• read the text carefully;
• delve into its content;
• determine which information in the text is main and which is secondary;
• choose two correct answers, where all the main information of the text would be transferred in whole, and not in parts.

Theory

Sometimes the answer is obvious. But sometimes the answer options are confusing, mixing the main and non-main information in them, or they do not give the main information entirely, adding secondary information to it. In this case, you need to act by the method of exclusion:

• take each option in turn;
• we are looking for his confirmation or refutation in the text.

Hints:

• often the third sentence contains a conclusion from the entire text, which cannot be secondary and must necessarily be in the selected answer;
• correct answers are sometimes larger than all others in terms of volume (visually occupy the most lines);
• since the correct answers reflect the same information, they are very similar in content and often represent the same thing, only written in different words, this should be striking.

Examples of

Example 1.

(1) In 1665, the English naturalist Robert Hooke, examining thin sections of the core of an elderberry and a cork tree through a microscope, discovered many tiny cells separated by partitions, reminiscent of honeycombs in bee hives, and these cells were called by the scientist cells (English cell - a cell, honeycomb). (2) However, in Hooke's work, which contained a detailed story about the cellular structure of cork and elderberry, there was no hint that the cell is the basic structural unit of any organism. (3)<...>in 1808, the French scientist Mirbel found that all plants consist of tissues formed by cells, and a year later another French botanist, Lamarck, proved that all animal organisms also consist of cells, which led to the creation of the cell theory in 1839 , reflecting the unconditional unity of the animal and plant world.

1) The French scientists Mirbel and Lamarck established that all animal organisms and plants consist of cells, but for the first time the idea that the cell is the basic structural unit of any organism was expressed by Robert Hooke.

2) In 1808, the French scientist Mirbel established that all plants are composed of cells, but a similar conclusion about the cellular structure of animal organisms was no longer made by Mirbel, but by another French botanist, Lamarck.

3) Separated by partitions, tiny cells discovered by Robert Hooke when studying thin sections of a tree through a microscope were named by him cells (English cell - a cell, honeycomb), since they seemed to the scientist to look like honeycombs in bee hives.

4) The cell was discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke, but the English scientist did not assume that the cellular structure is characteristic of any organism, and this conclusion was made by Mirbel and Lamarck only a century later.

5) Having discovered the cell in 1665, Robert Hooke, an English scientist, could not even imagine that the cellular structure is characteristic of any organism, and such a conclusion was made only a century later by the scientists Lamarck and Mirbel.

The first answer does not fit, since Robert Hooke did not call the cell a structural unit of any organism, he believed that the cell is inherent only in cork and elderberry.

In the second answer there is nothing about Hooke, which is important.

In the third, there is information only from the beginning of the text and there is nothing important - from the second and third sentences.

The correct answers are 4 and 5: they contain information about all scientists and their achievements, there is nothing superfluous, they are approximately the same in volume and very similar in content, many phrases are frankly repeated.

Example 2.

(1) At the beginning of the 19th century, the French Academy issued a decree not to consider works containing a description of stones falling from the sky: it seemed to scientists that all descriptions of meteorites - "heavenly stones" - are a figment of fantasy,<...>the stones have nowhere to fall. (2) This is a very dangerous path - to deny everything that has not yet found an explanation. (H) Denial of the existence of the incomprehensible has hampered the development of science more than once.

Task 1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Science denies what it does not find an explanation, seeking to avoid dangerous paths.

2) At the beginning of the 19th century, the French Academy issued a decree not to consider works containing a description of stones falling from the sky.

3) The decree of the French Academy on the refusal to study meteorites is just one example of how the denial of the incomprehensible hindered the development of science.

4) In the 19th century, all descriptions of meteorites - "heavenly stones" - were considered a figment of fantasy.

5) Denial of the fact that it has not yet found an explanation, more than once hindered the development of science, which is confirmed by the decree of the French Academy on the refusal to study meteorites.

Option 2 is also not suitable due to the lack of inference from all this information.

Option 3 is one of the correct ones, it includes both the story of the refusal to study meteorites and the conclusion from this story.

In option 4, there is no information about where exactly this was considered a figment of fantasy, nor about the fact that this led to the inhibition of the development of science.

Option 5 is the second of the correct options. It contains all the basic information, like the third option.

The correct answers are 3 and 5.

Example 3.

(1) In addition to taste, our perception of what we eat is influenced by our visual impressions, which tell us information about the appearance of a particular dish, and we come back to it more than once in our memory. (2) Experiments show that when tasting juice with a blindfold, a person cannot distinguish orange juice from grapefruit juice without seeing them and imagining their taste more intensely. (3)<...>, any good chef knows that a beautifully presented dish enhances a person's appetite.

Task 1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Visual impressions help us distinguish orange juice from grapefruit juice, as any good chef knows.

2) Visual impressions, which preserve the appearance of the dish in memory and allow you to imagine it in advance, have a great influence on the appetite, which is why the chefs decorate the dish beautifully to increase the appetite.

3) When determining the taste of food, we are still more accustomed to relying on the sense of smell than on sight, because, according to experiments, when tasting the juice while blindfolded, a person cannot taste the difference between orange juice and grapefruit juice.

4) In addition to taste, our perception of food is influenced by visual impressions, which preserve the appearance of the dish in our memory, and we imagine its taste in advance, so the chefs decorate the dish beautifully to increase appetite.

5) Any good chef knows that a beautifully decorated dish enhances a person's appetite.

Option 1: the visual experience "influences the idea of ​​what we eat." The example with orange and grapefruit juices only illustrates this. And certainly any good cook does not know about this example-experiment - the text does not say about it. The option is incorrect.

Option 2 is one of the correct options. It has been said about the influence of visual impressions on appetite and about what kind of influence it is. It is on the basis of this influence that the chefs "decorate the dish beautifully".

Option 3 is incorrect: there is not a word about the sense of smell in the text.

Option 4 is the second of the correct options. It has all the information you need, it is very similar to the second one.

Option 5 is incorrect because it is incomplete. It contains only the information of the third sentence, information from the first two - the main ones - is missing.

The correct answers are 2 and 4.

Algorithm for completing USE tasks

In Russian.

Part 1.

Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveyed the MAIN information contained in the text?

Algorithm for completing the task:

Task 2. Which of the following words (word combinations) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. By sequentially selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with a gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in place of the gap.

Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meanings of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) The sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Algorithm for completing the task:

read the assignment carefully;

find the specified offer;

include each of the suggested lexical interpretations instead of the word given for the analysis;

listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;

Determine whether or not a sentence has lost its semantic integrity in the course of a linguistic experiment:

• if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

  if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.

Task 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is WRONGLY highlighted. Write this word down.

Remember: the fluidity of the Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task.

agent, august, agency, agony, acropole, alcohol, alphabet, anapest, anatom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, aest, aristocracy, argum, asymmetry, astronomer, atlas, bylAssia (cloth), atlas

bureaucracy, airports

SCAM, crimson, ballot, spoil, spoiled, spoiled, bow (bant, bant)

barmen, unrestrained, birch and birch bark, petrol line, blagovest, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (fixing something to someone), armor (protective sheathing), bar, boot, bourgeois bureaucracy

gross, cook (boil, boil, boil, boil), watchman, verba, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgodonsky, wolf (wolf, wolves, wolves), thief (thieves, thieves, thieves), magic, about thieves, thieves curved, arouse, three-way

gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier,

cousin, devichiy, democracy, department, despot, defis, act, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, white-hearted, dobycha, dogma, contract, contractual, bareheaded, red-hot, documentary, report, report, donate, report slumber, spiritual father,
heretic,
blinds, vents, life,

BOOK, (to assign something to someone), book (to cover with armor), enviously, cursed, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), cursed, for a long time, overwhelmed, busy (person), occupied (by someone ), cork, sealed, moldy, seal, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, knowledge, significance, knowledge, toothed

scoop, scoop, cleaner,
CHASSIS, SEWER, SHIELD, SYRINGES, DORK, GRAVEL, SHIPS, SHIPS,
Excursion, ekspert, export, equipped, express, epilOg, pullover

juridical

religion
flounder, katalOg, rubber, chop, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, kokljush, college, colossus, kompas, complex, greed, more beautiful, nettles, flint, scrap, culinary leftovers), flap (piece of cloth),
alluring, workshops, medics, a little, a manager, metallurgy, scanty (allowed - scanty), youth, milkman, monolOG, taxing,

WHITE, NAGOLO (SHARP), NAKED (Keep checkers), Bent, Long, Intention, Roll, Backhand, Start, Started, Underpayment, Illness, Necrolog, Hate, Unpretentious, Oil pipeline, Newborn
providing, lighten, sharpen, embraced, embraced, eased, encouraged, borrowed, embittered, wholesale, educated, spiked, otkupit, adolescence, despair, parallich,
PARTNER, PASSION, FUNERAL, MOLD, PIZZAIRE, PROPOSE, FABLE, ACCEPTED, ATTENDED, UNDERSTOOD, RISE, SEMI-DAY, Briefcase, POST, FUNERAL, FUNERAL, PLATE, PREVIEW, PREMIUM, PREPARE, PREPARE

presenter, beet, sylos, orphan, orphans, word of mouth, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statuing, status, statute, stenography, carpenter, boat, bent,
there is fire, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoes,
decoration, speed up, deepen, coal, ukrainian, improve, deceased, mentioned, mention, consolidate, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, fairy, phenom, fetish, fluorography, phOrzats, shaping,
chaos, characteristic (typical), character (actor), move, intercession, intercession, clergy (pric.), clerk (adj.), christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsy,

Task 5. In one of the suggestions below WRONG used the highlighted word. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly. Algorithm for completing the task:

read all sentences carefully;

determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronyms by choosing synonyms and antonyms or taking into account which words each of them can be combined with;

please provide the correct answer.

Addressee - addressee... Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - a person or organization sending a postal item (sender).

Anecdotal - Anecdotal... Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).

Archaic - archaic... Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - obsolete, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).

Weekday - everyday... Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).

Breathe in - breathe. Inhale - to take in, to draw in air (to breathe in oxygen), to inspire something (to breathe in courage); breathe - breathe out (breathe a sigh of relief); rest a little (let me breathe); yearn, sad (sigh for children).

Educational - educational... Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the educator (educational room).

Everyone - everyone... Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most diverse (all kinds of searches).

Elective - selective... Elected - related to elections, elected by voting (elective office); selective - partial (random check)

Harmonic - harmonious... Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - harmonious, harmonious (harmonious personality).

Main - capital... Main - main, most significant, central, senior ( the main street); capital - related to the title (title role).

Engine - mover... Engine - a machine that sets in motion a force (electric motor); mover - what sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated.).

Democratic - Democratic... Democratic - referring to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of a democracy, a democrat (a democratic act).

Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, motion (dynamic theory); dynamic - possessing great internal energy (dynamic pace).

Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long - long... Long - having a great length (long report); long - long term (long vacation, long period).

Voluntary - voluntary... Voluntary - performed without compulsion (voluntary labor); volunteer - referring to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).

Dramatic - dramatic... Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (drama circle).

Friendly - friendly... Friendly - referring to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).

Pitying - pitying... Pitying - expressing sorrow, longing, suffering; plaintive, sad (pitiful voice); compassionate - inclined to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).

Spare - thrifty... Spare - available as a reserve (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).

Evil - malicious... Evil - full of feelings of enmity (evil person); malicious - having a bad purpose, willful (malicious defaulter).

Executive - performing... Executive - diligent, having as his goal the implementation of something (executive worker); performing - referring to the performer (performing skill).

Business traveler - business trip... Posted - a person on a business trip (posted specialist); business trip - referring to a business traveler (travel expenses).

Comic - comic. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comic - funny (comic look).

Critical - critical... Critical - referring to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).

Logical - logical... Logical - related to logic ( logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).

Methodical - methodical... Methodical - related to methodology (methodical conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).

Hateful - hateful... Hateful - infused with hatred (hateful actions); hateful - hateful (hateful enemy).

Intolerant - Intolerant... Intolerable - one that cannot be tolerated (intolerable cold); intolerant - intolerable (intolerant attitude).

Lunch - impoverish... To become poor - to become poor (to become poor as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).

Dangerous - cautious... Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).

Clerk - unsubscribe... Clerk - an accidental mistake in writing (annoying clerk); unsubscribe - an answer that does not affect the essence of the case (daring unsubscribe).

Learn - Learn... To master - to learn how to use something, to include in the circle of their activities (to master the release of new products); to learn - to make it habitual; understand, remember (assimilate what you read).

Organic - organic... Organic - related to the plant or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).

Condemnation - discussion... Conviction - an expression of disapproval, passing a sentence (conviction of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);

Responsible - responsible. Response - being the response (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible employee).

Reporting - distinct... Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - well distinguishable (distinct sound).

Political - Political... Political - related to politics (politician); political - acting diplomatically, cautiously (political hint).

Intelligent - understandable. Intelligent - quickly understanding (quick-witted person); understandable - clear (understandable reason).

Representative - Representative. Representative - making an advantageous impression (personable appearance); representative - elected (representative body); related to representation, representative (representation expenses).

Presentation - giving. Presentation - presenting for acquaintance, nomination for promotion (presentation of characteristics); provision - the allocation of something to someone's order (granting a loan).

Perceptive - perceptible... Sharp-witted - able to notice (sharp-witted critic); conspicuous - conspicuous (conspicuous displeasure).

Realistic - realistic... Realistic - following realism (realistic painting); realistic - true, quite practical (realistic goal).

Hidden - secretive... Hidden - secret, invisible (latent threat); secretive - unrepentant (secretive person).

Tactical - tactical... Tactful - possessing tact (tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).

Technical - technical. Technical - related to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).

The lucky one is the lucky one. Lucky is happy; the one who is lucky (lucky researcher); successful - successful (lucky day).

Actual - factual. Factual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (factual report).

Master's - economic... Master - related to the owner; such as that of a good owner (owner's interest); economic - busy with the economy, related to the economy (economic issues).

Explicit - Explicit. Explicit - obvious, unconcealed (clear superiority); distinct - distinct, well distinguishable (distinct whisper).

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

Find mistakes in education and use

case forms of names of numerals;

numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred;

collective numerals, including numerals both, both;

comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;

nominative and genitive plurals of some nouns;

forms of the imperative mood of some verbs.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Determine which part of speech this word belongs to.

2. If this name is a numeral, remember that

for complex quantitative names of numerals both sides are inclined;

Cases

50 - 80

200, 300, 400

500 - 900

fifty

toe and ten and

toe and ten and

fifty

five NS ten NS

oh heels and ten and

two hundred

dv uh honeycomb

dv mind st am

two hundred

dv being able st ami

oh dv uh st Oh

five hundred

toe and honeycomb

toe and st am

five hundred

five NS st ami

oh heels and st Oh

when declining compound ordinal numbers only changes the last word;

numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both- female;

Cases

M., cf. genus

G. genus

both

both

both

both

both

about both

both

both

both

both

both

about both

collective numbers ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting males, the names of baby animals, paired objects, or having only a plural form.

3. If this name is an adjective, see if the forms of the degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.

Comparison of adjectives

Comparative

Excellent

simple

compound

simple

compound

beautiful her (s)

less she

deeper e

more beautiful

less beautiful

beautiful eish- ui

magnitude aish- ui

nai hardest

most beautiful

most beautiful

Comparison of adverbs

comparative

excellent

simple

compound

compound

her (s)- it hurts - it hurts her, sick her

-e - easy - easy yeah- thin - thin e

adverb + more (less) more thin

less interesting

comparative + pronoun everyone, total:

did best of all (of all)

4. If this is a verb, pay attention to the correctness of the formation

forms of imperative mood;

forms of the past tense, used without a suffix, are -УУ-.

(there is - well- in the verb- error is correct answer)

5. If this is a noun, make sure the education is correct.

nominative plural forms;

forms of genitive plural.

Nominative case of plural

m sort

With the ending - and I(ending stress)

With the ending - s, -and ( accent based)

influence of the dual number)

Addresses, coast, century, fan, director, doctor, chute, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, leave, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, haystack, paramedic, wing, barn, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

sentences, mines,

editors, snipers, tractors, tots, fronts, chauffeurs.

volumes

Locksmiths bakers

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-torus, -sor stylistically neutral: director

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on -er,

-er:engineers

2. Inanimate. foreign words in

-torus, -sop:processors

3. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor with a bookish tint: editors.

Remember: oil - pl. hours - oil a

cream - plural - cream NS(not cream a)

male

female

average

banknotes

giraffe

Hall

corrective

piano

roofing paper

tulle

shampoo

sandal, boot

cuff, callus

sneaker

reserved seat

gravy (with gravy)

slipper

shoe (no shoes)

surname

bast

tentacle

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between sentences and those allowed in them grammatical errors: For each position in the first column, match the corresponding position from the second column.

1. Look for mistakes in sentences:

1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the conjunction I. Ask a question from a verb to homogeneous members of a sentence. The question should be the same, if not, then an error !!! This will be the correct answer. (I see ??? (missing sentence member) and proud nature? See what?, Proud of what?)

2) with participial phrases; (look at the end of the participle, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)

3) with proper names, enclosed in quotation marks and being the name of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;

4) with derived prepositions thanks, according to, in spite of and the non-derivative preposition on, used in turns of speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;

5) with double unions not only but; like ... so and;

6) using quotes;

7) starting with the words: all who ...; those who ...; none of those who ...

Task 8. Find the word missing the unstressed verifiable vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:

1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with alternating vowels at the root ( gar - gor, zar - zor, clan - clone, creature - creature, lag - lodge, bir - ber, pir - per, dir - der, tir - ter, mir - mer, blist - shine, style - stele, gig - burned, cheat - even, cas - kos, rast - rash - grew, skok - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).

2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be vocabulary words in which an unstressed vowel requires memorization;

3) if you find a dictionary word, then you can cross it out, since it will not be the correct answer;

4) if you managed to find a test for a word, in which an obscure vowel sound was stressed and clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.

Task 9. Define a row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

You need to know the following spelling rules:

spelling of prefixes in -З and -С;

spelling of the prefixes PRE and PRI;

PRE -

AT -

Stay (= re-)

Arrive (Approach)

Despise (hate)

Haunt (give someone shelter)

Betray (= over-)

Add (give in addition, change something, add)

Bow down, bow down (= over-)

Lean (Approach)

Translate (translate)

Pretend (incomplete action)

Transient (= re-)

Coming (coming closer)

Endure (endure)

Get used to (get used to)

Successor (= over-, take over)

Receiver (radio)

Die (die)

Put (put close)

Vicissitudes (coups in fate)

The gatekeeper - the gatekeeper

Immutable (immutable, indestructible)

Attach (attach)

Indispensable condition (mandatory)

Unacceptable conditions (impossible)

Limit (border)

Chapel (annex in the church)

Downplayed (very much)

Downplayed (slightly)

Remember:

PRE-

AT-

preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, deceive, do not fail, premiere, neglect, drug, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, challenger, preference

private, finicky, privilege, passing circumstances, handsome, picky, adventure, prima donna, primate, primitive, priority, regrettable, oath, pretense, embellish, unpretentious, bizarre

-Z and -C prefixes:
the spelling depends on the subsequent consonant

before voiced consonants - z appeal, rootless

before voiceless consonants - with

bake, carefree, silent

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E / I / is written at the place of the pass

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If the vowel is missing in the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to set its conjugation:

vowels E, U are written in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation;

in the personal endings of the verbs of the second conjugation, the vowels I, A (Z) are written.

3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

missing vowel in participle suffixes yasch, yusch, asch, yasch, im, eat (ohm).

missing vowel before participle suffix lw, nn .

4) Spelling participle suffixes yasch, yasch, asch, yasch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

in participles formed by from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written uzh, yusch, eat (ohm) ;

in participles formed by from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written asch, yasch, im.

5) Vowel spelling before suffixes participles lice and nn depends from being on yat - yat or it - it the indefinite form of the original verb ends:

eat or eat then before nn vowel is preserved in passive past participles and I);

if the original verb ends in it or it then before nn only written e ;

before the suffix vsh keeps the same vowel as before the end be in an indefinite form.

TIP: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (WHAT DO THEY DO? WHAT DO THEY DO?) E,

Ending - at-yat- verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write the letter AND.

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass

You need to know the spelling of suffixes

noun names ( ec, itz; inc, enk; out, in; ichk, echk; hik, ek );

adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );

verbs ( willow, yva; eva, ova; I, E before the shock suffix wa) .

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.

2) Apply the required rule.

adjective

-ev- unstressed: glue ev oh, enamel ev th

-iv- percussion: flax iv th

Exception: mercy iv oh, holy fool iv th

-chiv-:infusion chiv th

-liv-: talent liv th

verb

-ova- (-eva-)

hang out

i hang

Yva- (-iva-)

to annoy

i'm annoyed

DEFINITION TABLE

ENDING VERBS AND COMMON SUFFIXES

Endings of verbs

Suffixes are valid. participles

Suffixes suffer. participles

I conjugation

rest

-eatwriteeat

-youwriteeat

youwriteyea

-NSwriteNS

arethoughthut

-ush-writeug ui

-usch-thoughtyusch ui

-oh-carriedohm th

-eat-blowing eatth

II conjugation

N.F. on - and be

-themstrthem

-youstrsee

-youstrgo

-atstryat

-atstoreyat

-sh-breatheasch ui

-sch-storebox ui

-them-storethem th

Task 12. Determine a sentence in which NOT with a nightingale is written LITTLE. (SEPARATE). Expand the parentheses and write out this word.

)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

NOT with nouns, qualitative adjectives, adverbs in - О and - Е;

NOT with verbs and participles;

NOT with participles.

1. Not with nouns, adjectives., Adverbs in O, E

together

apart

1.Not used without a NOT:

ignorant
fables

careless

ridiculous

1.If there is opposition with the uniona Not true, but a lie

Not joyful but sad

Not close but far

adverb not in O-E: did not enter like a friend

2.If a word with a prefix NOT can be matched with a synonym without NOT

Foe (enemy)

Misfortune (grief)

Enemy (enemy)

Unhappy (sad)

Not close (far away)

2. If with the word with NOT there are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, not at all

Far from beauty

Not a friend at all

Not at all interesting

Not at all sweet

3. Remember:

small

slave

confusion

imperfections

undergrowth

dunno

idiot

3. Remember:

not in measure, not in an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not to strength, not to my liking, not to hand, etc .; b) neither give nor take, neither me nor here nor there, nor dawn, not for anything

not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not a sniff of tobacco, not a penny etc.

not one (nobody) - not one (many), not once (never) - not once (often) .

2.Not with verbs and participles

together

apart

1.Not used without a NOT:

resent (resent)

rampage (rampage)

unwell

dislike

hate

1.Always Separate

Was not

Not catching up

Without knowing

2.With the prefix under-

NEDO-= below normal, not 100%, be in insufficient quantity,
there is an antonym with re- (= excess)
undersalt soup (oversalt soup)
unsatisfactory result
lack = little
You lack patience.
^ I always lack money.

2.With prefixes no + up

not done to end
do not watch the film, do not take it home
She did not finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
does not reach = does not reach
The rope is missing before floor.
Before poplar lacks the fifth floor

3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.

together

apart

1.not used without NOT:
n units assuming (also, not packing without NOT)
2. There is NO opposition with the union A and
dependent words: n ez sown field (no a, ЗС)

1.s short participles: not_ closed
2. IS opposites with union a:
not_ finished, a started meeting
3. IS dependent the words:
not_ seeded in time field not yet plowed field

4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNDS

together

apart

There is NO excuse between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one

THERE IS a pretext

With no one, no one

Task 13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are written LITTLE (SEPARATE). Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Alliances so that, too, also, but, moreover, and, so, therefore, are written together ; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words similar to these unions in sounding of other parts of speech what would be the same the same, for that, though, at what , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (same, would) can be either removed from the sentence, or rearranged to another place; another component (what, what, so, that) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: CONSEQUENCE = because of, I LOOK = because of, ABOUT = oh, FACE = to, in spite of = in spite of.

Derivative prepositions are written separately: OVER = IN CONTINUATION, IN EXCELLENCE, IN CONCLUSION, OVER.

For continuous, hyphenated, or split adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions

Nouns with prepositions

during

There was no news v flow of the year.

How long?

(time value)

in the course of (what?) rivers

Look v continuation (what?) series.

V(fast) currents rivers

Look v(soon) continuation series

in continuation

She said in continuation hours.

Finally articles

In the end, in the end

Sat v conclusions.

Sat v(in debt) conclusions.

in contrast from others

(used with from)

Difference v differences life.

Difference v(strong) differences life.

due to= because of

He did not come due to illness.

Remember: later And - adverb

in consequence

Intervened in consequence in the case of theft.

Intervened v(new) consequence in the case of theft.

like= like

vessel like flasks

Error v kind noun.

about= about, about

Reach an agreement about excursions.

Put on check in the bank.

Put on(mine) check.

towards= to

Go towards friend.

To go to a meeting with friends.

To go on(long awaited) meeting.

in view of= because of

In view of rain we did not go to the cinema.

I AM meant tomorrow. (stable expression).

as cone

in mind cities

(cone view, city view)

adverbs

Nouns with prepositions

climb up up (refer to the verb)

climb up to the top the mountains

on(most) top the mountains

shoes for me just right

in time flowering -

v ( spring) time to flowering

Derivative prepositions

Gerunds with negation

In spite of rain, drove out of town

(although it was raining).

Regardless of bad weather, we went on a hike.

(despite what?)

Despite father, he got up from the table.

Regardless of me, he left the room.

(= not looking)

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which НН (Н) is written

determine to which part of speech a word with a missing letter belongs;

apply the spelling rule H and HH in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun:

NN

N

1. If the root of a word ends in H, and the suffix begins with H:

malinn uk(mali n a)

2.If n. formed from an adj. having NN, or from a participle:

sicknessyenn spine(disease yenn th)

spoiledness(spoiled)

3. Remember: outrage nn itza

1. In words derived from noun, which have suffixes -in -, - an-, -yan-

peatyang uk(from noun peat)

2. In words derived from adj. with one H: studyn uk(from adj. study n th), martyr, toiler

3. In words:

bagr yang itza (bagr yang th), hemp yang uk (cannabis yang th)

var yen hic (var yong th), smoked yong awn (smoked yong th)

cost yang ika (cost yang oh), wise yong awn (wise yong th)

oil yen itza (oil yen th), oats yang itza (oats yang th)

GOST in itza (gost in th), firewood yang hic (firewood yang Oh)

smart yong awn (clever n th), velikomuch yen itza

Adjective:

NN

N

1.noun -H + -H-: karmann th

2. -OHN-, -ENN-: commissionion th, cranberriesyenn th,

! without wind nn th

3.exceptions with -JANN-: GLASSNN OUCH, TINNN OUCH, WOODNN OUCH

NS nn and you ( young th nat Uralists)

1.-IN-: goose in th

2.exception WINDN OUCH(day, person)

3. -AN- (-YAN-): skinsan th

Remember: NS n th;

bagr yang th, room yang oh, ry yang th, p yang oh, straight n th (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n uh, swi n oh si n oh, green n oh, one n oh, core n th.

In short adjectives, write as many n as in full

Tuma nn aya dal - dal tuma nn a

wind n th girl - girl in the wind n a

Communion:

N - NN IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICULARS AND SECONDARY APPENDICES

NN

N

1. There is a prefix: about seeded flour

(except for the prefix not-)

But: not asking her nn th flour

1. There is a prefix not-: not sowing n th flour

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: sowing nn and I through a sieve flour

2. No ¬: sowing n th flour

3.has a suffix -ova - / - eva-:

marin ovann cucumbers

3. Exceptions: kova n oh, chew n oh, bite n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

4. Formed from the perfective non-prescriptive verb:

Reshe nn th task (to solve - what with make?)

But: from wound nn th , wound nn th in leg fighter

! Being woundnn th, the soldier remained in the ranks.

The women immediately hung erasednn oh.(Suffering acc., Because they retain the verb meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., Calm

4. Exception: wound n oh, windy

5. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles : name nn th play, it's over nn th work.

5. When a participle changes into an adjective name, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, named brother, planted father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, finished person.

Exceptions: cutesy, desired,

unheard of, unseen, sacred,

unexpected, unexpected, inadvertent, made, slow, not asleep, boastful, hammered

6. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: gold n oh, scrap n th-fracture n th, Word everything in general has value adj.(high degree of quality), not the meaning of "adj. + participle ".

7. Brief participles: the girl is spoiled n a

SHOULD BE DIFFERENT

Short adjective

Short participle

Girl raised nna (itself is a short appendix). Can be replaced with a full adjective: educated I am.

Girl raised n and in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short reason .. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.

Adverb

Short participle of the neuter

 chap.  pl.

He answered deliberately(how? how?).

Deliberately is a circumstance.

natural  cr. with

A business deliberate (what is it?) from all sides.

Considered - predicate.

Task 15. Arrange punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of the sentences in which you need to put one comma.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous terms in the sentence.

2. Determine which unions connect them:

if it is a single connecting or separating union ( and, or, or, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not put ;

if it is a double union ( both ... and; not so much ... how much; not only but; although ... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double conjunction ;

if this repeated unions , then comma is put only in front of those that are between homogeneous members ;

in front of adversarial alliances between homogeneous members always put a comma .

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!

Task 16. Solve punctuation marks: include all numbers, in place of which in the sentence must be commas.

Remember:

participial answers the questions which? which? which? which? ;

gerunds answers the questions what having done? what are you doing? And denotes an additional action with a verb - predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions as? when? why?

the setting of punctuation marks in the participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

the adverbial turnover is always highlighted in the letter with commas;

homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find participles and adverbs in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies (BEFORE - is not separated by commas !!! AFTER the word being defined - is highlighted !!!).

3) Check if there are homogeneous members in the sentence with the conjunction And, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma in front of the AND conjunction.

4) .Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of a turn, this is provocation!!! Eliminate them !!!Use the technique of excluding the highlighted turnover.

Task 17.

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the final analysis, it seems, it is unlikely, all the same, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, moreover, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely rare, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit decisively, nevertheless, only, ostensibly.

Task 18. Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in their place in the sentence must be commas.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to determine the incorrectly found solution, or, conversely, to confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with clauses , in them union word which is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but In the middle her, therefore comma before union word not put. (1.Exclude the numbers around the word "which"

4. Attention to the union I). Determine what it connects: parts complex sentence- comma, homogeneous members of the sentence - no comma.

Task 19. Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in their place in the sentence must be commas.

To complete the task, use the algorithm:

1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences in a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are related.

4. Find out if the sentence is present union And , and if present in the sentence, define what it connects:

if homogeneous members , then there is a comma in front of it not put ;

if parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma in front of it put .

5. Find 2 unions next to each other: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so if, and when:

Comma between unions NOT put if the words go further in the sentence then, so, but

Comma between unions put, if no THAT, SO, BUT.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:

they (argument and output) contain the main information;

therefore, among the answer options, one should look for one in which the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences is combined.

Remember the main information is given only in its direct meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICLY)

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the cause-and-effect relationship between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, union words, introductory constructions.

3. Reduce the text by deleting secondary information (various kinds of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your proposal that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text.

2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary "photographing":

if it is possible to "photograph" the entire text in one frame, this is description ;

if it is possible to "photograph" the text with a successive series of frames - this is narration ;

if the text cannot be "photographed" - it is reasoning .

3. Remember that

description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);

narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of the characters);

reasoning proves and builds according to the scheme: thesis - proof - the final conclusion.

Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.

Types of speech

Compositional scheme

Narration

(what happened?)

I came, I saw, I won.

report a sequence of actions or events.

Verbs are used.

Multiple frames

Exposition

Tie

Action development

Climax

5. Interchange

Description

(which?)

indicate the signs of an object, person, place, condition. Adjectives are used.

1 frame

From overall impression to detail.

Reasoning (why?)

substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.

It talks about causes and effects, events and phenomena, their ideas, assessments, feelings. - that it is impossible to photograph.

1. Thesis (thought that is being proved) →

2.arguments (proofs, examples) →

3. conclusions.

Task 22. Write out synonyms (synonymous pair) from the specified sentences. (There may be different lexical means.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. If in the task you need to find a certain lexical unit in the specified passage of text, you must

remember the definition of this lexical unit:

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in this context.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual.

Homonyms-these are words, the samesound (withpossible differentwriting) or writesania (if possibledifferent soundnii), but different in meaning.

Histories- these are outdated words that have gone out of use due to the disappearance from life of objects and phenomena that they denoted.

Neologisms- new words of limited use.

Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang up your nose, win a victory, a crying voice)

Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is related to the previous one using a possessive pronoun (another means of communication). Write the number of this sentence.

Lexical means of communication required in task B7:

lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);

synonyms and synonymous substitutions;

contextual synonyms;

antonyms (including contextual ones).

Morphological means of communication:

unions;

personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;

adverbs;

the degree of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

The syntactic means of linking sentences include:

syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences);

parceling (removal of any part from the proposal and its registration in the form of an independent incomplete proposal);

incomplete sentences;

introductory words and sentences, addresses, rhetorical questions.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronoun connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.

2. Remember that you must define the relationship of the given sentence with the previous , with the one that is before the proposal you are considering .

DISCHARGES OF PRONOUNDS BY VALUE

Personal

Unit h. pl. h.

1 l. - I we

2 p. - you you

3 l. - he, she, it they

Returnable

myself

Interrogative

Relative

who, what, what, whose, which, how much, what is

Undefined

someone, something, some, a few, some, something, someone, someone, someone, some, some, some, some, some, some sometime

Negative

nobody, nothing, no, nobody, nobody, nothing

Possessive

my, your, your, our, your, his, her, them

Indicative

that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)

Definitive

all, everyone, everyone, himself, any, different, very, different

When declining some pronouns, the whole word changes: I - to me, you - to you ...

Distinguish between the categories of pronouns.

Wed Her (him, them) book- whose? - possessive pronoun.

We sawher (him, them ) - whom? - personal pronoun.

Who is the duty officer today? - interrogative pronoun.

We do not know, who duty today is a relative pronoun.

Task 24. Restore the terms missing in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive means of language presented in the sample of answers.

Divide all terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.

Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.

4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list of those terms that, according to their meaning, cannot be in the place of gaps in the text.

1. Trails - words and expressions used in a figurative sense:

epithet - figurative definition (Through wavy fog the moon sneaks in ... / А.S. Pushkin /);

impersonation - attribution of qualities, actions, emotions of a person to objects, nature, abstract concepts ( The earth sleeps in blue radiance / M.Yu. Lermontov /);

comparison - comparison of two objects or phenomena, in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice fragile on the icy river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov /);

metaphor - transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (on mountain ash bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin /);

metonymy - allegorical designation of the subject of speech, "renaming", replacing one concept with another that has a causal relationship with it ( All flags will visit us / A.S. Pushkin /);

synecdoche - a kind of metonymy, when the name of the part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);

hyperbola - excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (In a hundred thousand suns, the sunset blazed / V.V. Mayakovsky /);

litotes - excessive understatement of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (your spitz, adorable spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboyedov /);

irony - hidden mockery; the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal (Split, clever you are raving head? / I.A. Krylov /);

paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their distinctive features or an indication of characteristic features ( King of beasts/instead of a lion/);

2. Figures of speech - special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:

antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images (You are poor, You are abundant, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother - Russia! / N.A. Nekrasov /);

inversion - reverse word order (turns white lonely sail/ M.Yu. Lermontov /);

gradation - the arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Shone, burned, shone huge blue eyes);

oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);

parceling - deliberate violation of the boundaries of the proposal (It happened a long time ago. Anna had a problem. Big.);

anaphora - monotony, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait really hard. Wait when the yellow rains bring sadness, Wait when the snow is swept Wait when it's hot Wait, when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov /);

epiphora - repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several side by side standing structures(I would like to know why I titular counselor? Why exactly titular counselor? / N.V. Gogol /);

a rhetorical question - a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (to be or not to be? / Shakespeare /);

rhetorical address - an emotional appeal to people who are not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);

ellipsis - the omission of the predicate, giving the speech dynamism (We villages - to ashes, hailstones - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);

lexical repetition - deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance emotionality, expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).

questioningly - response form of presentation - a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What to do? I don’t know. Who to ask for advice? Unknown.);

syntactic parallelism - the same syntactic structure of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar members of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. / M.Yu. Lermontov /);

homogeneous members of a sentence .

3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary

Dialect words - a word or phrase used in a particular locality (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialecticism): rooster-cocks

Slang- speech of a social group, different from the general language, containing many artificial words and expressions. Jargon is different: salon, bourgeois, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. "Chuyat" - from the hunter's jargon, "amba" - from the sea.

Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on uma - name) - words that have opposite meanings: "Treachery and Love", "Only the shine is whiter, the shadow is blacker."

Archaisms(from the Greek. Archaios - ancient) - an outdated word or turn of speech.

Neologisms(from the Greek. Neos - new and logos - word) - a word, newly formed, appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). The neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, "mediocrity" instead of "mediocrity".

Synonyms(from the Greek - the same name) 1) Words, different in spelling, but close (or the same) in meaning: conquer-conquer (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - adorable; hippopotamus - hippo. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that converge in meaning in the same context, these words are of an individual, situational nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); talk (murmur) of waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) foliage.

Contextual synonyms - words or a combination of words that acquire a similar meaning only in a certain context. Doing nothing is passive rest.

Phraseologism - lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, integral in meaning, a phrase reproduced in the form of a ready-made speech unit. (Frown up, win a victory, lower your head, bruise your nose, burn out with shame, grinning your teeth, sudden death, melancholy takes, bitter frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate position)

Homonyms- the same sounding words that have different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (a lot and change your decision). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are spelled differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

PART 2

It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author's position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and convincingly expressing your own attitude to what you read. The length of the essay is at least 200 words.

To complete the task correctly, you need to know criteria for evaluating part C.

Essay writing plan - reasoning on the proposed text

Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, drawn up on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of Part C:

1. Formulate the problem - K 1

2. Comment on the problem. K-2

4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4

5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).

6. Final conclusion (conclusion).

Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.

UMK line M. M. Razumovskaya. Russian language (5-9)

Line of UMK V.V. Babaitseva. Russian language (10-11) (in-depth)

UMK Kudryavtseva line. Russian language (10-11)

Line of UMK Pakhnova. Russian language (10-11) (B)

Unified State Exam in Russian: detailed analysis of assignments with specialists

The Unified State Exam in Russian is one of the compulsory subjects for passing the final exams. USE results in the Russian language will be required for admission to universities for each area of ​​training (specialty). Today we will consider in detail one of the options for the examination task.

New materials on the exam are available for review at the link:

Below is a breakdown of the 2017 assignments.

The examination work takes 3.5 hours (210 minutes).

The minimum number of points in the Russian language:

• to obtain a certificate - 24 points;
• for admission to a university - 36 points.

The structure of the examination paper:

Each version of the examination work consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of difficulty.

Part 1 contains 24 tasks with a short answer. V examination paper the following types of tasks with a short answer are proposed:

• open-ended tasks to record an independently formulated correct answer;
• tasks to choose and record one correct answer from the proposed list of answers.

Part 2 contains 1 open-ended task with a detailed answer (essay), which tests the ability to create your own utterance based on the text read.

Our experts:

Sosnina Irina Vasilievna, teacher of Russian language and literature, laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in the field of education.
She was awarded the Certificate of Honor of the Ministry of Education and Science, work experience - 34 years.

Ryabtseva Elena Aleksandrovna, teacher of the highest category, teaches in high school. Labor veteran, Winner of the competition for the best teachers of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Priority National Project "Education". Twice Laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in education. Teaching experience - 46 years.

Part 1

Read the text and complete assignments 1-3.

(1) L.N. Gumilyov, studying the features of the historical development of the peoples of Eurasia, noticed that violent social changes on the continent associated with cycles of solar activity , which are described quite fully by astronomers. (2) Following the experts in the field of natural science, the scientist suggested that this connection is natural . (3)<…>he put forward and developed the hypothesis that a sharp increase in solar activity favors that that on Earth in large quantities "passionaries" are born - people of increased activity promoting social change and guiding the historical movement of peoples.

1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilyov was that he was the first to see the connection between active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia.

2) L.N. Gumilev drew attention to the fact that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.

3) L.N. Gumilev, putting forward a hypothesis about "passionaries", explained the connection between the cycles of solar activity with the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.

4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilev, owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.

5) Studying the features of the historical development of Eurasia, L.N. Gumilev put forward a hypothesis about "passionaries", according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Answer: 3 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text.

2. Determine the causal relationship between the sentences in the text.

3. Reduce the text by deleting secondary information (various kinds of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your proposal that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.

Try to retell the text succinctly:

Let's compare the retelling with the options:

1. in the first version, the emphasis is placed on the connection between active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia;
2. in the second version there is extra information that social changes and intensification of ethnic processes on Earth are associated with the cosmic energy of the galaxy;
3. in the third version, a hypothesis about "passionaries" is put forward, the connection between the cycles of solar activity and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth is explained, this is true;
4. in the fourth version, erroneous information is given that the peoples of Eurasia owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers;
5. in the fifth version, the hypothesis of "passionaries" is correctly explained, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Correct answer options - 3 5

2. Which of the following words or word combinations should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

But
because
Meanwhile
but
Moreover,

Answer: 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

To correctly determine the word (combination of words) necessary for a given context:

1) Carefully read the test and understand the logic of the author's reasoning.

2) Determine what logical link in the author's reasoning is a sentence with a gap:

Does not indicate the reason for the described phenomena (therefore, it is impossible to insert BECAUSE );

It is not an introductory phrase and does not indicate the mention of anything, (therefore, it is impossible to choose BETWEEN );

It is used for opposition, emphasizing the contradiction (therefore, in the place of the omission by the meaning it is impossible to insert HOWEVER, BUT, BUT );

Used to indicate of particular importance of the next phrase (therefore, in the place of the pass, according to the meaning, you need to choose MOREOVER );

3) Perform the substitution, and then re-read the resulting version again and make sure that you have correctly established the logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry that describes the meanings of the word DEVELOP. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

DEVELOP, - call, - call, owls.

1) Strengthen, give something. get stronger, get stronger. R. interest in music.

2) Bring to a certain degree of spiritual maturity, consciousness, culture. R. child. Reading developed it.

3) Distribute, expand, deepen the content or application of something. R. idea. R. argumentation.

4) Do something. in wide dimensions, with all the energy to unfold something. R. agitation. R. activity.

Answer: 3.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the assignment carefully.

2. Find the indicated sentence.

3. Include each of the suggested lexical definitions in place of the word given for analysis.

4. Determine whether or not the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

If the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

If the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.

Word DEVELOP, - call, - call, owls. used in the meaning of spreading, expanding, deepening the content or application of something.

R. idea. R. argumentation.

4. In what word was the mistake in stressing: WRONG highlighted letter denoting stressed vowel sound? Write this word down.

Adolescence

bleeding

vulgarize

Answer: vulgarize

Algorithm for completing the task:

It must be remembered: the mobility of the Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task, so pay attention to the recommendations and repeat the words from the link.

1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress usually falls on the ending A: took, took, took, took, took, poured in, rushed in, took, recreated,, drove, chased, got, got, got, waited, waited, took, locked, locked, called, lied, nasled, lil, lied narwala, startedA, doused, hugged, overtook, tore offA, departed, gaveA, recalledA, recalledAs, pouredA, calledA, pouredA, understoodA, arrivedA, toreA, took offA, createdA, rippedA, removedA.

Note:

The exception is the feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which pulls the stress on itself: I poured out, called out ;

For the verbs put, sneak, send, send, send, the stress in the feminine form of the past tense does NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis of: KlAla, hiding, Sent, Sent, Sent.

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is WRONG. Correct the lexical error by matching the highlighted word with a paronym. Write down the chosen word.

The jury delivered an ACCIDENTAL verdict in the case.

Experiments have shown that when lightning strikes soil containing silicates and organic carbon, a ball of silicon and silicon carbide fibers is formed.

“He was a very HIDDEN man who knew how to keep silent,” the writer's contemporaries recalled.

Within the Soviets, instead of democracy, the Bolsheviks' DICTAT was established.

I am ready to forgive even cruelty if I see compassion COMING FROM whoever talks about it.

Answer: secretive.

Paronyms are one-root words belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings: addressee - addressee; ignorant - ignorant; put on - put on, etc.

Members of paronymic couples

Have different lexical meanings;

Combine with different words.

ACCUSED- participle from Ch. to blame, whoever is found guilty. Examples of usage: accused of theft, accused of lying, accused of embezzlement Money, charged with a crime, innocently accused, charged in a murder case.	ACCUSIVE- containing an accusation. Examples of usage: indictment, conviction, indictment, indictment.
ORGANIC... 1. (special) Belonging to the plant or animal world, belonging to living organisms. 2. Concerning internal structure a person, his body, his organs. 3. Concerning the very essence of something, root. 4. (trans.) Inherent in someone.	ORGANIC... Having deep roots in a personal or social organism, inherent in someone, something, not accidental, naturally arising from something; holistic, indissoluble.
SECRETIVE... Not inclined to share his thoughts, feelings, intentions with others, unrepentant. Synonym: closed. Antonyms: frank, sincere. Secretive: ~ th man; ~ th person; ~ th creature; ~ th people; ~ th character.	HIDDEN... Secret, not revealed explicitly. Antonym: explicit. Hidden: ~ th meaning, hint; ~ th enmity, irony, pain; ~ oh excitement, observation; ~ th power; ~ th temperament; ~ new opportunities, reserves, thoughts, intrigues; ~ th enemy.
DICTATION(ped.). Written work, consisting in writing down the dictated text. Examples: cool, control, visual, difficult, easy dictation	DICTATES- a requirement, an indication dictated by one, strong point and imposed for unconditional fulfillment on the other, weaker side. Examples: Roman diktat;
INITIAL- initial. Examples: starting point, level of knowledge	OUTGOING- term of document flow. Examples: outgoing number, document

The correct answer is “ SECRETIVE", Not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences with others.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

Erase off the board

sing SOUND

v HALF-HUNDRED meters

two pairs SOCKS

not PRORONYA not a word

Answer: letting

Algorithm for completing the task:

To complete this task, you need a good knowledge of the theory.

1. The formation and use of the nominative and genitive plurals of nouns (For most of the masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a solid consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock ), the ending -OV in genitive plural: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc).

2. The use of numbers one and a half, one and a half hundred ( The numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred in all indirect cases, except for the accusative, have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred ).

3. Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Comparison of adjectives and adverbs

comparative adjective		Superlative degree adjective
Suffixes: -EE, -E, -SHE STRONG HER LOUDER E YOUNGER E	MORE LESS MORE PERSISTENT LESS DIFFICULT	Suffixes: -AISH-, -EISH- DEEP AISH HEY NEZH N EISH HEY	MOST MOST LEAST MOST KIND MOST DANGEROUS
Comparative degree of adverb		Excellent adverbial degree
Suffixes -EE, -E, -SHE EXACT HER HIGHER E TONSH E	MORE AND LESS MORE EXACTLY MORE HIGH MORE THIN		Pronoun ALL + simple comparative form MORE PRECISELY ALL ABOVE ALL THINNER ALL

The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs differ from each other in terms of syntactic functions in a sentence: the comparative degree of an adjective acts as a predicate of a personal sentence, a definition and, very rarely, a subject; the comparative degree of the adverb - in the role of circumstance.

The error was made in the word “ uttering". This is a participle formed from a perfect verb. The perfect participle is formed by attaching a suffix -v- to the stems of the vowel infinitive: push - pushing, come - stepping on, see - having looked.

We also offer to your attention the working program for the teaching materials of Gusarova I.V. (basic and advanced levels) for grades 10-11.

From the fifth grade, you can already take the working program for the teaching materials of R.I. Albetkova in Russian literature.

7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of the noun

with the pretext

B) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial turnover

C) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

D) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech

E) violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members

SUGGESTIONS

1) In 1915, Charlie Chaplin participated in the Charlie Chaplin look-alike competition in San Francisco, but he not only did not win, but did not even make it to the final.

2) The student told his teacher that I had not yet prepared for the answer.

3) In the poem by Nekrasov “ Railway»Presents a picture of the life of the people.

4) Looking back, it seemed to me that the dog was still following me, but there was no one.

5) Many years ago, here, in the very center of the village, there was a wooden church, and everyone who saw it admired the elegance of the building.

6) From June 1, commuter trains will depart according to the summer timetable.

7) The beast carefully made its way along the road leading to the village and along which it walked more than once.

8) A detachment of rescuers moved out to meet the group of tourists.

9) All parcels sent abroad undergo strict epidemiological control.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

A.8. Errors associated with the incorrect use of the APPROXIMATE FORM of the name Noun WITH A PRESENTATION.

B.4. Errors in the construction of sentences with DIRECT SPEEDS.

Grammatically incorrect is a sentence in which the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the verb are performed by different persons.

AT 5. Errors associated with disruption of communication between the SUBJECT and the TOLD.

In complex sentences built according to the model “ THOSE WHO ... », « EVERYONE WHO ... », With the subject TE, the predicate verb is put in the singular, and with the subject TE (ALL), the predicate verbs are used in the plural.

D.2. Errors in constructing sentences with INDIRECT SPEECH.

It is unacceptable to use the personal pronoun "I" when translating direct speech into indirect speech in the subordinate part: pronouns and verbs in the first person form should be replaced with pronouns and verbs in the third person form.

D 7. Errors in constructing sentences with HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.

The mistake in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members (Proposition 7) is that different syntactic constructions are included in a number of homogeneous members. You need: either two participial turns, or two homogeneous subordinate clauses.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

note ... adorable

nearby (station)

hug..mother

sat..register

anal..genic

Answer: hug

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Choose test words for each word, remembering that among them there may be vocabulary words, the unstressed vowel at the root of which requires memorization.

If you find words that have a verifiable vowel in the root, or dictionary words, you can cross them out, since they will not be the correct answer.

2) Carefully read all the words and find among them a word with an alternating vowel at the root:

GAR - GOR; ZAR - ZOR; CLAN - CLONE; TVAR - CREATIVE; LAG - LOD; BIR - BER; PIR - PER; DIR - DER; TIR - TEP; WORLD - MEP; BLIST - BLIST; STEEL - STEEL; ZHIG - ZHEG; CHIT - EVEN; KAS - KOS A; (I) - IM (IN); RAST - RASCH - ROS; SKAK - SKOCH; MAK - IOC; RAVN - ROVN; PLAV - PLOV; CHA - CHIN; MY - MIN; JA - PRIME; NY - HIM; KLYA - WEDGE.

Remember:

1. Checked unstressed vowels at the root of the word

(in an unstressed position at the root of the word, the same vowel is written as under stress in the same root words or forms of this word: noteworthy - to notice; to save - carelessly; analogous - analogy).

2. Alternating vowels at the root of the word (Hug-Hug).

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

ave ... a miracle, ave ... wrong (interpret)

pr..mazh (glue), pr..dead

not .. bendable, .. give

wha ... mel, inter..gaming

under..yachny, oh...

Answer: die-hard, pass

To complete the task correctly, you need to know the following spelling rules:

Spelling of unchangeable prefixes: (always written the same way. You need to know them "by sight": in-, in-, vzo-, you-, before-, for-, is-, on-, over-, need-, not-, under-, o-, about-, about-, over-, on , pod-, pod-, pra-, pre-, pro, raz-, s-, co- ... In the word "miss" (with glue), write the prefix PRO-, and in the word "great-grandfather" - PRA-)

Spelling changeable prefixes ending in -3 and -WITH(the prefix is ​​written with the letter Z, if the root begins with a vowel or voiced consonant, and with the letter C, if the root begins with a voiceless consonant (k, p, s, t is a word for memorizing "KaPusta": without- / without-, voz- / vos- (vz- / vs-), from- / is-, low- / nis-, ra- / races, rose- / ros-, through / overs (through / chres) ;

Spelling prefixes PRE- and AT-: (so as not to be mistaken in writing the prefix AT- or PRE- in a word, you should know their meaning. These prefixes are considered semantic, that is, the choice in their writing is based on the meaning of the prefixes, which they add to the lexical meaning of the word. So the root of the word "quirk" is morpheme -MIRACLE-: Quirk-Wonderful-Miracles. ... The semantics (meaning) of the prefix PRI- in the word is unclear, so we remember the spelling of this prefix in this word. And in the word "misinterpret" the choice of the prefix depends on the lexical meaning of the word. Words with prefixes PRE- / PRI-, which are pronounced the same way, but have different lexical meanings that determine the choice of the prefix: in this case - "false, distorted", so we choose the prefix PRE-);

Spelling NS after prefixes (if the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND root changes to NS: the game- draw , known - unknown , history - prehistory .

But, after the prefixes of inter-, super- and foreign language prefixes des-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan- And it does not change: super-refined, inter-institutional, disinfection, counter-game, post-impressionism, trans-Indian, pan-Islamism.

Excl .: collect);

Spelling dividing lines B and B signs (dividing B written only after prefixes with a consonant before letters e, e, y, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [th '] appears): entrance, overeat. Inside the word, before the letters e, e, i, y, i(not after the prefix!): curtain, serious, nightingale, blizzard, peasant, clerk (cf. clerk), etc. write b).

The words "unbending" and "pass" are missing the prefix WITH-... There is no prefix З-. The C- prefix does not change. Formally, the prefix C- is used in combinations sat, c, cd, c, c, c, c.

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass.

koch..vat

suede .. out

overshadow

thoughtful .. out

Answer: Thoughtful

This is an adjective, the spelling is in the suffix. Adjective suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- are always written with the letter I.

Have adjective suffixes -A LION-,-CHEV- can not be.

Algorithm of reasoning:

1) Determine in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If the vowel is missing in the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to set its conjugation:

Vowels are written in the personal endings of the first conjugation of verbs E, U ;

Vowels are written in the personal endings of the second conjugation verbs I, A (I) .

3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

Missing vowel in participle suffixes yasch, yasch, asch, yasch, im, eat (ohm) .

Omitted vowel before participle suffix lw, nn.

4) Spelling participle suffixes yasch, yasch, asch, yasch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

Suffixes are written in participles formed from verbs of I conjugation uzh, yusch, eat (ohm) ;

In participles formed from verbs II conjugation, suffixes are written asch, yasch, im.

5) Spelling a vowel before participle suffixes lice and nn depends on whether on yat - yat or it - it the indefinite form of the original verb ends:

If the original verb ends in at or yat, then before nn in the passive participles of the past tense, the vowel a (i) is preserved;

If the original verb ends in go or eat then before nn only written e ;

Before the suffix lice keeps the same vowel as before the ending be in an indefinite form.

Help: Put the verb in 3rd person plural. (WHAT DO THEY? WHAT DO THEY?) -ut-yut - verb 1 conjugation - the letter should be written in the endings E ,

The ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - the letter should be written in the endings AND .

11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written at the place of the pass.

hopeful

(they) are offended ...

(patients) get well ...

sealed

(they) visit ...

Answer: Offended

This is a verb derived from the verb "OFFENSE", referring to the second conjugation. See table:

Conjugation of verbs

II conjugation	I conjugation	Multi-conjugate
1) All verbs in –it, except shave and lay . 2) and 11 more verbs: Drive, hold, breathe, offend. Hear, see, hate. And depend and endure. And also watch, twirl . Will you remember, friends, them on -E- cannot be conjugated.	1) all other verbs, except for multi-conjugated; 2) plus verbs shave and lay	to want, run, honor

12. Define a sentence in which NOT with a word is written LITTLE.

Expand the parentheses and write out this word.

We lived poorly, constantly (NOT) GATHERED, exchanged for food those things that we brought with us.

My trained glance determined that the area was (NOT) HUMAN BEING, but I nevertheless decided to look for at least some signs of a human presence.

It is still far (NOT) CLEAR whether such a criterion of assessment is applicable to all and equally.

The zoo accepts (NOT) SOLD OUT for the New Year fruits, which will be enjoyed by elephants, kangaroos, bears and artiodactyls.

She is an amazing Russian actress, he is a (NOT) KNOWN brilliant teacher, and both are true servants of the theater.

Answer: They were malnourished, because.:

NEDO-- a complex prefix indicating incompleteness, lack of action or quality, for example, underfill, underreleased, underdeveloped ... It consists of two independently used elements: prefixes before- , denoting the achievement of the goal, bringing the action to the end ( eat up, get there, finish reading, live ), and particles not-, which denies that "before" means ( not eat enough, not get there …).

Verbs with NEDO- Incompleteness of action, manifested in the absence of a sufficient norm, is associated in verbs

1) with a lack of quantity of something ( underfill, underweight, underfill, underfill ),

2) with a lack of length of something in time ( underexposure, undernose, undersleep, undercooked ),

3) with an insufficient degree of intensity of action ( overlook, overlook, overheard, overlook ).

The most numerous is the first group of verbs. Among the verbs with NEDO- there are those without NOT not used (n to help, misunderstand, underestimate, underestimate, dislike, misheard, bewildered, missed ... ) Verbs harass, understand, use, re-evaluate, love, hear, understand, count ... missing in the language.

It should be remembered that the rules of writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

		Apart
	If the word without NOT is not used: resent, indignant, indignant, fiction	If there is an opposition with the union a is not true, but a lie
	If can be replaced with synonyms without NOT: narrow - narrow	If with the word with NOT there are words far away, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all a beauty
	There is NO excuse between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one	With verbs and participles: did not know, not knowing
		With prefixes not + before not completely done do not watch the film, do not take it home She did not finish and fell silent.
		Short participles: not_ closed
		Pronouns HAVE a preposition With no one, no one
Exceptions: not in measure, not in an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not within the power, not to your liking, not from your hand, etc .; b) neither give nor take, neither me nor here nor there, nor dawn, not for anything not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not a sniff of tobacco, not a penny, etc. not one (no one) - not one (many), not once (never) - more than once (often).

13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are writtenLITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

Investigating evidence (BECAUSE OF is preceded by the announcement of the documents formulating the accusation, and ALSO) discussion of the order of examination of evidence.

Nihilistic philosophy admits no (TOP) PERSONAL values ​​on which a person could rely, TO) justify their existence.

(AT FIRST , everything should be fair, so you need to divide the loot (EQUALLY .

(DESPITE to the hostility of critics, Turgenev was extremely popular among Russian readers: his novels were very famous even ( INITIALLY XX century.

The theater was (WHITE) STONE building with a high porch and TABLE (SAME) high oak doors.

Answer: Overpersonal, to

Adjective " SUPERFACE "Is written together, because

The first part of the complex adjective " IN EXCESS OF »Introduces the value of the excess of the usual measure, the limit;

Word " TO »Is a union, it can be replaced by a synonym.

Algorithm of reasoning:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Alliances so that, too, also, but, moreover, and, so, therefore, are written together; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words similar to these unions in sounding of other parts of speech what would, the same, the same, for that, with what, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (however, would) can either be removed from the sentence, or rearranged in another place; another component ( what, what, so, what ) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: CONSEQUENCE = due to , IN SEE = due to , ABOUT = O , WELCOME = To , IN SPITE OF = in spite of .

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = CONTINUED, IN CONTRAST, FINALLY , THROUGHOUT .

For continuous, hyphenated, or split adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions - in the course E: There was no news for a year. (time value)

Nouns with prepositions - in the flow AND(what?) rivers. She spoke for an hour. AND(what?) series. Unlike E from others (used with from). Follow E= because of

Nouns with prepositions - go up (refer to the verb),

Climb to the top of the mountain.

Gerunds with negation

Despite the rain, we left the city (although it was raining). Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.

14. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) are written НН.

Otherwise, (1) young officers in the regiment were spoiled (2) with a gentle attitude towards them during the training period and completely (3) knew nothing about the truth of (4) the life of ordinary soldiers.

Answer: 1,3,4.

The word "appointed" is a passive past participle should be written NN

1. The word "spoiled" is a short form (except for the masculine form) of an adjective with a qualitative meaning that coincides in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn

2. The word "True" - NN - since it is formed at the junction of the stem ending in the letter H, and suffix N

Algorithm of reasoning:

1 Determine which part of speech the word belongs to with a missing letter;

2.Apply spelling rule N and NN in the suffix of the given part of speech.

Noun: NN

1. If the root of a word ends in N and the suffix starts with N: raspberry(raspberries)

2.If n. derived from adj. having NN, or from the participle: soreness (painful), spoiled (spoiled)

3. Remember: dowry

1. In words derived from n. That have suffixes -in -, - an-, -yan- : peat bog (from noun peat)

2. In words derived from adj. with one N : student (from adj. scientist), martyr, hard worker

3. In words: purple (crimson), hemp (hemp), dumpling (boiled), smoked meats (smoked), bone (bone), tricky (tricky), carnival (oil), fescue (oat), hotel (living room), wood (wood), cleverness (clever), great martyr

Adjective:

1.noun -H + -H -: pocket

2. -HE N- , -ENN- : commission, cranberry! windless

3.exceptions with -JANN-: GLASS, TIN, WOOD

Yunnats (young naturalists)

4. -IN- : goose , exception WINDY (day, person)

5. -AN- (-YAN-) : leather Remember: young; crimson, ruddy, zealous, drunk, spicy (historical suf. - YAN- ); mutton, pork, blue, green, single, vigorous .

The same number of short adjectives is written n, how many and in full

foggy distance - foggy distance, windy girl - windy girl

Communion:

N - NN IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICULARS AND SECONDARY APPENDICES

1. There is a prefix: sifted flour (except for the attachment not-)

But: wholemeal flour

1. There is a prefix not-: whole flour

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: sifted flour

3. No ¬: seeded flour

4.has a suffix -ova - / - eva-: pickles

Exceptions: forged, chewed, pecked (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

5. Formed from a non-prescriptive perfective verb:

Solved problem (decide - what to do?) But: a wounded, wounded fighter in the leg! Wounded, the soldier remained in the ranks.

The women immediately hung up the clothes. (Suffering acc., Because they retain the verb meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., Calm

Exception: wounded, windy

6. These same words in their direct meaning will be participles: named play, finished work.

7. When a participle changes into an adjective name, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, named brother, planted father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a goner.

Exceptions: cutesy, desired, unheard of, unseen, sacred, unexpected, unexpected, inadvertent, done, slow, not asleep, boastful, hammered.

8. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: gold-woven, broken-broken, The word all as a whole has the meaning of an addendum. (high degree of quality), not the meaning of "adj. + participle ".

9. Brief participles: the girl is spoiled

SHOULD BE DIFFERENT

Short adjective

The girl is well-bred (herself - a short appendix). Can be replaced with a full adjective: educated.

Short participle

The girl was brought up in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short reason .. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.

Înatural ? cr. with

The matter has been considered (what is it?) From all sides. Considered - predicate.

15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) His relatives and colleagues and numerous friends came to congratulate the hero of the day.

2) The romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communication with the elements: with the world of the ocean or the sea of ​​mountains or coastal rocks.

3) In an excerpt from "Antonov apples" by Bunin, one feels not so much the author's desire to be a landowner as the desire to be free from petty matters.

4) The constant movement of striving for other limits is the essence of creative life, and Pasternak wrote about this in one of his poems.

5) In the morning, the east lit up with a blush and small clouds turned into a delicate color.

Answer: 2.3

2-sentence - repeating union OR with homogeneous members.

3rd sentence - union " as much as", Which expresses the constraint matching; the same as “ not to the same extent ... as". A punctuation mark is placed between the parts of the sentence (before the second part of the union).

Algorithm of reasoning:

1. Find homogeneous terms in the sentence.

2. Determine which unions connect them:

If it is a single connecting or dividing union (and, or, or, yes (= and) , no comma is placed before it;

If it is a double union ( both ... and; not so much ... how much; not only but; although ... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double conjunction;

· If these are repeated unions, then a comma is placed only in front of those of them that are between homogeneous members;

· Before adversary unions between homogeneous members, a comma is always put.

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one.

16. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number (s), which should be replaced by a comma in the sentence.

Mathematics (1) originated in Ancient Greece (2) has two “parents” - logic and geometry, therefore (3) without understanding (4) the nature of “parents” (5) its essence cannot be understood.

Answer: a) 1,2- participle, standing after the defined word, b)3,4- verbal participle (single)

Algorithm of reasoning:

The participle phrase answers questions which? which? which? what kind?;

The participle answers questions what having done? what are you doing? And denotes an additional action with a verb - predicate; adverbial turnover answers questions as? when? why?

* the setting of punctuation marks in the participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

* the adverbial turnover is always highlighted in the letter with commas;

* homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.

Algorithm of reasoning:

1) Find participles and adverbs in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence is occupied by the participle ( BEFORE- not separated by commas. AFTER the word being defined - highlighted

3) Check if there are homogeneous members in the sentence with the conjunction And, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma in front of the AND conjunction.

Difficult cases of punctuation in participle and adverbial sentences.

	Participial	Participial turnover.
	Stands out participial turnover, which has the meaning of a cause or concession: Associated with the great poet by heartfelt friendship, Zhukovsky was very upset by his death (he was worried because he was bound by friendship - the meaning of the reason).	Do not stand out single adverbs following the predicate, if they are the circumstances of the course of action, as well as those close in function to adverbs: He walked with a limp. Reading while lying down is harmful.
	Not separated by commas homogeneous participial and adverbial phrases connected by a single connecting or dividing union: The disinterestedness of Pletnev, who worked in the name of the greatness of Russian literature and understood the uniqueness of Pushkin's phenomenon, is striking. They walked, cautiously looking around and not saying a word.
	Expressions with words are not highlighted STARTING FROM, STARTING FROM(they can be omitted without prejudice to the meaning): Let's get down to work BEGINNING From next week. Phraseological units are not distinguished, which include adverbials: They listened to his story WITH BREATHING.

17. Arrange any missing punctuation marks. Indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in sentences should be a comma (s).

Winds (1) winds (2) about snow (3) winds (4)

Notice my past life.

I want to be a bright youth

Or a flower from a meadow border.

I (5) would like to (6) under horse snoring

Cuddle with a nearby bush.

Raise f (7) you (8) moon paws (9)

My sadness in a bucket of heaven.

(S. Yesenin)

Answer: 1,2,4 is an appeal

8.9 is an appeal

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.

Algorithm of reasoning:

1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.

· Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

· Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the final analysis, it seems, it is unlikely, all the same, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, moreover, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely rare, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit decisively, nevertheless, only, ostensibly.

18. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number (s), which should be replaced by a comma in the sentence.

Chekhov seemed unable to keep in focus for a long time the pattern of life (1) the essence (2) of which (3) his genius grabbed everywhere (4) so ​​he became a master of short stories.

Answer: 1,4- clauses are separated

Algorithm of reasoning:

1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to determine the incorrectly found solution, or, conversely, to confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with clauses, in them union word which stands not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle of it, therefore no comma is placed before the union word. (1.Exclude the numbers around the word "which"

4.Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

19. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number (s), which should be replaced by a comma in the sentence.

How pleasant it is to look at a ship with white sails from afar (1) and (2) when you get into this web of tackles (3) from which (4) there is no passage (5) and you see everything from the inside (6), then you immediately recognize the superiority of the steamer over the sailing ship.

Answer: put commas

3-clause ended, a new one begins

5-between parts of a complex sentence

6-ended clause

Algorithm of reasoning:

1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences in a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are related.

4. Find out if the sentence is present union And , and if present in the sentence, define what it connects:

· if homogeneous members, then there is a comma in front of it not put;

· if parts of a complex sentence then in front of him comma is put.

5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and though, but when, so if, and when:

A comma between conjunctions is NOT put if the words go further in the sentence then, so, but

A comma between unions is put, if not THAT SO BUT

Read the text and complete assignments 20-24.

(1) The sky was clouded with evil clouds, the rain sadly beat against the glass and made the soul melancholy. (2) In a thoughtful pose, with an unbuttoned waistcoat and with his hands in his pockets, he stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop Polycarp Semyonovich Iudin.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (5) A book of some kind with a mass of pages, on which more suffering and sorrow is written than joy ... (6) Why was it given to us? (7) After all, God, good and almighty, did not create the world for sorrow! (8) And it turns out the other way around. (9) There are more tears than laughter ... "

(10) Judah took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in fact they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one wonders, for what? "

(15) He took out his left hand and mournfully ran it over his face.

(16) “But how easy it would be to help human grief: it would only be necessary to lift a finger. (17 Here, for example, there is a rich funeral procession. (18) A gear of horses in black blankets carries a magnificent coffin, and almost a verst of carriages. (19) Torchbearers are importantly performing with lanterns. (20) Cardboard coats of arms hang on horses: an important person is buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm up the poor man? (23) Of course not ... tinsel! "

- (24) What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?

- (25) Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the suit. (26) In my opinion, more than six rubles cannot be given for it. (27) And she asks for seven; says the kids are sick, they need to be treated.

- (28) And six rubles will be a bit too much. (29) Do not give more than five, otherwise we will burn out like that. (30) Just take a good look around, whether there are holes and whether there are spots left where ... (31) “Nda, so this is life, which makes you think about the nature of man. (32) Behind the rich hearse is a carriage, on which a pine coffin has been piled. (33) Behind her, only one old woman weaves, splashing in the mud. (34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner in the grave ... (35) And ask if the lady who sits in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won't, although maybe he will express his condolences ... (37) What else is there? "

- (38) The old woman brought a fur coat ... how much to give?

- (39) Rabbit fur ... (40) Nothing, strong, it costs five rubles. (41) Give me three rubles, and interest, of course, go ahead ... (42) “Where, in fact, are people, where are their hearts? (43) The poor are dying, but the rich don't care ... "

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

(according to A.P. Chekhov *)

* Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov (1855-1913) - Russian writer, prose writer, publicist, older brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

1) Polycarp Semyonovich Iudin - one of the ordinary employees of the city pawnshop.

2) A woman who handed over a suit to a pawnshop had children sick.

3) In the city pawnshop of Judah, interest is taken forward.

4) The owner of the city pawnshop worries about the fate of the people, so he is ready to do charity work.

5) One old woman went to a pawnshop to hand over a hare coat, as she was very poor and needed money for a funeral.

To complete the task, use the following algorithm:

Read the text carefully

Find in it confirmation or refutation of this or that statement

Choose the correct answers

Let's see how this algorithm can be applied to accomplish this task.

The first answer is unfaithful since Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is the owner of the city pawnshop (proposal number 2)

Statement claimed in the fourth answer, exactly the opposite of what the author says in the text itself. So the given answer wrong.

In the fifth option the answer contains only part of the correct information (the old woman was poor), but she did not need the money for the funeral

So the answer is # 5 too. incorrect.

Statement # 2 is true: “He says the kids are sick, they need to be treated” (sentence 27). it loyal answer.

Statement No. 3 is correct: "Give me three rubles, and interest, of course, go ahead ..." (sentence No. 41). loyal answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2.3

21. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

1) Proposition 2 contains a description.

2) Sentences 11-14 are narrative.

3) Proposition 23 contains an answer to the question formulated

in sentences 21-22.

4) Sentences 34-36 present the reasoning

5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Read the suggested passages carefully;

Remember what the description shows, describes.

Varieties of description:

1) a description of an object, a person (its characteristics)

2) a description of the place

3) description of the state of the environment

4) a description of the state of the person (person)

5) description of actions

The narration tells about the actions, deeds of the hero. We can trace the sequence of events that follow each other (was, is, will be).

Reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis, proof, conclusion.

Attention! There is not always a pronounced thesis in a passage. But if there is an explanation, discussion of an event, phenomenon, then this reasoning, not narration... The presence of rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations, introductory words will tell you that this is reasoning.

Determine what type of speech each fragment belongs to

Let's try to apply this algorithm.

1) Proposition 2 contains a description.

"In a thoughtful pose, with an unbuttoned waistcoat and with his hands in his pockets, stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop Polycarp Semyonovich Iudin."

The fragment describes the posture, clothing. We "see" this hero.

So this correct answer

2) Sentences 11-14 are narrative.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in fact they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one wonders, for what? "

This answer incorrect... In this passage, the hero talks about the universe, poverty, humanity. It contains an introductory word, a rhetorical question. So uh then reasoning.

3) Proposition 23 answers the question posed in Proposals 21-22.

(21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm up the poor man? (23) Of course not ... tinsel! " Question, question-answer. it correct answer.

4) Proposals 34-36 present reasoning.

(34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner in the grave ... (35) And ask if the lady who sits in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won't, although he may express his condolences ...

This is the correct answer. The hero talks about kindness, condolences. We see in this fragment introductory words, a rhetorical question.

5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

A series of actions: pressed his forehead, thought, tears came out. So this answer incorrect, this is narration.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 134

22. From sentences 39–45 write out the antonyms (antonymic pair).

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Remember what antonyms are.

Antonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, differ in spelling and sound and mean exactly opposite concepts.

Do not forget about contextual antonyms, which are the individual stylistic use of a particular word ... In general use, these words do not stand in antonymic relations to each other. So, in the context of A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" the words "wave" and "stone", "poetry" and "prose", "ice" and "flame" are antonyms ..

3. Determine the specified lexical unit

4. Choose the correct answer

(43) The poor are dying, but the rich don't care ... "

These are nouns with the opposite lexical meaning.

Therefore, we write out: poor, rich

23. Among sentences 15–23, find the one (s) that (s) is connected (s) with the previous one by means of a compositional conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).

Algorithm of reasoning:

Remember what unions are (compositional and subordinate)

1. Find a compositional union

2. Remember the categories of pronouns

3. Find a personal pronoun

4. See which sentence contains both a compositional union and a personal pronoun

Writing unions

Connecting and, yes (= and), no, no, too, also

Adversaries but, but, yes (= but), but, however, the same

Dividing or, either, this, or ... or, not that ... not that

Personal pronouns (initial form)

	Unit h / pl h.
	he, she, it / they

Case forms

			He she it
			Him, her, him
			Him, her, him
			Him, her, him
			Im, her, im
			About him, about her, about him

Attention! Case forms of personal pronouns HER, HIS, THEM match possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEM. How to tell?

On the initial form and question:

saw (who?) her, him, them .

Initial form: she, he, it, they.

Hence, this is a personal pronoun.

Her, him, them books (R. p.).

Initial form: her, him, them books.

Books (whose?) her, him, them.

Hence, these are possessive pronouns.

(20) Cardboard coats of arms hang on the horses: an important person is buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

24. Read the review fragment based on the text that you analyzed in assignments 20–23. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the places of the gaps (A, B, C, D). Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter

Chekhov's stories are compact in form and deep in content, and the author avoids direct value judgments - his voice sounds quiet, but at the same time firm and distinct. This is facilitated by a complex composition and, of course, a competent selection of pictorial and expressive means. In the presented fragment, it is worth noting the trope - (A) __________ (“evil clouds” in sentence 1, “gloomy street” in sentence 2), lexical means - (B) __________ (“hanging out” in sentence 20, “burn out” in sentence 29 , “Weaving, spanking ...” in sentence 33), the syntactic means is (B) __________ (sentences 3, 14, 21). It is worth paying attention to such a technique as (D) __________ (sentence 11), which becomes, perhaps, one of the main in the construction of this text. "

List of terms

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

Algorithm of reasoning:

Let's divide all terms into 3 groups

There is a hint in the first task:mark the trail.

Trails - words and expressions used by the author of the text in a figurative sense.

We remember the tropes: personification, epithet, comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, lithote, irony, periphrasis.

We look at which of them are in the list of terms: epithet, synecdoche, hyperbole - these are first group

We recall the definitions: Hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole, or vice versa. An epithet is a figurative, emotional and evaluative definition.

Hyperbole and synecdoche are not appropriate.

« Evil clouds», « gloomy street"Is a figurative, emotional and evaluative definition expressed by an adjective.

Hence it epithet.

The second task deals with lexical means.

We add to our list: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, neologisms, archaisms, historicisms, phraseological units, aphorisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary.

The list of terms includes: Phraseologisms - a stable combination of words, the meaning of which is determined as a whole, and not by the meaning of the individual words included in it.

Colloquial vocabulary gives speech the character of ease and some debility (rudeness, familiarity, playfulness).

Phraseologisms and colloquial vocabulary are second group

• The words "hang out", "burn out", "weaving, spanking ..." refer to colloquial vocabulary.

Therefore, the answer is: # 4

In task "B" they ask about the syntactic tool.

• We recall the syntactic means of expressiveness, and see which terms are in the list of terms:

antithesis, inversion, gradation, oxymoron, parceling, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, interrogative sentences, rhetorical appeal, ellipsis, lexical repetition, question-answer form, syntactic parallelism, homogeneous members of a sentence.

• The list of terms contains:

Antithesis is a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.

Interrogative sentences are a question that is posed in order to get an answer.

Lexical repetition is the intentional repetition of the same word or phrase.

Homogeneous members of the sentence are enumerated actions, objects, signs.

Antithesis, interrogative sentences, lexical repetition. homogeneous members of the proposal - this is the third group.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

These are interrogative sentences.

Therefore, the answer is no. 6

I propose to complete the task "D" by the method of elimination.

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) rows of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in fact they are.

The text is built on opposition. The thoughts and deeds of the hero of the story are contrasted.

Consequently, answer "no. 2

We fill in the table: A- 3, B- 4, B- 6, G- 2

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems delivered the author of the text.

Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The length of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the work is a retelling or completely rewritten original text without any

The first task of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is associated with a small text given in it and is aimed at testing the ability of students to identify the key information contained in it by choosing several correct answers out of five options (usually two). For the successful completion of this task, you can get 1 point.

In general, this exercise does not seem difficult, but graduates still make mistakes in it.

In order to avoid them, you need to use the following algorithm of actions.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. We define subject of the text.
2. We highlight in it keywords and phrases.
3. We analyze semantic structures of the text the unions used in it.
4. main idea(idea of) text.
5. We compare what happened with the answer options. Variants of answers in which information is offered that are not found at all in the text are immediately excluded.
6. Are looking for two correct answers, which usually have content similar to the proposed text, the same subject of the text and main idea, differing only in speech design.

It happens that the meaning of the correct options does not completely coincide, but complements each other. Also, very often the required answer numbers are the longest suggested in the test.

Theory for the task number 1 of the exam in Russian

Text- a speech unit, characterized by a set of sentences related to each other in meaning and grammatical.

The semantic integrity is provided by the theme of the text and its main idea. It is thanks to the unity of these concepts that the author creates a text that is understandable to the reader.

Theme text - what the text says.

Main thought(idea) of the text - what the author wanted to say to the reader.

Semantic structures of the text- words, sentences, paragraphs, punctuation marks that carry the main structural and semantic load of the text.

Keywords- words that carry basic information in the text.

Analysis of typical options for assignment number 1 of the exam in the Russian language

The first task of the demo 2018

The consequence of the incessant struggle for existence in the animal world is natural selection - a process that eliminates less adapted organisms and favors more adapted organisms. In this competitive struggle, the advantage is gained by those representatives of the species that are the most viable, that is, adapted to specific habitat conditions.<…>they are more likely to leave behind full-fledged offspring.

1. The basis of natural selection is hereditary variability, and the selection factor is human activity.
2. In the process of natural selection, those animals that are more adapted to specific living conditions survive and leave full-fledged offspring.
3. Animals that are better adapted to specific habitats are more likely to survive as a result of natural selection and leave behind full-fledged offspring.
4. In the process of the incessant struggle for existence in the offspring of animals from generation to generation, signs that are useful for humans.
5. Due to the incessant struggle for existence, only those animals survive and leave offspring, the hereditary characteristics of which are useful for humans.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us read the proposed text carefully and thoughtfully. Subject of the text- natural selection.

The consequence of the incessant struggle for existence in the animal world is natural selection- a process that eliminates less adapted organisms and favors more adapted organisms. In this competitive struggle advantage get those representatives of the species that turn out to be most viable, that is, adapted to specific living conditions. <…>they are more likely to leave behind full-fledged offspring.

1. We analyze semantic structures of the text the unions used in it: the dash indicates the definition of the concept of natural selection, in addition, the text contains an explanatory structure.
2. We retell the text, focusing on its main meaning - main idea(idea) of the text: " In nature, the decisive factor in the life or death of animals is natural selection – process in which survive only those types that are best adapted to the environment and capable give healthy offspring
3. We compare what happened with the answer options. Options 1, 2 and 5 are not suitable, since the text does not say anything about a person at all - neither about his activities, nor about the benefits of animals for him.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 2 and 3. They contain the key information of the text; it can also be seen that they convey the same message in different ways.

The first variant of the task

The majority of parents and adolescents have developed a rather positive idea of ​​their own digital competence: almost 80% of schoolchildren and every second parent consider themselves confident Internet users. An assessment of the level of digital competence based on a special index shows that this is an overestimated and inadequate opinion: in fact, this level for both parents and adolescents is one third of the maximum possible.

When it comes to motivation, neither parents nor teens have shown a strong commitment to self-improvement in the digital world. Their motivation is only 20% of the maximum possible.

(Galina Soldatova, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education, Professor of the Psychological Faculty of Moscow State University, Director of the Internet Development Fund)

Indicate the answer options that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Adults have an overestimated opinion about their own level of digital competence.
2. Most parents and teenagers have overestimated their own assessment of the level of digital competence.
3. Most parents and adolescents do not realize that their preconceived notions of their digital competence are overestimated, and therefore do not have an attitude towards self-improvement.
4. The opinion about their level of digital competence is overestimated among adolescents.
5. Neither parents nor teens have strong motivation to improve in the digital world because their self-esteem is too high.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us read the proposed text carefully and thoughtfully. Subject of the text- digital competence.
2. We highlight the key words and phrases in it:

Most parents and teenagers enough positive presentation about my own digital competence: almost 80% of schoolchildren and every second parent consider themselves confident Internet users. Level assessment digital competence based on a special index shows that it is overpriced and inadequate opinion: in fact, this level for both parents and adolescents is a third of the maximum possible.

Concerning motivation, then neither parents nor teenagers did not show sustainable self-improvement mindset in the digital world. Their motivation is only 20% of the maximum possible.

1. We analyze semantic structures of the text unions used in it: words parents - teenagers, schoolchildren - parents, parents - teenagers are united by creative unions and, like ... so, no no. Hence, both of these concepts are equally important and inseparable.
2. We retell the text, focusing on its main meaning - main idea(idea) of the text: " Parents and Teens much overestimate mine digital competence level, which is actually only a third of what is possible. However, they do not want to improve themselves: motivation too much low ". Please note that the keywords and phrases almost coincide with the original text.
3. We compare what happened with the answer options. Options 1 and 4 are not suitable, as in the text of the concept parent is a teenager inseparable, and these sentences refer to either parents or teenagers. Option 2 doesn't work because it doesn't mention motivation.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 3 and 5. They contain the key information of the text; it can also be seen that they convey the same message in different ways.

Second variant of the task

An amazing device - a feather!

As a heat insulator, it is almost unmatched, and in terms of aerodynamic properties it surpasses weight by weight, any material, anyway - of natural origin or created by man. It consists of ordinary keratin, the same horny substance as reptile scales or our nails, but special properties feathers are connected with this unusually complex structure.

Almost all the properties that distinguish birds from other living creatures are in one way or another associated with the presence of a feather cover in them. Actually, a bird is, by definition, a creature with feathers.

(D. Ettenborough "Life on Earth")

Indicate the answer options that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Almost all the properties that distinguish birds from other creatures are associated with the presence of a feather cover, because a feather is a unique adaptation that has no equal in a number of parameters.
2. The heat-insulating and aerodynamic properties of bird feathers are unique.
3. The feather of a bird consists of ordinary keratin, the same substance as reptile scales and human nails, but it has a complex structure.
4. A bird is a creature that has a feather cover, and the feather is made of keratin.
5. A bird is a creature that has a feather cover, and a feather has a simple composition, but a complex structure, which provides unique thermal insulation and aerodynamic properties.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us read the proposed text carefully and thoughtfully. Subject of the text- feather.
2. We highlight the key words and phrases in it:

Amazing device - feather!

How heat insulator it is almost unparalleled, and by aerodynamic properties surpasses, weight by weight, any material, it doesn't matter - of natural origin or man-made. Consists it is out of the ordinary keratin, of the same horny substance as reptile scales or our nails, but special properties of the pen associated with his unusually complex structure.

Almost all properties distinguishing birds from other living things, in one way or another are associated with the presence of a feather cover in them. Actually, bird- this is by definition creature with feathers.

1. We analyze semantic structures of the text the conjunctions used in it: the exclamation mark at the very beginning of the text and the introductory constructions used indicate the author's admiration for the pen, its structure and special properties.
2. We retell the text, focusing on its main meaning - main idea(idea) of the text: " Feather - has the best heat insulating and aerodynamic properties, although it consists of keratin. Special does it structure... It is the feather excretes birds among other living beings". Please note that the keywords and phrases almost coincide with the original text.
3. We compare what happened with the answer options. Options 2, 3 and 4 are not appropriate: they only express a small fraction of what the text says. 2 sentence tells only about the thermal insulation and aerodynamic properties of the pen. It says nothing about its structure. Sentences 3 and 4 do not contain information about the properties of the pen.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 1 and 5. When reading it, it is obvious that they convey the same idea, expressed in slightly different ways. They also mention the feather cover of birds, and the structure of the feather, and its unique properties.

The third variant of the task

The direct source of energy in the human body is blood glucose. Its rapid decay and oxidation, as well as its rapid extraction, provide an emergency mobilization of the body's energy resources with increasing energy consumption during intense muscular and mental stress, emotional arousal, etc.

Those who are trying to eliminate sugar from the diet should remember that carbohydrates are the only source due to which the brain's energy costs are normally covered, that is, the ability to think is preserved.

(Igor Sokolsky, PhD in Pharmacy, "Conversations on Nutrition", "Science and Life" No. 8, 2010)

Indicate the answer options that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Due to the rapid breakdown and oxidation of glucose in the blood, the body cannot use energy resources during intense exertion.
2. Sugar cannot be excluded from the diet, because carbohydrates are the only source that allows you to fuel brain activity.
3. The source of energy in the human body is blood glucose.
4. Due to its properties, glucose in the blood is a source of energy consumed by the human body during muscular and mental stress.
5. The source of energy that a person needs during muscular and mental stress is glucose in the blood: it is due to carbohydrates that the ability to think is preserved.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us read the proposed text carefully and thoughtfully. Subject of the text- glucose.
2. We highlight the key words and phrases in it:

Direct energy source in organism human is an blood glucose... Quick decay and oxidation her, as well as the ambulance retrieval provide emergency mobilization of the body's energy resources with increasing energy consumption during intensive muscle and mental stress, emotional arousal and so on.

To those who try eliminate sugar from the diet, it should be remembered that carbohydrates are the only source, due to which they normally cover energy expenditure of the brain, that is, the thinking ability.

1. We analyze semantic structures of the text the unions used in it: the text is divided into two paragraphs; the first talks about the effect of glucose on the body, the second - about the important role of sugar in the human diet.
2. We retell the text, focusing on its main meaning - main idea(idea) of the text: " Glucose is a source of energy ... Products of its decay help the body u deal with physical, mental and emotional stress of the body... Shouldn't be ruled out sugar from the diet since sugar helps thinking ". Please note that the keywords and phrases almost coincide with the original text.
3. We compare what happened with the answer options. Option 1 contradicts the content of the proposed text. Options 2 and 3 do not fit: they only express a small fraction of what the text says.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 4 and 5. Upon reading, it is obvious that they are the correct facts reflected in the key phrases.