Types of speech relevance: stylistic, situational, ethical. Speech and its communicative qualities What is the appropriateness of speech

Each functional style, as noted above, is characterized by specific laws of selection, organization and use of linguistic means, and the question of the use of a particular linguistic unit, its relevance (or inappropriateness) in each style is resolved differently. So, if in the official business and scientific styles, as a rule, common, neutral and book language means are used, then in journalism with a special stylistic task, colloquial elements can also be used (to a limited extent, even vernacular jargon). For example:

Recently, in Kozlov Lane in Minsk, they strangled another "and za zchik". For what? To buy another batch of alcohol. Withdrawing from the victim's armament, the killers calmly continued to p and pushku (from the newspapers).

It has its own characteristics about the relevance of a language fact in style fiction... Here, deviations from the norms of the general literary language. The main criterion their relevance in a particular work - the validity of the author's goal setting, functional feasibility. Since the use of linguistic means in works of fiction is subordinated to the author's intention, the creation of an artistic image, the function of aesthetic influence, a wide variety of linguistic means may be appropriate. Take, for example, the following excerpt from A. Voznesensky's poem "Tarkovsky at the gate":

There is a white sweater at the collar.

Thirteen-year-old Andrey.

Bey, courtyard urka,

Stolen with Butze,

Bey on a white sweater -

for an intelligent breed!

One-sided game.

For getting into a black sheep

into the blackened mud of the yard ...

Bey, childhood of the yard,

for home vomit,

that since childhood your light has burned out,

because you know a wide homeland

through the caresses of thieves camps.

Strike with a brush, strike with wheat,

hit in chorus, hit with peace

all the "choirs" and "catching" crammed,

hit on an incomprehensible landmark ...

He wiped the soles of the yard on a white sweater. -

- Andryukha! Fight for you.

- You were cruel to them,

did not become a six,

did not allow us to hammer ourselves.

You're going to kill him, bitches!

It gets dark, it gets dark around.

And the former white legs and arms

fly like St. Andrew's cross.

This passage uses both colloquial and slang vocabulary (urka, vomit, six, bitches, "choirs", "otly", etc.), and high, bookish (landmark, surroundings, homeland, St. Andrew's cross, etc.); the same words are used in a literal and figurative sense (to score), a shock preposition (for you), etc. The use of these "multi-style" elements is quite appropriate, since with their help the author manages to achieve a certain (conceived by him) artistic effect and convey to the reader the main idea inherent in the poem.

T.P. Pleschenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chet. Stylistics and culture of speech - Minsk, 2001

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The concept of appropriateness of speech

The relevance of speech is the correspondence of the content of speech, its linguistic means to the goals and conditions of communication. Compliance with the needs of the situation, the requirements of speech etiquette, accepted in society.

Speech and every word, any construction should be purposeful, stylistically appropriate. "Each of the orators, (noted VG Belinsky), speaks in accordance with the subject of his speech, with the character of the crowd listening to him, with the circumstances of the present moment."

Relevance as a necessary quality of good speech was given more time in the oratory of the ancient Greeks and Romans, in the theory and practice of judicial and political eloquence, relevance is one of the central concepts in modern functional stylistics.

Aristotle in "Rhetoric", speaking about the quality of the style of public speaking, persistently draws the reader's attention to what is inappropriate in oratorical speech. He considers "the use of epithets or long, or inappropriate, or too many", the inappropriateness of the use of poetic phrases.

Aristotle showed the difference between written and oral speech ("... a special style is suitable for each kind of speech, for it is not the same style in written speech and in speech during a dispute, in political speech and in judicial speech.") From the point of view of the appropriateness of use they have certain techniques of expressiveness, combinations of words.

Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, the composition of listeners or readers, informational, educational and aesthetic tasks of a written or oral presentation.

The relevance of speech covers different levels of the language, and, in this regard, the relevance is distinguished: stylistic, situational, ethical.

Relevance is a basic quality for a culture of speech, as it in many ways lays the foundations for its success. The difference between relevance and other communicative qualities of speech is that often it depends on the assessment of the appropriateness or inappropriateness of speech whether the speech itself will take place. During the speech itself, the participants constantly evaluate the relevance of what was said or heard, written or read in relation to all components of communication. Thus, relevance is a tool for assessing speech in relation to the situation of communication and the text from the point of view of ethical and communicative norms.

Classification of relevance

Situational relevance is the appropriateness of using speech means in certain speech situations. For example, at a bus stop, instead of "Here is our bus at last," is it appropriate to use encyclopedic information and construct the following phrase: "Here is finally our multi-seat car with a wagon-type body, with a speed of 60-100 km / h" ?!

In such cases, appropriateness should be considered in certain speech systems, in situations of speech, in the style of the work of art in general.

Relevance is much more closely related to all components of the communication situation than other communicative qualities of speech: it depends on the participants in communication, and on its goals, on the subject of speech, and on the external and internal conditions of communication.

Relevance always evaluates speech and situation as a whole.

The appropriateness of speech as a whole or of its individual components may depend on the type and scope of communication.

A high degree of information content is more appropriate in scientific or official business speech, and with casual communication, it can become a lack of speech. Conversely, a low degree of information content, the predominance of the factual side, for example, in a scientific report or report, becomes irrelevant.

Certain manifestations of verbal or non-verbal communication are far from always appropriate. So, loud speech or the active use of non-verbal means, both in official and private communication, may be inappropriate if they interfere with other people or violate etiquette regarding the situational speech roles of the communicants.

To assess the situational relevance, it is important to take into account the conditions of communication: where and when it occurs, how long it lasts, etc. In this regard, for example, it is inappropriate to detain a person who is in a hurry to leave with a serious and long conversation; in a crowded place, "on the go" to discuss important issues; move on to talking about your personal problems in a formal setting, etc.

All this necessitates compliance with the requirement of situational relevance by everyone and always.

Stylistic relevance

The requirement of stylistic relevance, that is, the correspondence of the chosen means to the functional style in which the statement is realized, in journalism can be applied very conditionally, since in the journalistic style it is allowed to use almost all means of language and speech. But even in these conditions of relative freedom of choice of speech means, there are gross violations of stylistic relevance.

It is dictated by the requirements for the purity of functional styles of speech, which allow only motivated, justified foreign-style inclusions. At the same time, the use of the same tool can be assessed in different ways from the point of view of relevance by the addressee, addressee and other people.

The idea of the relevance of a linguistic fact in the style of fiction has its own characteristics. Here deviations from the norms of the general literary language are permissible. The main criterion of their relevance in a particular work is the validity of the author's goal setting, functional expediency. Since the use of linguistic means in works of fiction is subordinated to the author's intention, the creation of an artistic image, the function of aesthetic influence, a wide variety of linguistic means may be appropriate.

Ethical relevance (personality-psychological)

The situation of verbal communication presupposes compliance of speech with ethical norms, adherence to the rules of speech etiquette, and taking into account the individual characteristics of the interlocutor. Hence the choice of the topic of speech, certain linguistic means, the degree of detail of the presentation of the material, the tonality of speech, intonation. The speaker should promptly think about the mood of the interlocutor, be able to find the right words, taking into account his psychological state, show tact and politeness. All this is aimed at establishing normal relationships.

In a certain situation, the speaker may not have the right to speak, this is due to moral and ethical factors. For example, categorical statements or advice of the speaker in the area of knowledge in which he is completely ignorant look absolutely inappropriate. It is also inappropriate in society to talk about your domestic troubles, quarrels, to interrupt someone else's speech, it is inappropriate at the table to talk about what can ruin others' appetite, that is, you need to reckon with the person with whom you communicate, as well as with the place where you are. In general, the appropriateness of speech is formed taking into account the social status of the participants in communication, the level of education, profession, ethnicity, lifestyle, and other factors. This is the personal and psychological relevance of speech.

The requirement of appropriateness of speech

The main requirement for the appropriateness of speech: any communication situation must correspond to individually selected, their means of linguistic and emotional expression. This is a special structure of speech, certain expressive and evaluative turns. Let's compare the words: quickly, swiftly, at a pace, at full speed, headlong, bullet, arrow, trot, at full speed, which is the spirit, headlong, instantly. They mean the same thing, but the appropriateness of one or the other is determined by the speech situation. When choosing words, you must remember the main purpose of your speech: to convey information or to influence the listener.

Assessment of speech from the point of view of relevance / inappropriateness is carried out at the stage of predicting speech activity. Sometimes, after weighing the circumstances of the alleged communicative situation, it is better to give up speech altogether, realizing that the situation will not be conducive to the achievement of certain communication goals. If a person plans to communicate, then he assesses the appropriateness of the various components of speech at the level of speech strategy and tactics. The strategy involves the choice of a certain appropriate communication scenario, in particular, the so-called speech genre, for example: a request, order or complaint, which assumes that the listener will fulfill the role of a comforter; or complaints with the expectation that he will correct the situation, etc. Tactics determines the choice of speech means necessary for the implementation of the strategy. So, in the speech genre of requests, words with the meaning of demand, threat, appeal, etc. are inappropriate.

Conclusion

The development of world culture has developed the basic communicative qualities of good speech. Of course, these qualities change, develop, therefore the concept of good speech does not coincide in everything in different epochs and representatives of different classes and worldviews.

Studying this topic, I realized for myself that each person should express their thoughts in such a way that it was impossible not to understand, namely, to express themselves precisely, clearly and simply. If speech is not clear, then it does not reach the goal, therefore it is necessary that the speech be appropriate. Respect for relevance presupposes knowledge of the styles of the literary language. We select words in speech, consciously or unconsciously submitting to the conditions of communication and trying to influence the interlocutor, taking into account his social status, the nature of our relations with him, the content of the conversation. The content of the conversation, the conditions in which the conversation takes place, usually suggests which words should be used (high or low, solemn or humorous). relevance speech stylistic

So, man is a social being, and speech is the leading means of communication. “I think, therefore I am,” wrote Descartes. But thought without a speech structure is incorporeal. The main function of speech is the transformation of the inner image of a person, which has arisen as a result of subconscious or spiritual work. In the mind of the listener, therefore, a person's speech must meet all the above criteria.

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This communicative quality presupposes the use of certain linguistic means in speech in accordance with a specific communication situation, adherence to the "sense of proportionality and conformity" (A.S. Pushkin), that is, this is such a selection of words, word forms and phrases that make speech meet the goals and conditions of communication ... Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, the composition of listeners or readers, informational, educational, aesthetic and other tasks of the speech.

Relevance as the most important quality of literate speech can be considered in three interrelated aspects:

- communicative-situational (1).

- stylistic (2),

- personal and psychological (3).

1 The main requirement for the appropriateness of speech is that each communicative situation must correspond to its own means of linguistic and emotional expression, in particular, a special structure of speech, certain expressive and evaluative turns, etc.

The well-known writer K.I. Chukovsky in his book "Alive as Life" gives wonderful examples of situationally unjustified choice of language means, in particular, the use of clichéd clericalisms in a living colloquial speech:

“On the train, a young woman, talking to me, was praising her house on a collective farm near Moscow:

- Just step outside the gate, now green array!

- In our green array so many mushrooms and berries.

And it was evident that she was very proud of herself for the fact that she had such a “cultured” speech.

- What kind Events are you doing for revitalizing bite?

2 The communication situation requires a choice and a certain style. It will be considered a mistake both to mix different styles and to include foreign styling elements in the given styling context.

An unmotivated and inappropriate mixing of styles can be seen in the following statements.

Only at the end of April did the heavy leaden clouds finally dissipate, the gentle sun peeped out and a positive temperature balance was established ( artistic and formal business).

Obeying the call of the heart, the students all as one took part in the April events for the renovation of premises and landscaping of the adjacent territory ( journalistic and official-business).

The fallacy of the following statements is due to the inclusion of stylistically alien words and phrases in a certain stylistic context (see also above examples from the book of K.I. Chukovsky).

Igoryok reported(book.) that grandmother would come to the kindergarten for him.

My favorite wind-up car out of order(book.).

The stand presents swatches(unsettled.) products manufactured by the enterprise.

I bring to your attention that 60% of the students of this group received deuces(colloquial) in the exam in the course of developmental psychology.

3 The choice of linguistic and non-linguistic means of expression (in particular, intonation, timbre, tempo of speech, voice strength, as well as gestures, facial expressions, postures) is due to the individual psychological and social status characteristics of the interlocutor.

Richness and expressiveness of speech how the communicative quality is determined by the volume of a person's vocabulary and the ability to use the resources of vocabulary and phraseology in speech. The most important technique that helps to increase the expressiveness of speech is the use of all kinds of pictorial and expressive means of the language, which include stable combinations(1),trails(2),stylistic figures(3).

1 Stable combinations (phraseological units, catchphrases, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms) give the speech brightness, imagery, expressiveness.

Phraseologism(phraseological unit) is a combination of words that is stable in its composition and structure, integral in meaning, reproduced in the form of a ready-made speech unit: into fly into a pipe, hold a stone in your bosom, bring you to white heat, throw a fishing rod, bury your talent in the ground, plug in your belt, play hide and seek, break into an open door. Phraseologism in its meaning often corresponds to one word and has no connection with the source that gave rise to it: on a grand scale- rich, luxurious, not embarrassed in funds, not timid- brave, courageous, with open arms- cordially, friendly, roll up your sleeves- diligently, diligently do smth. count on one hand- few.

Popular expression- a stable combination that goes back to a specific author or literary source, that is, they maintain a connection with the source that gave rise to them. So, winged expressions came from ancient myths Augean stables‘Neglect, disorder in business’, Sisyphean labor‘Hard but useless work’ tantalum flour‘Unbearable suffering’; from biblical texts - return of the prodigal son‘About returning home or to a righteous life’, jericho trumpet‘Loud, rough sound’ Vanity‘Petty worries’; from fiction - to cut a window to Europe(A.S. Pushkin. The Bronze Horseman) ‘to turn to the values of European civilization’, with feeling, with sense, with arrangement(AS Griboyedov. Woe from wit) ‘slowly, with understanding’; from songs - get up, the country is huge‘A call to fight the enemy during the Great Patriotic War’, last and decisive battle‘About the decisive battle with the enemy’, let's join hands, friends‘A call for unity’; from cinema - a start in life‘Everything that gives the right to exist leads to recognition’, A thief should sit in jail‘About the inevitability of punishment’.

Proverb- a stable combination of folklore origin, which is a well-aimed, figurative expression that carries a certain maxim, didactic meaning. You reap what you sow. To be afraid of wolves - do not go to the forest. If you like to ride - love to carry sledges. Trust in God, but do not make a mistake yourself. Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.

Proverb- a steady turnover of folklore origin, figuratively defining any object or phenomenon, but unlike the proverb, it does not represent a complete thought, final conclusion, moral teaching: Scythe - girlish beauty; Wait and see; What's on the mind is on the tongue; Let the goat into the garden; What's on the forehead, what's on the forehead; God saves man, who save himself.

Aphorism- a laconic, perfected in form and expressing a generalized thought, a saying, usually carrying a certain maxim and retaining a connection with the source that gave rise to them: Beauty will save the world(F.M.Dostoevsky); Everything in a person should be fine(A.P. Chekhov); Plato is my friend but the truth is dearer(Aristotle); Life is short, art is forever(Hippocrates); Ignorance is not an argument(Spinoza); Fear the Danians who bring gifts(Virgil).

2 Trails - these are words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to make speech more expressive. These include epithets, metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, comparison, paraphrase, allegory, antiphrasis.

Epithet- figurative figurative definition of any object, phenomenon or person. They may be:

- general language: blind rage, bitter frost, rapid run;

- folk poetry: red maiden, gray wolf, damp earth;

Metaphor- figurative transfer of the name by the similarity of shape, color, rating, size, etc .: emerald waves(M. Gorky), nerves of steel,iron will, heart of gold, sunset of life.

Impersonation- a kind of metaphor; transfer based on assimilation to a living being: the sound of the waves, the blizzard howls, it's raining, the wind blows away the words, a bad time.

Metonymy- transfer of the name by contiguity of objects based on the unity of material, shape, color, function, size, content, etc .: The enthusiastic hall rises, the theater is already full, the boxes shine(A.S. Pushkin), Amber in his hands was smoking (A.S. Pushkin), Negotiations between Moscow and Washington.

Synecdoche- a kind of metonymy; transferring the name from part (small) to general (large): Symbolic Russian Ivan(M. A. Sholokhov), All flags will visit us(A.S. Pushkin).

Comparison- assimilation of one object to another on the basis of the unity of features: Your mind is deepwhat the sea your spirit is highwhat mountains (V. Ya. Bryusov), Snake white drift rushes on the ground(S. Ya. Marshak), And from the firmamentsilent rain the stars were falling(V. Vysotsky).

Periphrase- replacement of the name of the object with a description of its characteristic features. Wed A.S. Pushkin: the dust will survive and the decay will run away(about immortality) , sublunary world(Earth); king of beasts(a lion); Foggy Albion(England); Venice of the North, Palmyra of the North(St. Petersburg); the city of the first fireworks, the city of military glory(Eagle).

Allegory- unfolded trail, allegory; the image of an abstract idea by means of a concrete, clearly presented image. So, the very title of A. Pushkin's poem "The Cart of Life" indicates an allegorical representation of human life through the image of a cart:

Although the burden is sometimes heavy in her,

The cart is light on the move;

The coachman is dashing, gray time,

Lucky, he won't get off the irradiation ...

Antiphrasis(irony) - a stereotyped construction expressing only an ironic meaning; mocking use of the word in the opposite sense of the literal one. That's how he made me feel good! Nice business! This was not enough yet! "Split,clever , are you delirious, head?(in reference to a donkey) (I.A.Krylov)

3 C stylistic figures that serve to increase the expressiveness of speech include antithesis, gradation, hyperbole, litota, repetition, anaphora, epiphora, polysyndeton, asyndeton, parallelism, inversion, silence, ellipsis, rhetorical questions.

Antithesis(opposition) - a stylistic figure, consisting in the comparison of logically opposite concepts or images, subordinate to one idea or a single point of view. Forgotten quicklybad , / BUTgood lives long(K. Vanshenkin). Small spool, yesroads (proverb). They got along.Wave anda rock , / Poems andprose , ice andflames … (A. Pushkin).

Gradation- such an arrangement of words, in which each subsequent one contains an increasing (less often decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning, due to which an increase (less often weakening) of the impression they make is created. In the fall, feather-grass steppes completely change and get theirspecial , original , not similar to anything view(S. Aksakov). He held out to mered , swollen , dirty hand ... hegroaned , hehummed about help(I. Turgenev).

Hyperbola- a stylistic figure, consisting in the exaggeration of the size, strength, significance, etc. of any object, phenomenon. In one hundred and forty suns, the sunset blazed(V. Mayakovsky); swept a haystack above the clouds(I. Krylov); scared to death, strangle in your arms, repeat a hundred times.

Litotes(meiosis) - a stylistic figure, consisting in the understatement of the size, strength, significance, etc. of any object, phenomenon. Your spitz, adorableSpitz, no more than a thimble ( A. Griboyedov). Below thinblade you need to bow your head(N. Nekrasov).

Repeat- a stylistic figure, consisting in the repetition of words in order to designate a large number of objects, phenomena, enhance a feature or indicate the duration of an action. Behind those villagesthe woods , the woods , the woods (P. Melnikov-Pechersky) ANDnearer , nearer everybody sounded a young Georgian voice(M. Lermontov). Soulaches , aches , memory somewherehigher at home,higher forests,higher the mountains soarpokes , pokes and where it does not stick - it hurts everywhere(V. Astafiev).

Anaphora(monotony) - a syntactic figure consisting in the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row (verse, stanza, prosaic passage). There are books that are read,there are books which are studied by patient people(L. Leonov); I love moon magic radiance, /I love silence of human worries, /I love silence of passions(N. Teplova).

Epiphora- a syntactic figure, consisting in the repetition of the same elements at the end of each parallel row (verse, stanza, sentence, etc.). I would like to know why Ititular counselor ? Why exactlytitular counselor ? (N. Gogol);

Polysindeon(multi-union) - a syntactic figure consisting in the repetition of alliances, thereby enhancing the expressiveness of speech. AND kissing,and tears, /AND dawn, dawn! ..(A. Fet).

Asyndeton(non-union) - a syntactic figure consisting in a non-union connection of homogeneous members in a simple sentence or parts of a complex sentence. Swedish, Russianpricks , chops , cuts (A. Pushkin). Sing it , download , whirl , Parasha! / Hands on hipsprop up ! (I. Dmitriev).

Parallelism(syntactic)- a syntactic figure, which consists in the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech. We have a road for young people everywhere, we have honor for old people everywhere(V. Lebedev-Kumach). Here is the voice of hopes - prayers, a gentle whisper, / Here is the thunder of fate - a terrible murmur of the heart(V. Benediktov).

Inversion- a syntactic figure, which is a deviation from the usual, or direct (subject + predicate, agreed definition + defined word), word order in a sentence, as a result of which the rearranged element receives stylistic, emotional and semantic emphasis.

Drops the forest has its crimson dress,

Srebrit frost withered field ...

(A. Pushkin)

Default- the conscious incompleteness of the statement, which consists in the fact that the author does not fully express the thought, leaving the reader or listener to guess for himself what exactly remained unspoken, which generates an uncertainty of meaning and leads to an increase in expressiveness.

But listen: if I must

You ... I own a dagger,

I was born near the Caucasus ...(A. Pushkin)

Ellipsis- a syntactic figure, consisting in the fact that one of the components of the utterance is not mentioned, is omitted in order to make the text more expressive and dynamic. In all windows- curious, on the roofs - boys(A. N. Tolstoy). We are villages– to ashes, hails to dust, to swords– sickles and plows(V. A. Zhukovsky). Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin). You are in the cabins! You are in the storerooms!(V.V. Mayakovsky).

Rhetorical question- a stylistic figure, consisting in affirmation or denial in the form of a question and contributing to the enhancement of the emotionality of speech and attracting the attention of the listener. What is the use of living? Is the life of a madman pleasant to his relatives and friends who once loved him?(N. Gogol); Can we find a sober student / For a student's tablecloth?(A. Pushkin). What could be more honorable and more significant than military glory?

Correctness of speech

The correctness of speech is determined by the proficiency of linguistic norms. 6 Linguistic norm

The norm is the generally accepted and legalized use of language options in speech, which are recognized by society at a certain stage of its development as correct, exemplary and best performing the basic linguistic functions.

This language standard, the sample is contained in special normative dictionaries and orthological manuals. The legalization of the norm by the literature, its consolidation in dictionaries and reference books is called codification... Naturally, the codified norms are the strictest.

The normativity of linguistic phenomena is characterized by compliance with the structure of the language, massive and regular reproducibility in the process of communication, public approval and recognition.

There are two types of norms, depending on their severity.

Strict norm ( imperative) - does not allow a choice, prescribing to use only one of the available options, while recognizing others as incorrect, violating the norm. Violation of the peremptory norm indicates a weak knowledge of the norms of the literary language: quarters - quarters(wrong.), alphabet - alphabet(wrong.), accepted - accepted(wrong.), horse[shn]o - horse[chn]O(wrong.), thanks to what - thanks to what(wrong.), chicken - chicken(wrong.). In dictionaries, incorrect and non-normative options are accompanied by restrictive and prohibitive marks: wrong.(not properly), grossly wrong.(grossly wrong) not rivers.(Not recommended), simple.(vernacular), grossly simple.(roughly vernacular), vulg... (vulgar).

A loose norm ( dispositive) - allows the use of different options, recognizing them as correct, not violating the norm. There are two types of dispositive norms:

1) equal (in dictionaries, options are given with the union AND ):and brilliant and sparkling,war and wavem,, order[shn]th and order[chn]th,smelled and groin.

2) unequal: one option is recognized as basic and commonly used, the other is only acceptable and somewhat limited (in dictionaries, the commonly used option is given without a label, limited - with a label add.) Restrictions are of three types:

- functional: the main option is generally used, the permissible one is limited by the scope of use in a particular language environment: kompas - kompas(prof., at the sailors), fluorography - fluorography(prof., from doctors), flute - flute(prof., with musicians).

- chronological, or historical: the main version is recognized as corresponding to the modern norm, permissible - outdated: forges[chn]and I–forges[shn]and I(additional obsolete), industry–industry(additional obsolete), rivers–riverm(additional obsolete), inspired–inspired(additional obsolete).

- stylistic: the main option is non-style (interstyle), the acceptable option is limited by the framework of some. style, more often colloquial: I am dreaming–clear(additional reading), gathered–collectedfox(additional reading), workshops– workshops(colloquial) , on holiday– on vacation(colloquial) , condition– condition(colloquial).

The literary norm is a historical phenomenon, developing, and therefore changeable. There are two extremes in understanding this issue: purism and anti-normalization. Purism (from the Latin purus "pure") is usually called the rejection of any changes in the language, which is associated with the desire to completely cleanse the literary language of foreign language borrowings, new formations, elements of non-literary speech. Anti-normalization is manifested in the denial of the possibility of regulating language development, in upholding the slogan: "Language rules by itself" (writer A. Yugov). Normally, the progressive development of the language is reflected, but this reflection has a complex, mediated character. The change in the norm is preceded by the emergence of dispositive (equal or unequal) options. An acceptable option can become the main one, and then finally displace the original version from use, as happened in the following cases: bankrupt - bankrupt(outdated.), against and against(outdated.), jumped up–shuddered(outdated.), rail and rail(outdated.), method and method(outdated.) , trains - trains(outdated.) , graduate in zn. ‘Graduate’ , enrollee in zn. 'graduate'.

There are types of norms depending on their belonging to a certain language level:

accentological: adjusts the stress setting;

orthoepic: adjusts pronunciation;

morphological: determines the correct choice of the word form;

syntactic: defines the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

lexical: defines a logically justified use of words based on knowledge of the lexical meaning of a word and the peculiarities of the combination of words in speech;

stylistic: Determines which language aids are selected according to a particular style of speech.

In addition, the following norms are highlighted:

spelling: regulates spelling;

punctuation: defines the rules for setting punctuation marks.

1.7 Literary language

Literary language - this is the main, higher, supra-dialectal, processed form of existence of the national language, which serves the various cultural needs of the people, the language of fiction, journalistic works, periodicals, radio, theater, science, government institutions, schools, etc.

In the formation of the Russian literary language, the Church Slavonic language played a significant role - the Russified Old Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) language. In Ancient Russia, it was used not only in worship, but also in the spheres of science, fiction, journalism, that is, it acted as a literary language for seven centuries (from the 10th to 17th centuries). As a result of the reforms of Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century, the Church Slavonic language was removed from the secular sphere of use and limited to the area of worship. However, he continues to exert a tremendous influence on the process of forming the norms of the modern Russian literary language. According to the majority of modern specialists in the history of the Russian language (M.L. Remneva, B.A. Uspensky, V.M. Zhivov, G.A. Khaburgaev, etc.), the modern Russian literary language was formed on the basis of the Church Slavonic language and folk colloquial speech. The synthesis of these two linguistic principles is carried out throughout the 18th century and gets its final completion thanks to the work of Russian writers - A.S. Pushkin, N.M. Karamzin, I.A. Krylov A.S. Griboyedov and others. The modern Russian literary language was formed by the middle of the 19th century.

Four features of the literary language can be distinguished in its opposition to uncodified linguistic varieties, in particular, dialects.

1Universality and versatility... The literary language serves all regions of residence of the speakers of this national language and is used in all spheres of communication - in this sense, it is a universal means of communication, the dialect is territorially or socially limited; in addition, regional dialects are now characteristic mainly of the rural population (mainly the older generation, especially women).

2 Style differentiation... Dialects do not have a clearly expressed stylistic differentiation; the literary language is characterized by a clear elaboration of styles, each of which is used in a certain functional area, has its own stylistic features and linguistic means.

3Normalization... The literary language has norms developed and fixed in dictionaries and grammars, but the dialect does not. The standardization of the literary language lies in the fact that the composition of the dictionary in it is selected from the general lexical richness of the common language, the meaning and use of words, pronunciation and spelling are regulated, the formation and word formation are subject to generally accepted patterns.

4 Writing... The dialect has only an oral form of realization, and the literary language has two varieties - oral and written. The oral variety of the literary language is called colloquial speech and is influenced by vernacular: for example, joker,bedokur,white-handed,brute,helter-skelter, wretch,squabbles,to drive it,onlooker,to pore,mob,rein in and etc . , have already become colloquial and literary.

The oral variety of the Russian literary language was formed in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It should be borne in mind that oral (spoken) varieties of the literary language do not exist today in all countries: for example, the literary languages of Germany and the Czech Republic do not have this variety, where the needs of everyday communication are served by dialects.

1.8 Literary language styles

Style(functional style) is a kind of literary language that has historically developed at a certain time in a particular society, which is a relatively closed system of linguistic means that are constantly and consciously used in various spheres of communication.

The development of the system of styles of the literary language is inextricably linked with the development of society. At the early pre-national stages of language development (from the XIV-XV centuries), styles were not yet distinguished at all. In Russian language XVII century. (in the era of MV Lomonosov) there were only styles of book speech; at the same time, three styles were distinguished: high, medium and low. In the modern literary language, four styles are distinguished: three book styles (scientific, official-business, journalistic) and colloquial style.

A perfect, ramified stylistic system with a clear differentiation of functional varieties is an indicator of a high level of development of the national language and the most important characteristic of a literary language, which helps to distinguish codified linguistic spheres from uncodified ones (the fact is that in vernacular, dialects and jargon, styles are practically not distinguished).

The key concept that makes it possible to correlate the system of styles with codified literary languages is the concept of stylistic norm. Stylistic norms- these are the norms of the real use of the language in a certain area public life and at the same time the rules, as well as the techniques of speech creativity that meet specific tasks of a communicative nature. Stylistic norms relate to three main parameters of style: the selection of linguistic means, the rules for their compatibility with each other and the relationship between interstyle and style linguistic phenomena proper. The style should be such that the means used in it and their organization give the necessary communicative effect, that is, they serve the corresponding spheres of human activity in the best way.

The choice of stylistic means is determined by the speech situation, that is, the situation in which communication takes place, the relationship between the speaker (writer) and listener (reader), as well as the content and purpose of speech.

Each functional variety has certain linguistic characteristics (primarily vocabulary and grammar) and is opposed to other similar varieties of the literary language, which are related to other spheres of life and have their own linguistic characteristics.

Most of the language tools in each style are neutral, interstyle. However, the core of each style is formed by the linguistic means inherent in it with the corresponding stylistic coloring and uniform norms of use.

Each functional style can exist in both written and oral form; for book styles the written form is predominant, for the spoken - oral. Each style includes works of different genres, which have their own characteristics, which do not contradict, however, the general stylistic orientation. Some styles are subdivided into substyles, which concretize the areas of use of certain genres and the corresponding linguistic means.

Scientific speech style- one of the functional varieties of the literary language, serving the field of science, production and education; it is realized in specialized book texts of various genres.

The scientific style is associated, first of all, with the sphere of science, that is, with that sphere of human activity, the task of which is the development and theoretical comprehension of objective knowledge about reality. As a way of mastering reality, science is distinguished by its striving for the most generalized, objective, impersonal knowledge. Science is characterized by an intellectual and conceptual way of thinking. Thus, the main functions of the scientific style are:

processing and presentation of information about the world;

the establishment of logical connections between concepts, objects, phenomena (their explanation).

The essential features of the scientific style include:

consistency,

argumentation (evidence);

abstractness (abstraction),

objectivity,

accuracy (unambiguity),

Formal business style

The official business style is a set of linguistic means that serve the spheres of diplomatic, legal and administrative relations, that is, relations arising between states, within a state, between organizations, within an organization, between individuals and the state, etc.

The main functions of the SLM:

informative: implemented in the genres of messages, help, resume, statement, memo, etc .;

regulatory-voluntative(imperative): most clearly represented in the genres of law, decree, order, etc.

Already from the enumeration of genres, it is obvious that the UDF is implemented mainly in the form of a document. A document is a business paper, a text that regulates and controls the actions of people. To successfully perform its functions (regulation and management), the document must 1) be legally binding, 2) be accurate, clear, concise and not allow for options of interpretation (other interpretations).

The functions of the document as the main form of implementation make it possible to highlight the following features of the business style:

predominantly written form of implementation;

color of the obligation (indicative, prescriptive tone of presentation);

concreteness of presentation, accuracy, unambiguity of formulations;

consistency and argumentation;

objectivity, impersonality;

low emotionality of the text, a kind of "coldness";

a high degree of standardization, stereotyped, clichéd linguistic expression.

Journalistic style

The journalistic style is a functional style that serves the sphere of social and political relations. It is used in the media (media) - magazines, newspapers, radio and television, as well as in public oratory and parliamentary speech.

The main function of journalistic-style texts is to report socially significant news and comment on them, assess events and facts.

Publicistic texts have a number of common features:

all of them are of an influencing (suggestive) nature, associated with the creation of a certain attitude towards the transmitted information among readers (viewers);

are written in accordance with a certain ideological system and are based on a system of certain ideological values;

are biased, that is, the journalist deliberately puts his text at the service of this or that idea;

have a pronounced subjective, evaluative beginning;

The selection of events in a publicistic work is determined by their social significance. Events of public interest are considered socially significant: these are meetings of heads of state, the adoption of new laws, theatrical premieres, sporting events, etc. Often they are repetitive, so information about these events is standard, stereotypical expressions are used when covering it (the theatrical season opened with a premiere, a match between the teams took place). The influencing function of texts in journalism is realized through a system of expressive-evaluative means. Thus, the journalistic style constantly combines expressiveness and standardization.

The journalistic style functions in certain stable forms - genres. Traditionally, journalistic genres are divided into

information(note, reportage, interview, report),

analytical(conversation, article, correspondence, review, review),

artistic and journalistic(sketch, essay, feuilleton, pamphlet).

Conversational style

The conversational style is characteristic of everyday everyday oral speech, it is most often used in a casual conversation with well-known people. Style serves to exchange thoughts, feelings, experiences, to organize joint activities - these goals and determine its main function.

Conversational traits:

predominantly oral form of implementation (except for private correspondence of a domestic nature);

the important role of paralinguistic and extralinguistic means of transmitting information - intonation, facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye expressions;

spontaneity (unpreparedness) of speech: the moments of creating and pronouncing a speech are not separated in time;

immediacy of speech contact;

ease, informality of communication;

emotionality and expressiveness of linguistic expression;

concreteness of speech.

Functional styles are sometimes called “speech styles” and are contrasted with “language styles”. At the same time, colloquial (lowered), neutral, bookish (high) styles are referred to as "language styles."

The language of fiction is not included in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language and is, according to the definition of Professor L.Yu. Maksimova, the projection of the national language from the aesthetic point of view on a special plane of fiction.

In the language of fiction, all the means of the common language are processed, undergo "melting", many of which subsequently receive the rights of "literary citizenship".

1.9 Uncodified varieties of the national language

The uncodified varieties of the national language are such forms of the existence of the national language that are opposed to the codified literary language in terms of their normative and stylistic qualities. This scope includes the following language options:

- urban vernacular,

- territorial dialects (regional dialects),

- social dialects (argos and jargons).

The relevance of speech is the correspondence of the content of speech, its language means to the goals and conditions of communication.

The relevance of speech covers different levels of the language, and, in this regard, the relevance is distinguished:

Style,

Contextual,

Situational,

Personal and psychological

Stylish relevance consists in the use of a single word, turnover, syntactic construction in accordance with the goals of a particular style (scientific, official-business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic). For example, speech stamps, clerical expressions are typical for formal business style... They are not appropriate either in a scientific style or in colloquial speech, and if they fall into these styles, they destroy the system and lead to speech errors.

The criterion of relevance is also violated when, in fictional speech, the writer is fond of technical terminology, cliches of business speech:

Victor understood that drilling itself gives the crew much more benefits than pumping. The main money went for molding, although less time was spent on drilling than on installing plumbing equipment. So it turned out that everything depended on the conscience of the master.

Victor wanted to suggest to his father a new drilling rig received by the SMU on the order. The rig was fundamentally new, drilling on it was carried out using compressed air without clay drilling fluid.

What is the need to introduce into artistic speech an abundance of technical, professional terms, the meaning of which is incomprehensible without special dictionaries and which do not perform any aesthetic function? They are functionally impractical here, and therefore inappropriate.

Contextual relevance is the appropriateness of using a word in context, taking into account the speech environment.

For example, colloquial speech is characterized by stereotyped constructions: "Where was the string bag lying here?", "Moskovsky railway station, how can I get through?", "Talent is when you believe in yourself." The use of such constructions outside of colloquial speech is a violation of modern grammatical norms.

However, in the artistic style, in poetry, such constructions are found:
Sadness is when
Water will become fresh
The apples are bitter
Tobacco smoke is like fumes.
(L. Martynov)

Situational relevance is the appropriateness of the use of speech means in certain speech situations.

For example, at a bus stop, instead of "Here is our bus at last," is it appropriate to use encyclopedic information and construct the following phrase: "Here is finally our multi-seat car with a wagon-type body, with a speed of 60-100 km / h" ?!

In such cases, appropriateness should be considered in certain speech systems, in situations of speech, in the style of the work of art in general.

Personal and psychological relevance- this is the appropriateness of the use of speech means by an individual person in accordance with the culture of his thinking, with his sensitive, benevolent and respectful attitude towards people, in accordance with his ideological position and conviction.

When speaking with an interlocutor, speaking in front of an audience, we not only convey information, but also willingly or unwittingly convey our attitude to reality, to the people around us. Therefore, it is important to take care of how our speech will affect the interlocutor - whether it will traumatize with rudeness, whether it will humiliate his dignity.

The appropriateness of speech is a very important quality in the social aspect, since it regulates all of our speech behavior.

The ability to find the right words, intonation in a particular communication situation is the key to a successful relationship between interlocutors, the emergence of feedback, a guarantee of moral and even physical health of people.

For example, the words “thank you, please, I'm sorry” have power over our mood. Everyone is pleased to receive signs of attention, many of us are ready to work great for "thanks". There are no such signs of attention - and the mood deteriorates, resentment arises.

One of the newspapers received the following letter:

"Today I received a passport - it seems like a solemn day in my life, but I have tears of resentment in my eyes. It is difficult for me to write about this, but this day will be remembered for a long time, unfortunately, not with better side... Of course, I hoped that the person who would hand over the passport would say: "Congratulations! You are now a citizen of Russia!" And feel the shaking of a strong hand. And I heard: "Give 80 rubles, here's your passport and go."

An inappropriately harsh word, an inappropriately thrown remark; metallic intonations and categorical judgments can cause severe mental trauma to a person.

Violation of the criterion of relevance is always acutely felt in both oral and written speech. How to save speech from mistakes? This is not given to a person from birth; the ability to change the nature of speech in relation to the content, conditions and tasks of communication is brought up and turns into a strong skill if a person understands the need and achieves this.

10 QUESTION Accuracy of speech. Accuracy of word usage.

Accuracy of speech

29.07.2012 |

Accuracy is the communicative quality of speech, which manifests itself in the ability to find an adequate verbal expression of a concept.

Accuracy includes the ability to correctly reflect reality and correctly express thoughts, form them using words. There are two types of accuracy: subject and conceptual.

1. Subject accuracy is created due to the correspondence of the content of speech to the fragment of reality reflected in it. It is based on the relation speech - reality. The main condition for subject accuracy is knowledge of the subject of speech;

2. Conceptual accuracy is based on the connection: word-concept and consists in the correspondence of the semantics of speech components to the content and volume of the concepts expressed by them. Conceptual accuracy presupposes the ability to accurately denote a concept that has arisen with a word, as well as the ability to find the only correct word.

The accuracy of speech primarily depends on the correct use of words, on the choice of a word that most closely matches the object or phenomenon of reality designated by it, the content of the utterance and its intended purpose. When choosing a word, one should take into account its semantics, stylistic connotations, the predominant sphere of distribution in the language and syntagmatic properties.

Exact use of words presupposes knowledge of the system of lexical meanings. One of the main reasons for the violation of the accuracy of speech is the use of a word not in strict accordance with the meanings that are assigned to it in the system of the literary language.

Let's list the reasons that lead to inaccuracy, ambiguity and ambiguity of the statement:

a) the use of words in a meaning unusual for the literary language;

b) inability to use synonyms, homonyms, paronyms, terms and ambiguous words.

d) violation of grammatical, stylistic and lexical compatibility;

e) speech redundancy (verbosity), in which such speech errors as tautology and pleonasm occur;

f) speech deficiency (accidental omission of words necessary for the exact expression of thought).

Accuracy of speech

- communicative quality, formed on the basis of the connection of speech with reality and thinking and realized through the correlation of the semantics of speech with the information expressed and formed by speech ( B.N. Golovin). In this regard, there are two types of accuracy - subject and conceptual. Objective accuracy is based on the connection of speech with reality and consists in the correspondence of the content of speech to that range of objects, phenomena of reality, which are displayed by speech. Conceptual T. is defined by the connection between speech and thinking and exists as the correspondence of the semantics of the speech components to the content and volume of the concepts expressed by them. Conceptual and objective T. are interconnected and interdependent in the same way as an object and a concept about it are connected.

Knowledge of the subject matter, knowledge of the language system and strong speech skills are the main prerequisites for creating accurate speech. In a concrete act of communication, the speaker correlates the knowledge of the subject with the knowledge of the language system and its capabilities.

T. has long been recognized as one of the most important advantages of speech. Even in ancient manuals, eloquence was the first and main requirement for speech; the understanding of clarity in antiquity is very close to the modern understanding of T. Already then the condition for ensuring T. r. considered the connection between language and thinking. The great value of T. p. the great Russian masters gave words - writers and literary critics. As one of the criteria for a good speech, T. was understood in the work of B.N. Golovin, who gave a scientific definition of this term, received a theoretical basis for extralinguistic and linguistic conditions for the formation of this quality of speech. IN recent times this quality is considered as one of the directions of improving speech skills.

All units included in the structure of speech are linguistic means that contribute to the formation of speech semantics, and hence the speech semantics. In this case, the role of word use (including term use) is especially important. Accurate use of words is provided primarily by knowledge of the system of lexical meanings, differentiation of the meanings of a polysemous word, words in a synonymous series, differentiation of homonyms, paronyms, good knowledge of the meanings of words in a narrow sphere of use (foreign language, professional, archaic, etc.).

T. p. always associated with understanding the meanings of words. Difficulties most often arise when using borrowings, terms, polysemous (polysemic) words, homonyms (words that are the same in sound or spelling, but have a different meaning). For example, a statement "Necessary leave this proposal " due to the double understanding of a polysemantic word leave (save offer as it was, or refuse from him) must be supplemented with any explanatory words (for example, like this: Necessary leave this proposal in the text ). The following sentence containing a homonym is also ambiguous: You listened announcement?- i.e. perceived transmitted information or, on the contrary, missed her.

When using synonyms (words that are different in sound or spelling, but close or identical in meaning), one should pay attention to the differences: shades of meaning ( wet - wet - wet); volumes of concepts ( capable - talented - genius); spheres of use ( ask - solicit - cry out - beg - beg); expressive colors ( face - face - mug).

When using paronyms (close but not identical in sound to the same root words), it is important to distinguish between their meanings. For example, words rhythmic and rhythmic common root, they are close in sound composition, but differ in meaning: rhythmic- feeling rhythm or possessing rhythm, rhythmic- based on rhythm. In the process of speech production, it is important to take into account lexical compatibility (the ability of a word to be used in conjunction with another word in a speech segment). Matching boundaries are largely determined by the meaning of the word. When constructing sentences, one should pay attention to the contextual connectivity of individual meanings of a polysemous word (for example, one can say to raise yield, speed, but not - to raise release, since to raise you can only apply the parameter to high). In the present. Russian language is often difficult or even impossible to explain the reasons for the different combinations of words that are close in meaning (for example: pay attention / give importance music education). Such combinations are included in the dictionary of a linguistic personality ready-made, and the ability to use them is part of speech culture. T. p. is also determined by jelaconism (the use of words that briefly and accurately call the phenomenon, the rejection of extra words, i.e. pleonasm, and repetitions, i.e. tautology).

Failure to comply with the conditions for creating accurate speech leads to speech errors.

Requirements for T. p. differ markedly depending on the different functions. styles. And here we can speak of the ostile aspect of studying the concept of "speech accuracy". Increased requirements are imposed on speech and business, scientific, public. Business speech is inherent in T., which does not allow for other interpretation. T. formulations of legal norms and the need for the absolute adequacy of their understanding (interpretation) - the ideal of legislative texts, contributing to the implementation of the regulatory function of law. T. nauch. r. is conditioned by its specific functional and stylistic content - epistemic information. Epistemic information is scientific. knowledge that is explicated not only as a result of cognitive activity, but also as the cognitive activity of the subject itself, to obtain new knowledge about the object of study. In scientific. of speech, the use of terms is assumed as accurate as possible (in the term system of the text). In accordance with conventionality, the conventionality of the terms denoting scientific. concepts, T. p. assumes the presence of definitions of terminated concepts. However, the author may consider 1) it is necessary and possible to give a clear logical definition of the concept, 2) it is possible to only partially define the concept (to indicate some features), 3) it is impossible to give a definition at this stage of the development of the concept. Such variability of the cognitive-communicative situation gives rise to uncertainty, or rather, the certainty / uncertainty of the choice of means for an accurate description of the content and scope of the concept. In addition, no less important is the expression of the process of formation of concepts of different degrees of abstraction, as well as the movement of thought in the labyrinth of information of varying degrees of reliability, and hence certainty / uncertainty. Moreover, if the text explicates the movement of information from uncertain knowledge to more certain, then in the whole text the expression certainty / uncertainty has communicative significance precisely in terms of speech accuracy. This property of speech is realized not only within the limits of the sentence, but also in a wider context, where the diffuse, continual nature of the values of uncertainty and certainty and their close connection are clearly manifested. This is especially true for modern (and predominantly theoretical) texts, the formation strategy of which involves changing information within the framework of certainty / uncertainty.

In accordance with one of the possible approaches, the study of T. p. associated with the analysis of means expressing the certainty / uncertainty of knowledge in the text, in three main aspects - logical-semantic, psychological-communicative and cognitive-epistemic. So, in a logical-semantic respect, means are considered that express the qualification of the scope of a concept on the basis of allocation, partial unification / limitation and unification of concepts. Psychological and communicative aspect T. nauch. r. is related to value orientation author in the epistemic space, and above all with the assessment of the degree of reliability of information. Cognitive-epistemic aspect T. p. correlates by structuring content by means of taxonomic operators such as species, genus, variety etc., as well as meta predicates denoting ontological entities (such as sign, property, change, development and many others. etc.), logical-epistemological and methodological concepts (such as fact, classification, typology, theory, law; system, structure, function and etc.).

The concept of "accuracy" takes on a special meaning in relation to the artist. speech, where T. arises as a result of the author's striving for the adequacy of the word to the subject, for the correspondence of the word to the ideological and aesthetic assessment of objects, for the implementation in the word of a specific stylistic setting of the artist. Exact artist. word formation arises on the basis of deep, all-round knowledge of the object of speech, moreover, knowledge of both logical, conceptual, and artistic, figurative. Artist. speech does not always meet the requirements of accuracy, because inaccuracies in it sometimes serve as a means of creating artistic imagery. In lit. Accuracy of speech is fidelity to the image.

For colloquial speech is characterized by such a specific quality as accuracy, - a special kind of expressive and imaginative T. It manifests itself with an accurate characteristic individual signs of an object, phenomenon, process, often external, private. An illustration is the use of phraseological units such as Kolomenskaya verst(about a tall person), runs only the heels sparkle(about running fast).

Relevance of speech- the choice of language-to-speech means in accordance with the conditions of communication. The ratio "speech - conditions of communication" is the leading one for the realization of this quality.

The author of the speech must take into account many factors: who is the addressee of the speech, what is the level of his preparedness for the perception of this speech, what is the sphere of communication and the functional style and genre required in it, what topic is chosen, what is the regulation of oral speech, the volume of written speech, but the most main feature- this is the purpose of speech, as it determines the content and form.

Communication (communication) can be personal - one participant in communication, i.e. communicant, group - from two to several people, mass - many people are involved in communication. In the legal field, all types are possible, for example, filing a statement of claim by an individual, interrogating witnesses, a jury trial, speaking in a courtroom before a judge, prosecution and defense parties, listeners in an open trial.

There are the following types of relevance: situational, stylistic, contextual, personal and psychological.

Situational relevance- the choice of language means depending on the communication situation. The constituents communication situations are presented in table. 2.3.

Communication situation parameters

3) symmetrical - equal in social status and age (or according to one of the criteria): student - apprentice, prosecutor - lawyer etc.;
4) asymmetric - unequal in social status and age (or but one of the criteria): student - teacher, leader - subordinate, judge - defendant etc.

In the field of law, accounting social roles allows you to initially set correct tone communication, keep the position of the parties in it, observe speech etiquette both in business communication and in the case of a transition to informal communication.

2. External circumstances in a communication situation

The place and time of communication are important for effective communication, i.e. purposeful and harmonious, as the interlocutor should be comfortable to perceive information. If the place, time and duration of communication do not satisfy the addressee or addressee, then at least one of its participants will not consider the communication successful.

In the legal sphere of communication, as a rule, the place is strictly regulated, for example, a scientific article in a legal journal, the exchange of documents between individuals and legal entities in an organization, a court speech. The time of a monologue, dialogue, polylogue (or the amount of written text) can be negotiated in advance by the communication participants, for example, 10-20 minutes - a report at a conference, 5-10 pages - an article in a printed edition. In Art. 295 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation says: "The court cannot limit the duration of the debate to a certain time, but the presiding judge has the right to stop the persons participating in the debate in cases when they relate to circumstances that are not related to the case under consideration."

3. Internal circumstances in a communication situation

Communicators may or may not understand their motive.

speech action. The achievement of its intended result depends on the awareness of the participants in communication. The purpose of speech determines its meaning, form, functional style, the choice of certain units of language, means of expressiveness of speech. It is important for the addressee to distinguish between the self-selected goal of communication or the one imposed by another person or circumstances. The involvement of the speaker in communication, emotionality, duration and quality of his speech depend on this. It should also take into account the goals of ethical or unethical, achievable or unattainable within the framework of a given communication situation, individual or general, goals with a setting for conflict or harmonization of communication.

4. The form of speech in a communication situation

The form of speech (oral or written) determines the nature of communication, the choice of different language units and their organization, the volume and duration of the speech text. Oral speech is mobile, spontaneous or thought out in advance, reduced, subject to deviations from the norm, combines monologue and dialogue, and also allows for polylogue in communication. Written speech is normative, detailed, grammatically difficult.

In jurisprudence, texts have legal force and therefore are presented in written form of speech. Modern oral prosecution and defense speeches are usually stenographed.

The situational relevance of a whole speech or its individual components may depend on the type and scope of communication. In the legal sphere, in a scientific or official business speech, a high degree of information content is appropriate. It will also be mandatory in the court speeches of the prosecutor and lawyer with a predominance logical arguments, exact facts, cause-and-effect relationships in reasoning. However, with casual communication between colleagues, this property can become a lack of speech.

Characterizing the quality of the influencing judicial speech, N.N. Ivakina lists the following signs of relevance: 1) the proportionality of linguistic means and content, i.e. words should accurately convey the content; 2) the correspondence of language means to the situation; 3) the correspondence of linguistic means to the speaker. "A lawyer appearing in a judicial debate should use words in accordance with the official setting and his official position."

Style relevance - the correspondence of the use of linguistic means to the functional style. For example, in a business letter, emotionally colored and colloquial vocabulary is not used. In reports, office memos, they do not write about feelings and experiences, the logic of the deployment of thoughts is based on arguments and facts. In polystyle judicial speeches with the dominant of the official business style, the speakers use the terms of the scientific style, and the expressive means of journalism, and elements of the colloquial style.

Contextual relevance is the unity of the content plan and the expression plan, the homogeneity of the stylistic tonality of speech. The relevance of an individual linguistic unit is governed by the context, i.e. her speech environment. For example, in the prosecutor's speech of accusation, there can be no praise for the defendant who has committed a serious crime. And when describing the personality of a suspect, to create his speech portrait, colloquial or vernacular evaluative vocabulary can be cited. In a different text and context - in the legal genre "contract" - there should be no emotions expressed in words and sentences.

Personal and psychological relevance- the ability to assess the state of mind of the interlocutor, his intended attitude to speech, the emotional mood of the audience. The addressee, from one person to many people, can be neutral, positive or negative in giving speech to the addressee. But the author or speaker by the qualities of his personality and the created text can affect the final perception of communication by the other party. II. S. Porokhovshchikov admonished the court speakers: “Observe respect for the dignity of the persons speaking in the trial”, given that the participants in the trial are required to behave politely and ethically in direct communication with the people.

In the field of law, there may be no direct contact with the addressee. For example, when implementing the text of a law, decree, regulation, scientific article communication indirectly, the number and personal characteristics along with the social status of the readers are not defined. Therefore, a text that involves public perception should be clear and appropriate for a wide range of people.

There is a convention in identifying various types of relevance, since they are all closely related to each other, as well as to the concept of speech etiquette and imply an understanding of the conditions of communication, nobility, politeness and honesty in speech behavior.

Relevance is the first quality that a person begins to think about when creating a speech text. Speech is always designed for specific people, when thinking over and implementing it, all conditions must be taken into account: the situation of communication, the style of speech, the context of communication and the personality of the addressee. And then to ensure correctness, purity, wealth, accuracy, consistency, clarity. It is the relevance that determines the degree to which the other qualities of speech are obligatory. For example, the expressiveness of speech is inappropriate in situations where it is not necessary to maintain the attention of the audience, since it is assumed initially: a purely informational message, formal communication in transport, an investigative experiment or an examination in a criminal case.

The relevance of more than other qualities of speech is focused on the situation of communication as a whole and therefore, first of all, indicates the communicative competence of the addressee. In the dictionary-reference book "Pedagogical speech " it is emphasized that this is “a quality that is important in the social aspect: it regulates our speech behavior. The ability to find the right words, intonation in a particular communication situation is the key to a successful relationship between interlocutors, the emergence of so-called feedback. "

Thus, it is possible to talk about the language proficiency and speech culture of an individual taking into account not only the normative, but also the communicative aspect, the central concept of which is the communicative qualities of speech - "objectively existing properties, signs of speech that determine the degree of its communicative perfection"

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