Ground air animals list. Adaptations of organisms to ground air habitat

Type of lesson - combined

Methods:partially search, pro-bleed presentation, reproductive, explained-illustrative.

Purpose:

Awareness of students' significance of all discussed issues, the ability to build their relations with nature and society based on respect for life, to the whole living as a unique and invaluable part of the biosphere;

Tasks:

Educational: show the multiplicity of factors acting on organisms in nature, the relativity of the concept of "harmful and useful factors", the diversity of life on the planet Earth and options for adaptations of living beings to the entire spectrum of habitat conditions.

Developing: develop communication skills, the ability to independently produce knowledge and stimulate their cognitive activity; The ability to analyze information, allocate the main thing in the material being studied.

Educational:

Briefing the culture of behavior in nature, the quality of the tolerant personality, instilling interest and love for wildlife, form a sustainable positive attitude towards each living organism on Earth, to form the ability to see excellent.

Personal: Cognitive interest in ecology .. Understanding the non-accuracy of obtaining knowledge about the variety of biotic bonds in natural co-societies to preserve natural biocenoses. The ability to choose targeted and semantic installations in their actions and actions in relation to wildlife. The need for a fair assessment of their work and work of classmates

Cognitive: skill to work with various sources of information, pre-form it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.

Regulatory: The ability to organize independently performing tasks, evaluate the correct operation of the work, the reflection of its activities.

Communicative: participate in dialogue in the lesson; Answer the teacher's questions, comrades in the class, to perform in front of the audience using multimedia equipment or other means of demonstration

Planned results

Subject:know - the concepts of "habitat", "Ecology", "Environmental factors" their influence on living organisms, "Living and Non-residential relations";. Be able to determine the concept of "biotic factors"; characterize biotic factors, bring examples.

Personal:express judgments, search and select information; analyze communication, compare, find the answer to the problematic question

MetaPermet: Relations with such academic disciplines as biology, chemistry, physics, geography. Plan actions with the goal; find the necessary information in the textbook and reference literature; analyze objects of nature; draw conclusions; Formulate your own opinion.

Form of organization learning activities - Individual, group

Teaching methods: Viteless, explanatory, illustrative, partially search, independent work with additional literature and textbook, with the COR.

Receptions:analysis, synthesis, conclusion, translation of information from one species to another, generalization.

Studying a new material

Terrestrial

Organisms living on the surface of the Earth are surrounded by a ha-shaped medium characterized by low humidity, density and pressure, as well as high sourness of sourness. Environmental factors operating in the ground-air environment are distinguished by a number of specific features: Compared to other media, the light acts intensively here, the temperature undergoes stronger oscillations, the humidity changes significantly depending on the geographical polo, season and time of day. The impact of almost all of these factors is closely associated with the movement of air mass - winds.

In the inhabitants of the ground-air environment in the process of evolution, specific anatomy-morphological, physiological, behavioral and other adaptations were developed. They appeared OR-Ghana, providing direct assimilation of atmospheric air in the process of respiratory (Ustian plants, lungs and trachea of \u200b\u200banimals); Skeletal formations that support the body were obtained strong development in conditions of insignificant density

(mechanical and supporting fabrics of plants, animal skeleton); You worked complex devices to protect against disadvantaged factors (frequency and rhythmics life cycles, complex structure of covers, mechanisms of thermoregulation, etc.); There was a closer connection with the soil (roots of plants); You worked the big mobility of animals in search of food; Flying animals appeared and the fruits, seeds, pollen of plants appeared and carrying by air flows.

Consider the main abiotic factors in a terrestrial air environment.

Air.

Dry air at the height of the sea level consists (by volume) of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide; At least 1% falls on inert gases.

Oxygen is necessary for the respiration of the absolute majority of OR-Ganisms, carbon dioxide is used by plants at photosynthesis. Moving air masses (wind) changes the temperature and humidity of air, has a mechanical effect on the organisms. The wind causes a change in transpiration in plants. This is particularly strongly manifested with sukhov, dried air and frequently susceptible plant death. A significant role of the wind plays in the experience of anemophilov - wind-peeling growing. Winds determine the direction of migrations of such insects, like meadow moth, deserted locust, malaria mosquitoes.

Precipitation.

The precipitation in the form of rain, snow or hail changes the humidity of air and soil, provide an affordable plant moisture, give drinking water to animals. Strong rains can cause floods, temporarily flood one or another territory. Livni, and especially degrees, often lead to mechanical damage to the vegetative organs of plants.

Large importance for water regime has the timing of rainfall, their frequency and duration. The character of rains is also important. With the rainstone rains, the soil does not sucping to absorb water. This water flies quickly, and its strong streams are often demolished into the river and the lake part of the fertile layer of the soil, and together with it and weakly rooted plants, and sometimes small animals. Drinking rains, on the contrary, well moisturize the soil, however, if they are tightened, overvaluing comes.

Sitting in the form of snow have a beneficial effect on the or-ganisms in the winter period. Being a good insulator, the snow protects the soil and vegetation from the freezing (a layer of sleep-ha 20 cm protects the plant at air temperature -25 ° C), and for small animals it serves as a shelter where they find food and more suitable temperature conditions. With severe frosts under the snow, TETEREV, partridges, rippers are hidden. However, with multi-snowy winter, there is a massive death of some animals, such as roe deer and wild boars: with a powerful snow cover, it is difficult for them to move and extract food.

Humidity of soils.

One of the main sources of moisture for plants is soil water. In physical state, mobility, access and value for plants, soil water is divided into free, capillary, chemically and physically connected.

The main variety of free water is gravitatsi-onan water. It fills the wide gaps between the soil particles and under the action of gravity constantly goes into the degree of degrees, the layers will not reach the waterproof layer. Plants easily assimilate it while it is in the zone of the root system.

Capillary water fills the finest gaps between soil particles, it also Ho-Rosho is absorbed by plants. It is held in clutch capillaries. Under the influence of evaporation from the surface of the soil, the capillary water forms an upward current, unlike gravity, which is peculiar to the downward current. These movements of water, its consumption depends on the air temperature, the features of the relief, the properties of the soil, vegetation cover, the strength of the wind and other factors. And the capillary, and gravitational water prevents the so-called water available for plants.

In the soil, there is also chemically and physically related water contained in some soil minerals (opal, plaster, Mont Rillonite, hydroelludes, etc.) All this water plants are absolutely not-available, although in some soils (clay, peat) its contents Very great.

♦ EcoLimat.

Each habitat is characterized by a certain ecologic climate - ecoclimati.e. the climate of the surface layer of air. Great influence on climatic factors, the vegetation. Under the canopy of the forest, for example, air humidity is always higher, and temperature fluctuations are less than in glades. The luminous regime of these places is distinguished. In different growing associations, its moisture mode, temperature, lights are formed. Then they talk about phytoclimate.

Living conditions surrounding insect larvae, living under the bark of wood, other than in the forest, where this tree grows. At the same time, the south side temperature of the trunk can be 10-15 ° C above the temperature of its northern side. Such small sections of habitat have their own microclimate. Special micro-climatic conditions create not only plants, but also belly. Sustainable microclimate possess populated holes, hollow trees, caves.

For ground-air medium, as well as for water, ha-raktern, well-pronounced zonality. There are latitudinal and meridian, or long-standing, natural zones. The first pulls from the West to the East, the second - from the north to south.

Questions and tasks

1. Keep the main abiotic factors on the earth's air environment.

2. Examples of the inhabitants of the ground-air environment.

General characteristics.A feature of the terrestrial air environment is that the organisms living here are surrounded by air - a gaseous medium characterized by low humidity, density and pressure, as well as a high oxygen content. The absolute majority of animals in this environment move through a solid substrate - soil, and plants are rooted in it.

Environmental factors operating in the ground-air environment are distinguished by a number of specific features: the light here is relatively with other environments more intense, the temperature undergoes stronger fluctuations, the humidity varies significantly depending on the geographic position, season and time of day. The impact of almost all of these factors is closely associated with the movement of air mass - wind.

In the inhabitants of the ground-air environment in the process of evolution, specific anatomy-morphological, physiological, behavioral and other adaptations developed. They have bodies that provide direct assimilation atmospheric oxygen in the process of breathing (stomach of plants, lungs and tracheas of animals); Skeletal formations that support the body in conditions of insignificant density of the medium (mechanical and supporting tissues of plants, animal skeleton) obtained strong development. complex devices for protection against adverse factors (periodicity and rhythm of life cycles, complex structure of covers, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc.); There is a close connection with the soil (roots of plants, extremities of animals); launched a large mobility of animals in search of food; Flying animals have appeared and airborne fruits, seeds, pollen plants.

Consider the main environmental factors in the terrestrial air environment and the features of their impact on land plants and animals.

Air.The air as an environmental factor is characterized by the constancy of the composition - oxygen in it usually about 21%, carbon dioxide 0.03%. No air can exist green plants nor aerobic microorganisms, nor animals. Oxygen is necessary for the respiration of the absolute majority of organisms, and carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis.

A minor air density does not have significant resistance to organisms when moving along the surface of the Earth and at the same time makes it difficult to move vertically. In the process of evolution, only a few organisms climbed into the air and adapted to flight (insects, birds, from mammals, manoplays).

Air, like other environmental factors, has a direct and indirect effect on the organisms. With direct exposure, it has a slight environmental value. The indirect effect of air is carried out through winds, which, in addition, change the nature of such important factors as temperature and humidity, have a mechanical effect on the organisms. Often, strong winds, which are in one direction, bend branches and trees trunks in the weathered side, which causes the appearance of flag-like crown forms (Fig. 17).

The wind causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants. This is particularly strongly manifested in susceptible, dried air and often causing plant death.

The wind plays a certain role in pollination of the anemophilov plants (wind-spilled plants), which have developed a number of fixtures for this: they are usually reduced and anthers are not protected from wind.

Ascending and especially descending currents often create conditions for the stamping and accumulation of cold air soil surface. This causes a delay in the development and plants and animals.

In areas where strong wind is constantly blowing, the species composition of small flying animals is usually poor because they cannot withstand him when flying. In animals living in such places, dense covers are developing, protecting the body from cooling and moisture loss. Birds living on open spaces and in closed places are somewhat different in structure. This also applies to insects. So, on the oceanic islands with constant strong winds, many birds and especially insects lose the wings and ability to fly.

Air flows perform a certain role in the resettlement of plants and animals. The fruits of the anemochief plants have many devices that increase their sailboat, and are spread by the wind for huge distances. These are various corkscrew, clouds, parachutes, baghead hollow swollen. Large distances are transferred to the wind disputes of microorganisms, the cysts of the simplest. Even larger animals use air flows for resettlement. Spiders are broadening by the wind on the web, actively flying insects - direct air currents at large altitudes. There are cases of bird drift by strong winds for a significant distance from their usual habitats. In addition to the accidental transfer of animals by the wind, many species actively use air flows for settlement. Winds define the direction of migrations of insects such as meadow moths (Loxostege Stictialis), deserted locust (Schistocerca Gregaria), malaria mosquitoes (Anophe--Les).

Precipitation.The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall out to some extent affect the water regime of the medium. Rainfalls in the form of rain, hail or snow change air and soil humidity, provide affordable plant moisture, give drinking water to animals. Strong rains can temporarily flood one or another territory, cause floods. Livni and especially degrees often lead to mechanical damage vegetative organs Plants.

Large importance for water regime has the timing of rainfall, their frequency and duration. The abundance of rains in the period of cooling almost does not give plants the necessary moisture. In summer samewith a relatively high temperature, even minor precipitates provide them with the desired amount of water.

The character of rains is also important. With rain rains, the soil does not have time to absorb water. This water strongly flows through strong threads and often demolides the river and lake part of the fertile soil layer, and together with it and weakly rooted plants, small animals. Drinking rains, on the contrary, well moisturize the soil and create the most favorable conditions for plants and animals. But if they are delayed, overvaluating comes. This adversely affects animals (on their reproduction) leads to a reduction in their numbers.

In the floods of rain rivers can cause floods and thereby have an extremely adverse effect on animals living here and on plants. In periodically flooded places formed a peculiar floem flora and fauna.

Sudes in the form of snow have a beneficial effect on organisms in the winter period of time. Snowproof creates a certain temperature mode Soil, allows many types of plants and animals to hide from severe frosts.

The meaning of the snow cover was studied in detail by A. N. Formozova (1946). It showed that snow acts as a good insulator, protecting the soil and vegetation from freezing (a layer of snow 20 cm protects the plant at an air temperature - 25 ° C), and for small animals it serves as shelter, where they spend a significant part of life, finding there are favorable Food and temperature conditions. With frosts over-14 ° C under a layer of snow 20 cm, the temperature of the soil does not fall below 0.2 ° C, and into multi-versed winters in the presence of a vitaminized feed there can multiply rodents. Under the snow with severe frosts, TETEREV (Lyrus Tetrix), partridges (Perdix Perdix), Ryabchiki (Tetrastes Bonasia) are hidden (PERDIX PERDIX). However, with multi-versed winter, there is a massive death of a roe (Capreolus Capreolus), wild boars (SUS Scrofa). Many animals are difficult to move and extract food with a powerful snow cover. And if moose (alcees alces), for example, freely overcome the snow layer with a depth of up to 50 cm, then it is not available to smaller animals.

At the same time, animals adapt to winter conditions. By winter, some of them increase the support surface of the legs as a result of the fusion of them with rigid hair, feathers, horny shields (Fig. 18); Other either migrate, either fall into an inactive state (sleep, hibernation, range); A number of animals go to nutrition with certain feeds. However, when the snow falls a little, moles are dying, miserable rodents and other small animals.

In low-speed winters with strong winds, when the snow is blown away from open spaces, not only animals, but also plants suffer from low temperatures. But the loss of a large amount of snow has a negative effect on plants. In addition to mechanical damage (snowman, snowflakes), a powerful layer of snow can lead to plants. During the melting of snow, especially in the protracted spring, the plants sweep away.

During thaws or with a sharp cooling after the rain on Earth and on plants, ice crust is often formed - an ice-haired, adversely acting on plants and animals. In the steppes and deserts, hoofs and many birds die in the effort and the masses due to the difficulties arising from the movement and mining. Under the ice crust is often dying from suffocation and freezing crops of cultivated plants and wild-growing herbs.

During thaws on the surface of the snow, it is formed - the snow cover is compacted. This reduces its protective property, it makes it difficult for the lives of many animals moving under the snow and producing food there. Ice crust on the snow can, like an ice, cause a suffocation of plants, because gas exchanges with outer air makes it difficult, and oxygen consumption by plants, microorganisms and animals living under the snow, does not stop.

In moderate latitudes, where winter precipitation falls out in the form of snow, animals and plants historically adapted to life in the snow or on its surface, having developed various anatomy-morphological, physiological, behavioral and other features.

Various sediments, in addition to direct impact on the organisms, determine the orsual air humidity, which, as noted, plays an important role in the life of animals and plants, as it affects the intensity of their water exchange. The smaller the air is saturated with water vapor, the more intense the evaporation from the surface of the body of animals and transpiration in plants. Many plants have special dust, which distinguish water when air is saturated or close to saturation with pairs and ordinary transpiration is difficult. So animals and plants adapt to the seasonal distribution of precipitation, to their quantity and nature. This determines the composition of the plant and animal population, the timing of the flow of certain phases in the cycle of their development.

The humidity has an influence and condensation of water vapor, which often occurs in the surface layer of air when the temperature change. It is manifested in the dew dropping when the temperature is reduced in the evening. Rosa is often precipitated in such a quantity that it is abundant wetting the plants, flows into the soil, increases the humidity of the air and creates favorable conditions for living organisms, especially when there are little precipitation. Plants be asparing the plants: cooling at night, they condense water vapors. Misty, thick cloudiness and other natural phenomena are also significantly affected on the moisture mode.

Humidity of soils. One of the main sources of moisture for plants is soil water. However, not all the water contained in the soil can be used by plants. By physical state, mobility, availability and value for plants, soil water is divided into free, capillary, chemically and physically related.

The main variety of free water is gravitational water. It fills wide gaps between the soil particles and under the action of gravity constantly goes into the deeper layers. Plants easily assimilate it while it is in the zone of the root system. Stocks of gravitational water are replenished with precipitation. Therefore, watering soil is very important for plants, wetting it with water.

With strong or prolonged precipitations, surface free water is formed, since its inflow significantly exceeds the speed of absorbing into the soil. Such water flows on the slope of the terrain. Although free water is easily absorbed by plants, it causes temporary or permanent excess moisturizing, and this causes soil fever and anaerobic processes that reduce plant productivity.

Capillary water fills the finest gaps between soil particles - capillaries. It is also called suspended, because it does not move down under the influence of gravity, but is kept in capillaries of clutch by force. Under the influence of evaporation from the surface of the soil, the capillary water forms an upward current in contrast to the gravitational, which is characteristic of the downward current. In general, the capillary moisture is directed towards smaller humidity and therefore can be distributed horizontally (like the water drops on the filter paper). Capillary moisture is well absorbed by plants.

And the capillary and gravitational water of the soil is the so-called water available for plants.

But in the soil there is still chemically and physically bound water. Many soil minerals (gypsum, mirable, magnesium chloride, etc.) contain up to 50-60 water percent of water. Water is part of the crystal lattice of secondary mulling minerals (crystallization water). Chemically connected and crystallization water is stationary and completely unavailable by plants.

Physically related water according to the degree of mobility forms two forms: a film, or roar, and hygroscopic, or a strength.

Film water is represented by hundreds of a series of dipoles that are consistently lining each other. The force with which it is held on the surface of soil particles does not exceed 1 -10 atm. Film water is capable of moving in the soil towards smaller humidity and is limited to plants. The osmotic pressure of the cell focus on the roots allows them to suck this water.

Hygroscopic water envelops soil particles with a thin film, and is held in soil particles with a pressure of 10,000-20,000 atm. Gigroscopic water is released only at 105-110 ° C and physiologically completely inaccessible to plants. It forms the so-called dead supply of water in the soil.

The number of inaccessible water plants depends on the mechanical composition and physical properties Soil, quantity and quality of organic matter in it, sucking the power of the roots, relative humidity. In sandy soils, such water is 1-2%, and in clay and peat, it reaches 50% of the total water. When only inaccessible water remains in the soil, the plant swept and dies.

Thus, the total amount of water in the soil cannot be characterized by the degree of availability of plants in moisture. To determine it, from the total amount of water it is necessary to calculate the coefficient of installation.

At the same time, physically affordable soil water is physiologically not always available to the plant. Low soil temperature, lack of oxygen in soil water and soil air, soil acidity, high concentration of mineral salts dissolved in soil water - all this makes it difficult to absorb soil moisture by the plant. Sometimes in the summer after a cool rainy night, many plants show explicit signs of rapidations, although the soil is very moistened and the air temperature is quite high. The reason for this is low temperature Soil, negatively active on the suction ability of the roots, and warm air, which causes a rather intensive transpiration in the above-ground parts of the plant. As a result of such a non-compliance between the absorption of water, the roots and returns to its leaves and the planting of vegetation occurs.

The development and overhead parts and the root system of plants depends on the amount of physiologically available water. As a rule, in plants growing on dry soils, the root system is more branched, more powerful than on wet.

One of the sources of soil moisture are groundwater. With low levels, capillary water does not reach soil and does not affect its water regime. Moisturizing the soil is only atmospheric precipitation causes strong fluctuations in its humidity, which often adversely affects the plants. Harmful affects too high groundwaterSince this leads to the mooring of the soil, to depletion of it with oxygen and enrichment with mineral salts. The optimal level of groundwater provides constant soil moisturizing, regardless of the weather popsicles.

So, the soil water is in constant motion: the descending current of the gravitational water in dry periods is replaced by the ascending current of the capillary water. These movements of water, its consumption depends on the temperature, features of the relief, the properties of the soil, plant cover, the movement of air and many other factors.

Ecoclimat and microclimate.In order to find out the influence of climatic factors on the body, often meteorological data is not enough. It is well known that the surfaces of objects addressed to the Sun are always warmer than air over them; Cold air at night accumulates in lower area. In this regard, various habitats of organisms are distinguished by a temperature and light mode, moisture mode. In other words, each habitat is characterized by a certain environmental climet of ecoclimat, i.e. the climate of the surface air layer.

Great influence on climatic factors has vegetation. Under the canopy of the forest, for example, air humidity is always higher, and temperature fluctuations are less than in glades. The luminous regime of these places is distinguished. In different vegetable associations, its moisture, temperature, light is formed. Then they talk about phytoclimate.

But not always the data of ecoclimate or phytoclimat is enough for the full characteristic. climatic conditions of one or another habitat. Living conditions surrounding insect larvae, living under the bark of wood, other than in the forest, where this tree grows. In this case, the temperature of the south side of the barrel can be 10-15 ° C above the temperature of its northern side. Such small sections of habitat have their own microclimate.

There are no clear differences between the eco climet and the microclimate. It is believed that ecoclimat is a climate of relatively large territories, and the microclimate is the climate of individual small sites.

Each climatic zone is characterized by a huge number of diverse microclimate. Microclimate are closely connected with solar radiation, power and wind direction, relief features, vegetation character and other climatic indicators of the area (Fig. 19).

Special microclimatic conditions create not only plants, but also animals. Sustainable microclimate have the holes populated by animals, hollow trees, caves. The presence of many microclimate in one terrain provides coexistence of species with unequal requirements for the external environment.

Geographic zonality and vertical explanation.For ground-air medium, as well as for water, characterized well-pronounced zonality. At the same time, any combinations of plant cover and an animal population correspond to the morphological units of the geographic shell of the Earth - climatic zones. There are latitudinal and meridional, or long-standing, natural zones. The first stretch from the west to the east, the second-from north to south. In a long direction, latitudinal zones are divided into subbands, and in the latitudinal - on the province.

Animals and plants are closely related to the conditions characteristic of each zone in which they live, and adapt primarily to the complex of climatic factors, which in turn depend on the soil conditions, relief, from the geographical and number of other characteristics of a particular area. That is why the distribution of biogeocenoses with their specific set of plants, animals and microorganisms can be laid climatic zones of the globe. Valter allocates 6 main climatic zones.

1. The equatorial zone is located approximately between 10 ° C. sh. and 10 ° sh. And has two rainy seasons (respectively, the position of the Sun in Zenith), interrupted only for a short time. Annual precipitation and humidity at the same time are very high, monthly temperature fluctuations are insignificant.

2. The tropical zone occupies the situation north and south of the first, about 30 ° latitude. For her, the summer rainy period and drought period in the most cool time of the year are characterized. The amount of precipitation here decreases as it removed from the equiter; Low air humidity, frosts are very rare.

3. Zone dry subtropics - these are areas internal parts subtropical oceanic anticyclones with weak winds and frequent valves (up to 35 ° latitude). The amount of precipitation and humidity in this zone is insignificant, annual and daily fluctuations in temperature are very significant (there are freezing).

4. The transition zone is characterized by the seasons of winter rains. Frosts are marked more often than in the previous zone; Hot summer. The zone covers the Mediterranean, California, South and South-West of Australia, South West of South America.

5. Moderate zone is characterized by cyclonic rains. Annual precipitation in it decreases as the ocean removes; Annual temperature fluctuation becomes sharper - summer roast, winter cold. The zone is divided into the following subzones:

the underzon of a warm moderate climate, where the winter period almost does not stand out and all seasons more or less wet (South Africa);

a typical moderate climate with a cold, but short winter, cool summer (Central Europe);

the subzone of the arid moderate climate of continental type with sharp temperature contrasts, a small amount of precipitation and insignificant air humidity (Central Asia);

the subzone of boreal, or cold, moderate climate. Encompasses North America and the northern part of Eurasia. Summer here is cool and wet, winter lasts more than half years.

6. Arctic (Antarctic) zone. Here drops a slight amount of precipitation mainly in the form of snow. Summer (polar day) short and cool. The zone goes into the polar area in which plant growing is impossible.

Each climatic zone is characterized by peculiar vegetation and animal population. The richest life and productive tropical forests, the floodplain of large rivers, prairies and forests of subtropics and the transition zone. Less productive desert, meadows and steppes.

The zonal distribution of biogeocenoses is due to a number of factors. If, for example, this or another plant or animal does not occur in any natural zone, the reason for this can be high mountain ranges or water spaces, conditions of humidity, lack of food, etc.

One of important conditions The variability of the organisms and their zone accommodation on the planet serves variability chemical composition medium. In this regard, the teachings of A. P. Vinogradov on biogeochemical provinces, which are determined by the zonality of the chemical composition of soils, as well as the climatic, phytogeographic and geochemical zonality of the biosphere. Biogeochemical provinces– these are areas on the surface of the Earth, differing in content (in soils, waters, etc.) of chemical compounds with which certain biological reactions from the local flora and fauna are associated.

Along with the horizontal zonality in the ground medium, the vertical explanation is clearly manifested. In general, the planet is characterized by changing the animal population and vegetation towards the base of mountain areas to the vertices, like latitudinal zonality. When lifting the mountains, the same change of zones is repeated as from the equator to the poles. The foot is usually located deserts, then steppes, wide forests, coniferous forests, tundra and, finally, ice. However, there is still no complete analogy. Mountains have specific vegetation and animal population.

The ground-air environment is the most complex on environmental conditions, as it is located on the border of the two shells of the Earth (lithosphere and atmosphere). This environment is qualitatively different from water in its physical parameters.

The ground-air medium is characterized by six main abiotic factors determined by the properties of both the atmosphere and the lithosphere (Fig. 1.2).

Fig. one

Consider each of them.

1. Low air density makes it difficult to maintain body shape and therefore provokes education support system. For example, plants have a variety of mechanical tissues, animals - skeleton.

Small air density also determines the low resistance to movement. Therefore, many terrestrial animals used in the course of evolution the ecological benefits of this property properties, acquiring the ability to flight. 75% of the species of all terrestrial animals are capable of active flight, predominantly insects and birds, but there are flyers and among mammals and reptiles. But all these species have the basic function of their life cycle - reproduction - is carried out on the surface of the Earth. For most of them, staying in the air is associated only with resettlement or search for production.

• 2. Thanks air mobility An existing atmosphere in the lower layers of the atmosphere and horizontal movement of air masses is possible passive flight of a number of organisms. Many microorganisms and animals, disputes, seeds, fruits and pollen plants are regularly present in the air and are spread with air currents. Due to the wind, pollination of many plants occurs, for example, a family of beech, birch, nuts, cereals, palm trees.
• 3. Gas composition of air. In addition to the physical properties of the air environment, its existence of ground organisms is extremely important chemical peculiarities. The gas composition of the air in the surface layer of the atmosphere is quite homogeneous with respect to the main component content: nitrogen -78% by volume, oxygen -21% by volume, 1% are other gases (argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, etc.) However, various impurities Gaseous, drop-like and solid (dust) particles falling into the atmosphere from individual sources may have a significant environmental value. Oxygen due to the constantly high content of its air in the air is not a factor limiting life in the ground medium. Only in separate places, there is a temporary deficit in specific conditions, for example, in the accumulations of decaying plant residues, grain reserves, flour.

The content of carbon dioxide can be changed in separate areas of the surface layer of air in fairly significant limits. For example, in the absence of winds in the center of large cities, a concentration increases in tens of times. Daily daily changes in the content of carbon dioxide in surface layers associated with the rhythm of photosynthesis of plants. Seasonal are due to changes in the breathing intensity of living organisms, mainly microscopic soil population. Increased air saturation with carbon dioxide in the zones of volcanic activity, near thermal sources and other underground yields of this gas. In high concentrations carbon dioxide toxic. In nature, such concentrations are rare.

In nature, the main source of carbon dioxide is the so-called soil breathing. Soil microorganisms and animals breathe very intensively. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the soil into the atmosphere, especially vigorously during the rain. A lot of it is distinguished by soil moderately wet, well-warmed rich in organic residues. For example, the soil of the beech forest highlights C0 2 from 15 to 22 kg / ha per hour, and an incobed sandy is only 2 kg / ha.

In modern conditions, a powerful source of receipt of additional C0 2 into the atmosphere was the activity of a person to burn fossil fuel reserves.

Air nitrogen for most inhabitants of the ground medium represents an inert gas, but a number of prokaryotic organisms (nodule bacteria, azotobacter, clostridium, blue-green algae, etc.) has the ability to associate it and involve in a biological circulation.

Local impurities entering the air can also significantly affect living organisms. First of all, it refers to poisonous gaseous substances - methane, sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine compounds, as well as dust particles, soot, littering air in industrial areas. Sulfur oxide (S0 2), for example, poisonous for plants, even in concentrations from one fifty-thousand to one million from the air volume. Around the industrial centers, polluting the atmosphere of this gas, almost all vegetation dies.

4. The properties of the soil and terrain make up effective environmental factors. They affect the living conditions of ground organisms, primarily plants.

The nature of the root system of plants depends on water regime, aeration, addition, composition and structure of the soil. For example, root systems Wood breeds (birch, larch) in areas with many years of Merzlot are located at a small depth and prostrates of styre. Where there are no many years of marbles, the root systems of the same plants are less outstretched and penetrated deep into.

The terrain and the nature of the soil affect the specifics of the movement of animals. For example, hoofs, ostriches, druphs living on open spaces need a solid ground to increase repulsion with a rapid run. Lizards dwelling on loose sands, fingers are bored with fringe from horny scales, which increases the surface of the support.

5. Weather. Living conditions in the ground-air environment are complicated, moreover, weather changes. Weather -

this is a continuously changing state of the atmosphere from the earth's surface to a height of about 20 km (the border of the troposphere). Weather variability is manifested in constant change in temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, strength and wind directions, etc. For weather changes, along with regular alternating them, non-periodic oscillations are characterized in an annual cycle, which significantly complicates the conditions for the existence of ground organisms.

Perennial weather mode characterizes climate area.The concept of climate includes not only the average meanings of meteorological phenomena, but also their annual and daily move, deviations from it and their repeatability. The climate is determined by the geographic conditions of the district.

For most terrestrial organisms, especially small, not so much the climate of the district is important, how many conditions of their direct habitat. Very often, local medium elements (relief, exposure, vegetation, etc.) are so modified in a particular area of \u200b\u200btemperature, humidity, light, air movement, which is significantly different from climatic conditions of the area. Local climate modifications, folding in the surface layer of air, are called microclimate. In each zone, the microclimate are very diverse, for example, the differences in temperature, humidity and wind power are widely known in the open space and in the forest, in the grass and over the bare parts of the soil, on the slopes of the northern and southern expositions. Special steady microclimate occurs in caves and other closed places.

Large importance is precipitation. They provide water, contribute to creating moisture reserves in a certain area. In addition, they can play another environmental role. Thus, severe rainy rains or hail sometimes have a mechanical effect on plants or animals.

6. Water deficiency. Moisture deficit is one of the most essential features of the ground-air environment. The moisture regimes on land is very diverse - from the full and constant saturation of air with water vapors in some areas of the tropics to almost complete absence in the dry air of the desert. The water supply of ground organisms also depends on the mode of precipitation, the presence of water bodies, reserves of soil moisture, intimacy of groundwater, etc. In general, for terrestrial water loss organisms lead to death rather than starvation.

Questions and tasks for self-control

• 1. List the abiotic factors of the ground-air environment.
• 2. What structural features in living organisms are due to low air density?
• 3. Name gases included in atmospheric air.
• 4. What include Edifices Environment factors? Give examples of the influence of these factors on the vital activity of living organisms.
• 5. What is the difference between weather, climate and microclimate?

Features of the terrestrial aerial environment. In the ground-air medium, light and air is sufficient. But the humidification and temperature of air is distinguished by a large variety. In the swampy territories - excessive amount of moisture, in the steppes it is significantly less. Feelings are also per diem and seasonal temperature fluctuations.

The adaptation of organisms to life in conditions of different temperatures and moisturizes. A large number of fittings of the organisms of the ground-air environment is associated with temperature and humid-stub air. Animal steppes (scorpio, spiders Tarantula and Karakurt, Susliki, Forewing mice) are hiding from the heat in Nor-kakh. From hot sunny rays of the plant protects increased water evaporation with leaves. Animals in such an adapter is the selection of sweat.

With the onset of the birds of the birds fly away to the warm edges, in the spring to return to the place where they were born and where they give offspring. A feature of the ground-air environment in the southern regions of Ukraine or in the Crimea is an insufficient amount of moisture.

Check out fig. 151 with plants, which have adapted to such conditions.

The adaptation of organisms to movement in the ground-air environment.For many livelock ground-air environments, the movement of the earth's surface is important or in the air. For this, they have certain adaptions, and their limbs have a different structure. Some adapted to the run (wolf, horse), the second - to jumping (kangaroo, tushkanchik, grasshopper), third - to the flight (PT-TSI, bats, insects) (Fig. 152). Freck, Vijuki do not have limbs. They move, flexing the body.

To life, highly fewer or-ganisms were high in the mountains, because for plants there are few soil, moisture and air, and animals have difficulty with moving. But some animals, such as mountain goats, mouflons (Fig. 154), are capable of moving almost vertically up and down, if there are at least small irregularities. Therefore, they can live high in the mountains. Material from site.

Adaptation of organisms to once-personal lighting. One of the prefabilities of plants to various Ossect is the direction of leaves to the light. In the shade of the leaves are located go-rizontal: so there are more light rays on them. The light-minded snowy-nickname and rod develop and bloom in early spring. During this period, they are sufficiently light, because the leaves on the trees in the forest have not yet appeared.

The adaptation of animals to the specified factor of the ground-air habitat is the structure and size of the eyes. Most of the animals of this environment are well developed organs of vision. For example, a hawk from you sophisticate your flight sees a mouse running around the field.

For many centuries, the development of the organisms of the ground-air environment adapted to the effects of its factors.

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On this page, material on the themes:

• report on the topic of ternary habitat
• advancement of white owls to habitat
• overall on the topic of ternary air
• land-air habitat animals
• essay Description of the habitat ground-air

Feature of the ground-air environment - organisms living here, surrounded air - gaseous medium characterized by low humidity, density, pressure and high oxygen content.

Most animals move on a solid substrate - soil, and plants are rooted in it.

In the inhabitants of the ground-air environment, devices have developed:

1) organs that ensure the absorption of atmospheric oxygen (the stomach in plants, light and trachea in animals);

2) the strong development of skeletal formations supporting the body in the air (mechanical fabrics in plants, the skeleton in animals);

3) complex devices for protection against adverse factors (frequency and rhythm of life cycles, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc.);

4) there was a close relationship with the soil (roots in plants and limbs in animals);

5) the big mobility of animals in search of food;

6) Flying animals appeared (insects, birds) and wind seeds transported by the wind, fetal.

The environmental factors of the ground-air environment are regulated by a macroclimate (ecoclimat). Ecoclimat (MacroLimat) - Climate of large areas, characterized by certain properties of the surface layer of air. Microclimate - climate of individual habitats (trunk of a tree, nora animal, etc.).

41. Ecological factors of the ground-air environment.

1) Air:

It is characterized by the constancy of the composition (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 0.03% CO 2 and inert gases). Is an important environmental factor, because Without atmospheric oxygen, the existence of most organisms is impossible, CO 2 is used for photosynthesis.

The movement of organisms in the ground-air medium is carried out mainly by horizontally, only some insects, birds and mammals are moved vertically vertically.

Air has great importance to the vital activity of living organisms through wind - Move the air masses due to uneven warming up atmosphere by the sun. The effect of wind:

1) dries air, causes a decrease in the intensity of water exchange in plants and animals;

2) participates in pollination of plants, spreads pollen;

3) reduces the variety of flying animal species (strong wind interferes in flight);

4) causes changes in the structure of covers (formed dense covers, protecting plants and animals from hypothermia and moisture loss);

5) participates in the resettlement of animals and plants (spreads fruits, seeds, small animals).

2) Atmospheric precipitation:

An important environmental factor, because Water mode depends on the presence of precipitation:

1) precipitation change air humidity and soil;

2) provide affordable water for water supply plants and animals.

a) rain:

The most important duration of the fallout, the frequency of the fallout, duration.

Example: the abundance of rains during the cooling period does not give plants the necessary moisture.

By the nature of the rain:

- storm - unfavorable, because Plants do not have time to absorb water, threads, flushing the upper fertile layer of soil, plants, small animals, are also formed.

- frosting - favorable, because Provide soil moisturizing, plant and animal nutrition.

- tightening - unfavorable, because cause floods, flood and flooding.

b) snow:

Posseably affects the organisms in the winter, because:

a) Creates a favorable temperature of the soil, protects organisms from supercooling.

Example: at the air temperature of -15 0 with the temperature of the soil under the 20cm snow layer not lower than +0.2 0 C.

b) creates a winter medium for the vital activity of organisms (rodents, chicken birds, etc.)

Fixtures Animals to winter conditions:

a) increases the support surface of the legs for walking through the snow;

b) migration and flap in hibernation (anabiosis);

c) transition to nutrition with certain feeds;

d) change of covers, etc.

Negative snow effect:

a) The abundance of snow leads to mechanical damage in plants, sparing plants and their winking during the melting of snow in spring.

b) the formation of Nasta and the Hollyanta (it makes it difficult for the gas exchange of animals and plants under the snow, creates difficulties for the extraction of feed).

42.Ability of soils.

The main factor for water supply of primary producers - green plants.

Types of soil water:

1) Gravitational water - It occupies wide gaps between soil particles and under the action of gravity goes in deeper layers. Plants easily assimilate it when it is in the zone of the root system. Stocks in the soil are replenished with precipitation.

2) Capillary Water - Fills the smallest spaces between soil particles (capillaries). Does not move down, holds the clutch force. Due to evaporation from the soil surface, the water current forms. Well digested by plants.

1) and 2) water available for plants.

3) Chemically connected water - Crystallization water (gypsum, clay, etc.). Not available for plants.

4) Physically connected water - Also unavailable for plants.

but) film (Ruffled) - Dipoles series sequentially detaining each other. Hold on the surface of soil particles by force from 1 to 10 atm.

b) gigroscopic (Furuscable) - envelops soil particles with a thin film and is held by force from 10,000 to 20,000 atm.

If only inaccessible water is in the soil, the plant is tugged and dies.

For sand KZ \u003d 0.9%, for clay \u003d 16.3%.

The total amount of water - KZ \u003d the degree of provision of plants with water.

43.Geographic zonality of the ground-air environment.

For ground-air medium, the vertical and horizontal zonality is characteristic. Each zone is characterized by a specific eco-climet, the composition of animals and plants, territory.

Climatic zones → Climatic subzones → Climatic provincials.

Walter classification:

1) Equatorial zone - It is between 10 0 north latitude and 10 0 southern latitude. It has 2 rainy seasons corresponding to the position of the Sun in Zenith. Annual precipitation and humidity are large, monthly temperature fluctuations are insignificant.

2) Tropical zone - It is north and south of Equatorial, up to 30 0 northern and southern latitude. Summer rainy period and winter drought are characteristic. The amount of precipitation and humidity decreases as they remove from the equator.

3) Zone dry subtropics - It is up to 35 0 latitude. The amount of precipitation and humidity is insignificant, annual and daily fluctuations in temperatures are very significant. Rarely there are freezing.

4) Transition zone - Characterized winter rains, hot summer. Freezing are more often. Mediterranean, California, South and South-West Australia, South West South America.

5) Moderate zone - It is distinguished by cyclonic precipitates, the number of which is reduced as it removes from the ocean. Annual temperature fluctuating sharp, summer roast, winter frosty. Divided into subzones:

but) warm-tempered climate - The winter period practically does not stand out, all seasons more or less wet. South Africa.

b) typical moderate climate - Cold short winter, cool summer. Central Europe.

in) substantal-type arid moderate climate - Characterized sharp temperature contrasts, a small amount of precipitation, minor air humidity. Central Asia.

d) boreal, or cold temperate subzone - Summer is cool and wet, winter lasts half of the year. North America and Northern Eurasia.

6) Arctic (Antarctic) zone - It is characterized by the loss of a minor amount of precipitation in the form of snow. Summer (polar day) short and cold. This zone goes to the polar area in which the existence of plants is impossible.

For Belarus, a moderately continental climate is characterized with additional moisture. Negative sides of the Climate of Belarus:

Unstable weather in spring and autumn;

Soft, with long thaws of spring;

Rainy summer;

Late spring and early autumn frost.

Despite this, about 10,000 species of plants grows in Belarus, 430 species of vertebrate animals and about 20,000 species of invertebrate animals live.

Vertical zonality - from lowlands and bases of mountains to the vertices of the mountains. Like horizontal with some deviations.

44.Foad as an environment of life. General characteristics.