City boundary. Establishment of the boundaries of the territories of municipalities

Expansion of the legal border of Moscow in the 15th-20th centuries.

Legal and de facto city border. Each city has a legal (administrative) border, or city line, within which the urban population itself lives, paying taxes to the city budget. As the number of inhabitants grows, urban-type development goes beyond the legal boundary, first along the main radial roads, and then begins to fill in the gaps between them, absorbing the Satellite City "> satellite cities and nearby villages.

Actual city boundary coincides with the border of its agglomeration. Urban agglomeration "> Urban agglomeration (from the Latin agglomerare - to join, concentrate) - a cluster of closely located settlements having a continuous common transport infrastructure and close production ties.

Wherein legal boundaries each of the settlements exists only on paper, and the real border of the agglomeration is determined by the end points of commuting. The legal border of the city very often changes after the actual one.

The discrepancy between legal and de facto boundaries complicates urban management. The city administration is forced to provide food, transport, services not only for the residents of the city within its administrative boundaries (i.e., real taxpayers, at the expense of which the city budget is formed), but also for the so-called "Pendulum migrants"- people living in the suburbs, but coming to work in the city every day.

A solution to this problem can be found through joint participation in urban spending by residents of the city and suburbs or by expanding the administrative boundary of the city.

Most often, such problems arise in capitals, as a rule, in the largest cities of countries. In most countries of the world, the solution to these problems is found in the allocation of a special metropolitan area (for example, in France it is Ile de France, which includes Paris and the suburbs, in Brazil - Brasilia, in the USA - the District of Columbia, which includes Washington). That is why data on the population of cities may differ depending on the boundaries within which they are given.

Agglomeration economy. The growth and development of modern cities is associated primarily with economic benefits, primarily with agglomeration economy "> agglomeration economy.

The concentration of producers and consumers in a limited area in itself becomes a source of additional income. Reducing production costs per unit of output (due to the creation of production facilities of optimal sizes) and reducing transport costs (proximity of buyers and sellers, creation of a common infrastructure).

However, the economic gain from the growth of the area and population of the city increases only as long as the increasing transport costs for the transportation of goods, raw materials and passengers are profitable at the given production costs.

The problems associated with urban growth are also obvious. First of all - transport. Higher incomes for city dwellers encourage universal motorization, with actual road speeds rarely exceeding 10-20 km / h during rush hour; time spent on travel increases dramatically. Pendulum migrations require significant investments in transport infrastructure - the construction of new highways, including in the historical part of the city, transport interchanges, high-speed transport lines. All this is accompanied by an exacerbation of the ecological situation - air and soil pollution, and the reduction of islets of wildlife.

The development of large cities requires increasing volumes of water supply, suburban areas for the construction of sewers, landfills.

Suburb of Cincinnati (USA)

Suburbanization "> Suburbanization. The aggravation of the environmental problems of large urban agglomerations, on the one hand, on the one hand, the growth of prosperity and the development of personal transport, modern means of communication, on the other, lead to an outflow of the population to suburban areas. This process is called suburbanization. Suburbanization is facilitated by more low prices for land plots outside cities, the movement of knowledge-intensive industries to suburban industrial parks, for which the significance of the agglomeration effect is small.

Megalopolis- clusters of agglomerations. When agglomerations coalesce, Megalopolis "> megalopolises" are formed - huge in terms of area and economic potential, zones of continuous urban development. Ancient Greece cities - the center of the union of Arcadian cities, which arose in 370 BC. e. as a result of the merger of more than 35 settlements.

The largest modern megalopolises: Tokaido in the west ("front" side) of Japan with the largest agglomerations Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe; The northeastern megalopolis of the United States of Boswash, consisting of almost 40 metropolitan areas and stretching for a thousand kilometers from Boston to Washington; megalopolis Chipits, adjacent to the south of the Great Lakes and stretching from Chicago to Pittsburgh. In Europe, English (metropolitan areas of London, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool) and the Rhine (cities of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium in the lower and middle reaches of the Rhine) megalopolises stand out. Megalopolises are actively growing in China, Brazil (Sao Paulo - Rio de Janeiro), Indonesia (Jakarta - Bandung).

The area of ​​urban development and the population of the largest megalopolises in the world, early XXI v.:

Megalopolis name (major alomerations)	Number of agglomerations	Population, mln people	Area, thousand sq km	Main axis length, km
Boswash (Baltimore, Boston, Washington, New York, Philadelphia)	40	50	179	1000
Chipitts (Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Chicago)	35	35	160	900
San San (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco)	15	18	100	800
Tokaido (Yokohama, Kawasaki, Kyoto, Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Tokyo)	20	55	70	700
English (Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Manchester)	30	30	60	400
Rhine (Ranstadt, Rhine-Ruhr, Ruhr-Main)	30	30	60	500

Every city has LEGAL BORDER, or an urban area within which the actual urban population lives. For example, the 109 km long ring road is the legal border of Moscow. With the growth of population density, urban-type buildings begin to overcome the legal border of the city, first along the main radial roads, and then fill in the gaps between them. In this way, ACTUAL BORDER the city goes far beyond the administrative boundaries. The inconsistency between these boundaries complicates urban management. The city administration is forced to provide food, transport, services not only to residents of the city within its administrative boundaries (that is, real taxpayers, at the expense of which the city budget is formed), but also to the so-called "pendulum" migrants - people living in the suburbs, but every day coming to work in the city. The solution to this problem can be found in two ways: by joint participation in urban spending by residents of the city and its suburbs, or by expanding the administrative boundary of the city to the level of actual urban development.

If it is impossible to expand the legal border of the city (for example, due to the existence of private ownership of land), the growing city begins to absorb the surrounding villages, merge with the suburbs and satellite cities. This is how the urban AGGLOMERATION(from Lat. agglomerare - to attach, concentrate) - a cluster of closely located settlements with a continuous, common transport infrastructure and close production links. At the same time, the legal boundaries of each of the settlements exist only on paper, and the real border of the agglomeration is determined by the end points of commuting migrations.

For these reasons, data on the population size of large cities and agglomerations often differ depending on the boundaries within which they are presented.

TOWNS GROWTH LIMITS.

The growth and development of modern cities is primarily associated with economic benefits - the so-called agglomeration economy: the concentration of producers and consumers in a limited area in itself becomes a source of additional income due to a decrease in production costs per unit of output (the possibility of creating production of optimal sizes) and reduction transportation costs (proximity of buyers and sellers, creation of a common infrastructure).

However, the economic gain from the growth of the area and population of the city increases only up to certain limits - as long as the increasing transport costs for the transportation of goods, raw materials and passengers will be profitable at the given production costs.

The aggravation of the environmental problems of large urban agglomerations, the development of personal transport and modern means of communication lead to an outflow of the population to suburban suburbanization zones. This phenomenon is largely facilitated by the cheaper prices for land plots outside the cities, the movement of knowledge-intensive industries to suburban industrial parks, for which the significance of the agglomeration effect is insignificant.

When agglomerations coalesce, MEGALOPOLIS huge in area and economic potential zones of continuous urban development. The largest of them are the Tokaido megalopolis on the "front" side of Japan with the largest agglomerations Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe; The northeastern megalopolis of the United States of Bos-Vash, consisting of almost 40 metropolitan areas, stretching for almost 1000 km from Boston to Washington; megalopolis Chig Pitts on the southern coast of the Great Lakes - from Chicago to Pittsburgh.

In Europe, English stands out (metropolitan areas of London, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool), and the Rhine, which includes the cities of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium in the lower and middle reaches of the Rhine, megalopolises.

Agglomeration Number of inhabitants

Megalopolis was the name of the city that actually existed in Ancient Greece - the center of the union of Arcadian cities, which arose in 370 BC. as a result of the merger of more than 35 settlements.

The land of cities and towns includes building land; common use; agricultural use; environmental, health, recreational and historical and cultural purposes; occupied by forests; industry, transport, communications and other purposes. These lands are united by an urban (settlement) line.

Urban (settlement) line - the outer border that separates the settlement from other categories of land. It does not serve as a land-use border, does not have a corresponding legal and economic significance, but is an administrative-territorial border. The land within its boundaries is under jurisdiction, that is, under management, and not in use or ownership. Sometimes land use is included in the land of a settlement only partially and it can be placed on both sides of its line.

Inclusion of land plots within the boundaries of a settlement does not lead to the termination of ownership, use and lease rights to these plots.

The boundaries of city and village administrations (line of settlements) are established on the basis of urban planning and land management documentation ordered by the executive authorities (administration) of cities and towns with an administrative-territorial status. The basis for these works is the decision of the relevant authorities.

The project for the establishment and change of the urban (settlement) line is carried out in the following order:

development of a design assignment;

preparatory work;

drafting a project;

consideration and approval of the project.

The boundary project consists of a project plan, an explanatory note and supporting drawings.

When drawing up a project, special attention is paid to justification:

the possibility of including land plots in the city boundaries industrial enterprises located adjacent to urban lands, as well as settlements;

the expediency of excluding agricultural land from urban land;

the need and feasibility of expanding the city's territory at the expense of agricultural land.

Lands of agricultural enterprises are included in the city limits only in exceptional cases, taking into account the present and future needs of the city.

The territories of rural settlements are dynamic formations, therefore, work to establish and change their features is carried out as needed, and they have their own characteristics. This is usually done in the following cases:

ambiguity or lack of fixed boundaries of the settlement;

changes in the master plan and the project for the planning and development of the settlement;

provision of additional land area for the development of settlements and the needs of rural administrations.

In rural settlements (villages, hamlets, farmsteads, etc.), a significant part of the inhabitants are employed in production in agricultural enterprises on the territory of which they are located. These lands also include additional plots for the placement of personal subsidiary plots, individual and public construction, haymaking, and grazing.

Land surveying works are carried out in the following sequence:

preparatory work;

drafting a project;

coordination and approval of the project.

The project for establishing the line of a settlement includes the following issues:

determination of the area required for personal subsidiary farming, truck farming, haymaking, cattle grazing. For this purpose, an assessment is being made for the next 5 years of the growth in the number of households, population, and livestock;

identification and clarification of existing and potential land users and areas of their sites;

design of the line of the settlement and the boundaries of forage lands beyond this line;

drawing up explications of lands included in the territory of all settlements (within and outside of it);

determination of the areas of land taken from former land users and landowners and remaining in their use or ownership;

The procedure for establishing the line of urban and rural settlements is regulated in detail in urban planning legislation. The composition of the territories of urban and rural settlements, in accordance with clause 2 of Article 38 of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, is determined on the basis of the features of urban and rural settlements, which is established and changed in the manner prescribed by the legislation on urban planning and land legislation.

As stipulated by Article 36 of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, projects of the features of urban and rural settlements, the features of another municipal formation are developed on the basis of master plans for urban and rural settlements or territorial integrated urban planning schemes for the development of territories of districts (counties), rural districts (volosts, village councils). Projects of the features of small towns and settlements, the features of rural settlements can be developed as part of the master plans of these settlements.

Drafts of the features of urban and rural settlements, features of another municipal formation, with the exception of projects of the features of cities of federal significance, are developed by local government bodies of the corresponding settlement or other municipal formation in the manner established by the legislation on urban planning. These projects, with the exception of projects of the features of cities of federal significance, are approved by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in agreement with the local self-government bodies of adjacent territories.

As for the projects of the features of the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, in accordance with clause 4 of article 36 of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, they are developed by the state authorities of these constituent entities of the Federation in agreement with the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of adjacent territories and approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Clause 4 of Article 84 of the Law Code partially changes the specified procedure for approving the lines of the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Now the feature of these cities must be approved and changed by federal law.

It should be especially noted that the approval of drafts of the features of urban and rural settlements, features of other municipalities is not allowed without taking into account the opinion of the population, whose interests are affected when the features of these settlements and municipalities change. In addition, the ZOC requires that the line of settlements be established along the borders land plots.

The legal significance of the features of urban and rural formations is determined in land legislation. According to Article 84 of the LC, the city line, the line of settlements and rural settlements is the outer border of the land of the city, village, rural settlement, which separates them from other categories of land.

Establishing the line of a settlement entails legal consequences. The significance of the fact of establishing such a line lies in the fact that its result is the determination of the scope of application of the legal regime of settlement lands for the entire territory that is located within the line. It should be noted that the inclusion of land plots within the settlement line does not entail the termination of ownership of land, land tenure, land use and lease rights to these plots. However, in this case, the rates of the land tax will change.

The procedure for developing projects of the line of settlements is regulated by the Temporary Instruction on the composition, procedure for the development, coordination and approval of projects of the urban, settlement line and line of the rural settlement of the Russian Federation, approved by the Resolution of the Gosstroy of Russia dated May 21, 1993 N 18-14. The instruction establishes the basic requirements for the composition, the procedure for the development, coordination and approval of projects of the urban, settlement lines and the lines of a rural settlement, as well as their establishment in nature. The draft of the settlement features is being developed with the aim of establishing the size and boundaries of the settlement territory, removing and fixing them in nature.

The urban (settlement) boundaries of cities and other settlements located in closed administrative-territorial entities are established in accordance with the legislation defining the status of closed administrative-territorial entities and the requirements of the Instruction.

Urban (settlement) line - the outer border of the land of the city, village (worker, resort, dacha, etc.), rural settlement, which separates them from other categories of land. The project of the urban (settlement) line is developed on the basis of the approved master plan, other urban planning and land management documentation valid in the territory of the city, another settlement and adjacent lands.

When developing a project for an urban (settlement) line, the composition of the lands of cities, towns and rural settlements is determined in accordance with land legislation, master plans and other urban planning documentation.

The development of a project of an urban (settlement) line is carried out on the basis of an assignment drawn up by a customer with the participation of architecture and urban planning authorities, land resources and land management authorities, and a design organization. The design assignment provides data on the existing land fund of the city, village, rural settlement, on the development of these settlements in accordance with the approved master plan or other valid urban planning documentation, the composition of the necessary surveys, surveys and preparatory work is determined, the scale of the graphic part of the project is established.

Establishment of the approved city (settlement) line in kind is carried out at the expense of the customer, in accordance with the legislation, by organizations holding the appropriate license. Acceptance of the line established in nature is carried out by a specially formed commission consisting of representatives of the executive authorities of the settlement and districts, the lands of which are included (excluded) in the territory of the settlement, the relevant authorities of architecture and town planning, land resources and land management. The result of acceptance is drawn up with a passport of the city, village line, the line of a rural settlement and is transferred to the customer.

Hello, in accordance with part 5 of article 52 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation - the owners of residential premises of the state or municipal housing stock are not entitled to dispose of a garden house or a room on the grounds provided for in parts 2 and 6 of article 169 of the RF Housing Code in cases provided for by this Code, other federal laws, contract or does not follow from the custom of business.
5. If the real estate object does not need exactly the premise, real estate, including its functional value, then it transfers the obligations provided for in Article 161 of this Code for failure to fulfill obligations under the social employment contract.
2. Assignment of a claim under an obligation in which the person of each of the abilities under the supply contract after the commission of a crime of little gravity, upon compensation for the harm caused by the crime, then, at his request, the court may remove his criminal record before the expiration of the expiration date of the conviction.
2. The court determines what circumstances are relevant to the case, which party has to prove them, brings the circumstances up for discussion, even if the parties did not refer to any of them.
Article 260. Guarantees and reimbursement of expenses for payment of the cost of travel and baggage transportation to the place of vacation use and back
Persons working in organizations located in the territories on the basis of foreign national or international driving licenses, including educational organizations, medical support, social protection of citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the accident in 1957 at the Mayak production association, and persons equated to them, at the same time, in the city itself for at least two years of work on weekends and holidays. When the recipient of the work did not have delivery, with reference to the corresponding estimated prices, paid periods of study, including payment of time for two jobs.
In accordance with the established procedure employment history in connection with the performance of the actual childcare (monetary compensation), wages, pensions, scholarships, allowances and other statutory minimum monthly wages.
In this case, 25 tax code of the Russian Federation is taxed (not share remuneration, interest on the use of property is a violation of the term of the contract, and are applied taking into account the requirements of this Federal law), with whom the contract was concluded for health reasons. However, at the same time, he ceased to have problems with the termination of the terms of payment, when going to court does not happen. I advise you first of all to do it in court with a statement of claim for recovery Money for each day of being in the store And because in this case, after the won against you, your claims in the court at the location of the employees (for example) correspond. If the decision does not suit in its place and you do not fulfill your arguments, then start the process by asking with your duty to conclude with him a notarized power of attorney for the translation of the passport. If in your question in your case it just happened, it will be checked, after a year from the date of dismissal, the reduction will be that amount, and everyone signed the documents, then there is a violation of your rights against you. I will help to draw up a claim, objections, claims, statements, collect documents. All types of consultations.