Everything about units of measurement. Units of measurement of physical quantities

This guide has been compiled from various sources. But its creation was prompted by a small book "Mass Radio Library" published in 1964, as a translation of O. Kroneger's book in the GDR in 1961. Despite its such antiquity, it is my reference book (along with several other reference books). I think time does not have power over such books, because the foundations of physics, electrical and radio engineering (electronics) are unshakable and eternal.

Units of measurement for mechanical and thermal quantities.

Units of measurement for all other physical quantities can be defined and expressed in terms of basic units of measurement. The units obtained in this way, in contrast to the basic ones, are called derivatives. To obtain a derived unit of measurement of any quantity, it is necessary to choose a formula that would express this quantity in terms of other quantities already known to us, and assume that each of the known quantities included in the formula is equal to one unit of measurement. A number of mechanical quantities are listed below, formulas for their determination are given, it is shown how the units of measurement of these quantities are determined. Unit of speed v - meter per second (m / s). A meter per second is the speed v of such a uniform movement, at which the body travels a path s equal to 1 m in time t = 1 sec: 1v = 1m / 1sec = 1m / s Acceleration unit but - meter per square second (m / s 2). Meter per second squared - acceleration of such an equally variable motion, in which the speed changes by 1 m! sec in 1 sec. Unit of strength F - newton (and). Newton - the force that imparts an acceleration a equal to 1 m / sec 2 to a mass of m in 1 kg: 1n = 1 Kg× 1m / s 2 = 1 (kg × m) / s 2 Unit of work A and energy- joule (j). Joule - the work performed by a constant force F, equal to 1 n on the path s in 1 m, traversed by the body under the action of this force in the direction coinciding with the direction of the force: 1j = 1n × 1m = 1n * m. Power unit W -watt (Tue). Watt - the power at which work A is performed during the time t = -l sec, equal to 1 J: 1W = 1J / 1sec = 1J / sec. Unit of the amount of heat q - joule (j). This unit is determined from the equality: which expresses the equivalence of thermal and mechanical energy. Coefficient k take equal to one: 1J = 1 × 1J = 1J Units of measurement of electromagnetic quantities Unit of electric current A - ampere (A). The strength of an unchanging current, which, passing through two parallel rectilinear conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-section, located at a distance of 1 m from one another in a vacuum, would cause a force between these conductors equal to 2 × 10 -7 Newtons. The unit of the amount of electricity (unit of electrical charge) Q - pendant (To). Pendant - the charge transferred through the cross-section of the conductor in 1 second at a current strength equal to 1 a: 1k = 1a × 1sec = 1a × sec Electrical potential difference unit (electrical voltage U, electromotive force E) - volt (in). Volt - the potential difference of two points of the electric field, when moving between which the charge Q in 1 k, work is done in 1 J: 1v = 1j / 1k = 1j / k Unit of electrical power R - watt (Tue): 1w = 1w × 1a = 1w × a This unit is the same as the unit of mechanical power. Unit of capacity WITH - farad (f). Farad - the capacitance of the conductor., the potential of which rises by 1 V, if a charge of 1 k is applied to this conductor: 1ph = 1k / 1v = 1k / v Unit of electrical resistance R - ohm (ohm). - the resistance of such a conductor through which a current flows with a force of 1 A at a voltage at the ends of the conductor of 1 V: 1om = 1v / 1a = 1v / a The unit of absolute dielectric constant ε- farad per meter (f / m). Farad per meter is the absolute dielectric constant of the dielectric, when filled with a flat capacitor with plates of area S 1 m each 2 each and the distance between the plates d ~ 1 m acquires a capacity of 1 f. Formula expressing the capacitance of a flat capacitor: From here 1ph \ m = (1ph × 1m) / 1m 2 Unit of magnetic flux Ф and flux linkage ψ - volt-second or weber (wb). Weber - a magnetic flux, with a decrease in which to zero for 1 second, in the circuit coupled with this flux, e is generated. etc. with. induction equal to 1 in. Faraday - Maxwell law: E i = Δψ / Δt where Ei - NS. etc. with. induction arising in a closed loop; ΔW is the change in the magnetic flux coupled to the circuit during the time Δ t : 1vb = 1v * 1sec = 1v * sec We recall that for a single loop the notion of flow Ф and flux linkage ψ match up. For a solenoid with the number of turns ω, through the cross section of which the flux Φ flows, in the absence of scattering, the flux linkage Unit of magnetic induction B - tesla (tl). Tesla - the induction of such a uniform magnetic field, in which the magnetic flux f through the area S in 1 m *, perpendicular to the direction of the field, is equal to 1 wb: 1tl = 1wb / 1m 2 = 1wb / m 2 Unit of tension magnetic field H - ampere per meter (ah! m). Ampere per meter - the intensity of the magnetic field created by a rectilinear infinitely long current with a force of 4 pa at a distance r = .2m from the conductor with current: 1a / m = 4π a / 2π * 2m Inductance unit L and mutual inductance M - Henry (gn). - inductance of such a circuit, with which the magnetic flux of 1 wb is surrounded, when a current of 1 a flows along the circuit: 1H = (1v × 1sec) / 1a = 1 (in × sec) / a Unit of magnetic permeability μ (mu) - henry per meter (gn / m). Henry per meter is the absolute magnetic permeability of a substance in which, with a magnetic field strength of 1 a / m the magnetic induction is 1 tl: 1gn / m = 1wb / m 2 / 1a / m = 1wb / (a ​​× m)

Relationships between units of magnetic quantities
in SGSM and SI systems

In the electrical and reference literature, published before the introduction of the SI system, the magnitude of the magnetic field strength H often expressed in oersteds (NS), the magnitude of the magnetic induction IN - in gauss (rs), magnetic flux Ф and flux linkage ψ - in Maxwells (μs).

1e = 1/4 π × 10 3 a / m; 1a / m = 4π × 10 -3 Oe; 1gc = 10 -4 tl; 1tl = 10 4 gf; 1μs = 10 -8 wb; 1wb = 10 8 μs

It should be noted that the equalities are written for the case of a rationalized practical system ISSA, which entered the SI system as an integral part. From a theoretical point of view, it would be more correct in O in all six relations, replace the equal sign (=) with the match sign (^). For example

1e = 1 / 4π × 10 3 a / m

which means: a field strength of 1 Oe corresponds to a strength of 1 / 4π × 10 3 a / m = 79.6 a / m

The fact is that the units of e, rs and μs belong to the CGSM system. In this system, the unit of current strength is not the main one, as in the SI system, but the derivative.Therefore, the dimensions of the quantities characterizing the same concept in the CGSM and SI systems turn out to be different, which can lead to misunderstandings and paradoxes if we forget about this circumstance. When performing engineering calculations, when there is no basis for such misunderstandings

Non-system units

Some math and physical concepts
used in radio engineering

Like the concept of the speed of movement, in mechanics, in radio engineering, there are similar concepts, such as the rate of change of current and voltage. They can be both averaged over the course of the process, and instantaneous.

i = (I 1 -I 0) / (t 2 -t 1) = ΔI / Δt

At Δt -> 0, we obtain instantaneous values ​​of the current rate of change. It most accurately characterizes the nature of the change in value and can be written in the form:

i = lim ΔI / Δt = dI / dt Δt-> 0

Moreover, you should pay attention - the averaged values ​​and instantaneous values ​​can differ tens of times. This is especially clearly seen when a varying current flows through circuits with a sufficiently large inductance.

Decibel

To assess the ratio of two quantities of the same dimension in radio engineering, a special unit is used - the decibel.

K u = U 2 / U 1 Voltage gain; K u [dB] = 20 log U 2 / U 1 Voltage gain in decibels. Ki [dB] = 20 log I 2 / I 1 Current gain in decibels. Kp [dB] = 10 log P 2 / P 1 Power gain in decibels.

The logarithmic scale also allows, on the graph of normal sizes, to depict functions that have a dynamic range of parameter change in several orders of magnitude.

To determine the signal power in the receiving area, another logarithmic unit of DBM is used - dcibells per meter. Signal strength at the receiving point in dbm:

P [dBm] = 10 log U 2 / R +30 = 10 log P + 30. [dBm];

The effective load voltage at a known P [dBm] can be determined by the formula:

Dimensional coefficients of basic physical quantities

In accordance with state standards it is allowed to use the following multiples and sub-multiples - prefixes:

Table 1 . Basic unit Voltage U Volt Current Ampere Resistance R, X Ohm Power P Watt Frequency f Hertz Inductance L Henry Capacity C Farad Dimensional factor T = tera = 10 12 - - Volume - THz - - G = giga = 10 9 GW GA Gom GW GHz - - M = mega = 10 6 MV MA MOhm MW MHz - - K = kilo = 10 3 Kv CA KOhm KW KHz - - 1 IN BUT Ohm W Hz Mr. F m = milli = 10 -3 mV mA mΩ mW MHz mH mF mk = micro = 10 -6 μV μA μO μW - μH uF n = nano = 10 -9 nV on the - nW - nHn nF n = picot = 10 -12 pv nA - pW - pgn pf f = femto = 10 -15 - - - fw - - ff a = atto = 10 -18 - - - aut - - -

• 1 General
• 2 History
• 3 SI units
  • 3.1 Basic units
  • 3.2 Derived units
• 4 Non-SI units
• Prefixes

General information

The SI system was adopted by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures; some subsequent conferences made a number of changes to the SI.

The SI system defines seven major and derivatives units of measure as well as a set. Standard abbreviations for units of measure and rules for writing derived units have been established.

In Russia, GOST 8.417-2002 is in force, which prescribes the mandatory use of SI. It lists the units of measurement, lists their Russian and international names and establishes the rules for their use. According to these rules, only international symbols may be used in international documents and on instrument scales. In internal documents and publications, you can use either international or Russian designations (but not both at the same time).

Basic units: kilogram, meter, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. Within the SI, these units are considered to have independent dimensions, that is, none of the basic units can be obtained from others.

Derived units are derived from basic ones using algebraic operations such as multiplication and division. Some of the derived units in the SI system have their own names.

Prefixes can be used before the names of units of measurement; they mean that the unit of measurement must be multiplied or divided by a certain integer, a power of 10. For example, the prefix "kilo" means multiplication by 1000 (kilometer = 1000 meters). SI prefixes are also called decimal prefixes.

History

The SI system is based on the metric system of measures, which was created by French scientists and was first widely implemented after the Great French Revolution. Before the introduction of the metric system, units of measurement were chosen randomly and independently of each other. Therefore, the conversion from one unit of measurement to another was difficult. In addition, different units of measurement were used in different places, sometimes with the same names. The metric system was supposed to become a convenient and unified system of measures and weights.

In 1799, two standards were approved - for the unit of measurement of length (meter) and for the unit of measurement of weight (kilogram).

In 1874, the CGS system was introduced, based on three units of measurement - centimeter, gram and second. Decimal prefixes from micro to mega were also introduced.

In 1889, the 1st General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a system of measures similar to the GHS, but based on the meter, kilogram and second, since these units were recognized as more convenient for practical use.

Subsequently, basic units were introduced for measuring physical quantities in the field of electricity and optics.

In 1960, the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a standard that was first called the "International System of Units (SI)".

In 1971, the IV General Conference on Weights and Measures amended the SI, adding, in particular, a unit for measuring the amount of a substance (mol).

Currently, the SI is accepted as a legal system of units of measurement by most countries in the world and is almost always used in the field of science (even in those countries that have not adopted the SI).

SI units

After the designations of units of the SI System and their derivatives, a dot is not put, in contrast to the usual abbreviations.

Basic units

The quantity	unit of measurement		Designation
	Russian name	international name	russian	international
Length	meter	meter (meter)	m	m
Weight	kilogram	kilogram	Kg	kg
Time	second	second	with	s
Electric current strength	ampere	ampere	BUT	A
Thermodynamic temperature	kelvin	kelvin	TO	K
The power of light	candela	candela	cd	cd
Amount of substance	mole	mole	mole	mol

Derived units

Derived units can be expressed in terms of basic ones using mathematical operations of multiplication and division. For convenience, some of the derived units have their own names; such units can also be used in mathematical expressions to form other derived units.

The mathematical expression for the derived unit of measurement follows from the physical law by which this unit of measurement is determined or the definition of the physical quantity for which it is entered. For example, speed is the distance that a body travels per unit of time. Accordingly, the unit of measure for speed is m / s (meter per second).

Often, the same unit of measurement can be written in different ways, using a different set of basic and derived units (see, for example, the last column in the table ). However, in practice, established (or simply generally accepted) expressions are used that the best way reflect the physical meaning of the measured value. For example, N × m should be used to record the moment of force, and m × N or J should not be used.

Derived units with their own names

The quantity	unit of measurement		Designation		Expression
	Russian name	international name	russian	international
Flat angle	radian	radian	glad	rad	m × m -1 = 1
Solid angle	steradian	steradian	Wed	sr	m 2 × m -2 = 1
Celsius temperature	degree Celsius	° C	degree Celsius	° C	K
Frequency	hertz	hertz	Hz	Hz	s -1
Power	newton	newton	H	N	kg × m / s 2
Energy	joule	joule	J	J	N × m = kg × m 2 / s 2
Power	watt	watt	W	W	J / s = kg × m 2 / s 3
Pressure	pascal	pascal	Pa	Pa	N / m 2 = kg? M -1? S 2
Light flow	lumen	lumen	lm	lm	cd × sr
Illumination	luxury	lux	OK	lx	lm / m 2 = cd × sr × m -2
Electric charge	pendant	coulomb	CL	C	A × s
Potential difference	volt	volt	IN	V	J / C = kg × m 2 × s -3 × A -1
Resistance	ohm	ohm	Ohm	Ω	B / A = kg × m 2 × s -3 × A -2
Capacity	farad	farad	F	F	Cl / V = ​​kg -1 × m -2 × s 4 × А 2
Magnetic flux	weber	weber	Wb	Wb	kg × m 2 × s -2 × A -1
Magnetic induction	tesla	tesla	T	T	Wb / m 2 = kg × s -2 × A -1
Inductance	Henry	henry	Mr.	H	kg × m 2 × s -2 × A -2
Electrical conductivity	Siemens	siemens	Cm	S	Ohm -1 = kg -1 × m -2 × s 3 A 2
Radioactivity	becquerel	becquerel	Bq	Bq	s -1
Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation	Gray	gray	Gr	Gy	J / kg = m 2 / s 2
Effective dose of ionizing radiation	sievert	sievert	Sv	Sv	J / kg = m 2 / s 2
Catalyst activity	rolled	katal	cat	kat	mol × s -1

Non-SI units

Some units of measurement that are not included in the SI system, according to the decision of the General Conference on Weights and Measures, are "allowed for use in conjunction with SI".

unit of measurement	International name	Designation		Quantity in SI units
		russian	international
minute	minute	min	min	60 s
hour	hour	h	h	60 min = 3600 s
day	day	days	d	24 h = 86 400 s
degree	degree	°	°	(N / 180) glad
angular minute	minute	′	′	(1/60) ° = (P / 10 800)
angular second	second	″	″	(1/60) ′ = (P / 648 000)
liter	liter (liter)	l	l, L	1 dm 3
ton	tonne	T	t	1000 kg
neper	neper	Np	Np
white	bel	B	B
electron-volt	electronvolt	eV	eV	10 -19 J
atomic mass unit	unified atomic mass unit	but. eat.	u	= 1,49597870691 -27 kg
astronomical unit	astronomical unit	but. e.	ua	10 11 m
nautical mile	nautical mile	mile		1852 m (exact)
knot	knot	knots		1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m / s
ar	are	but	a	10 2 m 2
hectare	hectare	ha	ha	10 4 m 2
bar	bar	bar	bar	10 5 Pa
angstrom	ångström	Å	Å	10 -10 m
barn	barn	b	b	10 -28 m 2

• Responsible for the support of the classifier: Rostekhregulirovanie
• Reason: Resolution of the Gosstandart of Russia dated December 26, 1994 No. 366 01.01.1996
• Approved: 07.06.2000
• Entered into force: 07.06.2000

Code	Unit name	Symbol		Symbolic designation
		national	international	national	international
International units of measurement included in the ESKK
Units of length
47	Nautical mile (1852 m)	mile	n mile	MILES	NMI
8	Kilometer; thousand meters	km; 10 ^ 3 m	km	KM; THOUSAND M	KMT
5	Decimeter	dm	dm	DM	DMT
4	Centimeter	cm	cm	CM	CMT
39	Inch (25.4 mm)	inch	in	INCH	INH
6	Meter	m	m	M	MTR
41	Ft (0.3048 m)	foot	ft	FOOT	FOT
3	Millimeter	mm	mm	MM	MMT
9	Megameter; million meters	Mm; 10 ^ 6 m	Mm	MEGAM; MLN M	MAM
43	Yard (0.9144 m)	yard	yd	YARD	YRD
Area units
59	Hectare	ha	ha	GA	HAR
73	Square feet (0.092903 m2)	ft2	ft2	FT2	FTK
53	Square decimeter	dm2	dm2	DM2	DMK
61	Square kilometer	km2	km2	KM2	KMK
51	Square centimeter	cm2	cm2	CM2	CMK
109	Ar (100 m2)	but	a	AR	ARE
55	Square meter	m2	m2	M2	MTK
58	Thousand square meters	10 ^ 3 m ^ 2	daa	THOUSAND M2	DAA
75	Square yard (0.8361274 m2)	yard2	yd2	YARD2	YDK
50	Square millimeter	mm2	mm2	MM2	MMK
71	Square inch (645.16 mm2)	in2	in2	INCH2	INK
Volume units
126	Megalith	Ml	Ml	MEGAL	MAL
132	Cubic foot (0.02831685 m3)	ft3	ft3	FT3	FTQ
118	Deciliter	dl	dl	DL	DLT
133	Cubic yard (0.764555 m3)	yard3	yd3	YARD3	YDQ
112	Liter; cubic decimeter	l; dm3	I; L; dm ^ 3	L; DM3	LTR; DMQ
113	Cubic meter	m3	m3	M3	MTQ
131	Cubic inch (16387.1 mm3)	inch3	in3	INCH3	INQ
159	Million cubic meters	10 ^ 6 m3	10 ^ 6 m3	Mln m3	HMQ
110	Cubic millimeter	mm3	mm3	MM3	MMQ
122	Hl	ch	hl	GL	HLT
111	Cubic centimeter; milliliter	cm3; ml	cm3; ml	CM3; ML	CMQ; MLT
Mass units
170	Kiloton	10 ^ 3 t	kt	CT scan	KTN
161	Milligram	mg	mg	MG	MGM
173	Santigram	cr	cg	SG	CGM
206	Centner (metric) (100 kg); hectokilogram; quintal1 (metric); decitone	c	q; 10 ^ 2 kg	C	DTN
163	Gram	G	g	G	GRM
181	Gross register ton (2.8316 m3)	BRT	-	BRUTT. REGISTER T	GRT
160	Hectogram	yy	hg	Yy	HGM
168	Ton; metric ton (1000 kg)	T	t	T	TNE
162	Metric carat	car	MC	CAR	CTM
185	Lifting capacity in metric tons	t grp	-	T LOADER	CCT
166	Kilogram	Kg	kg	KG	KGM
Engineering units
331	Rpm	rpm	r / min	RPM	RPM
300	Physical atmosphere (101325 Pa)	atm	atm	ATM	ATM
306	Gram of fissile isotopes	d D / I	g fissile isotopes	D DIVIDING THE ISOTOPE	GFI
304	Millicury	mCi	mCi	MKI	MCU
243	Watt hour	Wh	W.h	VT.CH	WHR
309	Bar	bar	bar	BAR	BAR
301	Technical atmosphere (98066.5 Pa)	at	at	ATT	ATT
270	Pendant	CL	C	KL	COU
288	Kelvin	K	K	TO	KEL
280	Degree Celsius	hail. C	hail. C	GRAD CELS	CEL
282	Candela	cd	cd	CD	CDL
330	Revolution per second	rev / s	r / s	OB / S	RPS
297	Kilopascal	kPa	kPa	KPA	KPA
302	Gigabecquerel	GBq	GBq	GIGABK	GBQ
291	KHz	kHz	kHz	KHC	KHZ
230	Kilovar	kvar	kVAR	KVAR	KVR
281	Degree Fahrenheit	hail. F	hail. F	GRAD FARENG	FAN
292	Megahertz	MHz	MHz	MEGAGZ	MHZ
227	Kilovolt-ampere	kV.A	kV.A	KV.A	KVA
323	Becquerel	Bq	Bq	BC	BQL
298	Megapascal	MPa	MPa	MEGAPA	MPA
263	Ampere-hour (3.6 kC)	A.h	A.h	A.Ch	AMH
247	Gigawatt hour (million kilowatt hours)	GWh	GW.h	GIGAVT.CH	Gwh
245	Kilowatt hour	kWh	kW.h	KWh	KWH
212	Watt	W	W	VT	WTT
273	Kilojoule	kj	kJ	KJ	KJO
305	Curie	Key	Ci	KI	CUR
228	Megavolt-ampere (thousand kilovolt-amperes)	MVA	MV.A	MEGAVA	MVA
314	Farad	F	F	F	FAR
284	Lumen	lm	lm	LM	LUM
215	Megawatt; thousand kilowatts	MW; 10 ^ 3 kW	MW	MEGAVT; THOUSAND KW	MAW
274	Ohm	Ohm		OM	OHM
271	Joule	J	J	JJ	JOU
333	Kilometer per hour	km / h	km / h	KM / H	KMH
349	Pendant per kilogram	Cl / kg	C / kg	KL / KG	CKG
264	Thousand ampere hours	10 ^ 3 A.h	10 ^ 3 A.h	THOUSAND A.H	TAH
222	Volt	IN	V	IN	VLT
223	Kilovolt	kV	kV	Kv	KVT
335	Meter per second squared	m / s2	m / s2	M / C2	MSK
290	Hertz	Hz	Hz	HZ	HTZ
260	Ampere	BUT	A	BUT	AMP
246	Megawatt hour; 1000 kilowatt hours	MWh; 10 ^ 3 kWh	МW.h	MEGAVT.CH; THOUSAND KW.H	MWH
324	Weber	Wb	Wb	WB	WEB
312	Kilobar	kb	kbar	CBAR	KBA
294	Pascal	Pa	Pa	PA	PAL
283	Suite	OK	lx	OK	LUX
310	Hectobar	GB	hbar	GBAR	HBA
308	Millibar	mb	mbar	MBAR	MBR
327	Knot (mph)	knots	kn	UZ	KNT
296	Siemens	Cm	S	SI	SIE
316	Kilogram Per Cubic Meter	kg / m3	kg / m3	KG / M3	KMQ
328	Meter per second	m / s	m / s	M / S	MTS
214	Kilowatt	kWh	kW	Kwt	KWT
289	Newton	H	N	H	NEW
Time units
368	Decade	deslet	-	Deslet	DEC
361	Decade	Dec	-	DEC	DAD
364	Quarter	quart	-	QUART	QAN
365	Half a year	half a year	-	Half a year	SAN
362	Month	month	-	MONTH	MON
359	Day	days; day	d	SUT; DN	DAY
355	Minute	min	min	MIN	MIN
356	Hour	h	h	H	HUR
360	A week	week	-	NED	WEE
354	Second	with	s	WITH	SEC
366	Year	G; years old	a	YEAR; YEARS OLD	ANN
Economic units
745	Element	ale	CI	ELEM	NCL
781	One hundred packs	100 pack	-	100 UPAK	CNP
732	Ten pairs	10 pairs	-	DES PAR	TPR
599	Thousand cubic meters per day	10 ^ 3 m3 / day	-	THOUSAND M3 / DAY	TQD
730	Two dozen	20	20	2 DES	SCO
733	A dozen pairs	dozen pairs	-	DOZEN COUPLES	DPR
799	Million pieces	10 ^ 6 pcs	10^6	Mln pcs	MIO
796	Thing	PC	pc; one	PC	PCE; NMB
778	Package	pack	-	UPAK	NMP
831	Liter of pure (100%) alcohol	l 100% alcohol	-	L CLEAN ALCOHOL	LPA
657	Product	ed	-	ISD	NAR
865	Kilogram of phosphorus pentoxide	kg P2O5	-	KG PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE	KPP
641	Dozen (12 pcs.)	dozen	Doz; 12	DOZEN	DZN
841	Kilogram of hydrogen peroxide	kg H2O2	-	KG HYDROGEN PEROXIDE	-
734	Package	the message	-	SEND	NPL
704	Kit	kit	-	KIT	SET
847	Ton of 90% dry matter	t 90% s / w	-	T 90 PERCENT DRY VESCH	TSD
499	Kilogram per second	kg / s	-	KG / S	KGS
801	Billion pieces (Europe); trillion pieces	10 ^ 12 pcs	10^12	BILL SHT (EUR); TRILL PIECE	BIL
683	One hundred boxes	100 boxes	Hbx	100 BOXES	HBX
740	A dozen pieces	dozen pieces	-	DOZEN PIECES	DPC
802	Quintillion pieces (Europe)	10 ^ 18 pcs	10^18	QUINT PIECE	TRL
821	Alcohol strength by volume	crepe. alcohol by volume	% vol	CREP ALCOHOL BY VOLUME	ASV
533	Ton of steam per hour	t steam / h	-	T PAR / H	TSH
859	Kilogram of potassium hydroxide	kg KOH	-	KG POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE	KPH
852	Kilogram of potassium oxide	kg K2O	-	KG POTASSIUM OXIDE	KPO
625	Sheet	l.	-	SHEET	LEF
798	Thousand pieces	thousand pcs; 1000 pcs	1000	THOUSAND PIECES	MIL
630	One thousand standard conditional bricks	thsd std. conv. kirp	-	THOUSAND STANDS OF CONS	MBE
797	One hundred pieces	100 pieces	100	100 PIECES	CEN
626	One hundred sheets	100 l.	-	100 SHEET	CLF
736	Roll	rudder	-	RUL	NPL
780	A dozen packages	dozen pack	-	DOZEN UPAK	DZP
800	Billion pieces	10 ^ 9 pcs	10^9	BILLION PIECES	MLD
863	Kilogram of sodium hydroxide	kg NaOH	-	KG SODIUM HYDROXIDE	KSH
833	Hectoliter of pure (100%) alcohol	GL 100% alcohol	-	GL CLEAN ALCOHOL	HPA
715	Pair (2 pcs.)	steam	pr; 2	STEAM	NPR
861	Kilogram of nitrogen	kg N	-	KG NITROGEN	KNI
598	Cubic meter per hour	m3 / h	m3 / h	M3 / H	MQH
845	Kilogram of 90% dry matter	kg 90% w / w	-	KG 90 PERCENT DRY MATERIAL	KSD
867	Kilogram of uranium	kg U	-	KG URAN	KUR
735	Part	part	-	PART	NPT
820	Alcohol strength by weight	crepe. alcohol by weight	% mds	CREP ALCOHOL BY MASS	ASM
737	A dozen rolls	dozen rolls	-	DOZEN ROLL	DRL
616	Spool	bean	-	BEAN	NBB
596	Cubic Meter Per Second	m3 / s	m3 / s	M3 / S	MQS
National units of measurement included in the ESKK
Units of length
49	Kilometer of conditional pipes	km conv. pipes		KM USL PIPE
20	Conditional meter	conv. m		USL M
48	Thousand conditional meters	10 ^ 3 conv. m		THOUSAND CONS M
18	Running meter	running. m		POG M
19	Thousand running meters	10 ^ 3 lin. m		THOUSAND POG M
Area units
57	Million square meters	10 ^ 6 m2		MLN M2
81	Square meter of total area	m2 total pl		M2 TOTAL PL
64	Million conditional square meters	10 ^ 6 conv. m2		MLN USL M2
83	Million square meters of total area	10 ^ 6 m2 total pl		MILLION M2. OBS PL
62	Conditional square meter	conv. m2		USL M2
63	Thousand conditional square meters	10 ^ 3 conv. m2		THOUSAND CONS M2
86	Million square meters of living space	10 ^ 6 m2 lived. pl		MLN M2 LIVED PL
82	Thousand square meters of total area	10 ^ 3 m2 total pl		THOUSAND M2 TOTAL PL
56	Million square decimeters	10 ^ 6 dm2		MLN DM2
54	Thousand square decimeters	10 ^ 3 dm2		THOUSAND DM2
89	Million square meters in two millimeters	10 ^ 6 m2 2 mm calc		MLN M2 2MM ISCH
60	Thousand hectares	10 ^ 3 ha		THOUSAND HA
88	Thousand square meters of educational and laboratory buildings	10 ^ 3 m2 area lab. built		THOUSAND M2 UCH. LAB ZDAN
87	Square meter of educational and laboratory buildings	sq. m. lab. built		M2 UCH.LAB ZDAN
85	Thousand square meters of living space	10 ^ 3 m2 lived. pl		THOUSAND M2 LIVED PL
84	Square meter of living space	m2 lived. pl		M2 LIVED PL
Volume units
121	Dense cubic meter	dense m3		DENSITY M3
124	Thousand conditional cubic meters	10 ^ 3 conv. m3		THOUSAND CONS M3
130	Thousand liters; 1000 liters	10 ^ 3 L; 1000 l		YOU SL
120	Million decaliters	10 ^ 6 dL		MILLION DCL
129	Million half liter	10 ^ 6 floor l		MILLION FLOOR L
128	Thousand half liters	10 ^ 3 floor l		THOUSAND FLOOR L
123	Conditional cubic meter	conv. m3		USL M3
127	Thousand dense cubic meters	10 ^ 3 dense m3		THOUSAND DENSES M3
116	Decaliter	dcl		DCL
114	Thousand cubic meters	10 ^ 3 m3		THOUSAND M3
115	Billion cubic meters	10 ^ 9 m3		BILLION M3
119	Thousand decaliters	10 ^ 3 dl		THOUSAND DKL
125	Million cubic meters of gas processing	10 ^ 6 m3 rev. gas		MLN M3 GAS PROCESSING
Mass units
167	Million carats metric	10 ^ 6 ct		MILLION CAR
178	Thousand tons of processing	10 ^ 3 t rework		THOUSAND TREATMENT
176	Million tons of fuel equivalent	10 ^ 6 t conv. fuel		MLN T CONS FUEL
179	Conditional ton	conv. T		USL T
207	Thousand centners	10 ^ 3 q		THOUSAND C
171	Million tons	10 ^ 6 t		MLN T
177	Thousand tons of one-time storage	10 ^ 3 t lump sum store		THOUSAND T UNINOVR STORAGE
169	Thousand tons	10 ^ 3 t		THOUSAND T
165	Thousand carats metric	10 ^ 3 ct		THOUSAND CAR
175	Thousand tons of fuel equivalent	10 ^ 3 t conv. fuel		THOUSAND T CONS FUEL
172	Ton of fuel equivalent	t conv. fuel		T CONS FUEL
Engineering units
226	Volt-ampere	V.A		V.A
339	Centimeter of water column	cm water. st		CM VOD ST
236	Calorie per hour	cal / h		KAL / H
255	Byte	buy		BYTE
287	Henry	Mr.		GB
250	Thousand kilovolt-ampere reactive	10 ^ 3 kV.A R		THOUSAND SQ.A R
235	Million gigacalories	10 ^ 6 Gcal		MILLION GIGAKAL
313	Tesla	T		TL
256	Kilobyte	kbyte		KB
234	Thousand gigacalories	10 ^ 3 Gcal		THOUSAND GIGAKALS
237	Kilocalorie per hour	kcal / h		Kcal / h
239	Thousand gigacalories per hour	10 ^ 3 Gcal / h		THOUSAND GIGAKAL / H
317	Kilogram per square centimeter	kg / cm ^ 2		KG / CM2
252	Thousand horsepower	10 ^ 3 l. with		THOUSAND HP
238	Gigacalorie per hour	Gcal / h		GIGAKAL / H
338	Millimeter of mercury	mmHg st		MMHG
337	Millimeter of water column	mm water st		MM WOD ST
251	Horsepower	l. with		LS
258	Baud	baud		BAUD
242	Million kilovolt-ampere	10 ^ 6 kV.A		MLN SQ.A
232	Kilocalorie	kcal		Kcal
257	Megabyte	MB		MB
249	Billion kilowatt hours	10 ^ 9 kWh		BLN KWH
241	Million ampere hours	10 ^ 6 A.h		MLN A.H
233	Gigacalorie	Gcal		GIGAKAL
253	Million horsepower	10 ^ 6 l. with		MLN LS
231	Meter per hour	m / h		M / h
254	Bit	bit		BIT
248	Kilovolt-ampere reactive	kV.A R		KV.A R
Time units
352	Microsecond	μs		ISS
353	Millisecond	mls		MLS
Economic units
534	Ton per hour	t / h		T / H
513	Autotone	auto t		AUTO T
876	Conventional unit	conv. units		USL UNIT
918	Author's sheet	l. auth		LIST AUT
873	Thousand vials	10 ^ 3 vial		THOUSAND FLAC
903	Thousand student places	10 ^ 3 scientists. places		THOUSAND LEARNED PLACES
870	Ampoule	ampoules		AMPUL
421	Passenger seat (passenger seats)	pass. places		PASS PLACES
540	Man-day	person days		PERSONNEL DAYS
427	Passenger traffic	pass flow		PASS FLOW
896	Family	families		FAMILIES
751	Thousand rolls	10 ^ 3 roll		THOUSAND RULES
951	Thousand car (car) hours	10 ^ 3 wagons (mash) .h		THOUSAND WAGS (MASH) .H
963	Reduced hour	lead.h		DRIVE.H
978	Channel-ends	channel. end		CHANNEL. The end
975	Sugo-day	sugo. days		SUGO. SUT
967	Million ton-miles	10 ^ 6 t. Miles		MLN T. MILES
792	Man	people		PEOPLE
547	Couple per shift	pairs / shift		PAIR / CHANGE
839	Set	set		COMPL
881	Conditional bank	conv. bank		USL BANK
562	A thousand spinning spindles	10 ^ 3 strand spinner		THOUSANDS OF LINE BELIEVES
909	Apartment	quart		QUART
644	Million units	10 ^ 6 units		MILLION UNITS
922	Sign	sign		SIGN
877	One thousand conventional units	10 ^ 3 conv. units		THOUSAND CONDITIONING UNIT
960	Thousand car-ton-days	10 ^ 3 car tpd		THOUSAND VEHICLES.T.DN
954	Wagon-day	wag. days		VAG.SUT
761	Thousand staves	10 ^ 3 stan		THOUSAND STAN
511	Kilogram Per Gigacalorie	kg / Gcal		KG / GIGAKAL
912	Thousand beds	10 ^ 3 beds		THOUSAND BEDS
980	One thousand dollars	10 ^ 3 dollar		THOUSAND DOLLAR
387	Trillion rubles	10 ^ 12 rub		TRILL RUB
908	Number	nom		NOM
968	Million passenger miles	10 ^ 6 pass. miles		MILLION PASS. MILES
962	Thousand car-place-days	10 ^ 3 car places day		THOUSAND CARS. DN
916	Conditional repair per year	conv. rem / year		CONS REM / YEAR
895	Million conditional bricks	10 ^ 6 conv. kirp		MILLION USL KIRP
414	Passenger-kilometer	pass km		PASS.KM
888	Thousand conditional boxes	10 ^ 3 conv. box		THOUSAND USL BOXES
699	Thousand places	10 ^ 3 seats		THOUSAND PLACES
522	Person per square kilometer	people / km2		PERSON / KM2
869	A thousand bottles	10 ^ 3 booth		THOUSAND BUT
958	Thousand Passenger Miles	10 ^ 3 passenger miles		THOUSAND PASS.MILES
510	Gram per kilowatt hour	g / kWh		H / kW.H
983	Sudo-day	court day		COURT.
535	Ton per day	t / day		T / SUT
424	Million passenger-kilometers	10 ^ 6 pass. km		MILLION PASS.KM
907	Thousand seats	10 ^ 3 pos. places		THOUSAND PLACES
965	Thousand kilometers	10 ^ 3 km		THOUSAND KM
538	Thousand tons per year	10 ^ 3 t / year		THOUSAND T / YEAR
546	Thousand visits per shift	10 ^ 3 visits / shifts		THOUSAND VISITS / SHIFTS
775	Thousand tubes	10 ^ 3 tube		THOUSAND TUBES
961	Thousand car hours	10 ^ 3 car h		THOUSAND CAR.H
537	Thousand tons per season	10 ^ 3 t / s		THOUSAND T / SEZ
449	Tonne-kilometer	t.km		T.KM
556	Thousand heads a year	10 ^ 3 birds / year		THOUSAND GOALS / YEAR
383	Ruble	rub		RUB
970	Million passenger-seat-miles	10 ^ 6 pass. places. miles		MILLION PASS. PLACES. MILES
921	Accounting and publishing sheet	l. uch.-ed		ACCOUNT LIST
894	Thousand conditional bricks	10 ^ 3 conv. kirp		THOUSAND USL KIRP
514	Ton of thrust	tons of thrust		T RODS
388	Quadrillion rubles	10 ^ 15 rubles		QUADR RUB
541	Thousand man-days	10 ^ 3 person days		THOUSAND PEOPLE DAYS
971	Forage day	feed. day		FEED. DN
953	Thousand place-kilometers	10 ^ 3seats.km		THOUSAND PLACES KM
871	Thousand ampoules	10 ^ 3 ampoules		THOUSAND AMPOULES
385	One million rubles	10 ^ 6 rub		MLN RUB
966	Thousand tonnage flights	10 ^ 3 tonnage. flight		THOUSAND TONNAGE. FLIGHT
911	Bunk	beds		BEDS
892	Thousand conditional tiles	10 ^ 3 conv. slabs		THOUSAND COND PLATES
868	Bottle	booth		BUT
793	A thousand people	10 ^ 3 people		THOUSAND PEOPLE
544	Million units per year	10 ^ 6 units / year		MILLION UNITS / YEAR
949	Million impression sheets	10 ^ 6 sheet. Print		MILLION SHEETS
886	Million conditional pieces	10 ^ 6 conv. cous		MLN USL KUS
698	A place	places		PLACES
536	Ton per shift	t / shift		T / CHANGE
548	Thousand pairs per shift	10 ^ 3 pairs / shift		THOUSAND COUPLES / SHIFTS
812	Box	box		BOX
915	Conditional repair	conv. rem		CON REM
956	Thousand train kilometers	10 ^ 3 train km		THOUSAND TRAIN.KM
553	Thousand tons of processing per day	10 ^ 3 t rework / day		THOUSAND T OVERRIDE / DAY
450	Thousand ton-kilometers	10 ^ 3 t.km		THOUSAND T.KM
950	Wagon (car) -day	wag (mash) .dn		VAG (MASH) .DN
552	Ton of processing per day	tons refined / day		T OVERCOME / DAY
423	Thousand passenger-kilometers	10 ^ 3 passenger km		THOUSAND PASS.KM
924	Symbol	symbol		SYMBOL
782	Thousand packages	10 ^ 3 pack		THOUSAND UPAK
838	Million pairs	10 ^ 6 pairs		MILLION PAR
905	Thousand jobs	10 ^ 3 work. places		THOUSAND SLAVES PLACES
744	Percent	%		PROC
887	Conditional box	conv. box		USL BOX
639	Dose	doses		DOZ
891	Conditional tile	conv. slabs		COND PLATE
545	Shift visit	visit / shift		VISIT / CHANGE
543	Thousand conditional cans per shift	10 ^ 3 conv. bank / shift		THOUSAND USL BANK / CHANGE
893	Conditional brick	conv. kirp		USL KIRP
957	Thousand ton-miles	10 ^ 3 t miles		THOUSAND THOUSAND MILES
977	Channel-kilometer	channel. km		CHANNEL. KM
901	Million households	10 ^ 6 house farm		MILLION HOUSEHOLD
976	Pieces in 20-foot equivalent (TEU)	pieces in 20-foot equivalent		PCS IN 20 FEET EQUIV
762	Station	stanz		STANZ
897	Thousand families	10 ^ 3 families		THOUSAND FAMILIES
880	Thousand conditional pieces	10 ^ 3 conv. PC		THOUSAND USL PIECES
923	Word	word		WORD
955	Thousand Train Hours	10 ^ 3 train.h		THOUSAND TRAINS.H
539	Man-hour	person h		PERSONS
661	Channel	channel		CHANNEL
874	Thousand Tubes	10 ^ 3 tubes		THOUSAND TUBES
558	Thousand bird places	10 ^ 3 poultry places		THOUSAND POULTRY
913	Book fund volume	book volume fund		TOM BOOK FUND
673	Thousand sets	10 ^ 3 sets		THOUSAND COMPL
640	Thousand doses	10 ^ 3 doses		THOUSAND DOSES
643	Thousand units	10 ^ 3 units		THOUSAND UNITS
878	Million conventional units	10 ^ 6 conv. units		MLN USL UNIT
914	Thousand volumes of the book fund	10 ^ 3 vol. book. fund		THOUSAND VOLUME BOOKS FUND
883	Million conditional cans	10 ^ 6 conv. bank		MLN USL BANK
384	Thousand rubles	10 ^ 3 rub		THOUSAND ROUBLES
925	Conditional pipe	conv. pipes		USL PIPE
889	Conditional coil	conv. cat		USL CAT
900	Thousand households	10 ^ 3 house farm		THOUSAND HOUSEHOLD
898	Million families	10 ^ 6 families		MILLION FAMILIES
964	Airplane-kilometer	plane km		AIRCRAFT.KM
979	Thousand copies	10 ^ 3 copies		THOUSAND EKZ
746	PPM (0.1 percent)	ppm		PROMILLE
890	Thousand conditional coils	10 ^ 3 conv. cat		THOUSAND USL CAT
724	Thousand hectares of portions	10 ^ 3 ha port		THOUSAND HA PORTS
542	Thousand man-hours	10 ^ 3 person h		THOUSAND PEOPLE
642	Unit	units		Unit
560	Minimal salary	min. earnings circuit boards		MIN Wages
557	Million goals per year	10 ^ 6 birds / year		MILLION GOAL / YEAR
917	Change	shifts		CHANGE
902	Student place	learned. places		LEARNED PLACES
521	Person per square meter	person / m2		PERSON / M2
479	Thousand sets	10 ^ 3 set		THOUSAND SET
899	The household	house farm		HOUSE
906	Seat	posad. places		LANDING PLACES
515	Deadweight ton	deadweight t		DEADWATE.T
982	Million tons of feed units	10 ^ 6 food units		MLN T FEED UNIT
959	Car-day	car day		AUTOMOBILE.DN
972	Centner of feed units	c feed unit		TS FEED UNIT
882	Thousand conditional cans	10 ^ 3 conv. bank		THOUSAND USL BANK
969	Million tonnage miles	10 ^ 6 tonnage. miles		MILLION TONNAGE MILES
837	Thousand pairs	10 ^ 3 pairs		THOUSAND COUPLES
810	Cell	ball		YCH
516	Tonne-tannid	ttanid		T. TANID
794	Million people	10 ^ 6 people		MILLION PEOPLE
451	Million tonne-kilometers	10 ^ 6 t. Km		MLN T.KM
836	Head	Goal		GOAL
872	Bottle	bottle		FLAC
808	Million copies	10 ^ 6 copies		MLN EKZ
561	Thousand tons of steam per hour	10 ^ 3 t steam / h		THOUSAND PAR / H
973	Thousand car-kilometers	10 ^ 3 vehicles km		THOUSAND CARS. KM
981	Thousand tons of feed units	10 ^ 3 food units		THOUSAND FOOD UNIT
386	Billion rubles	10 ^ 9 rub		BLN RUB
554	Centner of processing per day	c revision / day		C OVERVIEW / DAY
885	Thousand conditional pieces	10 ^ 3 conv. cous		THOUSAND USL KUS
937	Million doses	10 ^ 6 doses		MILLION DOSES
920	Printed sheet	l. oven		OVEN SHEET
779	Million packs	10 ^ 6 pack		MLN UPAK
709	Thousand numbers	10 ^ 3 number		THOUSAND NOM
512	Tonne number	so-called		T.NOM
952	Thousand wagon (car) kilometers	10 ^ 3 wagons (cars) .km		THOUSAND WAG (MASH) .KM
879	Conditional thing	conv. PC		USL PCS
904	Workplace	slave. places		SLAVE PLACES
559	Thousand laying hens	10 ^ 3 chickens. layer		THOUSAND CHICKENS. NESUSH
840	Section	sec		SECC
974	Thousand tonnage-days	10 ^ 3 tonnage. days		THOUSAND TONNAGE. SUT
729	Thousand packs	10 ^ 3 packs		THOUSAND PACH
910	Thousand apartments	10 ^ 3 quarts		THOUSAND QUARTS
550	Million tons per year	10 ^ 6 t / year		MLN T / YEAR
875	Thousand boxes	10 ^ 3 cor		THOUSAND CORS
563	Thousand Spinning Positions	10 ^ 3 strand places		THOUSAND SPACES
776	Thousand conditional tubes	10 ^ 3 conventional tubes		THOUSAND COND TUBES
884	Conditional piece	conv. cous		USL KUS
930	Thousand Plates	10 ^ 3 layer		THOUSAND FORMATIONS
555	One thousand centners of processing per day	10 ^ 3 c rev / day		THOUSAND OVERRIDE / DAY
International units of measurement not included in the ESKK
Units of length
17	Hectometer		hm		HMT
45	Mile (charter) (1609.344 m)		mile		SMI
Area units
79	Square mile		mile2		MIK
77	Acre (4,840 square yards)		acre		ACR
Volume units
137	Pint SC (0.568262 dm3)		pt (UK)		PTI
141	US fluid ounce (29.5735 cc)		fl oz (US)		OZA
149	Dry US gallon (4.404884 dm3)		dry gal (US)		GLD
153	Cord (3.63 m3)		-		WCD
152	Standard		-		WSD
145	Liquid US gallon (3.78541 dm3)		gal (US)		GLL
154	Thousands board feet (2.36 m3)		-		MBF
143	US liquid pint (0.473176 dm3)		liq pt (US)		PTL
150	US bushel (35.2391 dm3)		bu (US)		BUA
136	Jill SC (0.142065 dm3)		gill (UK)		GII
144	US liquid quart (0.946353 dm3)		liq qt (US)		QTL
138	Quart SC (1.136523 dm3)		qt (UK)		QTI
135	Fluid ounce SC (28.413 cm3)		fl oz (UK)		OZI
139	Gallon SK (4.546092 dm3)		gal (UK)		GLI
148	Dry US quart (1.101221 dm3)		dry qt (US)		QTD
140	Bushel SC (36.36874 dm3)		bu (UK)		BUI
151	US dry barrel (115.627 dm3)		bbl (US)		BLD
142	Jill USA (11.8294 cm3)		gill (US)		GIA
147	US dry pint (0.55061 dm3)		dry pt (US)		PTD
146	Barrel (petroleum) USA (158.987 dm3)		barrel (US)		BLL
Mass units
184	Displacement		-		DPT
193	US centner (45.3592 kg)		cwt		CWA
190	Stone SC (6,350293 kg)		st		STI
189	Grand SC, USA (64.798910 mg)		gn		GRN
200	US drachma (3.887935 g)		-		DRA
194	Long centner SK (50.802345 kg)		cwt (UK)		CWI
191	Quarter SK (12.700586 kg)		qtr		QTR
186	US Pound UK (0.45359237 kg)		lb		LBR
187	Ounce UK (28.349523 g)		oz		ONZ
197	Scrupole SK, USA (1.295982 g)		scr		SCR
182	Net register ton		-		NTT
202	Troy US pound (373.242 g)		-		LBT
201	Ounce UK (31.10348 g) troy ounce		apoz		APZ
196	Long tonne UK, USA (1.0160469 t)		lt		LTN
188	Drachma SC (1.771745 g)		dr		DRI
183	Measured (freight) ton		-		SHT
198	Pennyweight UK, USA (1.555174 g)		dwt		DWT
192	Cental SK (45.359237 kg)		-		CNT
195	Short tonne UK, USA (0.90718474 t)		sht		STN
199	Drachma SC (3.887935 g)		drm		DRM
Engineering units
275	British thermal unit (1.055 kJ)		Btu		BTU
213	Effective power (245.7 watts)		B.h.p.		BHP
Economic units
638	Gross (144 pcs.)		gr; 144		GRO
853	One hundred international units		-		HIU
835	Gallon of alcohol of specified strength		-		PGL
851	International unit		-		NIU
731	Large gross (12 gross)		1728		GGR
738	Short standard (7200 units)		-		SST

What is OCEI

OKEI is the abbreviated name of the All-Russian Classifier of Measurement Units. The classifier is a part Unified system coding and classification of social and technical and economic information in Russia. The All-Russian classifier of units of measurement was introduced on the territory of Russia instead of the All-Union classifier, known as the "System of designations of units and measurements used in ACS". A classifier has been developed on the basis of the international classification of units of measurement of the UN Economic Commission for Europe, the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity and other significant documents. The All-Russian classifier of units of measurement is associated with GOST 8.417-81 "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of physical quantities".

Why was OKEI created?

The classifier is intended for use in solving problems of quantitative assessment of social and technical and economic indicators for the implementation of state reporting and accounting, forecasting and development of the economy, carrying out foreign and domestic trade, providing statistical international comparisons, organizing customs control, regulating foreign economic activity. In OKEI, classification objects are units of measurement that are used in these areas of activity.

What is the structure of the code in OKEI

In OKEI, units of measurement are divided into 7 groups: units of length, area, volume, mass, engineering units and time units, as well as economic units. For a number of measurement units, sub-multiples and multiples have been introduced. The All-Russian Classifier of Units of Measurement contains two reference appendices and two sections.

Each position in OKEI structurally consists of three blocks: identification, name and block, where additional features are indicated.

The unit identification code is a digital three-digit decimal code, which was assigned according to the serial-ordinal coding system. In Appendix A and the first section, codes are used that completely coincide with the codes of the international classification. Also in the second section, decimal numeric three-digit codes were used, taken from the reserve of international classification codes.

In OKEI, the formula for the structure of the identification code is as follows: XXX. The name block is the name of the unit of measurement adopted in state reporting and accounting (for the second section), or the name of the unit of measurement according to the international classification (for Appendix A and the first section). The block of additional characteristics is conditional data, letter code designations of units of measurement (national and international).

In order to facilitate the use of the classifier, an alphabetical index of units of measurement is given in Appendix B. In the second column, the number of the application or section in which the unit of measurement is located is indicated. The third column is the unit identification code.

The All-Russian Classifier of Measurement Units is maintained by VNIIKI of the Gosstandart of the Russian Federation together with the Computing Center of the Goskomstat of the Russian Federation, the Center for Economic Conditions under the Government of Russia.

Physical quantity is called the physical property of a material object, process, physical phenomenon, characterized quantitatively.

Physical quantity value expressed by one or more numbers characterizing this physical quantity, indicating the unit of measurement.

The size of the physical quantity are the values ​​of the numbers appearing in the value of the physical quantity.

Units of measurement of physical quantities.

The unit of measurement of a physical quantity is a fixed size value that is assigned a numeric value equal to one. It is used to quantify physical quantities that are homogeneous with it. A system of units of physical quantities is a set of basic and derived units based on a certain system of quantities.

Only a few systems of units have become widespread. In most cases, many countries use the metric system.

Basic units.

Measure a physical quantity - means to compare it with another, the same physical quantity, taken as a unit.

The length of an object is compared with a unit of length, body weight is compared with a unit of weight, etc. But if one researcher measures the length in fathoms and the other in feet, it will be difficult for them to compare the two quantities. Therefore, all physical quantities all over the world are usually measured in the same units. In 1963, the International System of Units SI (System international - SI) was adopted.

For each physical quantity in the system of units, a corresponding unit of measurement must be provided. The standard units is its physical realization.

The standard of length is meter- the distance between two strokes applied to a specially shaped rod made of an alloy of platinum and iridium.

The standard time serves as the duration of any correctly repeating process, which is chosen as the movement of the Earth around the Sun: one revolution of the Earth makes a year. But not a year is taken as a unit of time, but give me a sec.

For a unit speed take the speed of such a uniform rectilinear movement in which the body moves 1 m in 1 s.

A separate unit of measurement is used for area, volume, length, etc. Each unit is determined when choosing one or another standard. But the system of units is much more convenient if only a few units are selected as the main ones, and the rest are determined through the main ones. For example, if the unit of length is meter, then the unit of area will be square meter, volume - cubic meter, speed - meter per second, etc.

Basic units The physical quantities in the International System of Units (SI) are: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), candela (cd) and mol (mol).

SI base units
The quantity	Unit	Designation
	Name	russian	international
Electric current strength
Thermodynamic temperature
The power of light
Amount of substance

There are also derived SI units, which have their own names:

SI derived units with their own names
	Unit		Derived Unit Expression
The quantity	Name	Designation	Through other SI units	Via basic and additional SI units
Pressure				m -1 ChkgChs -2
Energy, work, amount of heat				m 2 ChkgChs -2
Power, energy flow				m 2 ChkgChs -3
The amount of electricity, electric charge
Electrical voltage, electrical potential				m 2 ChkgChs -3 CHA -1
Electric capacity				m -2 Chkg -1 HR 4 HR 2
Electrical resistance				m 2 ChkgChs -3 CHA -2
Electrical conductivity				m -2 Chkg -1 Chs 3 ChA 2
Flux of magnetic induction				m 2 ChkgChs -2 CHA -1
Magnetic induction				kg Chs -2 CHA -1
Inductance				m 2 ChkgChs -2 CHA -2
Light flow
Illumination				m 2 ChkdChsr
Radioactive source activity	becquerel
Absorbed radiation dose

ANDmeasurements. Measurements are used to obtain an accurate, objective and easily reproducible description of a physical quantity. Without measurements, a physical quantity cannot be characterized quantitatively. Definitions such as "low" or "high" pressure, "low" or "high" temperature reflect only subjective opinions and do not contain comparison with reference values. When measuring a physical quantity, some numerical value is attributed to it.

Measurements are carried out using measuring instruments. There is quite a large number of measuring instruments and fixtures, from the simplest to the most complex. For example, length is measured with a ruler or tape measure, temperature - with a thermometer, width - with calipers.

Measuring devices are classified: according to the method of presenting information (showing or recording), according to the measurement method (direct action and comparison), according to the form of presentation of indications (analog and digital), etc.

The measuring instruments are characterized by the following parameters:

Measuring range- the range of values ​​of the measured value, on which the device is designed during its normal operation (with a given measurement accuracy).

Sensitivity threshold- the minimum (threshold) value of the measured value, distinguished by the device.

Sensitivity- connects the value of the measured parameter and the corresponding change in the instrument readings.

Accuracy- the ability of the device to indicate the true value of the measured value.

Stability- the ability of the device to maintain the specified measurement accuracy for a certain time after calibration.

This tutorial will not be new to beginners. We have all heard from school such things as centimeter, meter, kilometer. And when it came to mass, they usually said gram, kilogram, ton.

Centimeters, meters and kilometers; grams, kilograms and tons have one common name - units of measurement of physical quantities.

In this lesson, we will look at the most popular units of measurement, but we will not go deep into this topic, since units of measurement go into the field of physics. Today we are forced to study a part of physics, because we need it for further study of mathematics.

Lesson content

Length units

The following units of measure are used for measuring length:

• millimeters;
• centimeters;
• decimeters;
• meters;
• kilometers.

millimeter(mm). You can even see millimeters with your own eyes if you take the ruler that we used at school every day.

Consecutive small lines running one after another are millimeters. More precisely, the distance between these lines is equal to one millimeter (1 mm):

centimeter(cm). On the ruler, each centimeter is marked with a number. For example, our ruler, which was in the first picture, had a length of 15 centimeters. The last centimeter on this ruler is marked with the number 15.

There are 10 millimeters in one centimeter. An equal sign can be placed between one centimeter and ten millimeters, since they denote the same length:

1 cm = 10 mm

You can see for yourself if you count the number of millimeters in the previous figure. You will find that the number of millimeters (distance between lines) is 10.

The next unit of measure for length is decimeter(dm). There are ten centimeters in one decimeter. An equal sign can be put between one decimeter and ten centimeters, since they denote the same length:

1 dm = 10 cm

You can verify this if you count the number of centimeters in the following figure:

You will find that the number of centimeters is 10.

The next unit of measurement is meter(m). There are ten decimeters in one meter. An equal sign can be placed between one meter and ten decimeters, since they denote the same length:

1 m = 10 dm

Unfortunately, the meter cannot be illustrated in the figure because it is quite large. If you want to see the meter live, take a tape measure. Everyone in the house has it. On a tape measure, one meter will be designated as 100 cm.This is because there are ten decimeters in one meter, and one hundred centimeters in ten decimeters:

1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm

100 is obtained by converting one meter to centimeters. This is a separate topic, which we will consider a little later. In the meantime, let's move on to the next unit of measure for length, which is called a kilometer.

The kilometer is considered the largest unit of measure for length. There are, of course, other older units, such as megameter, gigameter terameter, but we will not consider them, since a kilometer is enough for us to study mathematics further.

One kilometer is a thousand meters. An equal sign can be placed between one kilometer and one thousand meters, since they represent the same length:

1 km = 1000 m

Distances between cities and countries are measured in kilometers. For example, the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg is about 714 kilometers.

International system of units SI

The international system of units SI is a set of generally accepted physical quantities.

The main purpose of the international system of SI units is to achieve agreements between countries.

We know that the languages ​​and traditions of the countries of the world are different. There is nothing you can do about it. But the laws of mathematics and physics work the same everywhere. If in one country “twice two will be four”, then in another country “twice two will be four”.

The main problem was that there are several units of measurement for each physical quantity. For example, we have now learned that there are millimeters, centimeters, decimeters, meters and kilometers for measuring length. If several scholars speaking different languages, will gather in one place to solve a problem, then such a large variety of units of measurement of length can give rise to contradictions between these scientists.

One scientist will state that in their country, length is measured in meters. The second might say that in their country, length is measured in kilometers. The third can offer its own unit of measurement.

Therefore, the international system of units SI was created. SI is an abbreviation for the French phrase. Le Système International d'Unités, SI (which in Russian means - the international system of units SI).

The SI contains the most popular physical quantities and each of them has its own generally accepted unit of measurement. For example, in all countries, when solving problems, it was agreed that the length would be measured in meters. Therefore, when solving problems, if the length is given in another unit of measurement (for example, in kilometers), then it must be converted to meters. We will talk about how to convert one unit of measurement to another a little later. In the meantime, let's draw our international system of units SI.

Our figure will be a table of physical quantities. We will include each studied physical quantity in our table and indicate the unit of measurement that is accepted in all countries. Now we have studied the units of measurement of length and learned that in the SI system, meters are defined for measuring length. So our table will look like this:

Mass units

Mass is a quantity that indicates the amount of a substance in a body. The people call body weight weight. Usually, when something is weighed, they say "It weighs so many kilograms" , although we are not talking about weight, but about the mass of this body.

However, mass and weight are different concepts. Weight is the force with which a body acts on a horizontal support. Weight is measured in newtons. And mass is a quantity that shows the amount of matter in this body.

But there is nothing wrong if you call body weight weight. Even in medicine they say "Human weight" , although we are talking about the mass of a person. The main thing is to be aware that these are different concepts.

The following units are used to measure mass:

• milligrams;
• grams;
• kilograms;
• centners;
• tons.

The smallest unit of measurement is milligram(mg). You will most likely never use a milligram in practice. They are used by chemists and other scientists who work with fine substances. It is enough for you to know that such a unit of measure for mass exists.

The next unit of measurement is gram(G). In grams, it is customary to measure the amount of a product when drawing up a recipe.

There are a thousand milligrams in one gram. An equal sign can be placed between one gram and a thousand milligrams, since they denote the same mass:

1 g = 1000 mg

The next unit of measurement is kilogram(kg). The kilogram is a common unit of measurement. Anything is measured in it. The kilogram is included in the SI system. Let's and we will include one more physical quantity in our SI table. We will call it "mass":

One kilogram contains a thousand grams. An equal sign can be placed between one kilogram and one thousand grams, since they denote the same mass:

1 kg = 1000 g

The next unit of measurement is centner(c). In centners, it is convenient to measure the weight of the crop harvested from a small area or the weight of some cargo.

One centner contains one hundred kilograms. Between one centner and one hundred kilograms, you can put an equal sign, since they denote the same mass:

1 q = 100 kg

The next unit of measurement is ton(T). Large loads and masses of large bodies are usually measured in tons. For example, the mass of a spaceship or car.

There are a thousand kilograms in one ton. An equal sign can be put between one ton and a thousand kilograms, since they denote the same mass:

1 t = 1000 kg

Time units

We do not need to explain what time is. Everyone knows what time is and why it is needed. If we open a discussion about what time is and try to define it, then we will begin to delve into philosophy, and we do not need this now. Let's start with the units of time.

The following units of measure are used to measure time:

• seconds;
• minutes;
• clock;
• day.

The smallest unit of measurement is second(with). There are, of course, smaller units such as milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, but we will not consider them, since at the moment there is no point in this.

Various indicators are measured in seconds. For example, in how many seconds an athlete will run 100 meters. The second is included in the SI international system of units for measuring time and is denoted as "s". Let's and we will include one more physical quantity in our SI table. We will call it "time":

minute(m). One minute 60 seconds. An equal sign can be placed between one minute and sixty seconds, since they represent the same time:

1 m = 60 s

The next unit of measurement is hour(h). One hour 60 minutes. An equal sign can be placed between one hour and sixty minutes, since they represent the same time:

1 h = 60 m

For example, if we studied this lesson for one hour and we are asked how much time we spent studying it, we can answer in two ways: "We studied the lesson for one hour" or so "We studied the lesson for sixty minutes" ... In both cases, we will answer correctly.

The next time unit is day... There are 24 hours a day. Between one day and twenty-four hours, you can put an equal sign, since they denote the same time:

1 day = 24 hours

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