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1 kilometer per hour [km / h] = 0.277777777777778 meter per second [m / s]

Initial value

Converted value

meter per second meter per hour meter per minute kilometer per hour kilometer per minute kilometer per second centimeter per hour centimeter per minute centimeter per second millimeter per hour millimeter per minute millimeter per second foot per hour foot per minute foot per second yard per hour yard in minute yard per second mile per hour mile per minute mile per second knot knot (UK) speed of light in vacuum first space speed second space speed third space speed speed of rotation of the Earth speed of sound in fresh water speed of sound in sea water (20 ° C, depth 10 meters) Mach number (20 ° C, 1 atm) Mach number (SI standard)

How to properly care for glasses and light filters

More about speed

General information

Speed ​​is a measure of the distance traveled in a specified time. The speed can be a scalar or a vector - the direction of movement is taken into account. The speed of movement in a straight line is called linear, and along a circle - angular.

Measuring speed

Average speed v found by dividing the total traveled distance ∆ x for the total time ∆ t: v = ∆x/∆t.

In the SI system, speed is measured in meters per second. Metric kilometers per hour and miles per hour are also widely used in the US and UK. When, in addition to the magnitude, the direction is also indicated, for example 10 meters per second to the north, then we are talking about the vector speed.

The speed of bodies moving with acceleration can be found using the formulas:

• a, with an initial speed u during the period ∆ t, has a final speed v = u + a×∆ t.
• A body moving with constant acceleration a, with an initial speed u and final speed v, has an average speed ∆ v = (u + v)/2.

Average speeds

The speed of light and sound

According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light in a vacuum is the fastest speed at which energy and information can move. It is denoted by the constant c and is equal c= 299 792 458 meters per second. Matter cannot move at the speed of light, because it will require an infinite amount of energy, which is impossible.

The speed of sound is usually measured in an elastic medium, and is equal to 343.2 meters per second in dry air at a temperature of 20 ° C. The speed of sound is lowest in gases and highest in solids... It depends on the density, elasticity, and shear modulus of a substance (which indicates the degree of deformation of a substance under shear load). Mach number M is the ratio of the speed of a body in a liquid or gas medium to the speed of sound in this medium. It can be calculated using the formula:

M = v/a,

where a is the speed of sound in the medium, and v- body speed. The Mach number is commonly used in determining speeds close to the speed of sound, such as the speeds of airplanes. This value is not constant; it depends on the state of the environment, which, in turn, depends on pressure and temperature. Supersonic speed is a speed exceeding Mach 1.

Vehicle speed

Below are some of the vehicle speeds.

• Passenger aircraft with turbofan engines: the cruising speed of passenger aircraft is from 244 to 257 meters per second, which corresponds to 878-926 kilometers per hour or M = 0.83-0.87.
• High-speed trains (like the Shinkansen in Japan): These trains reach top speeds of 36 to 122 meters per second, that is, 130 to 440 kilometers per hour.

Animal speed

The maximum speeds of some animals are approximately equal:

Human speed

• People walk at about 1.4 meters per second, or 5 kilometers per hour, and run at speeds up to about 8.3 meters per second, or 30 kilometers per hour.

Examples of different speeds

Four-dimensional speed

In classical mechanics, vector velocity is measured in three-dimensional space. According to the special theory of relativity, space is four-dimensional, and the measurement of speed also takes into account the fourth dimension - space-time. This speed is called four-dimensional speed. Its direction can change, but the value is constant and equal to c, that is, the speed of light. Four-dimensional speed is defined as

U = ∂x / ∂τ,

where x represents the world line - a curve in space-time along which the body moves, and τ - " own time"Equal to the spacing along the world line.

Group speed

The group velocity is the velocity of propagation of waves, which describes the velocity of propagation of a group of waves and determines the rate of transfer of wave energy. It can be calculated as ∂ ω /∂k, where k is the wave number, and ω - angular frequency. K measured in radians / meter, and the scalar frequency of the waves ω - in radians per second.

Hypersonic speed

Hypersonic speed is a speed exceeding 3000 meters per second, that is, many times higher than the speed of sound. Rigid bodies moving at such a speed acquire the properties of liquids, since, due to inertia, the loads in this state are stronger than the forces that hold the molecules of matter together during collisions with other bodies. At ultra-high hypersonic speeds, two colliding solids turn into gas. In space, bodies move at exactly this speed, and engineers who design spaceships, orbital stations and spacesuits must take into account the possibility of a station or astronaut colliding with space debris and other objects when working in outer space. In such a collision, the skin of the spacecraft and the spacesuit suffer. Equipment designers conduct hypersonic collision experiments in special laboratories to determine how severe collisions withstand spacesuits, as well as the hull and other parts of the spacecraft, such as fuel tanks and solar panels testing them for strength. For this, spacesuits and casing are subjected to impacts by various objects from a special installation at supersonic speeds exceeding 7500 meters per second.

To convert m / s (meters per second) to km / h (kilometers per hour), you must multiply this value by a factor of 3.6. For example, a body is moving at a speed of 21 m / s. This means that it is moving at a speed of 21 * 3.6 = 75.6 km / h. If you need to do a reverse translation (that is, get m / s from km / h), then you need to divide the given value by 3.6. For example, a body is moving at a speed of 72 km / h. This is the same as it moves at a speed of 72: 3.6 = 20 m / s.

If you are interested not only in how to convert meters per second to kilometers per hour (and vice versa), but also why it is translated this way, then an explanation is given below. Understanding this is also important in order to be able to translate into other units of measurement of speed (for example, in km / s or m / h).

Let's say the body is moving at a speed of 1 m / s. Since 1 meter is 0.001 km (a thousandth of a kilometer, since 1 km = 1000 m), then we can write 0.001 km / s (or 1/1000 km / s). Since 1 second is 1/3600 hour (since 1 h = 60 min, 1 min = 60 s, therefore, 1 h = 60 * 60 = 3600 s), then we can write 1/1000 (km / s) : 1/3600 = 3600/1000 = 3.6 km / h. Thus, 1 m / s corresponds to 3.6 km / h. It follows that 2 m / s will correspond to 7.2 km / h, etc.

You don't have to memorize the conversion factor 3.6, but remember the rule of how to convert meters per second to kilometers per hour: you need to divide the speed by 1000 and multiply by 3600. But this is the same thing, since 3600/1000 = 3.6.

It is clear that if we multiply by 3.6 when translating m / s to km / h, then we must divide when translating back. This is usually done. However, you can find your conversion factor (by which you need to multiply) kilometers per hour to meters per minute.

A speed of 1 km / h corresponds to a speed of 1000 m / h. In 1 hour there are 3600 seconds, which means that 1000 must be divided by 3600. We get 1000/3600 m / s = 10/36 = 5/18 m / s. If you convert the ordinary fraction 5/18 to decimal, you get an infinite periodic fraction 0.2 (7) ≈ 0.28. Thus, a speed of 1 km / h corresponds approximately to 0.28 m / s. If the speed is 10 km / h, then you get 10 * 0.28 = 2.8 m / s. This method of translation is rarely used, since the coefficient is not accurate.

To convert m / s to km / s, you just need to divide the given speed by 1000. For example, a body is moving at a speed of 8000 m / s. This means that it is moving at a speed of 8 km / s.

To convert m / s to m / h, you need to multiply meters per second by 3600. So a speed of 1 m / s corresponds to 3600 m / h.

What is speed?

First you need to decide what speed is and how it is expressed

Wikipedia speed

Velocity (often denoted from English velocity or French vitesse, originally from Latin vēlōcitās) - vector physical quantity characterizing the speed of movement and direction of movement material point relative to the selected frame of reference; by definition, it is equal to the time derivative of the point's radius vector.

That is, simply, speed is the movement of a physical object, which is determined by the ratio of the distance traveled to the time spent on it. If we express this with a formula, then we get:

V = S / T, S-distance, T-time

How is speed measured, in what units? It should be noted that there is no universal unit for measuring speed. It all depends on the object, which units of measurement are more convenient to apply to it. So, say, for transport, such units are kilometers per hour (km / h). Physics measures everything basically in meters per second (m / s), etc.

Therefore, one has to translate one unit into another. Most often, the translation is carried out from kilometers per hour to meters per second and vice versa. These two units are the most popular. But there may be some deviations, such as meters per hour or kilometers per second.

How to convert one unit of speed to another.

Converting kilometers per hour to meters per second

Since, unlike other metric units, speed units have a double designation: distance and time, you need to know the ratio of both distances and time.

1 km = 1000m, 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds, 1 hour = 3600 seconds.

The only difficulty in such a translation is that two quantities have to be translated at once. But if you figure this out, then there will be nothing complicated here. Here is an example of a conversion from kilometers per hour to meters per second:

36 km / h = 36 * (1000m / 3600s) = 36 * (1 / 3.6m / s) = 36 / 3.6m / s = 10m / s

What have we done here. The km / h value was converted to m / s: 1 km / h = 1000 / 3600m / s. Well, then simple mathematics. Divided 1000 by 3600 and got 3.6. Now, if we divide the required speed in km / h by this value (in the example it is 36), then we get the speed in m / s.

In order not to write such a long action, remember the number 3.6 and divide any speed value in km / h by it. Let's say you have 72 km / h, divide it by 3.6 and get 20 m / s. If it is necessary to perform the opposite action, i.e. convert m / s to km / h, then you need to multiply the required speed value by 3.6. For example, multiply 15 m / s by 3.6, we get 54 km / h.

Converting kilometers per hour to meters per hour

This translation option is somewhat non-standard, since such a unit as meter per hour is practically used little. However, if this suddenly becomes necessary, then it will not be difficult to carry out the operation to transfer these particular units. Here it is even a little easier to do this, since it will only be necessary to convert kilometers to meters.

How many meters per hour will be 60 kilometers per hour. Since we know that there are 1000 meters in 1 kilometer, then in 60 kilometers there will be 60 thousand meters. If hours are not translated into seconds, then we get that the speed of 60 km / h will be equal to 60,000 m / h. When doing a reverse translation, the meters must be divided by 1000.

As you can see, everything is quite simple. However, if you don't want to count, open online calculator(//www.translatorscafe.com or other) and perform the necessary transfer operations there.

Average speeds

The speed of light and sound

According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light in a vacuum is the fastest speed at which energy and information can move. It is denoted by the constant c and is equal c= 299 792 458 meters per second. Matter cannot move at the speed of light, because it will require an infinite amount of energy, which is impossible.

The speed of sound is usually measured in an elastic medium, and is equal to 343.2 meters per second in dry air at a temperature of 20 ° C. The speed of sound is lowest in gases and highest in solids. It depends on the density, elasticity, and shear modulus of a substance (which indicates the degree of deformation of a substance under shear load). Mach number M is the ratio of the speed of a body in a liquid or gas medium to the speed of sound in this medium. It can be calculated using the formula:

M = v/a,

where a is the speed of sound in the medium, and v- body speed. The Mach number is commonly used in determining speeds close to the speed of sound, such as the speeds of airplanes. This value is not constant; it depends on the state of the environment, which, in turn, depends on pressure and temperature. Supersonic speed is a speed exceeding Mach 1.

Vehicle speed

Below are some of the vehicle speeds.

• Passenger aircraft with turbofan engines: the cruising speed of passenger aircraft is from 244 to 257 meters per second, which corresponds to 878-926 kilometers per hour or M = 0.83-0.87.
• High-speed trains (like the Shinkansen in Japan): These trains reach top speeds of 36 to 122 meters per second, that is, 130 to 440 kilometers per hour.

Animal speed

The maximum speeds of some animals are approximately equal:

• Hawk: 89 meters per second, 320 kilometers per hour (high-speed train speed)
• Cheetah: 31 meters per second, 112 kilometers per hour (speed of slower high-speed trains)
• Antelope: 27 meters per second, 97 kilometers per hour
• Leo: 22 meters per second, 79 kilometers per hour
• Gazelle: 22 meters per second, 79 kilometers per hour
• Wildebeest: 22 meters per second, 79 kilometers per hour
• Horse: 21 meters per second, 75 kilometers per hour
• Hunting dog: 20 meters per second, 72 kilometers per hour
• Elk: 20 meters per second, 72 kilometers per hour
• Coyote: 19 meters per second, 68 kilometers per hour
• Fox: 19 meters per second, 68 kilometers per hour
• Hyena: 18 meters per second, 64 kilometers per hour
• Hare: 16 meters per second, 56 kilometers per hour
• Cat: 13 meters per second, 47 kilometers per hour
• Grizzly bear: 13 meters per second, 47 kilometers per hour
• Squirrel: 5 meters per second, 18 kilometers per hour
• Pig: 5 meters per second, 18 kilometers per hour
• Chicken: 4 meters per second, 14 kilometers per hour
• Mouse: 3.6 meters per second, 13 kilometers per hour

Human speed

• People walk at about 1.4 meters per second, or 5 kilometers per hour, and run at speeds up to about 8.3 meters per second, or 30 kilometers per hour.

Examples of different speeds

Four-dimensional speed

In classical mechanics, vector velocity is measured in three-dimensional space. According to the special theory of relativity, space is four-dimensional, and the measurement of speed also takes into account the fourth dimension - space-time. This speed is called four-dimensional speed. Its direction can change, but the value is constant and equal to c, that is, the speed of light. Four-dimensional speed is defined as

U = ∂x / ∂τ,

where x represents the world line - a curve in space-time along which the body moves, and τ - "proper time", equal to the interval along the world line.

Group speed

The group velocity is the velocity of propagation of waves, which describes the velocity of propagation of a group of waves and determines the rate of transfer of wave energy. It can be calculated as ∂ ω /∂k, where k is the wave number, and ω - angular frequency. K measured in radians / meter, and the scalar frequency of the waves ω - in radians per second.

The speed of the short-range intercept missile 53Т6 "Amur" (NATO classification SH-08, ABM-3 Gazelle) - up to 5 km / s

The 53T6 "Amur" interceptor missile is designed to defeat highly maneuverable targets, as well as high-altitude hypersonic targets.

Let's find out more about it:

Perhaps one of the most secret and truly amazing examples of Russian weapons is the 53T6 short-range interceptor missile. This sample of missile weapons is part of the Moscow A-135 missile defense system. The tactical and technical characteristics of the PR for a long time were one of the most guarded secrets of the Soviet Union. However, even today questions remain.

What can you glean from the open press and the Internet about this weapon?

From an analysis of open sources, it can be concluded that the direct ancestor of 53T6 (in the West they are designated SH-08, ABM-3 Gazelle) is the PRS-1 (5Ya26) high-speed anti-aircraft missile / anti-missile missile, which was developed for the C-225 anti-aircraft anti-aircraft system as a means of intercepting the short-range echelon (the long-range intercept echelon should have been anti-aircraft missiles / anti-missile V-825, or 5Ya27). The S-225 was originally intended for the country's air defense system, but its high tactical and technical characteristics made the Americans make a fuss. They said the system was an attempt by the Soviet Union to create a mobile missile defense system that was banned by the 1972 ABM Treaty. As a result, in 1973 it was decided to stop the development of this system. The target detection radar stationed on a vehicle chassis was relocated to Kamchatka.

By this time, conceptual studies began in the USSR to create a second-generation missile defense system for Moscow under the designation A-135. It was decided to continue the development of the PRS-1 for the A-135 as a means of short-range interception. The program received the designation 53T6.

It must be said right away that the creation of an anti-missile missile in the form of the PRS-1 proceeded simultaneously with the work in the United States on the creation of the "Safeguard" missile defense system, where the Sprint close intercept missile interceptor missile was created. The American counterpart was much smaller in size (length 8.2 m, diameter 1.37 m, launch weight 3400 kg, appearance- a pointed cube), a solid-propellant rocket engine reported a rocket equipped with a 1 kt nuclear warhead, a speed of up to 3-4 km / s and an overload of up to 140 g, an interception range was 50 km, an altitude of 15-30 km.

But these data were hardly known to Soviet developers. The 53T6 interceptor missile was developed at the Novator Design Bureau (Sverdlovsk) under the direction of Lev Veniaminovich Lyuliev. I must say that earlier this design bureau was based in Lvov (Ukrainian SSR), and presumably at the end of the 60s it was moved to Sverdlovsk, closer to the machine-building plant. Kalinin (PA "Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after M. Kalinin"), which was supposed to be engaged in the serial production of antimissiles.

In parallel, the Novator Design Bureau was developing the S-300V anti-aircraft missile system, which has limited anti-missile capabilities. The 9M82 missile of this complex, with a launch weight of 4600 kg and a speed of 2400 m / s, could not compete with the much more powerful 53T6 anti-missile.

As a user under the nickname “frog” writes in the forum novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru, “For the first time in the world, a missile with an axial overload of more than 100 units was created, which was necessary to intercept the heads of a ballistic missile in the near zone of destruction. The seemingly complex product is a pure cone controlled by commands that change the thrust vector by injecting gas from the combustion chamber into the supercritical region of the nozzle. There is no onboard computer. The PF Zubets engine uses a unique solid mixed fuel with a huge specific impulse. The housings are made of high-strength steels and fiber-wound composite materials with strongly bonded conical charges of a specific shape. The unique onboard equipment with radiation resistance fits into the extremely limited weight and dimensions of the PR. And there is a lot of it still unique. Red Empire, Russian brains. When creating a similar anti-missile Sprint, the Americans, having met with insurmountable (for them) difficulties, left the project until better times after several unsuccessful launches. "

51T6 Azov.

Indeed, the 53T6's flight characteristics appear to be unique. There is nothing like this in the world. According to media reports, the rocket is much larger and larger than the American Sprint. With a length of 10 m, a diameter of more than 1 m and a launch weight of 10 tons, equipped with a 10 kt nuclear warhead, the missile is capable of accelerating to a speed of 5.5 km / s in just 3 seconds, while experiencing overloads of more than 100 g. The anti-missile missile reaches a height of 30 km in just over 5 seconds. Fantastic speed! The interception range is 80-100 km, the interception height is 15-30 km (in the photo posted in military forums, you see the estimated moment of the anti-missile launch).

In order to achieve the minimum reaction time to the shelling of ballistic targets that broke through the long-range interception echelon, it was necessary to create silo launchers (silos) with covers that fly off in a fraction of a second after receiving a launch command. According to eyewitnesses of the tests, the speed of the product is so enormous that it is impossible to see the rocket when leaving the silo and to keep track of it during the flight. In the combustion chambers of the engines, not combustion, but a controlled explosion occurs (in the American Sprint, the operation of the engines also lasts only 2.5 seconds, and during this negligible time the thrust of the turbojet engine reaches 460 tons). It is believed that the explosive thrust of the TTRD 53T6 can reach 1000 tons, after which the warhead of the anti-missile is separated from the main stage.

In the same forum they write that “in December 1971, the team of the General Engineering Bureau of V.P. Barmin was entrusted with the development of a preliminary design of a silo for a short-range intercept missile. Already when we got acquainted with the TK, it became clear to us that the interceptor missile is so different from the ICBM we are used to that much will have to start from scratch. The main requirements for the development of a silo for short-range interception were:
- ensuring the exit of the starting PR from the mine within one second after receiving the start command. This was done due to the high thrust-to-weight ratio of the missile, many times exceeding the thrust-to-weight ratio of ICBMs of a similar class.
- ensuring the opening of the protective device (roof) of the mine, which has a significant mass, in a fraction of a second, and issuing a signal about this to the PR launch control system.
- creation of a system of temperature and humidity conditions in the shaft of the mine to ensure long-term storage of PR with TT charges.

PR Lyul'eva was supposed to fly out of the mine like a bullet. In one second, the lid should have opened, the automation, having received a signal to open the roof, ensure the passage of the signal to start the PR, the engine should have started and the rocket should take off. We have not encountered such speeds when developing silos for ICBMs. If the "strategists" were quite satisfied with the opening of the roof, first in minutes, and then in a few seconds, then for the anti-missile forces we had to literally shoot with a multi-ton roof. Having worked out many options for protective devices, including retractable, throw-away and sliding, we settled on a sliding one.

In 1980, construction began on a silo near Moscow. 1982 - equipment installation. By 1985, everything was completed. " According to other sources, the speed of firing the silo cover is 0.4 seconds.

At present, according to media reports, 51T6 (A-925) long-range intercept missiles have been withdrawn from the A-135 system covering the Moscow industrial region, and thus the 53T6 short-range intercept missiles remained Moscow's only missile defense system. But their service is not eternal either ...

It is known that the serial production of both types of interceptor missiles was discontinued in 1992-93. By Soviet standards, the service life of missiles of this type is limited to 10 years. The lack of plans to modernize the A-135 system forced the VKO command to extend their service life. In 1999, 2002 and 2006, flight tests of antimissiles (53T6, 51T6 and again 53T6, respectively) were carried out to determine the possibility of extending the service life. Antimissiles were tested without the requirement to hit a ballistic target. Based on the results of the firing, it was decided to remove the 51T6 from service, and the 53T6's life was "extended"

Nevertheless, voices are heard of those who are inclined to radically extend the life of the 53T6, possibly by resuming their serial production. In this regard, they write about the existence of a new modification 53T6M, which, however, is nothing more than rumors.

The rocket, according to the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces V. Yakovlev, has “a certain technical and scientific groundwork that can be considered in the long term”. Indeed, in a number of parameters (flight speed, kinetic energy and reaction time) 53T6 has no analogues in the world. The creators of the A-135 system were not silent either. The general designer of the A-135, Anatoly Basistov, stated that "the system showed significant reserves in all respects." “The Lyuliev 53T6 high-speed interceptor missiles can engage ballistic targets at ranges 2.5 times greater and at altitudes 3 times higher than we have now certified them. The system is ready to carry out missions to defeat low-altitude satellites and other combat missions, ”said the main developer of the missile defense system, and these words were quoted many times in military websites.

Does this mean that the anti-missile, reaching an altitude of 30 km in 5 seconds, due to the presence of enormous kinetic energy, can also be used to destroy low-orbit satellites, primarily the space assets of the American GPS system, used, among other things, to improve the guidance accuracy of American ballistic and cruise missiles?

Read more here. I can also remind you of how ? The original article is on the site InfoGlaz.rf The link to the article this copy was made from is

The vast majority of lunar craters of all sizes were formed by meteorite impacts. But how does a piece of ordinary stone or metal explode upon impact and how a crater practically forms? The meteorite and the Earth or Moon are moving relative to each other. Speeds in solar system quite high. The Earth rushes around the Sun at an average speed of 30 km / sec. The moon has the same speed, but in addition, depending on its position in orbit, it moves faster or slower than the Earth by about 0.5 km / sec. Other planets are also moving fast. The orbital speed of Mars is 24 km / sec, and the speed of asteroids is only slightly less. Meteoric bodies revolve around the Sun in orbits that sometimes cross the Earth's orbit. Some of these particles have known orbits as they collide with the Earth to form bright “shooting stars”. They often resemble the orbits of asteroids, differing only in that they come closer to the Sun than most asteroids, although there are exceptions among asteroids. When they cross the Earth's orbit, they move at slightly faster speeds than Earth.

However, they usually move around the Sun in the same direction as the Earth, so they must catch up with the Earth or the Earth swoops in on them as they pass by. As a result, the average relative speed of the Earth or the Moon and the meteoric body is of the order of 13-15 km. sec, but just before the collision another significant effect begins to take effect.

The gravitational pull of the Earth or the Moon accelerates the meteoroid. A body that falls to the Earth from a very long distance will hit it at a speed of about 11.2 km / s, and the same body, when falling to the Moon, at about a speed of 2.4 km / s. These velocities add up with the relative orbital velocities and, on average, the meteorite will hit the Earth at a speed of about 26 km / sec, and the Moon 16 km / sec.

In any case, the kinetic energy of a meteorite is so great that an impact of any such mass releases many times more energy than an explosion of the same mass of TNT. Many small meteoric bodies, such as those caused by ordinary shooting stars, have orbits close to cometary ones. They can collide with the Earth and the Moon at even greater speeds. This can be imagined more clearly if you remember that John Glenn flew in orbit around the Earth at a speed of 8 km / s.

The kinetic energy of his movement was approximately 8000 cal / g. If his ship hit the Earth with such speed, then he would almost completely evaporate in a colossal explosion. This explosion would be equivalent to the explosion of eight such ships, all consisting of TNT. It is now clear why Glenn gradually braked his spacecraft in the atmosphere over several thousand kilometers so that his incredible orbital energy could dissipate without creating danger.

It is also clear why, when entering the atmosphere, the ship shone brightly, and its bow protective cone shone like the Sun. When a meteorite pushes against the moon, it does not collide with atmospheric countermeasures. Without changing its speed, it hits the ground and breaks. If the impact speed is 16 km / sec, then the average speed during penetration into the ground is 8 km / sec. Theory and experiment say that such an ultrafast particle will decelerate at a distance of about two of its diameters. A body with a diameter of 30 cm will decelerate almost under the very surface in about 1/13000 sec.