Use of bales and automation. Boiler room instrumentation Characteristics of bales installed on boilers
State Register No. 25264-03. Certificate of the State Standard of the Russian Federation on the approval of the type SI No. 15360 dated July 16, 2003.
Verification method MI2124-90, calibration interval 2 years.
Deformation manometers Type DM 02
The case is steel painted (black), the mechanism is brass.
Instrument glass, radial fitting (downward).
The temperature of the medium being measured is up to + 160 ° С (for a diameter of 63 mm up to + 120 ° С).
There are also vacuum gauges and manovacuum gauges. For high pressures on request.
Deformation manometers Type DM 15
Axial (center rear union).
Execution of type DM02.
Measured medium temperature up to + 120 ° С.
Deformation manometers Type DM 90
Stainless steel case and mechanism, instrument glass.
Radial union (downward).
Measured medium temperature up to + 160 ° С.
Deformation manometers Type DM 93
Stainless steel case, brass mechanism, polycarbonate glass.
Hydraulic filling of the body with glycerin, the union is radial (downward).
Measured medium temperature up to + 60 ° С.
Vacuum and pressure gauges. 3-way brass valves for manometers
We also supply:
Vacuum and pressure gauges
3-way brass valves for manometers
from 78 rubles. (made in Italy) PN 16 temp. up to + 150 ° C.
State calibration of pressure gauges increases the cost by 45 rubles. per piece
Performed at the request of the customer. Verification period is 3-10 working days.
are designed to measure the pressure of various media and control external electrical circuits from a signaling device of direct action by turning on and off contacts in alarm circuits, automation and blocking of technological processes.
| Name | Measurement range (kgf / cm 2) | Diameter, mm | Thread | Exact class | Notes (edit) |
|
DM2005Sg |
-1-0-1-0-0,6/1,5/3/5/9/15/24 |
d = 160 | 20/1,5 | 1,5 | electrocontact |
|
DM2010Sg |
0-1/1,6/2,5/4/6/10/16/25/40/60/ 100/160/250/400/600/250/400/600/1000/1600 -1-0-1-0-0,6/1,5/3/5/9/15/24 |
d = 100 | 20/1,5 | 1,5 | electrocontact |
|
DM2005Sg 1Ex |
0-1/1,6/2,5/4/6/10/16/25/40/60/ 100/160/250/400/600/250/400/600/1000/1600 -1-0-1-0-0,6/1,5/3/5/9/15/24 |
d = 160 | 20/1,5 | 1,5 | explosion-proof |
|
DM2005Sg 1Ex "Ks" |
0-1/1,6/2,5/4/6/10/16/25/40/60/ 100/160/250/400/600/250/400/600/1000/1600 -1-0-1-0-0,6/1,5/3/5/9/15/24 |
d = 160 | 20/1,5 | 1,5 | explosion-proof acid resistant |
Water indicating equipment for boilers
Liquid level indicators 12kch11bkapplied in steam boilers, vessels, apparatuses, reservoirs for liquid with Ru25 and t = 250 deg. C and other non-aggressive liquid media, steam and ethyl mercaptan.
Body material: malleable cast iron - КЧ30-6.
The gauge consists of a body, a cover, an upper and lower tubes and an indicator glass. Reflection and refraction of light rays at the edges of the glass provides an indication of the level of a liquid that takes on a dark shade.
The connection of the cover to the body is bolted.
Drawing and dimensions:
| № | Dimensions, mm | ||
| H | H1 | H2 | |
| 2 | 162 | 124 | 300 |
| 4 | 224 | 174 | 360 |
| 5 | 254 | 204 | 390 |
| 6 | 284 | 234 | 420 |
| 8 | 354 | 304 | 490 |
Specifications:
consist of bottom and top taps. Quartz glass tubes are also used as a level indicator.
Specifications:
Quartz glass tubes
Clear Quartz Glass Tubesare used to measure the liquid level, for electric heating devices, for various devices and devices and are designed to operate at temperatures up to 1250 o C.
Tubes intended for installation in valves of shut-off devices for level indicators of liquids must have an outer diameter of 20 mm and withstand a maximum pressure of 30 kgf / cm 2 ... The ends of the tubes are cut and ground before installation.
Main tube sizes:
| Outside. Diameter, mm | Thickness, mm | Length, mm | Weight, kg |
| 5 | 1 | 1000 | 0,027 |
| 6 | 1 | 1000 | 0,035 |
| 8 | 1 | 1000 | 0,049 |
| 10 | 2 | 1000 | 0,080 |
| 10 | 2 | 1500 | 0,200 |
| 12 | 2 | 1000 | 0,200 |
| 12 | 2 | 1500 | 0,250 |
| 14 | 2 | 1000 | 0,155 |
| 14 | 2 | 1500 | 0,170 |
| 14 | 2 | 2000 | 0,333 |
| 16 | 2 | 1000 | 0,190 |
| 16 | 2 | 1500 | 0,300 |
| 16 | 2 | 2000 | 0,400 |
| 18 | 2 | 1000 | 0,235 |
| 18 | 2 | 1500 | 0,350 |
| 18 | 2 | 2000 | 0,530 |
| 20 | 2 | 1000 | 0,250 |
| Outside. Diameter, mm | Thickness, mm | Length, mm | Weight, kg |
| 20 | 2 | 1500 | 0,425 |
| 20 | 2,5 | 2000 | 0,560 |
| 20 | 3 | 2500 | 0,887 |
| 20 | 3 | 3000 | 0,970 |
| 22 | 2,5 | 1500 | 0,470 |
| 25 | 2,5 | 1500 | |
| 27 | 2 | 1500 | 0,640 |
| 30 | 2 | 700 | 0,270 |
| 30 | 2 | 1500 | 0,980 |
| 30 | 3 | 1700 | 0,980 |
| 40 | 3 | 1000 | 0,725 |
| 40 | 3 | 1500 | 1,200 |
| 40 | 3 | 2000 | 2,00 |
| 42 | 3 | 1000 | 0,675 |
| 42 | 3 | 2000 | 2,10 |
| 45 | 3 | 1000 | 1,00 |
| 45 | 3 | 1500 | 1,40 |
| 45 | 3 | 2000 | 2,00 |
| Outside. Diameter, mm | Thickness, mm | Length, mm | Weight, kg |
| 50- | 2-5 | 1500 | |
| 66 | 5 | 2000 | 4,23 |
| 70 | 4 | 1000 | 1,80 |
| 80 | 3 | 1000 | 1,52 |
| 100 | 5 | 1000 | 3,29 |
| 100 | 3 | 1500 | 3,02 |
| 100 | 3 | 2000 | 5,00 |
| 125 | 3 | 2000 | 6,00 |
| 150 | 4 | 2000 | 8,25 |
| 200 | 4 | 1000 | 5,44 |
| 200 | 4 | 1500 | 10 |
| 250 | 5 | 2000 | 17 |
Physical properties of quartz glass
Quartz glass has a number of unique properties that are unattainable for other materials.
Its thermal expansion coefficient is extremely low.
The transformation point and softening point of quartz are extremely high.
On the other hand, the low thermal expansion coefficient of quartz is responsible for its unusually high thermal stability.
The electrical resistance of quartz is significantly higher than that of the best silicate glasses. This makes quartz an excellent material for the manufacture of heating insulating elements.
Illuminator Sight Glassesflat ones are intended for windows of industrial installations and viewing lamps.
Viewing windowsare intended for visual control of the presence of a flow of various media in technological processes of food, chemical, oil refining, construction and other industries.
Also, these glasses (non-tempered) are used by astronomers as blanks for mirrors.
Glasses are subdivided:
by composition and manufacturing method:
- type A - non-tempered sheet glass,
- type B - tempered sheet glass,
- type B - tempered from heat-resistant glass (produced from 01.01.91, at the moment they are practically not produced),
- type G - made of quartz glass;
in form:
- round (types A, B, C, D),
- rectangular (type A).
Glass diameters - from 40 to 550 mm, standard thicknesses: 8, 6, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25 mm.
In heating boiler houses operating on gas and liquid fuel, they are used complex systems control, each of which, depending on the purpose and capacity of the boiler room, gas pressure, type and parameters of the coolant, has its own specifics and scope.
The main requirements for boiler automation systems:
- ensuring safe operation
- optimal regulation of fuel consumption.
An indicator of the perfection of the applied control systems is their self-control, i.e. signaling an emergency stop of the boiler room or one of the boilers and automatic fixation of the reason that caused the emergency shutdown.
A number of commercially available control systems allow for the semi-automatic start and stop of boilers operating on gas and liquid fuels. One of the features of automation systems for gasified boiler houses is full control over the safety of equipment and units. The system of special safety interlocks must ensure that the fuel supply is cut off when:
- violation of the normal sequence of launch operations;
- shutdown of blowing fans;
- decrease (increase) in gas pressure below (above) the permissible limit;
- violation of draft in the boiler furnace;
- breakdowns and extinction of the torch;
- missing the water level in the boiler;
- other cases of deviation of the operating parameters of the boiler units from the norm.
Accordingly, modern control systems consist of devices and equipment that provide comprehensive regulation of the mode and the safety of their operation. The implementation of complex automation provides for a reduction in maintenance personnel, depending on the degree of automation. Some of the used control systems contribute to the automation of all technological processes in boiler rooms, including remote mode of boilers, which allows you to control the operation of boiler rooms directly from control room, while the staff is completely removed from the boiler rooms. However, for the dispatching of boiler houses, a high degree of reliability of the operation of the executive bodies and sensors of the automation systems is required. In a number of cases, they are limited to the use of "minimum" automation in boiler houses, designed to control only the basic parameters (partial automation). For the produced and newly developed control systems for heating boiler houses, a number of technological requirements: aggregation, i.e. the ability to set any scheme from a limited number of unified elements; blockiness - the ability to easily replace a failed unit. Availability of devices that allow remote control of automated installations using a minimum number of communication channels, minimum inertia and the fastest return to normal with any possible imbalance in the system. Full automation of auxiliary equipment operation: regulation of pressure in the return manifold (replenishment of the heating network), pressure in the deaerator head, water level in the deaerator accumulator tank, etc.
Boiler room protection.
Very important: use only lightning-proof equipment in the interlocking positions.
Protection of the boiler unit in the event of emergency conditions is one of the main tasks of the automation of boiler plants. Emergency modes occur mainly as a result of incorrect actions of the operating personnel, mainly when starting the boiler. The protection circuit provides the specified sequence of operations during the boiler firing up and automatic shutdown of the fuel supply in the event of emergency conditions.
The protection circuit should solve the following tasks:
- control over the correct execution of prestarting operations;
- switching on draft devices, filling the boiler with water, etc .;
- control over the normal state of parameters (both during start-up and during operation of the boiler);
- remote ignition of the igniter from the control panel;
- automatic shutdown of the gas supply to the igniters after a short-term joint operation of the igniter and the main burner (to check the combustion of the main burner torch), if the igniter and burner torches have a common control device.
Equipping boilers with protection against combustion of any type of fuel is mandatory.
Steam boilers, regardless of pressure and steam capacity when burning gaseous and liquid fuels, must be equipped with devices that cut off the fuel supply to the burners in the event of:
- increasing or decreasing the pressure of the gaseous fuel in front of the burners;
- lowering the pressure of liquid fuel in front of the burners (do not perform for boilers equipped with rotary nozzles);
- lowering or increasing the water level in the drum;
- lowering the air pressure in front of the burners (for boilers equipped with forced air burners);
- increase in steam pressure (only when operating boilers without permanent maintenance personnel);
When burning gaseous and liquid fuels, hot water boilers must be equipped with devices that automatically cut off the fuel supply to the burners in the event of:
- increasing the temperature of the water behind the boiler;
- increasing or decreasing the water pressure behind the boiler;
- lowering the air pressure in front of the burners (for boilers equipped with forced air burners);
- increase or decrease in gaseous fuel;
- lowering the pressure of liquid fuel (for boilers equipped with rotary burners, do not perform);
- reduction of vacuum in the furnace;
- reduction of water consumption through the boiler;
- extinction of the torch of the burners, the shutdown of which during the operation of the boiler is not allowed;
- malfunctions of protection circuits, including loss of voltage.
For boilers with a water heating temperature of 115 ° C and below, protection for lowering the water pressure behind the boiler and reducing the water flow through the boiler may not be performed.
Process signaling at boiler rooms.
To warn the maintenance personnel about the deviation of the main technological parameters from the norm, a technological light and sound alarm is provided. The scheme of the technological signaling of the boiler room is divided, as a rule, into the signaling circuits of the boiler units and auxiliary equipment of the boiler room. In boiler rooms with permanent service personnel, an alarm should be provided:
a) stopping the boiler (when the protection is triggered);
b) the reasons for the protection operation;
c) lowering the temperature and pressure of liquid fuel in the common pipeline to the boilers;
d) lowering the water pressure in the feed line;
e) lowering or increasing the water pressure in the return pipe of the heating network;
f) raising or lowering the level in the tanks (deaerator, accumulator systems for hot water supply, condensate, feed water, storage of liquid fuel, etc.), as well as lowering the level in the flushing water tanks;
g) temperature rise in storage tanks for liquid additives;
h) malfunction of the equipment of installations for supplying boiler houses with liquid fuel (during their operation without permanent maintenance personnel);
i) increasing the temperature of the bearings of electric motors at the request of the manufacturer;
j) lowering the pH value in the treated water (in water treatment schemes with acidification);
l) pressure increase (vacuum deterioration) in the deaerator;
m) increase or decrease in gas pressure.
Boiler room instrumentation.
Instruments for measuring temperature.
In automated systems, temperature measurement is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of monitoring the physical properties of bodies functionally related to the temperature of the latter. Temperature control devices can be divided according to the principle of operation into the following groups:
1.expansion thermometers for monitoring the thermal expansion of liquids or solids (mercury, kerosene, toluene, etc.);
2. manometric thermometers for temperature control by measuring the pressure of a liquid, vapor or gas, enclosed in a closed system of constant volume (for example, TGP-100);
3. devices with resistance thermometers or thermistors to control the electrical resistance of metal conductors (resistance thermometers) or semiconductor elements (thermistors, TCM, TSP);
4. thermoelectric devices for the control of thermoelectromotive force (TEMF) developed by a thermocouple from two different conductors (the TEMF value depends on the temperature difference between the junction and free ends of the thermocouple connected to the measuring circuit) (TPP, TXA, TChK, etc.);
5. pyrometers of radiation for measuring temperature by brightness, color or thermal radiation of an incandescent body (FEP-4);
6. radiation pyrometers for measuring temperature by the thermal effect of radiation of a heated body (RAPIR).
Secondary temperature measuring instruments.
1. Logometers are designed to measure temperature complete with thermometers
2. Bridges of resistance of standard graduations 21, 22, 23, 24, 50-M, 100P, etc.
3. Millivoltmeters are designed to measure temperature complete with
4. Potentiometer with thermocouples of standard calibrations TPP, TXA, THK, etc.
Devices for measuring pressure and vacuum (in boiler rooms).
According to the principle of operation, instruments for measuring pressure and vacuum are divided into:
- liquid - pressure (vacuum) is balanced by the height of the liquid column (U-shaped, TDZh, TNZh-N, etc.);
- spring - the pressure is balanced by the force of elastic deformation of the sensitive element (membrane, tubular spring, bellows, etc.) (TNMP-52, NMP-52, OBM-1, etc.).
Converters.
1. Differential-transformer (MED, DM, DTG-50, DT-200);
2. Current (SAPPHIRE, Metran);
3. Electrical contact (EKM, VE-16rb, DM-2005, DNT, DHM, etc.).
To measure the vacuum in the boiler furnace, most often they use devices of the DIV modification (Metran22-DIV, Metran100-DIV, Metran150-DIV, Sapfir22-DIV)
Flow measuring instruments.
To measure the flow rates of liquids and gases, two types of flow meters are mainly used - variable and constant differential. The principle of operation of variable differential flow meters is based on the measurement of pressure drop across a resistance introduced into a liquid or gas flow. If the pressure is measured up to and immediately after the resistance, then the pressure difference (differential) will depend on the flow rate, and therefore on the flow rate. Such resistors installed in pipelines are called constriction devices. Normal diaphragms are widely used as orifices in flow control systems. The set of diaphragms consists of a disc with a hole, the edge of which makes an angle of 45 degrees with the plane of the disc. The disc is placed between the housings of the annular chambers. Sealing gaskets are installed between the flanges and chambers. Pressure taps before and after the diaphragm are taken from the annular chambers.
Differential pressure gauges (differential pressure gauges) DP-780, DP-778-float are used as measuring instruments and transmitting transducers complete with variable differential transducers for flow measurement; DSS-712, DSP-780N-bellows; DM-differential transformer; "SAPPHIRE" - current.
Secondary devices for level measurement: VMD, KSD-2 for working with DM; А542 for working with SAPPHIRE and others.
Level measuring instruments. Level indicators.
Designed for signaling and maintaining the level of water and liquid conductive media in a given container: ERSU-3, ESU-1M, ESU-2M, ESP-50.
Devices for remote level measurement: UM-2-32 ONBT-21M-selsinny (the device set consists of a DSU-2M sensor and a USP-1M receiver; the sensor is equipped with a metal float); UDU-5M-float.
To determine the water level in the boiler, they are often used, but the piping is not classical, but on the contrary, i.e. the positive selection is fed with selection from the upper point of the boiler (the impulse pipe must be filled with water), to the minus from the lower one, and the inverse scale of the device is set (on the device itself or on secondary equipment). This method measuring the level in the boiler has shown its reliability and stability of operation. It is imperative to use two such devices on one boiler, one regulator on the second alarm and blocking.
Instruments for measuring the composition of matter.
Automatic stationary gas analyzer МН5106 is designed to measure and register oxygen concentration in waste gases from boiler plants. V recent times Analyzers for CO-carbon monoxide are included in boiler automation projects.
Converters of the P-215 type are intended for use in systems of continuous monitoring and automatic regulation of the pH value of industrial solutions.
Ignition-protective devices.
The device is intended for automatic or remote ignition of burners operating on liquid or gaseous fuel, as well as for protecting the boiler unit when the flame is extinguished (ZZU, FZCH-2).
Direct acting regulators.
The temperature controller is used to automatically maintain the set temperature of liquid and gaseous media. Regulators are equipped with a direct or reverse channel.
Indirect regulators.
Automatic control system "Kontur". The Kontur system is intended for use in automatic regulation and control schemes in boiler rooms. The regulating devices of the R-25 (RS-29) type system form together with the actuators (MEOK, MEO) - "PI" - the regulation law.
Heating boiler automation systems.
The KSU-7 control set is designed for automatic control of single-burner hot water boilers with a capacity of 0.5 to 3.15 MW, operating on gaseous and liquid fuels.
Technical details:
1.autonomous
2. from the upper level of the control hierarchy (from the control room or public control unit).
In both control modes, the kit provides the following functions:
1.automatic start and stop of the boiler
2.automatic stabilization of the vacuum (for boilers with draft), the regulation law is positional
3. positional control of the boiler power by switching on the "large" and "small" combustion modes
4. emergency protection ensuring the boiler shutdown in the event of emergency situations, turning on the sound signal and storing the root causes of the accident
5.Light signaling about the operation of the set and the status of the boiler parameters
6. information communication and communication on management with the upper level of the management hierarchy.
Features of setting up equipment in boiler rooms.
When setting up a set of KSU-7 controls, special attention should be paid to flame control in the boiler furnace. When installing the sensor, observe the following requirements:
1.Aim the detector to the zone of maximum intensity of flame radiation pulsations
2.There should be no obstacles between the flame and the sensor, the flame must always be in the sensor's field of view
3.The sensor should be installed with an inclination to prevent the settling of various fractions on its sight glass
4. the temperature of the sensor should not exceed 50 С; for which it is necessary to carry out constant blowing through a special fitting in the sensor body, provide for thermal insulation between the sensor body and the burner; FD-1 sensors are recommended to be installed on special tubes
5. to use FR1-3-150kOhm photoresistors as a primary element.
Conclusion.
Recently, devices based on microprocessor technology have been widely used. So, instead of the set of KSU-7 controls, the KSU-ECM is produced, which leads to an increase in the indicators of the perfection of the security systems used, the operation of equipment and units.
Installed for monitoring correct work and safe operation of boilers are conventionally divided into two main categories: showing and recording
showing is used when periodic recordings of the boiler operating mode are allowed. Recording devices are used to continuously determine the operating parameters of the unit or for any period of time.
All both showing and recording instrumentation are installed on the boiler control panel, convenient for monitoring their indicators, which determine the boiler operation mode.
Control and measuring devices are used for systematic monitoring of the following values and parameters of the boiler:
temperature and pressure of superheated steam at the outlet;
the steam pressure in the boiler and the temperature of the water supplying the boiler;
the water level in the boiler;
the amount of water entering the boiler, and the amount of steam, products;
rarefaction in the furnace of the Copt and before dimovsmoktuvach;
air temperature and pressure before and after air heating;
To measure the excess pressure, manometers of various designs are used, the dial of which must be in a vertical plane or inclined forward up to 30 °. On the dial of the pressure gauge, a red line is applied behind the pressure, corresponding to the highest permissible operating pressure for a particular boiler unit. The pressure gauges must be checked every 6 months, be serviceable and sealed.
Why is automatic control of boiler units introduced?
Automatic control of the boiler unit is introduced to regulate thermal processes and maintain the specified quantitative and qualitative indicators of the production process
To generate steam, an appropriate amount of fuel, water and air is required, which must correspond to the volume of production and change with the change in steam consumption
Safety automation allows you to automatically change the mode of supply of fuel, air and water. When changing the operating mode or malfunctioning of individual boiler devices, the gas supply to the seals is automatically turned off.
The main safety elements are safety valves... They are automatically triggered if the pressure in the boiler rises above the permissible level.
According to the principle of operation, safety valves are lever-cargo, lever-spring and spring; on design- open or closed. They are installed on a paired boiler or individually equipped with devices that protect personnel from burns when they are triggered, as well as signaling devices to give a signal when a bet comes out.
The automatics provide special starting devices for safe ignition of boilers, which allow gas to be supplied to the gas pipeline only if there is a flame in the furnace in front of the working burners, and the valves in front of the burners and when discharged into the atmosphere are closed.
Safety automation monitors the combustion process and water heating in the boiler. In the event of a malfunction of the boiler and its parameters, the control devices act on the safety system and off. Luca gas supply to the boiler.
Before starting the boiler units into operation, the automation devices must be checked and adjusted in accordance with the specified operating mode.
What applies to the fittings of boiler installations?
In accordance with safety requirements, all boilers with a steam capacity of 2 t / h and above are equipped with fittings, which include water level indicators that monitor the water level. The water level indicators are connected to the boiler by means of the upper and lower pipes, which are included in the steam and water pipes.
A pointer with the inscription "Lower water level" is installed on water-indicating devices. It must be 50 mm below the normal level and not less than 25 mm above the lower visible one. Glass edges
The "Upper water level" indicator is installed 50 mm above the normal level in the boiler and at least 25 mm below the upper visible edge of the glass
In addition to the above, automatic sound and light alarms of the upper and lower water levels are installed on the boilers, as well as safety devices that automatically stop the supply of heat to the boiler at a low or high water level or at high pressure steam.
To regulate and optimize the functioning of boiler units, technical means began to be used at the initial stages of automation of industry and production. The current level of development of this area allows to significantly increase the profitability and reliability of boiler equipment, to ensure the safety and intellectualization of the work of the service personnel.
Objectives and goals
Modern boiler automation systems are able to guarantee trouble-free and efficient operation of equipment without direct operator intervention. Human functions are reduced to online monitoring of the health and parameters of the entire complex of devices. Boiler house automation solves the following tasks:
Automation object
As an object of regulation, it is a complex dynamic system with many interconnected input and output parameters. The automation of boiler houses is complicated by the fact that the rates of technological processes are very high in steam units. The main regulated values include:
- flow rate and pressure of the heat carrier (water or steam);
- discharge in the firebox;
- the level in the feed tank;
- in recent years, increased environmental requirements have been imposed on the quality of the prepared fuel mixture and, as a result, on the temperature and composition of the flue gases.
Automation levels
The degree of automation is set when designing a boiler room or when overhauling / replacing equipment. It can range from manual control based on instrumentation readings to fully automatic control based on weather-dependent algorithms. The level of automation is primarily determined by the purpose, power and functional features equipment operation.
Modern automation of the boiler house operation implies an integrated approach - the control and regulation subsystems of individual technological processes are combined into a single network with functional group control.
General structure
Boiler house automation is based on a two-level control scheme. The lower (field) level includes local automation devices based on programmable microcontrollers that implement technical protection and blocking, adjustment and change of parameters, primary converters physical quantities... This also includes equipment for converting, encoding and transmitting information data.
The upper level can be presented in the form of a graphic terminal built into the control cabinet or an automated operator workstation based on personal computer... All information from the low-level microcontrollers and system sensors is displayed here, and operational commands, adjustments and settings are entered. In addition to dispatching the process, the tasks of optimization of modes, diagnostics of technical conditions, analysis of economic indicators, archiving and data storage are solved. If necessary, information is transmitted to common system enterprise management (MRP / ERP) or settlement.
The modern market is widely represented both by individual devices and devices, and by domestic and imported automatic sets for steam and hot water boilers. Automation tools include:
- ignition control equipment and the presence of a flame, starting and controlling the process of fuel combustion in the combustion chamber of the boiler unit;
- specialized sensors (draft gauges, temperature and pressure sensors, gas analyzers, etc.);
- (solenoid valves, relays, servos, frequency converters);
- control panels for boilers and general boiler equipment (consoles, sensor mimic diagrams);
- switching cabinets, communication and power supply lines.
When choosing control and monitoring, the most close attention should be paid to safety automation, which excludes the occurrence of abnormal and emergency situations.
Subsystems and functions
Any boiler room includes control, regulation and protection subsystems. Regulation is carried out by maintaining the optimal combustion mode by setting the vacuum in the furnace, the primary air flow rate and the parameters of the heat carrier (temperature, pressure, flow rate). The control subsystem outputs actual data on the operation of the equipment to the human-machine interface. Protection devices guarantee the prevention of emergency situations in case of violation of normal operating conditions, giving a light, sound signal or stopping the boiler units with fixing the cause (on a graphic board, mnemonic diagram, board).
Communication protocols
Automation based on microcontrollers minimizes the use of relay switching and control power lines in the functional circuit. An industrial network with a specific interface and data transfer protocol is used to communicate the upper and lower levels of the automated control system, transfer information between sensors and controllers, and transmit commands to executive devices. The most widely used standards are Modbus and Profibus. They are compatible with the bulk of equipment used to automate heat supply facilities. They are distinguished by high indicators of the reliability of information transfer, simple and understandable principles of operation.
Energy saving and social effects of automation
Automation of boiler houses completely eliminates the possibility of accidents with the destruction of capital structures, the death of service personnel. ACS is able to ensure the normal functioning of equipment around the clock, to minimize the influence of the human factor.
In the light of the continuous growth of prices for fuel resources, the energy-saving effect of automation is of no small importance. Saving natural gas, reaching up to 25% during the heating season, is ensured by:
- optimal ratio "gas / air" in the fuel mixture at all operating modes of the boiler room, correction for the level of oxygen content in combustion products;
- the ability to customize not only boilers, but also;
- regulation not only by the temperature and pressure of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the boilers, but also taking into account the environmental parameters (weather-dependent technologies).
In addition, the automation allows you to implement an energy-efficient heating algorithm. non-residential premises or buildings not used on weekends and holidays.