The external structure of the sheet. In a number of plants (carrots, wheat, oats), the base of the sheet grow up and covers the stem of possible diseases and ways to combat them

What value do leaves in the life of plants? To answer this question, get acquainted with the structure of the sheet and the life processes that flow in it.

Compare juicy, fleshy, spiny around the edges of the leaves of the metering with wide, dense, leathery leaves of the ficus.

How not like each other leaves these indoor plants! Recall the gentle, almost lace carrot leaves and large leaves Cabbage Curving Kochan. Even the leaves of the most ordinary trees and shrubs are so different that it is difficult to confuse the leaves of birch and linden, maple and oak.

There are leaves very large and very small. In the Moscow Botanical Garden in the summer annually blooms tropical water plant Victoria Cutiana. Its leaves are so great that on them, like on a raft, a three-year-old child and a leaf is free to rest on the water. And at the wearing plant, the lips of the leaves are less than the nail. Some plants have a leaves in tiny green scales or spines, such as, for example, cacti, camel spines and many other plants of dry places.

Externally leaves different plants They are very different from each other, but between them a lot and in common.

Most plants have green leaves and consist ofsheet plate and sweet With the help of which they are attached to the stalk. Some plants have stuffs. Breaky leaves call Sitting. Such leaves at the meal, flax, agaves and many other plants. Leaves with sweets - Cherchikovy - There are almost all of our trees: birch, oak, maple, linden, ash and many others. Sometimes at the base of the paper, the sheet is developing Highlights.

On the form of a sheet plate, the leaves may be rounded, oval, lanceal, linear, etc.

They distinguish between the leaves and the shape of the edge of their record. For example, the edge of the record can be toothed, like a birch. The edge of the sheet of sheet can be solid, like a lilac, and then the sheet is called all-wide.

There are leaves with saws, with the laid, gorgeous, wavy bicon-gear and dual-eyed edges. List edge shape Consider in the figure.

Have you ever since last year's darkened foliage under the snow of foliage find unusual, consisting of some veil leaves? Juicy soft greenery sheet plate rotted in winter, and more durable vein Preserved and well noticeable.

Allowers can be seen on a live green sheet, especially if we consider a sheet into light. On the bottom side of the leaf plate, the alkali is better noticeable than top.

Water and substances dissolved in it are moving along the alkyms. Special fibers of residents give the leaves strength and elasticity. Synotoid tubes also occur in the veins, according to which organic substances are leaked from the leaves to all organs of the plant.

In the leaves of some plants, the alkali is located in parallel one other. Such a jilk is called Parallel. It occurs in almost all monocotyledonic plants, for example, in wheat, rye, barley, corn, onions and some others.

Leaves of the valley and indoor plants aspidistra, or "friendly female", havearc housing. Arc housing, as well as parallel, usually in monocotional plants.

Divorny plants more often have Palp or Current housing.

In the case of perispical consumers, the middle of the sheet passes a large main veil, and smaller lateral sideways are departed, like oak. Forpalchat housing is somewhat identical in the thickness of the main residentsdissay to the side of the base of the sheet plate, like a maple,nasturtium Cuffs and others. With a palpal and The peristole of the housing of the alkali can be repeatedly branching and, Connecting each otherout thick mesh. If the main veins at the same time are poorly pronounced, then the dwelling is called a peristo-net or finger-mesh.Take a look On the leaves of maple, linden, apple tree or such indoor plants, like geranium, lemon, begonia, primula, rose. All these dietary plants have mesh housing. For housing it is easy to decide which plant in front of you: one-bedroom or dicatular. But there are exceptions. For example, at a monocoa plant, the clonium eye leaves have a mesh dwelling.

Carrot belongs to those vegetables, without which it is impossible to cook some dishes. In addition to excellent taste and the possibility of long-term storage, carrots contain many vitamins important to humans, so it is grown by everything that has its own site. But sometimes it is not possible to grow the harvest of the root of this species: the tops on it turns yellow, it cries and instead of large carrots grow rather small fruits. In the article, we will tell why yellow / dry / fold / fall apart / brown leaves from carrots, how to deal with the problem that has arisen.

Why can leave the leaves in carrots

What to do if the tops on the carrot began to shut up? First of all, find out the reason. To do this, it is necessary to carefully inspect the plants, dig out of the ground several sick specimens and then proceed to treatment, removing previously all affected plants.

The yellowed leaves in carrots appear quite often and can be the result of the appearance of various kinds of pests and diseases, so it is necessary to deal with such a nuisance as soon as possible

Employees of economic enterprises, scientific workers and experienced gardens were noted that sometimes gloomy and dackets themselves are to blame, choosing the sowing material without taking into account the climatic characteristics of their region or, for example, drowning carrots under the winter early grades. In addition, it is necessary to properly prepare a bed for carrots, care for the plant in compliance with the agricultural engineering of this culture. But if all this is done correctly, and the harvest leaves much to be desired, then what was done wrong?

Hit carrot can both fungi. Their occurrence contributes:

1. Violation of crop rotation.
2. Soil infected with pathogenic mushrooms.
3. Using an infected sowing material.
4. Excessive use of organic fertilizers.
5. Incorrect feeders.
6. Thickened shoots.
7. Very cold or too hot weather with high humidity.

Possible diseases and ways to combat them

You can hit the carrot. Fomoz, this disease is dry rot, it does not appear immediately. First wither and become gray-brownish only the tips of the leaves of the tops. Fully disease is increasing after the harvest is assembled: specks will appear on the top of the carrot. They gradually increase, spreading throughout the root. The rate of lesion depends on the temperature in the storage: the warmer, the faster the harvest rotates. Moreover, the spore fungus live for a very long time and can even destroy the harvest of next year.

Measures of combating phomos:

1. Cleaning the beds from the remains of plants after harvesting root.
2. Use before seeding seed fertilizers with phosphorus-potash composition.
3. Disinfect the storage before laying a crop with sulfur checkers.

No less dangerous white rot. It is able to destroy not only the harvest of carrots, but to hit the rest of the plants that are grown on the plot. In bed, she may appear after use as a fertilizer manure. If the carrots are densely in the garden, do not remove weeds on time, do not remove the crop for a long time, the soil moisture will increase, so that white rotors are actively multiplied by white rot.

Oddly enough, but quite often yellowed leaves in carrots appear simply due to improper care and insufficient watering especially in the hot season

It is possible to notice the appearance of a unwanted guest by the fact that small yellow spots will appear on the leaves of the tops. In addition, the top will dry, curl. But the disease will fully show itself during storage harvest collected - Softened spots will appear on the root plans, which later cover the fluffy light flare. This is a rotten mushroom that quickly spreads. Soon she covers his crust with dark stains and moisture droplets.

Measures to combat white rot:

1. Strengtheily, but in permissible limits to feed the plants of potassium.
2. Spray with medicine containing copper.
3. Disinfect storage.
4. Every 3-4 years, choose another place to bed for carrots.
5. Choose those grads of this culture that are resistant to the disease.
6. Do not water the beds with cold water.

Start the edges of the edges on the lower leaves and with damage to bacteriosis. Then the yellowness spreads through the leaf, darkens, leaving only the yellow outlines. Next, the infection affects the cutters, after which they begin to dry out. Stems are affected: they are noticeable strips and brown spots. After the root roots are affected, which can be seen by the brownish-brown spots that appear small reel spirits. All the fact that carrots begins to distinguish an unpleasant smell, after which it is impossible to use it in food or feed the animals.

Bacteriosis combating measures:

1. Before sowing seeds, they are maintained at least ten minutes in water, the temperature of which is +52 degrees.
2. 3 weeks after seedlings spray the seeds by Fungicide "Hom".
3. Be sure to disinfect the place where the crop will be stored in winter. Read also Article: → ".

Alternatiosis belongs to those infectious diseases that may affect this culture at any stage of cultivation or storage. This disease is transmitted through infected soil or seeds. It can be understood about the color and shape of the leaves - they will begin to spin and darken. Yellow specks appeared on the tips very quickly spread, dried, stalks black. Fucking and stuffing, and then affected and root, contaminated plants are infected. It happens very quickly and if nothing to do is, it is hardly possible to grow at least a few instances of carrots - sow everyone will die. You can save the harvest, spraying the planting by the drug Rusurl.

Unfortunately, the yellowed leaves may appear due to various diseases, so it is possible that you can not wait for the desired harvest or to lose the plant at all.

I could notice a brown spotty on the shoots of carrots. The disease is manifested by the appearance of dark brown dressings on the stems at the soil level. Infected young plants die very quickly. If the infection occurred later, when the roots began to be formed, it would be noticeable for the fact that brown spots with a yellow border will appear on the leaf plates. Spots can have different shape and size. Later, black dots will appear on them - this is fruit picnide bodies. They are the future place for wintering pathogen. The affected leaves begin to curl, warm, dry out, fall on the soil, so they must be removed and burn after the harvest is collected.

The following measures are considered to be effective in combating white spotlights:

1. Regular loosening of rods.
2. Processing of the grip, nettle, nethery.
3. Treatment of garden with immunocytophite in June.
4. Loving the soil in the fall of the previous season.

If spots of light brown appeared on carrot leaves with a light center - this is the churchosposition. So called fungal disease. Later, the stains will increase and brighten, and the edges of the leaves are spinning. If a gray flare will appear on the spots of the soil of the leaf on the spots. Spots will spread through the green part of the entire plant and then connect. Greens will begin to black and rot. Waiting for the harvest from the marrot-affected churrosposition will not work, as the fruits will be crossed and small.

Tip # 1. In order not to be infected with the site, it is necessary to warm the seeds in water at a temperature of 50-52 degrees. If the infection occurred, experts recommend spraying carrot beds by the Bordeaux mixture. For this prepare one-surge solution.

Types of carrots pests and measures to combat them

Not only fungal or infectious diseases may affect the planting of carrots, but also pests. To prevent complete death of the crop, it is necessary to start fighting with them immediately after detecting at least one pest on your garden.

One of the dangerous enemies of the root, specialists call carrot flies. Flashes flies winter in the soil. In April, the young generation appears ones. The fact that carrot fly struck the emerging shoots can be understood by the fact that the tops, instead of green, begins to acquire bronze color. After a week, another affected plants begin to dry out, and then dying. If you do not remove infected plants, the insect will postpone the eggs into the soil. The hatched larvae will spoil the roots, after which they will become bitter and no longer suitable.

In order not to form yellow stains on the leaves of carrots, many gardeners and gardens recommend constantly fertilize the soil, feed the plants, and also pay special attention to the care and watering

You can protect against flies by applying the following measures:

1. Deep to plow the earth.
2. Prank the garden in a timely manner.
3. Processing crops with such preparations as Aktellik, Arrivo and others.

Carrot sheetoblushka - insect very small. It usually lives on the pine and if this species of trees grow nearby, there is a danger that the pest can fly, or rather jump over to the garden to postpone the eggs on carrot tops. After a short time, the larvae will appear, which will feed on the juice of the plant, sucking it out of the leaves. Because of this, the tops yellow and dry out.

Board # 2. Get rid of sheetoblushka easy. To do this, it will be needed to insist soap and tobacco waste and their solution to treat crops.

In order for this pest to appear on the site, you can apply the following measures as prevention:

1. Plant next to carrot onions.
2. Use fresh sawdust for the mulching of the garden.
3. Between the carrots plants to plant mustard grains.

Enough on the site to appear just one pointer, after a year insects so multiply that the struggle with them will be difficult. Therefore, with the destruction of the pest is not preferably slow. To do this, you can use the bait of Medveoks or apply one of the folk methods:

1. Dilute in Liter Water 50-60 gr washing powder. Most of all, the "Lotus" powder is suitable for this purpose. Then it is necessary to pour the mixture into the well where the insect lives.
2. Pour into the well a solution of vinegar with water (glass on a bucket).
3. Moisten cotton wool in camphor and place it in the place where the pest is inhabited.

Initially, the leaves can be green, but with different stains, specks, in this case, you already need to look for the root cause of such formations to prevent the yellowing of the carrot leaves in advance

Among the most common pests are a bare slipper. And dangerous for carrot crops both adults and young pests of this species. They will be searched in those places where the humidity is quite high. These are stones, silent foliage, derm, soil. The slugs eaten the tops and eaten in the roots of the pit. The first sign of their appearance is whitish brilliant tracks.

To protect the nurses of carrots about a naked slug, it is necessary to be treated with a solution of salt (concentration of 10%) or superphosphate. The following measures will be equally effective:

1. Deep dumping soil.
2. Making an ammonia nitrate.
3. Disinfection before the work of all gardens and garden tools.
4. Locking near the garden of black elderberry (it is not very like slug).

A considerable danger to the harvest of carrots represent the caterpillars of dark gray color - winter scoops. They damage roots, stealing them under the ground at the surface itself. Caterpillars feed not only with leaves, but also fruits, doing moves in them. This type of pest is very prolific. Each female per season can postpone over two thousand eggs. To get rid of them will help the use of polyrun preparations, desisis, arrivo and others.

According to most of the gardeners and gardeners, it is better to prevent the appearance of pests and diseases in advance, it is necessary to carefully care for the plant, as well as to feed it on time

Popular questions about the yellowing of carrot leaves

Question number 1. Can the leaves of carrots just because of the hot weather?

Yes, it is quite possible. In this case, it is necessary to increase the amount of watering, both on the roots and on the leaves, that is, with the help of irrigation devices. You can help the plant and feed it with various feeders. In this case, the leaves will be slightly yellowish and dry, and pests both in the soil and on the foliage will be absent.

Question number 2. What if the wishes of the leaves on carrots?

First of all, it is necessary to find the root cause, why they could get yellow. In fact, such reasons may be set. First of all, it is worth paying attention to the soil and folia, whether they do not have different kinds of pests. After detection of the root cause, you can proceed to a direct solution to the problem.

Biological features carrots. Carrot is a two-year-old plant. This means that in the first year there is the formation of sockets of leaves and an inventory organ - thickened, fleshy root (root). And the formation of inflorescences, stems, flowers, fruits and seeds occurs in the second year, and after the plant dies. The root is considered the most valuable part of this culture. It has a rod horse system, deeply penetrating into the soil. Korneflodes in carrots can be oval, round, conical, cylindrical and truncated conical forms.

Basically, long roots reach dimensions up to 15 cm, an average of 11-15 cm, and a short less than 10 cm.

On the territory of our country, it is possible to rarely see the roots of the size that would exceed 30-40 cm, but it is known that in the territory of Mexico the size of the grown carrots can be higher than these parameters.

Roots with a diameter of less than 2.5 cm fall into a group of thin, from 2.6 to 4 cm into a group of medium, more than 4 cm into a group of thick.

Depending on the grade and conditions of cultivation, their mass can reach: small less than 80 g, average 80-150 g, and big over 150 g

On the plot where the soil is loose and fertile, the mass of roots can reach 300 - 500 g or more.

The most common carrots varieties have orange, red-orange, pink-orange and red painting of roots, although it is very rare, but you can also meet varieties of purple, yellow, white, light green color.

The surface of the roots can be buggy, uneven and smooth. Also on them you can see deep or small eyes. The rootpode itself is meaty. It has a stronger color compared to the core, although rarely, but there are varieties (for example, Nantekiy-4) have the core and the bark equally bright color.

The shape of the core can be well seen if it is broken to cut the root. It can be a star, faceted, round and rounded-angular shape.

Containers with a small core size are considered to be those in which it is less than 30% in diameter, with an average of 30-50% and with a large more than 50%.

The socket leaves in carrots are simple. Contour shape triangular or rhombic.

The rosettes of leaves can be pressed, spread or documencing.

Leaf cuttings can be bare, thin, long or sowned, with light green color.

Plates of green color, asian shapes, there are also dark green color, often gray-green.

As mentioned earlier to see how this culture blooms in the second year.

At the beginning of flowering, the stem can reach a height of 1 m. The stems themselves are ribbed, swag, sowed or naked, branched with green or yellow-green color.

Each stem is inflored in the form of a complex umbrella, on which individual small umbrellas. On most plants, the flowers are small, routine, but rarely can be found with a male sterile form.

Carrots - two-year-old herbate plant Celery family (apiaceae). Cultural carrot is a two-year plant of the umbrella family (Umbelliferae). In the first year of life, the carrot develops a root rosette of the leaf with sleeping sinus kidneys and a thick root (root). For the second year life cycle The stalking, flowering and formation of seeds occurs.

The structure of the root system.The root root is the thickening of the root and stem. It consists of three parts - head, cervical and actually root. The head is formed from a supersdol knee and is a stem with strongly shortened interstices. It develops leaves, forming a socket, with stubby kidneys. The neck is the middle part of the root, free of leaves and filamentous roots. It is formed by the growing of the stepper knee. Actually the root, the lower part of the root, which develops due to the thickening of the main rod root.

The rod (central) root consists of a crust (pulp) and cores (wood). On the surface of the cortex are lentils (deepening), through which air flows into the root. The greater the bark and less core, the higher the quality of the corrupt models of carrots. There is a cambial cell layer between the core and the crust, which are able to share, which makes the root of the root. In the inside of the cortex take the beginning of thin side roots with a mass of root hairs. The bulk of the roots is located at a depth of 25 ... 30 centimeters, and separate penetrate to a depth of 2 meters.

Korneflood happens various lengths And forms - elliptical, conical and cylindrical. The painting of the root is orange, orange-red, less often yellow.

Sorts having red-orange color are called caroten. Carotine varieties are most valuable and therefore widespread. The scheme of the structure of the corner of carrots.

H - the length of the root; H. - head length; H 1. - the length of the cervical root; H 2. - the length of the root itself; H 3 - length of the lower part of the root diameter of less than 1 centimeter; D - the largest diameter; D 1. - the diameter of the root is in the middle of its length.

The size of the wood is determined by the percentage of the diameter of the wood to the diameter of the root plant (D). The wood is small, if this is a ratio of less than 50%, the average - about 50%, large - more than 50%. Wood cross section configuration: rounded, rounded-grated, faceted, star.

On the cross section, the root of the root is distinguished by two parts: the upper is a thick layer of the cortex (flesh, flora), the inner - core (wood, xylem). A thin layer of Cambia is placed between the crust and core.

Carrot varieties with shallow core and thick cortex are more valuable, as the pulp has better nutritional qualities than the core. The highest qualities have varieties in which the small core is painted equally with the crust of the root.

By the mass of the corrupt enterprises, carrots are divided into minor weight up to 100 grams, the average 100 ... 150 grams and large more than 150 grams.

The structure of a sheet socket and leaves.The shape of a sheet outlet in plants of carrots is a reprehensive, semi-rotated or stretched. The magnitude of the outlet depends on the size and number of leaves in it. The socket is considered to be a socket when it contains 6 ... 10 leaves, the average outlet has 10 ... 15 leaves, and a large 16 ... 20 leaves.

The leaves in the carrot are long-cooled, grain-disseated. The dissection of a sheet plate can be expressed in varying degrees: the weakly solid, well-solid and strong-willed. Sheet segments There are lanceton-linear, lanceal, rustling and blade.

1 - Lancing linear; 2 - lancing; 3 - rustic; 4 - blade.

Light green leaves color, green, dark green, gray-green, purple green.

The chopper is chopped by a rare rigid, rare soft, thick rigid, thick soft or completely absent.

From the root plant for the second year, a seed plant is formed, which consists of the main stem of the first-order shoot with the central umbrella. Espare from the main stem and formed from the kidneys located in the sinuses of socket leaves are second-order shoots. The first is called stem, the second - the sockets. They, in turn, the third and fourth orders are formed.

Each of the shoots ends with a compliance - a complex umbrella, which consists of simple umbrellas, each of which has several tens of flowers. By the time of blooming, the height of the seed bush with branched seed shoots reaches 1 meter.

The structure of flowers, flowering, fetal formation and seed maturation.Flowers are small rind, with a lower coupbeck. They are collected in complex umbrellas. Pollination cross, is carried out mainly with the help of insects and winds. Blossom starts after 45 ... 55 days after planting seeds. The first central umbrella blooms, and then umbrellas of subsequent orders. Each of the next order of umbrellas blooms only after the previous one flows. The bloom of the main umbrella continues 11 ... 13 days of second-order umbrellas - 11 ... 12 days, the third - 13 ... 16 days, the fourth - 18 ... 19 days.

In each umbrella, bloom begins with peripheral umbrellas and extends to the center, and in each umbrella - from peripheral flowers. In general, carrots on the seedy section blooms about 40 days.

Carrot is a cross-peer plant. His bees, flies, beetles and other insects pollinate.

The fruit of carrots is a dry double, when ripening disintegrates two stakes. From the moment of fertilization until the seed ripening passes 60 ... 65 days. Seed length about 3 millimeters, width - 1.5 millimeters, thickness - 0.4 ... 1 millimeter. On each side, the seed has four or five ribs with thin spikes.

Carrot seeds are very small, in 1 kilogram there are up to 500 thousand with spikes (not dirty) seeds and up to 900 thousand rubbed, the mass of 1000 seeds 1.1 ... 1.5 grams.