Diagnosis. Lice or their eggs are found in the hairline of animals.

Treatment. In winter, especially in horses, treatment is carried out: gas chamber or pest control, or hexachlorane dusts. In the summer, and in the presence of warm rooms and in winter, emulsions, liniment or solutions are used: 3-4% soap emulsion, 2% chlorophos solution, 0.25 emulsion of hexchlorane on a creoline basis.

Infection occurs when patients come into contact with healthy people. The disease is most common during the winter.

Diagnosis. The detection of lice and lice during the examination of animals and birds is the basis for a diagnosis of these diseases.

Treatment. For lice, the same means are used as for lice. Birds affected by the chewing lice are treated with an emulsion of nikochloran containing 0.3-0.4% of the gamma isomer of hexachlorane. The treated bird is removed from the room, the latter, after cleaning, is disinfected with insecticidal preparations

32 .ECHINOCOCCOSIS larvaceous ruminants and pigs

A chronic disease manifested by exhaustion, is diagnosed posthumously by detection in the liver, less often in other organs of the lungs - the larvacist of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Agricultural and wild animals and people are ill. Man and agricultural animals are intermediate owners, and dogs and wolves, foxes, arctic foxes are definitive. Lok-I liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys.

Causative agent: Echinococcus granulosis locus excite in the liver, lungs, sometimes in the brain, eyes and bones. Larvocysts are single or multiple water bubbles with a diameter of 1.5 - 15 cm. The wall of the bubble is made of elastic translucent whitish tissue. Through the outer shell - food; and the inner one forms scolexes and daughter bubbles and brood capsules (they can break off and float freely in the fluid of the echinococcus bladder. Development cycle: definitive hosts >> mature segments able to move and release eggs scattering them >> herbivores and omnivores swallow eggs and in their c-ke Oncospheres are freed from the embryophore and migrate into the intestinal wall >> into the blood >> organs and tissues. After 5 months, the oncospheres that enter the organs form small vesicles of echinococcus (2-3 mm). They increase and after about 6 months become invasive. dogs of parenchymal organs containing hydatids of echinococcus >> scolexes stick to the mucous membrane and after 1.5 months the 1st segment reaches development.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what WINGLESS INSECTS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• WINGLESS INSECTS
  (Aptera) - a detachment of parasitic insects. without wings, with stabbing or gnawing mouth organs, with an indistinctly dissected chest, mostly with ...
• INSECTS in Miller's dream book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
  Seeing swarming insects in a dream means illness and a lot of grief. If you successfully got rid of them, then you are lucky ...
• INSECTS in Encyclopedia Biology:
  , a class of animals belonging to the type of arthropods. The most numerous (over 1 million species) group of animals. Known from the Devonian. Length …
• INSECTS in the Biblical Encyclopedia of Nicephorus:
  see about them under the names of each of ...
• INSECTS in Medical terms:
  (insecta) a class of invertebrates such as arthropods, the body segments of which are combined into three sections: head, chest and abdomen; breathe through the trachea; many ...
• INSECTS
  
• WINGLESS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  the same as ...
• INSECTS
  (Insecta), a class of arthropod-type invertebrates. The body is articulate, covered with a dense cuticle that forms the outer skeleton; subdivided into 3 sections - ...
• WINGLESS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  detachment of birds; the same as kiwi ...
• INSECTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (In secta s. Hexapoda) - constitute one of the classes of the arthropods type (arthropods; Arthropoda), tracheal subtype (Tracheata). They can be short ...
• INSECTS
  INSECTS, a class of invertebrates such as arthropods. The body is divided into a head, chest and abdomen, 3 pairs of legs, most have wings. Breathe ...
• WINGLESS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  FILM, the same as kiwi ...
• INSECTS*
  (In secta s. Hexapoda)? constitute one of the classes of arthropods (arthropods; Arthropoda), tracheal subtypes (Tracheata). They can be short ...
• INSECTS in Collier's Dictionary:
  (Insecta), the largest class of animals, uniting more species than all other groups combined. Refers to arthropod invertebrates. Like ...
• INSECTS in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
  inseko "myy, inseko" my, inseko "my, inseko" my, inseko "we, ...
• INSECTS
  pl. 1) Class of invertebrates such as arthropods. 2) decomp. ...
• WINGLESS in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova:
  
• INSECTS
  a class of invertebrates such as arthropods. The body is divided into a head, chest and abdomen, 3 pairs of legs, most have wings. Breathe with trachea. ...
• WINGLESS in the Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
  the same as ...
• INSECTS
  insects pl. 1) Class of invertebrates such as arthropods. 2) decomp. ...
• WINGLESS in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
  wingless pl. A detachment that includes three species of birds with undeveloped wings; ...
• INSECTS
  pl. 1. Class of invertebrates such as arthropods. 2.dep. ...
• WINGLESS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  pl. A detachment that includes three species of birds with undeveloped wings; ...
• INSECTS
  I pl. The class of invertebrates arthropods, which include flies, bees, ants, etc. II pl. colloquial Small wingless blood-sucking ...
• WINGLESS in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  pl. A detachment that includes three species of birds with undeveloped wings; ...
• HARMFUL INSECTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  The entire vast class of insects can be divided, from the point of view of their relationship to humans, into harmful, useful and indifferent. Division is ...
• HARMFUL INSECTS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? The entire vast class of insects can be divided, from the point of view of their relationship to humans, into harmful, useful and indifferent. Division ...
• INSECTS: ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INSECTS in Collier's Dictionary:
  Back to the article INSECTS Insects are necessary for normal life of people. Of all their known species, less than 2% are classified as harmful, moreover ...
• INSECTS: ADAPTATIONS in Collier's Dictionary:
  Back to the article INSECTS Various insects are adapted to life in almost any environment and to feed on any type of plant and animal ...
• ANIMAL COMMUNICATION: INSECTS in Collier's Dictionary:
  Back to article COMMUNICATION OF ANIMALS Insects, as a rule, are tiny creatures, but their social organization can compete with the organization of human society. ...
• Aphids in Encyclopedia Biology:
  , insects neg. isoptera. Small (body length 0.5-6 mm), with soft integuments and with a short abdomen, often wingless; wings if ...
• Terms in Encyclopedia Biology:
  , a detachment of insects. Includes approx. 2.6 thousand species of termites that live mainly in the tropics. The most primitive group among social insects. By …
• COCCIDES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (Coccoidea), a suborder of insects of the order Homoptera. Body length is usually 1-7 mm. Females are underdeveloped, wingless, often motionless, with waxy covers; their colonies ...
• PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  agricultural plants, animals damaging cultivated plants or causing their doom. The damage caused by plant pests and diseases is great: according to the Organization ...
• APPLE Aphid in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Aphis mali) is an insect from the aphid family (Aphidae, see Grass lice). From wintering eggs laid on the bark of young branches of apple trees, ...
• ENTHOMOPHILIC PLANTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  plants pollinated by insects. At the end of the XVIII table. Christian-Konrad Sprengel drew attention to the attitude of insects to the flowers they visit. Step beyond ...
• HERMES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Chermes) - a genus of insects from the order of hemiptera, or proboscis (belonging to the family of aphids, or grass lice - Aphidae, see). X. ...
• PHYLLOXERA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Contents: Characteristics and types of F. - Lifestyle and structure. - Origin and distribution. - Enemies. - Effect on grape ...
• GRASS LICE OR Aphids in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  or vegetable (Aphidae) - this. insects from the order Hemiptera, Hemiptera s. Rhynchota (see), belonging to the suborder Phytophthires. These are small insects ...
• COCKROACHES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Blattidae s. Blattodea) - a family of insects from the Orthoptera order, Orthoptera (see), belonging to the Orthoptera suborder (Orthoptera genuina) and constituting ...
• SOCIAL LIFE OF ANIMALS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  expressed in various forms. First, in the form of more or less permanent cohabitation of two or more individuals different types on …
• ANIMAL COLLECTION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  or collecting. - S. of various mammals and birds is produced either in the form of stuffed animals or skins (see Scarecrow), or in the form of ...
• RUSSIA. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY: FAUNA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  a) General overview of terrestrial and freshwater fauna and zoogeographic regions of the R.R. all lies within the Palaearctic region, which occupies ...
• PRUS, PRUSIK in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  or the Italian locust (Caloptenus italicus L.) - an orthoptera insect from the locust family (Acridiidae); grayish-brown color with dark speckled elytra and ...
• Hymenoptera in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Hymenoptera) - order of insects. Distinctive features of P.: 4 membranous wings with a sparse network of veins, rarely without veins (there are wingless ...
• PARTHENOGENESIS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Parthenogenesis) - this is the name of the way of reproduction in some lower animals, in which a new organism develops from eggs that have not been fertilized. ...
• POLLINATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  the transfer of fertile pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the pistil is a phenomenon that is necessary prior to fertilization and, therefore; the formation of seeds in all higher ...

The subclass includes wingless insects whose ancestors never had wings. On the abdomen there are usually pregenital appendages in the form of underdeveloped legs, retractable sacs, styli, etc. The transformation is primitive, with molting in the adult state.

INFRACLASS ENTOGNATE, OR OPTOCOMAINAL, - ENTOGNATHA

The mouth organs are retracted into the head. Only their more or less free end part protrudes. The lower and often the upper jaws are hollow from the inside. There are no complicated eyes.

Detachment of Protura, or Ossyazhkovye, - Protura

Very small (0.5-1.5 mm) insects without eyes and antennae. The functions of the antennae are carried by the first pair of legs. The head is prognathic, but the mouthparts are piercing and sucking. On segments I-III of the abdomen, there are rudimentary legs. The transformation is anamorphosis, in which the last three segments of the abdomen are formed during molting after the larva leaves the egg.

They live in the soil, under fallen leaves, in moss, in rotting trunks and stumps. There are about 220 known species in the world.

Order of podura, or springtails, - Podura, or Coliembola

Insects with an elongated or spherical body 1-10 mm long, the head is prognathic, less often hypognathic, with gnawing mouthparts. Antennae 3-6-segmented. In some species, up to eight freely spaced ommatidia are found on the eye spot. The abdomen consists of six segments and carries three types of appendages: on the 1st segment - the tube, on the III - the hook, and on the IV - the jumping fork. Transformation - protomorphosis (Fig. 28).

The most numerous detachment from the primary wingless subclass. About 3,500 species have been described, including 350 species in the USSR, and the fauna of many regions has not yet been studied. The order is divided into two suborders: articulate and merged-bellied - and consists of 18 families.

Suborder Arthropleona - Arthropleona. The body shape is elongated, the abdomen is segmented. Lead a predominantly hidden lifestyle in top layer soil in plant residues, in the lower tiers of the grass stand. Among them, seedlings vegetable crops white podura -Onychiurus ambulans L. and related species are harmful, mushroom podura -Ceratophysella armata Nic is harmful to mushrooms.

Suborder merged - Symphypleona. The shape of the body is shortened, spherical, the first four segments of the abdomen are fused with the thoracic segments into a common spherical capsule, and the last two are separated, and they are called the anal papilla. They live mainly on plants. Among them are green smintur - Sminthurus viridis L. and yellow smintur - Bourletiella arvalis Fitch, which harm mainly vegetables.

Diplura squad, or two-tails, - Diplura

Small (2-8 mm) light-colored insects with a prognathic head and gnawing mouthparts. The abdomen is 11-segmented; all or part of the pregenital segments have a pair of styli; cerci are also developed in the form of ticks or long filaments. The transformation is protomorphosis.

They live under stones, in the soil, among fallen leaves and rotting wood. By food specialization, they are saprophages and necrophages, some of them predate in the soil. More than 200 species are known. Among them is Campodea plusiochaeta Silv. with long segmented cerci from the Campodeidae family and Japix confusus Silv., J. ghilarovi Jon. and others with short tick-like cerci from the Japygidae family.

INFRACLASS TIZANUR - THYSANURATA

The mouth organs are not retracted into the head capsule, gnawing. Complex eyes are developed.

Order of tizanura, or bristle-tails, - Thysanura

Small or medium-sized insects (8-20 mm in length) are usually covered with scales. Abdomen with styli, at least on a part of sternites, at the end of its three multi-segmented filaments - a pair of cerci and an unpaired caudal appendage. The transformation is protomorphosis.

They live in the forest floor, in cracks in the bark, under stones. Some are cohabitants of humans, ants, termites. There are up to 400 species in the world. Among them are sugar silverfish - Lepisma saccharina L., domestic thermobia - Thermobia domestica Pack, and others live in heated rooms and can harm food supplies, books, paintings.

Wingless insects

Wingless insects 1) primary insects, Apterygota, forms of a primitive structure that do not have wings, and, moreover, such, relative to which. there is no indication that they ever had them and then lost them; they are considered the descendants of organisms that lack wings, namely millipedes. Their primitive structure is indicated by the complete absence or incomplete development of faceted eyes, isolation of the tracheal bundles and direct development; chewing their jaws; in many species, a body with uniform articulation and abdominal legs. The abdomen has long bristles or a jumping fork. The closest of them to the original forms are the species of this family. Campodeidae, with underdeveloped abdominal legs. Not much higher podura, or springtails(see), Poduridae, and silverfish(see), Lepismidae. 2) Forms, at the cat. there is reason to assume a regressive development of wings, since either related forms are equipped with wings (bugs, lice, aphids), or one mouth of individuals (males of black cockroaches, genitals of ants and termites) is still in the form of winged forms.

M. M. Nechaev.

Sources:

1. Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Bibliographic Institute Pomegranate. Volume 5/11 stereotyped edition, up to volume 33 edited by prof. Yu.S. Gamburova, prof. V. Ya. Zheleznova, prof. M. M. Kovalevsky, prof. S. A. Muromtseva and prof. K. A. Timiryazeva - Moscow: Russian Bibliographic Institute Pomegranate - 1937.

Insects, examples and characteristics of which we will present today, are the most numerous group of all creatures that inhabit our planet. It includes about 80% of the total number of animal species. There are more than 1,000,000 species of insects. Examples known to science are far from all species that exist in nature. Perhaps as much remains to be discovered. Many fossils and living primitive forms have been described, which clarify the evolution of the modern 29 orders, into which insects are divided. Examples of modern species will be covered in this article. Most of the fossil forms belong to the Lower Carboniferous (345 million years ago). At this time, the vast swampy forests were already inhabited by winged insects.

Ubiquitous animals

With the exception of a number of primitive forms, most insects move freely in air environment, which allows them to explore new habitats, elude predators, find partners and find food with greater ease than their wingless invertebrate relatives can do. Some of them even catch their prey in the air. Although insects owe their prosperity to flight, the ratio of their body weight to wing area is such that, in theory, they should not fly. In fact, the muscles of their wings generate and release energy at a tremendous speed. High swing frequency compensates for failure

Insect sizes and their role in evolutionary prosperity

The size of insects also played an important role in their evolutionary prosperity. When they just appeared, about 350 million years ago, the conditions of existence were already reminiscent of the present. Insects have mastered the free until then This explains their relatively small size (however, fossil dragonflies with a wingspan of up to 76 cm are known): they can survive and reproduce in conditions unfavorable for larger animals.

Primitive insects

It is believed that insects descended from ancestors similar to millipedes, from which they differ mainly in the presence of only three pairs of limbs. Each pair is attached to one segment of the chest (midsection of the body). The most primitive of modern species are those wingless insects, examples of which belong to the four orders, united under the name Apterygota. All others have wings and are referred to as Pterygota. Leopards and sessilians probably evolved from creatures similar to two-tails, but both groups evolved in different directions. Springtails are characterized by a special fork on the abdomen, which acts like a spring and allows these animals to jump well. The sessile ones do not have antennae, and the forelimbs carry part of their functions.

The main groups and orders of winged insects

An important stage in the evolutionary formation of insects was the development of wings and the ability to fly. Two orders - mayflies and dragonflies, whose representatives cannot fold their wings on their backs during rest, are united into the Palaeoptera group (ancient winged). Insects with this ability form the Neoptera group. Seven orders are considered the most primitive of the Neoptera. They are characterized by a rather simple oral apparatus. In addition, these are mainly herbivorous insects. Examples: earwigs (pictured above), termites, cockroaches, praying mantises, etc. The detachment of stoneflies is a lateral branch with many archaic features. Orders of bug-like insects demonstrate a gradual improvement of the oral apparatus. It can be primitive and non-specialized in hay-eaters (pictured below) or developed piercing-sucking in bedbugs.

The rest of the orders of insects (Neuropteroidea) received significant advantages over their more primitive relatives by improving the development cycle.

Insects with incomplete and complete transformation

Usually, all species from Palaeoptera and Neoptera are divided into two groups, depending on the development cycle. Insects with (examples of them refer to Hemimetabola and Apterygota) are characterized by the fact that the juveniles (nymphs) hatched from eggs resemble adults. Later, after passing through a series of molts, the nymphs become fully formed adults. In insects with complete transformation(Holometabola) the larva hatched from the egg does not at all look like an adult.

This stage (caterpillar or worm-like larva) usually feeds on completely different food. The larva turns into a pupa, which can remain in the dormant stage for many months, and then, through metamorphosis (tissue restructuring), turns into an adult insect. Differences in lifestyle between her and an adult allow them to use completely different habitats. Holometabola accounts for 84% of the total number of insect species, and many of them are of great economic importance.

Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera are an extensive order representing the insect world. They are characterized by the fact that the basic plan of their structure practically does not change. However, these animals differ significantly from other fully transformed insects. This is a rather isolated group, but by the nature of larval development and metamorphosis, it is close to scorpionworms.

Adapting to the environment

Coleoptera, the largest order in the animal kingdom, are characterized by the development of rigid elytra covering the rear pair of membranous wings that serve for flight. The strength of the external skeleton and the adaptive capabilities of the basic plan of the structure turned out to be the leading factors in the development of various habitats by adults. The rest are grouped around the once vast squad of scorpion women.

Butterflies are recognized by their scales-covered wings and specialized mouthpieces adapted to feed on nectar. The evolution of this order and of some representatives proceeded in close connection with the evolution of flowering plants.

Many evolutionarily advanced forms of insects from Holometabola often cause significant damage to humans. They can destroy crops or spread dangerous diseases. Such insects are not numerous among Hemimetabola. Examples (pests) are lice and locusts. But they do great harm to humans. One species alone - the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) - can cause hunger for more than 10% of the world's population. This insect (pictured below) multiplies rapidly after heavy rains and, suddenly spreading widely, eats all the greens in its path.

However, it must be said that mostly insects are practically harmless. Moreover, they play their irreplaceable role in nature.

So, we examined such an interesting and numerous group of animals as insects. Examples, names, classification and characteristics they were presented in the article. We hope you find your reading enjoyable and useful.