fall as a pit of the earth

bush

0.36

1-CP

0.36

Technological card 4.8.

Watering plants from the hose

Calculation of 100 m 2

The basis of normative costs

Name of works

Units. Introduction

The rate of time. Measurements, person-h

Once, a number of workers

Execution term, month

Summary

Scope of work

Required to perform work

Thought-ray

Means of mechanization

Materials

Cherts.

Name, brand

Mash.-Ch.

Name

Units. measuring

Number

TNV 1987 1.2.1-6A-16.17 add. ETKS 1997.

Watering plants from a hose up to 40 m long at a rate of 5 l / m 2. Bring the hose, unwind and attach to the water supply. Equally pour plants. Slow hose and attribute to the place of storage

100 m 2.

0.2

U-1x.

0.2

Water

TNV 1987 1.2.1- 6B-18.19 add. ETKS 1997.

Watering plants from a hose with a length of more than 40 m at a rate of 5 l / m 2. Bring the hose, unwind and attach to the water supply. Equally pour plants. Slow hose and attribute to the place of storage

100 m 2.

0.8

U-1x.

0.8

Water

Technological card 4.9.

Loading snow on vehicles

Calculation for 1 car

The basis of normative costs

Name of works

Units. Introduction

The rate of time. Measurements, person-h

Once, a number of workers

Execution term, month

Summary

Scope of work

Required to perform work

Thought-ray

Means of mechanization

Materials

Cherts.

Name, brand

Mash.-Ch.

Name

Units. measuring

Number

The norm of GUP Moszelhoz

Loading snow on vehicles with movement within the site up to 1 km with body capacity up to 6 m 3

Mash.

1.0

Waters. car. Water loader 4 solid worker 3 breaks

X1-sh

50.0

ZIL-MMZ Loader

50.0

The norm of GUP Moszelhoz

Snow removal by motor vehicle up to 35 km

Mash.

2.4

X1-sh

ZIL-MMZ

120.0

Coupon on the removal of snow

TOTAL: 50.0

Technological card 4.10

Garbage removal, carbon remnants,

Exhaust land, foliage, herbs, snow and so on.

Distance 1 km

Calculation of 1 t

The basis of normative costs

Name of works

Units. Introduction

The rate of time. Measurements, person-h

Once, a number of workers

Execution term, month

Summary

Scope of work

Required to perform work

Thought-ray

Means of mechanization

Materials

Cherts.

Name, brand

Mash.-Ch.

Name

Units. measuring

Number

The norm of GUP Moszelhoz

Removal of garbage, carbon remnants, waste, foliage, herbs, snow, and so on. vehicle for distance 1 km

0.016

1-CP

ZIL-MMZ

0.016

Technological card 4.11

Removing self-seamless wood and shrub breeds

Calculation of 1 hectare

The basis of normative costs

Name of works

Units. Introduction

The rate of time. Measurements, person-h

Once, a number of workers

Execution term, month

Summary

Scope of work

Required to perform work

Thought-ray

Means of mechanization

Materials

Cherts.

Name, brand

Mash.-Ch.

Name

Units. measuring

Number

The norm of GUP Moszelhoz

Removal of self-session

100 pieces.

5-1h waters 1.

1-CP

0.5

26.5

Chainsaw

TNV 1987 1.2.7-9-54 add. ETS.

Collection of irrigation residues (0.3 cubic meters / pcs)

100 m 2 Cleaning Areas

0.31

1-CP

0.31

TNV 1987 1.2.11B-9-60 add. ETS.

Loading and unloading of carrying residues (N BP. X 2)

Skl.m 3.

1.08

1-CP

30.0

32.4

ZIL-MMZ 45085

32.4

Export of the cutting remnants by road to a distance of up to 60 km

0.96

1-CP

7.5

ZIL-MMZ 45085

7.2

Coupon for garbage collection

7.5

During logging in winter, the yield of technical greenery decreases by 20%. Losses in the mass with 3-day storage of raw materials are for coniferous breeds 10%, deciduous - 30%.

Punch wood. PNIs and roots of some conifers are used to obtain pneum osmol as valuable raw materials for rosopholon-extraction production. In some reformal areas, they are used as fuel. Study of taxation properties and features of pneumine osmol, the development of regulatory data on accounting and inventory of commodity resources of this forest products recently conducted A.A. Smolenkov (1986) and A.P. Seryakov (1987).

Poverty with a cortex or explosive method, a funeral osmole is folded into dense piles of rectangular shape. Accounting is carried out in the share M3. Depending on the diameter of the sound part of the pnenets, the frequency-free coefficient of a pouch rises in the interval of the thickness of the trees in 16 ... 60 cm from 0.45 to 0.49. For production taxation of osmolocusement on cutting down its value is taken equal

A similar method of accounting can also be applied when estimating stocks of harvested stumps. To transfer the volume to a dense measure, the average total test rate is 0.5.

More accurate gradation data of the above-mentioned forest products can be found by a xylometric or weighting manner.

3.5. Taxation of sawn timber

IN the result of longitudinal sawing logs are obtained by lumber separated on the shape of the cross section on the plates (cut into two symmetrical parts), quaternays (cut into four symmetrical parts), bars, bars, boards, sleepers and a porridge. When taxation onwoodworking enterprises Application are used by automated calculations on the computer.

Brussia is lumber width and thickness more than 10 cm. In the number of suicide sides, they are divided into two-, three- and four-tissue. In turn, four-tissue bars in the form of a cross-section can be acute and stupid (overview).

Bruks are timber, the thickness of which does not exceed 10 cm, and the width is no more double thickness.

The boards are also harvested with a thickness of no more than 10 cm, but their width exceeds the thickness of two or more times. The wide sides of the boards and bars are called the place, narrow - edges, and corners - ribs.

Lumber are cut, if both edges of them are proposed by at least half of the length, and unedged - if there is no dug, or it is less than half of the length. In addition, they distinguish a pure-drying piltroduction, which is obtained with full propelle edge. Unfinished parts of the edge are called obollas, and the corresponding boards and bars - override.

Split is a segment of a certain cross-sectional profile with a length of 2.7 m for a regular track of the railway and 2.5 m - for narrow. By profile of the section, two categories of sleepers distinguish: a - sculpted from four sides; B - sculpted on both sides. Depending on the thickness and sizes of bed beds, the sleepers are divided into five types.

Translated barsserve for laying under railway path In places of shooting transfers. They are five types for widespread rhesis, and four - for narrow. Sortiment Length 2.75 ... 5.5 m with graduation

The hill is a cut outdoor part of the log, in which another surface remains untreated.

Depending on the quality of wood, lumber from conifers are divided into four grades, and harvested from hardwood - for three varieties. Wide gauge sleepers are divided into two varieties. For slealing a narrow gauge, such differentiation is not provided.

The volumes of plates and fourtrists are determined by special tables. In their absence according to the tables GOST 2708-75 in diameter in the upper cut and the length of the logs, the cubature of the taxable sorts is relevant to the reduction of volumes.

The volumes of pointed bars, bars and pure boards are calculated with multiplying their width A on the thickness B and the length L by the formula

where T is the length of the chord of obol.

Cross section of edged sleepers is

g a H.


and their volume
V G L,

where a is the width of the sleepers; h - the thickness of the sleepers; t - the length of the chord of obol; L - sleeve length.

The cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe bar specks is calculated using the trapezoid formula and segments:


					c T;

h - the thickness of the sleepers; C - the base of the segment; T - segment height. The cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bγ bars (and translated bars)

on the middle of the length of the assortment or as a half-life of the upper and lower sections.

To facilitate production calculations for the specified types, special volume tables are compiled. Accounting Spealls are made individually using templates that reproduce their section profile.

where a is the hill width; b - the thickness of the hill; L is the length of the hill.

At the same time, the cross-sectional area is set by 0.4 lengths from the comuted end. In some cases, the porch is taken into account in SKL. m3. The frequency-free coefficient of their stacks varies within 0.48-0.74 and is determined according to GOST 5780-77.

The elements of the described sawn timber are shown in Fig. 3.1. Power values \u200b\u200bin determining lumber volumes in

the calculation is not accepted.

To determine the volume of unedged boards in accordance with the OST 13-24-86, methods are used: pc, batch and sampling method. With the humidity of sawn timber more than 20% in the results of accounting for the first method according to the standards of GOST 5306-83, correction coefficients are introduced: for coniferous rocks - 0.96; For deciduous - 0.95.

The following requirements are presented to packages:

a) boards on one side of the end aligned; b) boards in horizontal rows of the package are laid close to each other

friend; c) the package has the same width and vertical

side sides.

The volume of the package in the share M3 is determined by multiplying its overall parties less than the size of the gasket and the introduction of corrections to the protruding ends in the delicate part of the package.

Fig. 3.1. Cross sections of some lumber: 1 - stuporonic timber; 2 - unedged sleepers; 3 - Gorny.

The volume of the package into the density is the introduction of the styling density coefficient of 0.59 ... 0.75.

When evaluating large batches of unedged boards, they are conducted by the sample method. Sample sizes to determine the average volume of the board are provided: for lumber of the same length - at least 3% of the batch delivery, but not less than 60 boards; with an admixture of up to 15% shorter - at least 4%, but not less than 80 boards; For sawn timber not more than 4 adjacent lengths - at least 7%, but not less than 120 boards.

The percentage of lumber output, according to CNIIMode, increases with an increase in the upper diameter of the logs from 53% at D V / O \u003d 14 cm to

64% at D V / O \u003d 44 cm.

Of the 1 m3 of the paddle log on average, 6 ... 7 sleepers constituting in volume 52 ... 60%. In addition, they receive boards (8 ... 15%) and a horn (7 ... 15%). The minimum diameters in the upper cut for the production of the sleeper category A are 23 cm, b - 24 cm.

When sawing the logs, a significant amount of waste is obtained. They are increasingly widely used to generate technological chips, in hydrolyzing production, for heating, etc. These wood waste is taken into account in Skl. m3. The total limit coefficient is on average: sawdust - 0.35; Trucking boards, bars - 0.58.

For taking into account woodworking, completeness coefficients according to TU 13-539-80 are used.

3.6. Accounting for brushing, dashest, planed, late

and other timber

TO the group under consideration includes a fairly large number of timber products, prepared by primary mechanical wood processing.

TO trunks with a thickness of 2 to 6 cm thick, the trunks of 2 to 6 cm. They are bought with a length of 1 ... 3 m with gradation in 0.5 m. Such raw materials laid in stacks are estimated in a rudder, followed by transfer to a dense-tight Table. 3.7.

Table 3.7 - Frequency Surface Factors of Tonber Wood Raw

	Frequency-free coefficients at the length of the finest raw materials, m


Deciduous

The coolest riveting of different sizes, depending on the target, take into account the pieces, thousands of pieces or sets (side and bottom). Its volume is defined in the PL. M3 in three measurements using special tables.

Sename polishes take into account pairs, wheel rims - pairs (on the front and rear wheels) or mills (for all four wheels). Their volumes are determined by the trapezoid formula:


			h l.

Dicks are the segments of the trunks with the adhesiveness of the special form of products. Accounting them is carried out in weight units.

A special place in the described group occupies the planed and late plywood. Accounting to it lead in m2.

In addition, manufactured whole line local goods: sleeves, spokes, shovels, rakes, etc., whose account leads. In thousands of pieces they also take roofing and plastering.

The technological chip and chips are taken into account in SKL. m3. The coefficient of completeness is taken equal to 0.37 and 0.11, respectively. Special regulations are provided for chips when transporting it by road and rail transport, for which the index in question varies from 0.36 to 0.43.

Useful way out of the raw materials of individual assortments is: a cage - 30 ... 40%, wheeled rim - 20 ... 25%, Shannya - 65%, plywood - 50%, roofing and plastering - 50%, etc. Therefore, it seems possible to calculate the need for raw materials for one or another production.

Currently, technologically quite realistic to use the entire phytomass trees. The organization of such a cycle should rely on economic indicators of production.

Control questions

1. Give the classification of forest products based on its size, form, nature of industrial use and accounting methods.

2. What ways to determine the volumes of logs are known to you?

3. Give the systematization of woodwood according to its existing properties and features.

4. From what factors depends on the coefficient of firewood?

5. What methods of accounting for the twigs, borties and bark of trees are used in forestry?

6. Describe the main methods of taxation of sawn timber.

7. What are the features of the accounting of brushing, dashest, planed and lush timber?

8. What provisions describe the methods of accounting for the main prepared timber?

The ratio of the volume of wood in dense cubic meters to the volume of the layer occupied by the stack, a bunch or a field is called the total drill and calculate the formula

Where n is the coefficient of completeness; FILE - the amount of wood, pl. M3; Accelerated - the volume of the layer of wood, SCL. m3.

The frequency-free coefficient P depends on the size and shape of the particles, the moisture content of wood, the method of laying wood into this container, the storage time of the fuel in it. This coefficient can vary widely.

The average value of the half-drill coefficient of various types of natural wood waste is given in Table. 17.

17. Frequency-free coefficients of various woodwashers

Type of waste	Coefficient	Type of waste	Coefficient
Fullpoint	Fullpoint
	Speedness		Speedness
Gorny is large:
In the fields	Small loose
In cells		Small rammed
Mount thin:		Large loans
In the fields	Chips small:
In cells
Rake laid:		Dummy
		Suchea N Vershina
Not business
Short trimming boards

In accordance with GOST 15815-83, the frequency-free coefficient of technological chips when its free sinking before sending to the consumer is 0.36. The pharmacy of chips in the body of a car or in a railway car after transportation by road or rail transport to a distance of up to 50 km is 0.4, and during the transportation of chips to the distance over 50 km is 0.42. These values \u200b\u200bof the frequency coefficient can be taken with a small error and for fuel chips. The total-dried coefficient increases when exposed to pneumatic load, reaching 0.43.

The total fuel chips coefficient is almost the same with this coefficient for technological chips. When carrying out technological calculations, the frequency-free coefficients of crushed wood and it is recommended to choose within the following limits:

Chip from the waste of logging ..................................... 0.30. . .06.

Chip from Woodworking Waste ................................. 0,32. . L, 38.

Sawdust loose ................................................ .............. 0.20. . .0.30

Sawdust blind ................................................ ............. 0.33. . .0.37

Suchea and brushwood, linked to the beams ................................... 0.35. . .0.40

Rail................................................. ............................. 0.35. . .0.60

Gorny ................................................. ......................... 0.45. . .0.60

Firewood................................................. ............................ 0.70. . .0.80

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