25 October 26, 1917. The October Revolution: a chronology of events

October Revolution(full official name in USSR - Great October Socialist Revolution, alternative names: October coup, Bolshevik coup, third Russian revolution) - the stage of the Russian revolution that took place in Russia in October. As a result of the October Revolution, the Provisional Government was overthrown, and a government formed by the Second Congress of Soviets came to power, the majority in which shortly before the revolution was won by the Bolshevik Party - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), in alliance with part of the Mensheviks, national groups, peasants organizations, some anarchists and a number of groups in the Socialist Revolutionary Party.

The main organizers of the uprising were V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky, Ya.M. Sverdlov, and others.

The government elected by the Congress of Soviets included representatives of only two parties: the RSDLP (b) and the Left SRs, the rest of the organizations refused to participate in the revolution. Later they demanded the inclusion of their representatives in the Council of People's Commissars under the slogan of a "homogeneous socialist government", but the Bolsheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries already had a majority at the Congress of Soviets, which allowed them not to rely on other parties. In addition, relations were spoiled by the support of the "compromising parties" of the persecution of the RSDLP (b) as a party and its individual members by the Provisional Government on charges of high treason and armed rebellion in the summer of 1917, the arrest of L. D. Trotsky and L. B. Kamenev and the leaders of the Left Social Revolutionaries, the wanted list of V. I. Lenin and G. E. Zinoviev.

There is a wide range of assessments of the October Revolution: for some it is a national catastrophe that led to the Civil War and the establishment of a totalitarian system of government in Russia (or, conversely, to the death of Great Russia as an empire); for others - the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which made it possible to abandon capitalism and save Russia from feudal remnants; there are also a number of intermediate points of view between these extremes. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.

Name

S. Lukin. It is finished!

The revolution took place on October 25, according to the Julian calendar, which was adopted at that time in Russia. And although the Gregorian calendar (new style) was introduced in February of the year and the first anniversary of the revolution (like all subsequent ones) was celebrated on November 7, the revolution was still associated with October, which is reflected in its name.

The name "October Revolution" has been encountered since the first years of Soviet power. Name Great October Socialist Revolution established itself in Soviet official historiography by the end of the 1930s. In the first decade after the revolution, it was often called, in particular, October coup, while this name did not carry a negative meaning (at least in the mouths of the Bolsheviks themselves), but, on the contrary, emphasized the grandeur and irreversibility of the "social upheaval"; this name is used by N. N. Sukhanov, A. V. Lunacharsky, D. A. Furmanov, N. I. Bukharin, M. A. Sholokhov. In particular, the section of Stalin's article dedicated to the first anniversary of the October Revolution () was called About the October coup... Subsequently, the word "coup" became associated with a conspiracy and illegal change of power (by analogy with palace coups), and the term was removed from official propaganda (although Stalin used it until his last works, written already in the early 1950s). But the expression "October coup" began to be actively used, already with a negative connotation, in literature critical of the Soviet regime: in emigre and dissident circles, and, starting with perestroika, in the legal press.

Background

There are several versions of the reasons for the October coup:

version of the spontaneous growth of the "revolutionary situation"
version of the targeted action of the German government (See Sealed wagon)

The "revolutionary situation" version

The main prerequisites for the October Revolution were the weakness and indecision of the Provisional Government, its refusal to fulfill the principles it proclaimed (for example, the Minister of Agriculture V. Chernov, the author of the Socialist-Revolutionary program of land reform, demonstratively refused to carry it out, after he was pointed out by his government colleagues that expropriation landlords' land damages the banking system, which lent landlords on the security of land), dual power after the February Revolution. During the year, the leaders of the radical forces led by Chernov, Spiridonova, Tsereteli, Lenin, Chkheidze, Martov, Zinoviev, Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, Kamenev and other leaders returned from hard labor, from exile and emigration to Russia and launched extensive campaigning. All this led to the strengthening of extreme leftist sentiments in society.

The policy of the Provisional Government, especially after the Socialist-Revolutionary Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets declared the Provisional Government a "government of salvation", recognizing it "unlimited powers and unlimited power", brought the country to the brink of disaster. The smelting of pig iron and steel fell sharply, the production of coal and oil fell significantly. The railway transport was almost in complete disarray. There was a sharp lack of fuel. In Petrograd, there were temporary interruptions in the supply of flour. The gross industrial output in 1917 decreased by 30.8% in comparison with 1916. In the fall in the Urals, in the Donbass and other industrial centers, up to 50% of enterprises were closed, in Petrograd, 50 factories were shut down. Mass unemployment arose. Food prices rose steadily. Real wage workers fell by 40-50% compared with 1913. The daily expenditure on the war exceeded 66 million rubles.

All practical measures taken by the Provisional Government worked exclusively for the benefit of the financial sector. The provisional government resorted to the issue of money and new loans. In 8 months it released paper money in the amount of 9.5 billion rubles, that is, more than the tsarist government for 32 months of the war. The main burden of taxes fell on the working people. The actual value of the ruble compared with June 1914 was 32.6%. The state debt of Russia in October 1917 amounted to almost 50 billion rubles, of which the debt to foreign powers amounted to over 11.2 billion rubles. The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy.

The Provisional Government, which had no confirmation of its powers by any popular expression of will, nevertheless, in a voluntarist way, declared that Russia would "continue the war to a victorious end." Moreover, he did not manage to get the Allies in the Entente to write off the military debts of Russia, which had reached astronomical amounts. Explanations to the allies that Russia is not able to service this state debt, the experience of state bankruptcy of a number of countries (Khedive Egypt, etc.) was not taken into account by the allies. Meanwhile, L. D. Trotsky officially declared that revolutionary Russia should not pay the bills of the old regime, and was immediately imprisoned.

The interim government simply ignored the problem because the loan grace period lasted until the end of the war. They turned a blind eye to the impending inevitable post-war default, not knowing what to hope for and wanting to delay the inevitable. Wanting to postpone state bankruptcy by continuing the extremely unpopular war, they attempted an offensive on the fronts, but their failure, underscored by the "treacherous", according to Kerensky, surrender of Riga, caused extreme bitterness among the people. The land reform was also not carried out for financial reasons - the expropriation of the landowners' lands would have caused massive bankruptcy of financial institutions that lent landlords on the security of land. The Bolsheviks, historically supported by the majority of the workers of Petrograd and Moscow, won the support of the peasantry and soldiers ("peasants dressed in greatcoats") by consistently pursuing a policy of agrarian reform and an immediate end to the war. In August-October 1917 alone, there were over 2 thousand peasant uprisings (690 peasant uprisings were registered in August, 630 in September, and 747 in October). The Bolsheviks and their allies actually remained the only force that did not agree to abandon their principles in practice to protect the interests of Russia's financial capital.

Revolutionary sailors with the "Death to the Bourgeois" flag

Four days later, on October 29 (November 11), there was an armed revolt of the cadets, who captured, among other things, artillery pieces, which was also suppressed with the use of artillery and armored cars.

On the side of the Bolsheviks were the workers of Petrograd, Moscow and other industrial centers, land-poor peasants of the densely populated Chernozem region and Central Russia... An important factor in the victory of the Bolsheviks was the appearance on their side of a considerable part of the officers of the former tsarist army. In particular, the officers of the General Staff were distributed among the warring parties almost equally, with a slight advantage among the opponents of the Bolsheviks (while on the side of the Bolsheviks there were a greater number of graduates of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff). Some of them were repressed in 1937.

Immigration

At the same time, a number of workers, engineers, inventors, scientists, writers, architects, peasants, politicians from all over the world who shared Marxist ideas moved to Soviet Russia to participate in the program of building communism. They took some part in the technological breakthrough of backward Russia and the country's social transformations. According to some estimates, the number of only Chinese and Manchus who immigrated to Tsarist Russia due to the favorable socio-economic conditions created in Russia by the autocratic regime, and then took part in building a new world, exceeded 500 thousand people. , and for the most part they were working people, creating material values and transforming nature with their own hands. Some of them quickly returned to their homeland, most of the rest were repressed in a year.

A number of specialists from Western countries also came to Russia. ...

During the Civil War, tens of thousands of internationalist fighters (Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Serbs, etc.) fought in the Red Army, voluntarily joining its ranks.

The Soviet government was forced to use the skills of some immigrants in administrative, military and other posts. Among them are the writer Bruno Yasensky (shot in the city), the administrator Belu Kun (shot in the city), the economists Varga and Rudzutak (shot in the year), the employees of the special services Dzerzhinsky, Latsis (shot in the city), Kingisepp, Eichmans (shot in the year), the military leaders Joachim Vatsetis (shot in the year), Lajos Gavro (shot in), Ivan Strod (shot in), August Cork (shot in the year), the head of Soviet justice Smilgu (shot in the year), Inessa Armand and many others. Can be named financier and intelligence officer Ganetsky (shot in), aircraft designers Bartini (repressed in the city, spent 10 years in prison), Paul Richard (worked in the USSR for 3 years and returned to France), teacher Janouszek (shot a year), Romanian, Moldavian and Jewish poet Yakov Yakir (who ended up in the USSR against his will with the annexation of Bessarabia, was arrested there, left for Israel), socialist Henrich Erlich (sentenced to death and committed suicide in Kuibyshev prison), Robert Eikhe ( shot in a year), journalist Radek (shot in a year), Polish poet Naftali Kon (repressed twice, after his release he left for Poland, from there to Israel), and many others.

Holiday

Main article: Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution

Contemporaries about the revolution

Our children and grandchildren will not be able to even imagine the Russia in which we once lived, which we did not value, did not understand - all this power, complexity, wealth, happiness ...

October 26 (November 7) - L.D. Trotsky

Notes (edit)

MINUTES 1920 August 11-12 days forensic investigator for especially important cases at the Omsk District Court N. A. Sokolov in Paris (in France), in the order of 315-324 Art. Art. mouth injection. court., inspected three issues of the newspaper "Obshche Delo", submitted to the investigation by Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev.
National corpus of the Russian language
National corpus of the Russian language
I. V. Stalin. The logic of things
I. V. Stalin. Marxism and questions of linguistics
For example, the expression "October coup" is often used in the anti-Soviet magazine Posev:
S. P. Melgunov. The golden German key of the Bolsheviks
L. G. Sobolev. Russian revolution and German gold
A. V. Ganin On the role of officers of the General Staff in the civil war.
S. V. Kudryavtsev Liquidation of "counter-revolutionary organizations" in the region (Author of Candidate of Historical Sciences)
Erlikhman V. V. “Population Losses in the XX Century”. Reference book - Moscow: Russian Panorama Publishing House, 2004 ISBN 5-93165-107-1
Cultural Revolution Article on the website rin.ru
Soviet-Chinese relations. 1917-1957. Collection of documents, Moscow, 1959; Ding Shou he, Yin Xu yi, Zhang Bo zhao, The Influence of the October Revolution on China, translated from the Chinese language, Moscow, 1959; Pyn Ming, A History of Sino-Soviet Friendship, translated from the Chinese language. Moscow, 1959; Russian-Chinese relations. 1689-1916, Official documents, Moscow, 1958
Border sweeps and other forced migrations 1934-1939
The Great Terror: 1937-1938. Brief Chronicle Compiled by N.G. Okhotin, A. B. Roginsky
Among the descendants of immigrants, as well as local residents who originally lived in their historical lands, as of 1977, 379 thousand Poles lived in the USSR; 9 thousand Czechs; 6 thousand Slovaks; 257 thousand Bulgarians; 1.2 million Germans; 76 thousand Romanians; 2 thousand French; 132 thousand Greeks; 2 thousand Albanians; 161 thousand Hungarians, 43 thousand Finns; 5 thousand Khalkha Mongols; 245 thousand Koreans, etc. For the most part, these are the descendants of the colonists of tsarist times who have not forgotten native language, and residents of border, ethnically mixed regions of the USSR; some of them (Germans, Koreans, Greeks, Finns) were subsequently subjected to repression and deportation.
L. Anninsky. In memory of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Historical magazine "Rodina" (RF), No. 9-2008, p. 35
IABunin "Cursed Days" (diary 1918 - 1918)

The Great Russian Revolution is the revolutionary events that took place in Russia in 1917, starting with the overthrow of the monarchy during the February Revolution, when power passed to the Provisional Government, which was overthrown as a result of the October Revolution by the Bolsheviks who proclaimed Soviet power.

February Revolution of 1917 - Major revolutionary events in Petrograd

The reason for the revolution: Labor conflict at the Putilov factory between workers and owners; interruptions in the supply of food to Petrograd.

Main events February revolution took place in Petrograd. The leadership of the army, headed by the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General MV Alekseev, and the commanders of the fronts and fleets, considered that they did not have the means to suppress the riots and strikes that had swept Petrograd. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the throne. After his supposed successor, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, also renounced the throne, the State Duma took control of the country, forming the Provisional Government of Russia.

With the formation of Soviets parallel to the Provisional Government, a period of dual power began. The Bolsheviks form detachments of armed workers (Red Guard), thanks to attractive slogans, they are gaining considerable popularity, primarily in Petrograd, Moscow, in large industrial cities, the Baltic Fleet, and the troops of the Northern and Western Fronts.


	Demonstrations of women demanding bread and the return of men from the front.
	The beginning of a general political strike under the slogans: "Down with tsarism!", "Down with autocracy!", "Down with war!" (300 thousand people). Clashes between demonstrators and police and gendarmerie. Telegram from the tsar to the commander of the Petrograd military district with the demand "tomorrow to stop the riots in the capital!"
	Arrests of leaders of socialist parties and workers' organizations (100 people). Shooting of workers' demonstrations. Proclamation of the Tsar's decree on the dissolution of the State Duma for two months. Troops (4th company of the Pavlovsk regiment) opened fire on the police.
	Mutiny of the reserve battalion of the Volynsky regiment, its transition to the side of the strikers. The beginning of a massive transfer of troops to the side of the revolution. Creation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma members and the Provisional Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet.
	Creation of an interim government
	Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne

Results of the revolution and dual power

To the synopsis.]

October 26 in the morning the commissars of the Military Revolutionary Committee were dispatched to all the main points of the capital (and in the second minute they did not immediately open the room where there was one direct connection to the Headquarters, and the connection continued for a long time later, at night). A series of appeals of the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee (radio, telephone messages, leaflets, posters: “All echelons of troops moving towards Petrograd must be stopped immediately on the way.” To all committees and Soviets (according to a false rumor about Kornilov’s flight from Bykhov): “Detain General Kornilov for confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress. ”“ Brothers Cossacks! send your delegates to come to an agreement with us. "" The Soviet government will ensure the timely convening of the CA, will attend to the delivery of bread to the cities. "" Merchants who do not open their establishments are considered enemies of the revolution. " to all corps and divisional committees: to overthrow their army committees (which turned out to be against the Bolsheviks) and, in addition to them, send their deputies to Petrograd.

But who should be sent against Kerensky's troops? from the 160-thousandth garrison of the capital, no one wants to go to fight. (And even vice versa: from Tsarskoye Selo revolutionary soldiers flee in panic to Petrograd.) But the Red Guards do not know how to fight, and even without officers. 1,800 sailors arrived from Helsingfors from Smilga and the Kronstadt, but they will be on land without artillery. And all the hope: the disintegration of the advancing troops by agitation. There are many agitators.

In the morning the sailors burn the Rech, which has not yet been sent out from the expedition. During the day, the Bolsheviks closed down all the remaining bourgeois press in the capital. - "Izvestia SDSD" (the last day is not Bolshevik): Crazy adventure; this is not the transfer of power to the Soviets, but the seizure of it by the Bolsheviks; they will not be able to organize state power. - Renewed Pravda: Disarm and finally render harmless the counter-revolutionary elements in Petrograd. - Antonov-Ovseenko, Chudnovsky, Dzevaltovsky sit at the air defense headquarters. - In Winter, robbery and brawl continues.

In Smolny, the boiling center of the capital (as in Tauride in February). Here are weapons, and those arrested (arbitrary arrests around the city), and a congestion of cars, and the Military Revolutionary Committee with couriers. - So as not to quarrel too much with the revolutionary parliament, they freed the socialist ministers from Petropavlovka, the rest will sit. - The VRK has sent temporary commissars to the ministries. (Uritsky went to the m.i.d, but was not accepted by officials.) - In Smolny, the Bolsheviks havetily prepare the composition of the Council of People's Commissars. There are no profile specialists, and we don’t need to, we’ll learn. M.i.d. Trotsky will head, and naval affairs will be headed by a triumvirate: Krylenko, Dybenko, Antonov-Ovseenko; internal affairs to Rykov, trade and industry to Nogin, nationalities to Stalin. (Among the Bolsheviks, there is also uncertainty: how easily did power come to us? We alone will not hold out, we ought to have a coalition with the socialists. Lenin: On the contrary, they left the congress - they made us easier.) Kamenev to hold on to the head of the new Central Executive Committee, legislative power, Zinoviev - to Izvestia ". - The Left SRs hesitate until they join the SNK, but they will not leave the Military Revolutionary Committee, as the Right SRs demand of them.

In Petrograd again, a gray, cold morning. Stores do not open well, and private banks do not start operations. Rumors that Kerensky is leading a huge army to the capital and moved to the north of Kaledin. On the walls there is a proclamation: "Take measures for the immediate arrest of Kerensky and his delivery to Petrograd." - That night Miliukov secretly left Petrograd for Moscow, and in the morning at a passing station at his own train he met Vinaver, and he is on his way. - On the Palace Square, a sketch of the loot in the Winter Palace, the remains; A Serov portrait of Nicholas II was pulled out of the heap and cut with a knife.

Indignation boils whole day and night in the city of d.: Speeches, resolutions, speeches, debates, but the city d. Has no fighting forces (and they are not fighters themselves, and their entire milieu is not fighters), and even no organized ones. (But nevertheless, the food apparatus of the capital is in the hands of Mr. D., and the Bolsheviks still cannot touch them, there will be no supplies at all.) - Address of Mr. D.: “The Bolshevik party three weeks before the elections to the US and in the face of an external enemy ... Mr. D. loudly declares to his voters and all of Russia that he will not submit to any encroachment on her rights. Appeals to all city and zemstvo self-governments of the Russian Republic with an appeal to join ... "(However, the Bolsheviks will not last longer than 3 - 5 days.) - In the school of jurisprudence on Sadovaya, the IC SKrD sheltered the Rescue Committee. Speeches and debates, speeches and debates: our task? Should the VP be returned? or create an alternative new government against Smolny? Send commissars to the military unit? the soldiers will not go, they will not act. Send commissars to the provinces, rally there against the Bolsheviks? Support from the Vikzhel: they did not recognize the Bolshevik seizure and would not transfer the railway network to them. And the postal and telegraph officials too. So call for a general official strike in all institutions! (The strike of the water supply system and the power plant failed.) Send their representatives to all the Petrograd outposts to meet the suitable troops of Kerensky. - The Central Executive Committee of the SDSD is also nailed to the Salvation Committee: it did not recognize the powers of the incorrectly assembled 2nd Congress of Soviets, did not dissolve and intends to act. - And even Centroflot did not recognize the coup. - By evening in Petrograd, the news that Kerensky with the army is already in Luga!

On the morning of the 26th, in Ostrov, Kerensky's speeches were met with hostility by the Cossacks and even more hostile by the rest of the garrison. - In the Island, Kerensky issued an order from the Commander-in-Chief: Continue the transport of the 3rd Cavalry Corps to Petrograd. - Cheremisov, having received erroneous information from Petrograd that not everything is in favor of the Bolsheviks, ceases to obstruct the movement of Krasnov's detachments. - Krasnov's building is scattered hopelessly wide; from the Island he manages to take with him only about 700 mounted Cossacks. - And it was on the Federation Council that the two army committees (out of 14), which took the side of the Bolsheviks. They allocate the ARC of the SF, he intends to interfere with the transport of troops and is looking to arrest the SF commissar Voitinsky in Pskov, who remains loyal to the VP. - The Vikzhel, who wants to remain neutral, prohibits any transport of troops to Petrograd. - Instead of going to collect and move new troops, Kerensky sticks to Krasnov. (I am confident in victory and to enter Petrograd among the first? So that without him Krasnov would not manage to suppress the Bolsheviks too cruelly?) - Krasnov's echelons barely passed Pskov and Luga at full speed. (And they lose contact with their rear.) Only at a small stop near Luga Kerensky learns that Zimny has already been captured.

Dukhonin at Headquarters collects and registers all sorts of incoming information, but does not take action: since the Kornilov days, Headquarters has been defeated and depersonalized, and Kerensky himself destroyed the Officers' Union, there is no more organized officers. - In the Mogilev garrison, excitement was heard about the flight of Kornilov; an attempt to take away the guard of the Tekins from Bykhov prisoners and to withdraw from Bykov the Polish brigade, which was interfering with the soldiers' reprisals. - The arrested generals among themselves consider the escape from Bykhov unacceptable: this would mean admitting guilt; but they are not guilty before the country, and they want judgment.

In Moscow, the Military Revolutionary Committee closed (with the refusal of the printers) all newspapers except the Soviet ones; but he cannot gather military forces: the garrison is completely decomposed, sympathizes with the Bolsheviks, but no one wants to risk their lives, the shelves are rallied only around their kitchens. (And the sailors are not here.) - The battalion of the 56th regiment, located in the Kremlin, agreed to open the arsenal and load weapons for the Red Guards. The commander of the Moscow Military District, Colonel Ryabtsev, orders the 56th regiment to leave the Kremlin, which does not agree. Public Safety Committee: just keep out of the bloody clash! - But the cadets, military and student youth independently organize patrolling of the city center, detain the cargo of weapons from the Kremlin. Workers' patrols also walk around the city, wearing red armbands and rifles on ropes.

Nowhere does the command dare to detain the orders of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee that come by radio and telegraph, and forwards them for discussion to their committees. SWF and RumF still remain loyal to the VP, SF fell away to the Bolsheviks. In Minsk, the Chief of Staff of the Polar Division was arrested and forced to work under the control of the revolutionary committee from the Minsk SDSD. - Kaledin-na-Donu announces full support of the VP; in the meantime, the military government takes over the entire completeness of state power in the Don region. - In Sevastopol, the Soviet decided to recognize the new government in Petrograd and demanded that the officers, under the threat of drowning, take an oath to it.

At 9 pm Kamenev opens the second and last session of the hastily congress of Soviets. The Presidium has already ordered the abolition of the death penalty at the front (which means - now throughout Russia). And also: measures were taken to capture the escaped Kerensky. - Lenin reads the Declaration: All belligerent peoples and governments are invited to immediately begin negotiations on a just democratic peace, without annexations and indemnities; and an immediate truce for at least 3 months; and the CA will decide what can and cannot be conceded; and no mystery in proposing peace terms. “What will a peasant say to some remote province if, because of our secrecy, he does not know what another government wants? We need to expose the villainy of the bourgeoisie. The state is strong because of the consciousness of the masses. " (The proposed peace is universal, and if they refuse? About a separate silence, but the way out is open for him, but only it is inevitable.) The appeal was adopted unanimously (shouted alone, who wanted to against); everyone sings the Internationale, then "You have fallen a victim." (The declaration of peace should be immediately transmitted from the Tsarskoye Selo radio station.) - Then Lenin proposes a "decree on land": Landlord property is abolished immediately without any redemption; all estates, including church, monastic, are transferred to the volost land committees up to the US (which in a month, the seizures will confuse the matter). Lenin simply ascribed a few lines in front and behind to the Socialist-Revolutionary order of equalizing land use, without hired labor, without rent and sale, all land is a national property, and where there is an excess of population, to resettle from there - and announced it as a decree. "We must give complete creative freedom to the masses." (It is not explained what to do “immediately” and what “with the necessary gradualness.” According to this confused order, although all property, including small-peasant property, is abolished, “the lands of ordinary peasants and ordinary Cossacks are not confiscated.”) The decree was adopted by all against one with several abstained. (About the third promised, about bread, no decree has been proposed.) - The Left Menshevik Avilov is trying to warn the congress: The new government is still facing the same old questions about bread and peace. The government cannot give bread, it cannot be obtained without manufactured goods in exchange, and collecting by coercive measures is long and dangerous. Immediate peace cannot be achieved, the calculations for a workers' revolution in Europe are not based on anything; either the defeat of our revolution by Germany, or a separate peace, and its conditions will be the most painful for Russia. - Left Social Revolutionary Karelin: We do not enter the new government and keep our hands free for mediation between the Bolsheviks and the parties that left the congress. - Trotsky: We are experiencing a new time when ordinary ideas must be rejected. We did not wait for the congress with the seizure of power, because the counter-revolutionaries did not doze; a coalition with the Danes and Liebers would not have strengthened the revolution, but would have led it to destruction. The question of bread is a question of the program of action; we reject the coalition with kulak elements. In the struggle for peace, we place the hope that our revolution will unleash the European one. - Worker from the Vikzhel: We consider the congress unauthorized; there is no quorum here; and we are against the seizure of power by one party; we will not help you, railway network only the Vikzhel is in charge; and if you apply repression, then we will deprive Petrograd of food. - But the vote is affirmed: "Until the convocation of the CA to form a temporary workers 'and peasants' government, SNK" (from some Bolsheviks). And in the rapidly emptying hall, in disorder, a new CEC was elected, headed by Kamenev, and then little-known names, extras. 5 o'clock in the morning.

The content of the article

OCTOBER REVOLUTION (1917). The revolution, as a result of which the Soviet government headed by V.I. Lenin came to power in Russia, took place on October 25 (November 7) 1917. the crisis, which caused general discontent with the Provisional Government and the readiness of the soldiers and workers of Petrograd to overthrow it, decided that there were objective and subjective conditions for the coming to power of the Bolshevik Party. The party led by him in Petrograd and Moscow began direct preparations for the uprising, the organization of the Red Guard was carried out from workers ready to fight for the Bolsheviks. The headquarters of the uprising, the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, - the Military Revolutionary Committee, was created. Lenin developed a plan for the uprising, which provided for the seizure of key points of the capital by soldiers and workers, and the arrest of the government. Not all members of the party leadership agreed with the decision to revolt. Members of the Central Committee of the party LB Kamenev and GE Zinoviev hesitated, but after lengthy negotiations they also joined Lenin. The superiority of the Bolshevik forces was decisive. All that was needed was a pretext for the outbreak of hostilities, and it was found. On October 24, the head of the government A.F. Kerensky ordered the closure of the Bolshevik newspapers. On the same day, towards evening, the forces of the military revolutionary committee, almost without meeting resistance from the defenders of the Provisional Government, began to go over to the offensive, on the night of 25 they occupied bridges, a state bank, a telegraph office and other planned strategic objects. In the evening of the same day, the encirclement of the Winter Palace, where the Provisional Government was located, began. The uprising developed almost bloodlessly. Only during the siege of the Winter Palace were rifle fire heard and artillery volleys thundered. Members of the Provisional Government were arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The head of the government, Kerensky, went into hiding.

The Bolsheviks went to seize power, with the support of the workers, part of the soldiers. This support was determined by their dissatisfaction with the Provisional Government, its inactivity in solving the democratic tasks that were not completed by the February Revolution. The monarchy was eliminated, but other vital problems - about war and peace, about land, workers, national issues - all this was only promised, postponed "until better times", which caused discontent among the broad masses. The Bolsheviks planned to seize power in order to begin to implement their plans to reorganize Russia and build a socialist state.

The victory of the uprising did not yet guarantee the victors against the fate of the bourgeois government overthrown by them. It was necessary to consolidate the victory by solving the questions that worried the people, which would convince that the Bolsheviks were fulfilling their promises - to finally give the country peace, the peasants of the landowners' land, the workers an eight-hour working day. This, according to Lenin's plan, was to be carried out by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, which opened in Petrograd at the height of the uprising. At the congress, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries constituted a minority of the delegates, the Bolsheviks, having a majority behind them, approved the uprising that had taken place and the arrest of the Provisional Government. The congress decided to take power into its own hands, which in practice meant handing it over to the Bolsheviks, who announced that they would immediately end the war and hand over the land of the landlords to the peasants. This was confirmed by the first legislative acts adopted by the congress - the Decrees "on war", "peace" and "on land." Thus, the Bolsheviks received the support they needed at first among the masses.

The congress proclaimed the creation of a Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars (Council of People's Commissars) from some Bolsheviks, headed by V.I. Lenin.

Efim Gimpelson

APPLICATION

Appeal of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee "To the citizens of Russia!"

The provisional government has been deposed. State power passed into the hands of the organ of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, the Military Revolutionary Committee, which stood at the head of the Petrograd proletariat and garrison.

The cause for which the people fought: the immediate proposal of a democratic peace, the abolition of landlord ownership of land, workers' control over production, the creation of the Soviet Government — this is a guaranteed cause.

Long live the revolution of workers, soldiers and peasants!

Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies

Decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the formation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Government

The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies resolves:

To form a provisional workers 'and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars, to govern the country, pending the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The administration of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which must ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, women workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and office employees. Government power belongs to the collegium of the chairmen of these commissions, i.e. Council of People's Commissars.

Control over the activities of the People's Commissars and the right to dismiss them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee.

At the moment, the Council of People's Commissars is composed of the following persons:

Chairman of the Council - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin);

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov;

Agriculture - V.P. Milyutin;

Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov;

For military and naval affairs - a committee composed of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko;

For trade and industry - V.P. Nogin;

Public education - A. V. Lunacharsky;

Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov);

Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky);

Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov);

For food - I. A. Teodorovich;

Posts and Telegraphs - N.P. Avilov (Glebov);

Chairman of the Affairs of Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin).

The post of the People's Commissar for Railway Affairs is temporarily unreplaced.

Peace decree

adopted unanimously at a meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 26, 1917.

The workers' and peasants' government, created by the October 24-25 revolution and based on the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, invites all the belligerent peoples and their governments to start immediately negotiations on a just democratic peace.

A just or democratic peace, which the overwhelming majority of the exhausted, exhausted and war-torn workers and working classes of all the belligerent countries yearn for - a peace that the Russian workers and peasants demanded in the most definite and insistent way after the overthrow of the tsarist monarchy - such a peace is considered by the Government to be an immediate peace without annexations (i.e., without the seizure of foreign lands, without the forcible annexation of foreign peoples) and without indemnities.

Such a peace is proposed by the Government of Russia to conclude all the belligerent peoples immediately, expressing its readiness to immediately take all decisive steps without the slightest delay until the final approval of all the conditions of such a peace by the plenipotentiary assemblies of the people's representatives of all countries and all nations.

Under the annexation or seizure of foreign lands, the Government understands, in accordance with the legal consciousness of democracy in general, and of the working classes in particular, any accession to a large or strong state of a small or weak nationality without precisely, clearly and voluntarily expressed consent and desire of this nationality, regardless of when it is forcible annexation. committed, regardless of how developed or backward the nation forcibly annexed or forcibly held within the boundaries of a given state is. Finally, regardless of whether in Europe or in distant overseas countries, this nation lives.

If any nation is kept within the boundaries of a given state by violence, if, contrary to the desire expressed on its part, it does not matter whether this desire is expressed in the press, in popular assemblies, in party decisions or in indignations and uprisings against national oppression, it does not the right is granted by a free vote, with the complete withdrawal of the troops of the annexing or generally stronger nation, to resolve without the slightest compulsion the question of the forms of state existence of this nation, then its annexation is annexation, i.e. capture and violence.

To continue this war because of how to divide the weak nations captured by them between the strong and rich nations, the Government considers it the greatest crime against humanity and solemnly declares its determination to immediately sign the terms of peace, ending this war on the specified conditions, equally fair for all without excluding nationalities. ...

At the same time, the Government declares that it does not at all consider the aforementioned peace conditions as ultimatum, i.e. agrees to consider any other conditions of peace, insisting only on the fastest possible proposal of them by any belligerent country and on complete clarity, on the unconditional exclusion of any ambiguity and any mystery when proposing conditions for peace.

The Government cancels secret diplomacy, for its part expressing its firm intention to conduct all negotiations completely openly before the entire people, proceeding immediately to the full publication of secret treaties confirmed or concluded by the government of landowners and capitalists from February to October 25, 1917. The entire content of these secret treaties, since it is aimed, as in most cases, at providing benefits and privileges to the Russian landowners and capitalists, at keeping or increasing the annexations of the Great Russians, the Government declares unconditionally and immediately canceled.

Appealing with a proposal to the governments and peoples of all countries to start immediately open negotiations on the conclusion of peace, the Government expresses its readiness to conduct these negotiations both through written communications, by telegraph, and through negotiations between representatives different countries or at a conference of such representatives. To facilitate such negotiations, the Government appoints its plenipotentiary representative to neutral countries.

The government invites all governments and peoples of all belligerent countries to immediately conclude an armistice, and for its part considers it desirable that this armistice should be concluded for at least three months, i.e. for such a period during which it is quite possible both the completion of peace negotiations with the participation of representatives of all without excluding the peoples or nations involved in the war or forced to participate in it, as well as the convocation of plenipotentiary assemblies of people's representatives of all countries for the final approval of the conditions of peace.

Addressing this peace proposal to the governments and peoples of all the belligerent countries, the Provisional Workers 'and Peasants' Government of Russia also appeals in particular to the class-conscious workers of the three most advanced nations of mankind and the largest states participating in the present war, England, France and Germany. The workers of these countries rendered the greatest services to the cause of progress and socialism, and the great examples of the Chartist movement in England, a series of revolutions of world-wide historical significance, committed by the French proletariat, finally, in the heroic struggle against the exceptional law in Germany and a model for the workers of the whole world for a long time, persistent disciplined work of creating mass proletarian organizations in Germany - all these examples of proletarian heroism and historical creativity serve us as a guarantee that the workers of these countries will understand the tasks they now have to free mankind from the horrors of war and its consequences, that these workers are all-round decisive and selflessly energetic their activities will help us to successfully complete the cause of peace and, at the same time, the cause of freeing the working and exploited masses of the population from all slavery and all exploitation.

Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin

Land decree

1) Landowners' ownership of land is canceled immediately without any redemption.

2) Landlord estates, as well as all appanage, monastery, church lands, with all their living and dead implements, manor buildings and all accessories, are transferred to the disposal of the volost land committees and district Soviets of peasant deputies, until the Constituent Assembly.

3) Any damage to the confiscated property, which henceforth belongs to the entire people, is declared a grave crime punishable by a revolutionary court. Uyezd Soviets of Peasants' Deputies take all the necessary measures to observe the strictest order in the confiscation of landlord estates, to determine to what size and which plots are subject to confiscation, to compile an accurate inventory of all confiscated property and for the strictest revolutionary protection of all the economy on the land that is transferred to the people. with all buildings, tools, livestock, food supplies, etc.

4) To guide the implementation of the great land transformations, pending their final decision by the Constituent Assembly, the following peasant mandate, drawn up on the basis of 242 local peasant orders by the editors of the Izvestiya All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies, and published in issue 88 of this Izvestia ( Petrograd, number 88, August 19, 1917).

The question of land, in its entirety, can only be resolved by a national Constituent Assembly.

The fairest solution to the land issue should be as follows:

1) The right to private ownership of land is canceled forever; land can be neither sold, nor bought, nor leased, or pledged, nor in any other way alienated. All land: state, appanage, cabinet, monastic, church, possession, prior, private, public and peasant, etc., is alienated free of charge, becomes the property of the whole people and is transferred to the use of all workers on it.

For those who have suffered from a property coup, only the right to public support for the time necessary to adapt to the new conditions of existence is recognized.

2) All the bowels of the earth: ore, oil, coal, salt, etc., as well as forests and waters of national importance, are transferred to the exclusive use of the state. All small rivers, lakes, forests, etc. are transferred to the use of communities, subject to the management of local self-government bodies.

3) Land plots with highly cultivated farms: gardens, plantations, nurseries, nurseries, greenhouses, etc. are not subject to division, but are transformed into indicative ones and transferred to the exclusive use of the state or communities, depending on their size and significance.

Manor, urban and rural land, with home gardens and orchards, remains in the use of the present owners, and the size of the plots themselves and the amount of tax for their use are determined by legislative procedure.

4) Horse factories, state and private pedigree cattle breeding and poultry farming, etc. confiscated, turned into the national property and transferred either to the exclusive use of the state or community, depending on their size and significance.

The issue of redemption is subject to consideration by the Constituent Assembly.

5) All economic inventory of confiscated land, living and dead, is transferred to the exclusive use of the state or community, depending on their size and significance, without redemption.

The confiscation of implements does not apply to land-poor peasants.

6) The right to use land is received by all citizens (without distinction of sex) of the Russian state who wish to cultivate it with their own labor, with the help of their family, or in a partnership, and only as long as they are able to cultivate it. Wage labor is not allowed.

In case of accidental powerlessness of any member of the rural society for 2 years, the rural society undertakes, before the restoration of its working capacity, for this period to come to its aid by means of public cultivation of the land.

Farmers who, due to old age or disability, have permanently lost the opportunity to personally cultivate the land, lose the right to use it, but in return receive a pension from the state.

7) Land use should be equalizing, i.e. the land is distributed among the workers, according to local conditions, according to the labor or consumption rate.

Forms of land use should be completely free, household, farm, communal, artisanal, as it will be decided in individual villages and settlements.

8) All land, upon its alienation, enters the national land fund. Its distribution among the working people is in charge of local and central self-governments, ranging from democratically organized non-class rural and urban communities to central regional institutions.

The land fund is subject to periodic redistributions, depending on population growth and raising the productivity and culture of agriculture.

When changing the boundaries of allotments, the original nucleus of the allotment must remain intact.

The land of the retiring members goes back to the land fund, and the priority right to receive the plots of the retired members is given to their closest relatives and persons at the direction of the retired members.

The cost of fertilization and land reclamation (fundamental improvements) invested in the land, since they were not used when returning the allotment back to the land fund, must be paid.

If in some localities the available land fund turns out to be insufficient to satisfy the entire local population, then the surplus population is subject to resettlement.

The organization of resettlement, as well as the costs of resettlement and supply of inventory, etc., should be borne by the state.

The resettlement is carried out in the following order: landless peasants who wish, then vicious members of the community, deserters, and so on. and, finally, by lot, or by agreement.

Everything contained in this mandate, as an expression of the unconditional will of the vast majority of class-conscious peasants throughout Russia, is declared a provisional law, which until the Constituent Assembly is implemented as soon as possible, and in certain parts of it with that necessary gradualness, which should be determined by the district Soviets of Peasant Deputies ...

The lands of ordinary peasants and ordinary Cossacks are not confiscated.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars

Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin

Decree on printing

In the difficult decisive hour of the coup and the days immediately following it, the Provisional Revolutionary Committee was forced to undertake whole line measures against the counter-revolutionary press of various shades.

Immediately, shouts arose from all sides that the new socialist government had thus violated the basic principle of its program by encroaching on freedom of the press.

The workers 'and peasants' government draws the attention of the population to the fact that in our society, behind this liberal screen, freedom for the possessing classes is actually hiding, having seized the lion's share of the entire press, to poison the minds and bring confusion into the consciousness of the masses.

Everyone knows that the bourgeois press is one of the most powerful weapons of the bourgeoisie. Especially at a critical moment, when the new power, the power of the workers and peasants, is only gaining ground, it was impossible to leave this weapon entirely in the hands of the enemy, while it is no less dangerous at such moments than bombs and machine guns. That is why temporary and emergency measures were taken to curb the flow of filth and slander, in which the yellow and green press would willingly drown the young victory of the people.

As soon as the new order is consolidated, all administrative influences on the press will be terminated, complete freedom will be established for it within the limits of responsibility before the court, in accordance with the broadest and most progressive law in this respect.

Considering, however, that the restriction of the press, even at critical moments, is permissible only to the extent absolutely necessary, the Council of People's Commissars decides:

General provisions on printing

1) Only press organs are subject to closure: 1) calling for open resistance or disobedience to the Workers 'and Peasants' governments; 2) sowing confusion by clearly slanderous perversion of facts; 3) calling for actions that are clearly criminal, i.e. of a criminally punishable nature.

2) Prohibitions on press organs, temporary or permanent, are carried out only by decree of the Council of People's Commissars.

3) This provision is temporary and will be canceled by a special decree upon the onset of normal conditions of public life.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars

Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin

Resolution on the organization of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

Project for the organization of the Central Executive Committee

I. Meeting of the Central Executive Committee

1) Meetings of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets are held in a narrow and expanded composition.

Meetings of a narrow composition are legal if at least 1/4 of all members of the Central Executive Committee are available. In the absence of a quorum, the next meeting is scheduled for the next day, and it is valid for any number of members of the Central Executive Committee present.

Expanded meetings are legal if at least half of all members of the Central Executive Committee are available.

2) The extended meeting of the Central Executive Committee is the body that directs and directs all the activities of the Central Executive Committee; the plenary meeting takes place at least once every two weeks.

Regular sessions of extended meetings of the Central Executive Committee of the Councils are convened on the 1st and 15th day of each month.

3) The meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets is convened as needed by the Presidium. At the request of the factions that make up, or at the request of 10 members of the Central Executive Committee, the Presidium is obliged to convene an appropriate meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets in its narrow composition.

4) The factions should monitor the accuracy of attendance at meetings of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee. The factions are invited to all members of the Central Executive Committee, who without good reason miss two consecutive meetings of the Central Executive Committee or the Presidium, to issue appropriate warnings, and for the third time missing meetings, recall these members and replace them with the appropriate candidates for members of the Central Executive Committee.

II. The Bureau

5) The Presidium is both a representative body and an executive one.

The Bureau is preparing necessary materials for meetings of the Central Executive Committee, enforces the decisions of the Central Executive Committee, oversees the current work of the departments of the Central Executive Committee, and also makes decisions in the event that the convocation of the Central Executive Committee is impossible and the urgency of a decision is required. The number of members of the Presidium is equal to 1/10 of all members of the Central Executive Committee.

Meetings of the Presidium take place daily and are legal if at least half of the members of the Presidium are present.

The Presidium presents current reports on its activities daily to a meeting of the Central Executive Committee in its narrow composition.

III. Departments of the Central Executive Committee

6) For the organization and conduct of all its work, the Central Executive Committee organizes departments, which are the working bodies of the Central Executive Committee. The departments under the leadership of the Presidium carry out all the current work of the Central Executive Committee, prepare materials for decisions of the Presidium and meetings of the Central Executive Committee and give their conclusions on issues arising in the process of work of the Presidium and the Central Executive Committee.

7) At the head of the department, commissions are the governing bodies that direct and unite all the work of the departments.

Members of the commissions are nominated by the Presidium and approved by the Central Executive Committee. The Commission is granted the right of co-optation within no more than one third of the number of members recruited by the Commission. Heads of departments are elected by commissions. Members of the commissions, when discussing issues related to their departments in the Presidium, have the right to participate in meetings of the Presidium with the right of an advisory vote.

8) Within the limits of their activities, the departments of the Central Executive Committee are autonomous. Once a week, the departments are required to submit reports on their work to the Presidium. The Presidium has the right to "veto" all decisions of the departments. In case of disagreement between the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee and the departments, the disputed issues are transferred to the consideration of the Central Executive Committee in its narrow composition.

9) First of all, the following departments are organized under the Central Executive Committee: 1) the secretariat, 2) for the fight against counter-revolution, 3) for the preparation for the Constituent Assembly, 4) for local government, 5) literary and publishing, 6) agitation, 7) nonresident, 8) automobile, 9) financial, 10) edition, 11) printing house, 12) international.

10) The departments draw up their estimates and must submit them for approval by the Central Executive Committee in its narrow composition.

IV. Financial situation

members of the Central Executive Committee

11) All members receive maintenance in the amount of the subsistence minimum, which, according to the decisions of the Central Executive Committee of the first composition, is set at 400 rubles. per month. On business trips, members of the Central Executive Committee receive a daily allowance of ten rubles per day.

1) Members of the Central Executive Committee who have a permanent salary, are in the state, public, private service or receive salaries from workers' organizations do not receive salaries from the Central Executive Committee. If the salary of a member of the Central Executive Committee is lower than the established salary, then he receives the difference between the subsistence minimum received and established by the Central Executive Committee.

2) Payment of 400 rubles. considered as a living wage and set temporarily for 1 month.

1) Each member of the Central Executive Committee, who has retired for a while, is replaced before his return by a candidate presented by a faction on the candidate list.

2) Each candidate enjoys only then a decisive vote at meetings of the Central Executive Committee, if an application is made to the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee on substitution from the Bureau for faction, indicating who exactly replaces whom, and is approved at a meeting of the Central Executive Committee.

3) Candidates enjoy an advisory vote at meetings of the Central Executive Committee.

4) The number of candidates can be no more than half of the number of members of the faction.

Decree on the abolition of estates and civil ranks

Art. 1. All estates and class divisions of citizens that have existed until now in Russia, class privileges and restrictions, class organizations and institutions, as well as all civil ranks, are abolished.

Art. 2. All titles (nobleman, merchant, petty bourgeois, peasant, etc.), titles (princely, county, etc.) and names of civil ranks (secret, state and other councilors) are destroyed and one name of citizens common for the entire population of Russia is established Of the Russian Republic.

Art. 3. The property of the noble estate institutions shall be immediately transferred to the respective zemstvo self-governments.

Art. 4. The property of merchant and bourgeois societies shall be immediately at the disposal of the respective city municipalities.

Art. 5. All estates, affairs, industries and archives are immediately transferred to the jurisdiction of the respective city and zemstvo self-governments.

Art. 6. All relevant articles of the laws in force until now are canceled.

Art. 7. This decree comes into force on the day of its publication and is immediately carried out by the local Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.

This decree was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies at a meeting on November 10, 1917.

Signed by:

Head of the Council of People's Commissars V. Bonch-Bruevich.

Secretary of the Council N. Gorbunov.

Court decree

The Council of People's Commissars decides:

1) To abolish the hitherto existing general judicial regulations, such as: district courts, judicial chambers and the Governing Senate with all departments, military and maritime courts of all names, as well as commercial courts, replacing all these regulations with courts formed on the basis of democratic elections.

A special decree will be issued on the procedure for the further direction and movement of unfinished business.

2) To suspend the operation of the institution of justices of the peace, existing until now, replacing justices of the peace, elected hitherto by indirect elections, by local courts in the person of a permanent local judge and two regular assessors invited to each session according to special lists of regular judges. Local judges are henceforth elected on the basis of direct democratic elections, and until such elections are called temporarily - by district and volost, and where there are none, by district, city and provincial Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.

The same Councils draw up lists of regular assessors and determine the turn of their attendance at the session.

Former justices of the peace are not deprived of the right, upon expressing their consent, to be elected to local judges both temporarily by the Soviets and finally in democratic elections.

Local courts decide all civil cases at a cost of up to 3,000 rubles, and criminal cases if the accused is threatened with a punishment of not more than 2 years in prison and if the civil action does not exceed 3,000 rubles. The verdicts and decisions of local courts are final and not subject to appeal. In cases for which a monetary penalty of more than 100 rubles was awarded. or imprisonment for more than 7 days, a request for cassation is allowed. The cassation instance is the county, and in the capitals - the metropolitan congress of local judges.

To resolve criminal cases at the fronts, local courts are elected by the same procedure by regimental councils, and where they do not exist, by regimental committees.

A special decree will be issued on legal proceedings in other cases.

3) Abolish the hitherto existing institutions of judicial investigators, prosecutorial supervision, as well as the institutions of the jury and the private legal profession.

Pending the transformation of the entire procedure for legal proceedings, the preliminary investigation in criminal cases is vested in local judges alone, and their orders on personal detention and on bringing them to trial must be confirmed by a decision of the entire local court.

In the role of prosecutors and defenders, admitted at the stage of preliminary investigation, and in civil cases - as attorneys, all non-discredited citizens of both sexes who enjoy civil rights are allowed.

4) For the adoption and further direction of cases and proceedings, both judicial decisions and ranks of preliminary investigation and prosecutor's supervision, as well as councils of attorneys at law, the corresponding local Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies elect special commissars who take over the archives and property of these institutions.

All the lower and clerical ranks of the abolished institutions are ordered to remain in their places and, under the general leadership of the commissars, to carry out all necessary work in the direction of unfinished business, as well as to give information on the state of their affairs to interested parties on the appointed days.

5) Local courts decide cases in the name of the Russian Republic and are guided in their decisions and sentences by the laws of the overthrown governments only insofar as they are not abolished by the revolution and do not contradict the revolutionary conscience and revolutionary legal consciousness.

Note. All laws that contradict the decrees of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies and the Workers' and Peasants' Government, as well as the minimum programs of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and the Socialist Revolutionary Party are recognized as canceled.

6) In all controversial civil, as well as private criminal cases, the parties may apply to the arbitration court. The procedure for the arbitration court will be determined by a special decree.

7) The right to pardon and restore the rights of persons convicted in criminal cases henceforth belongs to the judiciary.

8) To fight against counter-revolutionary forces in the form of taking measures to protect the revolution and its conquests from them, as well as to resolve cases of combating looting and predation, sabotage and other abuses of merchants, industrialists, officials and other persons, workers and peasants' revolutionary tribunals are established consisting of one chairman and six regular assessors elected by the provincial or city Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.

For the conduct of preliminary investigation on these cases, special commissions of inquiry are formed under the same Soviets.

All commissions of inquiry that have existed until now are canceled, with the transfer of their cases and proceedings to the commissions of inquiry newly organized under the Soviets.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. Ulyanov (Lenin).

Commissioners: A. Schlichter. A. Shlyapnikov. I. Dzhugashvili (Stalin). N. Avilov (N. Glebov). P.Stuchka.

1) The Supreme Council of the National Economy is established under the Council of People's Commissars.

2) The task of the Supreme Council of the National Economy is to organize the national economy and state finances. For this purpose, the Supreme Council of the National Economy works out general norms and a plan for regulating the country's economic life, coordinates and integrates the activities of central and local regulatory institutions (meetings on fuel, metal, transport, the central food committee, etc.), the corresponding people's commissariats (trade and industry, food, agriculture, finance, naval etc.), the All-Russian Council of Workers' Control, as well as the corresponding activities of factory and professional organizations of the working class.

3) The Supreme Council of the National Economy is granted the right to confiscate, requisition, sequestration, compulsory syndication of various industries and trade and other activities in the field of production, distribution and public finance.

4) All existing institutions for the regulation of the economy are subordinate to the Supreme Council of the National Economy, which is given the right to reform them.

5) The Supreme Council of the National Economy is formed: a) from the All-Russian Council of Workers' Control, the composition of which was determined by a decree of November 14, 1917; b) from representatives from all people's commissariats; c) from knowledgeable persons invited with an advisory voice.

6) The Supreme Council of the National Economy is divided into sections and departments (for fuel, metal, demobilization, finance, etc.), and the number and scope of these departments and sections is determined by the general meeting of the Supreme Council of the National Economy.

7) Departments of the Supreme Council of the National Economy are working to regulate individual areas of national economic life, and also prepare the measures of the corresponding people's commissariats.

8) The Supreme Council of the National Economy allocates from its midst a bureau consisting of 15 people to coordinate the current work of sections and departments and to carry out tasks requiring immediate resolution.

9) All bills and major events related to the regulation of the national economy as a whole are submitted to the Council of People's Commissars through the Supreme Council of the National Economy.

10) The Supreme Council of the National Economy unites and directs the work of the local economic departments of the Soviets of Workers ', Soldiers' and Peasants 'Deputies, which include local workers' control bodies, as well as local commissars of labor, trade and industry, foodstuffs, etc.

In the absence of appropriate economic departments, the Supreme Council of the National Economy forms its own local bodies.

For the economic departments of local Soviets, which are local bodies of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, all decisions of the Supreme Council of the National Economy are binding.

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee J. Sverdlov.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vl. Ulyanov (Lenin).

People's Commissars: I. Stalin. N. Avilov (N. Glebov).

Head of the Council of People's Commissars Vl Bonch-Bruevich.

Secretary N. Gorbunov

Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the nationalization of banks

In the interests of the correct organization of the national economy, in the interests of the decisive eradication of banking speculation and the all-round liberation of workers, peasants and the entire working population from exploitation by banking capital, and in order to form a single national bank of the Russian Republic that truly serves the interests of the people and the poorest classes, the Central Executive Committee decides:

1) Banking is declared a state monopoly.

2) All currently existing private joint-stock banks and banking offices are merged with the State Bank.

3) The assets and liabilities of the liquidated enterprises are taken over by the State Bank.

4) The procedure for the merger of private banks with the State Bank is determined by a special decree.

5) The interim management of private banks is transferred to the Council of the State Bank.

6) The interests of small investors will be fully secured.

Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly

The Russian revolution, from the very beginning, put forward the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies as a mass organization of all working people and exploited classes, the only one capable of leading the struggle of these classes for their complete political and economic emancipation.

During the entire first period of the Russian revolution, the Soviets multiplied, grew and strengthened, becoming obsolete own experience the illusion of compromise with the bourgeoisie, the deceitfulness of the forms of bourgeois-democratic parliamentarism, practically coming to the conclusion that it is impossible to liberate the oppressed classes without breaking with these forms and with all conciliation. Such a break was the October Revolution, the transfer of all power into the hands of the Soviets.

The Constituent Assembly, elected from the lists drawn up before the October Revolution, was an expression of the old correlation of political forces, when the Compromisers and the Cadets were in power.

The people could not then, voting for the candidates of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, make a choice between the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, supporters of the bourgeoisie, and the Left, supporters of socialism. Thus, this Constituent Assembly, which was supposed to be the crown of the bourgeois parliamentary republic, could not but stand in the way of the October Revolution and Soviet power. The October Revolution, having given power to the Soviets and through the Soviets to the working and exploited classes, evoked desperate resistance from the exploiters and in the suppression of this resistance fully revealed itself as the beginning of the socialist revolution.

The working classes had to be convinced by experience that the old bourgeois parliamentarism outlived itself, that it is completely incompatible with the tasks of realizing socialism, that not national, but only class institutions (such as the Soviets) are able to defeat the resistance of the possessing classes and lay the foundations of a socialist society.

Any refusal from the full power of the Soviets, from the Soviet Republic conquered by the people in favor of bourgeois parliamentarism and the Constituent Assembly would now be a step backward and a collapse

The Constituent Assembly, which was opened on January 5, gave, due to circumstances known to all, the majority of the party of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, the parties of Kerensky, Avksentiev and Chernov. Naturally, this party refused to accept for discussion the absolutely precise, clear proposal of the supreme body of Soviet power, the Central Executive Committee of Soviets, which did not allow any misinterpretation, to recognize the program of Soviet power, to recognize the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", to recognize the October Revolution and Soviet power. Thus, the Constituent Assembly severed all ties between itself and the Soviet Republic of Russia. The departure from such a Constituent Assembly of the Bolshevik and Left Socialist-Revolutionary factions, which now constitute an admittedly overwhelming majority in the Soviets and enjoy the confidence of the workers and the majority of peasants, was inevitable.

And outside the walls of the Constituent Assembly, the parties of the majority of the Constituent Assembly, the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, are waging an open struggle against Soviet power, calling in their bodies to overthrow it, thereby objectively supporting the resistance of the exploiters to the transfer of land and factories into the hands of the working people.

It is clear that the rest of the Constituent Assembly can therefore play the role of only covering up the struggle of the bourgeois counter-revolution for the overthrow of the power of the Soviets.

Therefore, the Central Executive Committee decides:

The Constituent Assembly is dissolved.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the organization of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army

The old army served as an instrument of the class oppression of the working people by the bourgeoisie. With the transfer of power to the working and exploited classes, it became necessary to create a new army, which will be the bulwark of Soviet power in the present, the foundation for replacing the standing army with nationwide armaments in the near future and will serve as support for the coming socialist revolution in Europe.

In view of this, the Council of People's Commissars decides: to organize a new army called the "Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army" on the following grounds:

1) The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army is being formed from the most class-conscious and organized elements of the working masses.

2) Access to its ranks is open to all citizens of the Russian Republic at least 18 years old. Everyone who is ready to give his strength, his life to defend the gains of the October Revolution, the power of the Soviets and socialism, enters the Red Army. To join the ranks of the Red Army, recommendations are required: military committees or public democratic organizations standing on the platform of Soviet power, party or professional organizations, or at least two members of these organizations. When joining in whole parts, a mutual guarantee of all and a roll-call vote are required.

1) The soldiers of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army are on full state allowance and, in addition, receive 50 rubles. per month.

2) The disabled members of the families of the soldiers of the Red Army, who were previously dependent on them, are provided with everything necessary according to local consumption standards, in accordance with the decrees of local bodies of Soviet power.

The supreme governing body of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army is the Council of People's Commissars. Direct command and control of the army is concentrated in the Commissariat for Military Affairs, in the special All-Russian Collegium created under it.

Supreme Commander-in-Chief N. Krylenko People's Commissars for Military and Naval Affairs: Dybenko and Podvoisky

People's Commissars: Proshyan, Zatonsky and Steinberg

Head of the Council of People's Commissars Vl. Bonch-Bruevich

Secretary of the Council of People's Commissars N. Gorbunov

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on freedom of conscience, church and religious societies

1. The church is separated from the state.

2. Within the Republic, it is prohibited to issue any local laws or regulations that would restrict or restrict freedom of conscience, or establish any advantages or privileges on the basis of the religious affiliation of citizens.

3. Every citizen can profess any religion or not profess any. All rights of law associated with the confession of any kind of faith or non-confession of any faith are canceled.

Note. From all official acts, any indication of religious affiliation and non-affiliation of citizens is removed.

4. Actions of state and other public law public institutions are not accompanied by any religious rites or ceremonies.

5. The free performance of religious rites is ensured insofar as they do not violate public order and are not accompanied by an encroachment on the rights of citizens of the Soviet Republic.

Local authorities have the right to take all necessary measures to ensure public order and security in these cases.

6. No one can, referring to their religious beliefs, evade the execution of their civic duties.

Exceptions to this provision, subject to the replacement of one civil obligation by another, are permitted in each individual case by decision of the People's Court.

7. A religious oath or oath is canceled. V necessary cases only a solemn promise is given.

8. Acts of civil status are carried out exclusively by civil authorities: departments of registration of marriages and births.

9. The school is separated from the church.

The teaching of religious beliefs in all public and public as well as private educational institutions where general education subjects are taught is not allowed.

Citizens can teach and study religion privately.

10. All ecclesiastical and religious societies are subject to the general provisions on private societies and unions and do not use any-

neither advantages, nor subsidies from the state, nor from its local autonomous and self-governing institutions.

11. Compulsory penalties levies and levies in favor of ecclesiastical or religious societies, as well as measures of coercion or punishment on the part of these societies over their members, are not allowed.

12. No ecclesiastical or religious society has the right to own property. They do not have the rights of a legal entity.

13. All property of ecclesiastical and religious societies existing in Russia shall be declared national property.

Buildings and objects intended specifically for liturgical purposes are given, according to special decrees of local or central state authorities, for the free use of the respective religious societies.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. Ulyanov (Lenin)

People's Commissars: N. Podvoisky, V. Algasov, V. Trutovsky, A. Schlikhter, P. Proshyan, V. Menzhinsky, A. Shlyapnikov, G. Petrovsky

Business manager Vl. Bonch-Bruevich

Secretary N. Gorbunov

SNK decree on the red terror

The Council of People's Commissars, having heard the report of the chairman of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution, speculation and ex officio crime on the activities of this commission, finds that in this situation, providing the rear by terror is a direct necessity; that in order to strengthen the activities of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the fight against counter-revolution, speculation and crime ex officio and to make it more systematic, it is necessary to send there as many responsible party comrades as possible; that it is necessary to secure the Soviet Republic from class enemies by isolating them in concentration camps; that all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and revolts are to be shot; that it is necessary to publish the names of all those executed, as well as the grounds for applying this measure to them.

People's Commissar of Justice D. Kurskiy

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs G. Petrovsky

Administrator of the Council of People's Commissars

Vl. Bonch-Bruevich Secretary L. Fotieva

Literature:

Milyukov P.N. Memories, in 2 vols. M., 1990
October Revolution: Memoirs... (Revolution and civil war in the description of the White Guards). M., 1991
Sukhanov N.N. Notes on the Revolution, in 3 vols. M., 1991
Kerensky A.F. Russia at a historic turn... Memoirs. M., 1993

Russia between two revolutions. Dual power

After the overthrow of the autocracy in the course of the February Revolution, a dual power was established in the country. Official power belonged to The interim government(Prince G. Lvov, P. Milyukov, A. Guchkov, A. Konovalov, M. Tereshchenko, A. Kerensky). Under the Provisional Government, a Legal Meeting was created to monitor the legality of the measures being taken. The imperial state apparatus was partially reorganized, and some ministries were destroyed. In the course of crises, the Provisional Government changed its composition and leadership several times. In 1917 the government was headed by A. Kerensky.

Locally, power was divided between the bodies that arose at the initiative of the Provisional Government and the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, created during the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. and intensified again during the February Revolution of 1917. The most important of them was Petrograd Soviet and its Executive Committee. A few months before the October Revolution of 1917, the number of local Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies increased from 600 to 1429. Most of them belonged to the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. In May 1917, the first All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies was held, at which the policy of the Provisional Government was approved and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) was elected.

In the first months of the revolution, the tsarist administration was replaced by provincial, city and district commissariats of the Provisional Government. On the initiative of the Provisional Government, elective temporary committees of public organizations (city and zemstvo self-government) were created. Since April, regional self-government bodies (councils and councils) have been established in large cities. In factories and factories, on the initiative of the Soviets, there were factory committees (factory committees), which elected management from the workers and dealt with issues of rationing the working day and wages, introducing an 8-hour working day, creating a workers' militia, etc. In Petrograd, at the beginning of the summer of 1917, the Central Council of Factory Committees of Petrograd was elected.

Policy of the Provisional Government

Transformative activities were aimed at meeting democratic requirements, an attempt to resolve the national question and some socio-economic transformations.

The first steps were the implementation of a number of democratic transformation. On March 3, 1917, the Declaration on civil liberties, amnesty for political prisoners, on the abolition of national and religious restrictions, freedom of assembly, the abolition of censorship, gendarmerie, hard labor, etc. was adopted. Instead of the police, a militia was created. By a decree of March 12, 1917, the government abolished the death penalty, and also established military revolutionary courts. The army abolished the courts-martial, created the institutes of commissars to control the activities of officers, dismissed about 150 top commanders in the reserve.

V national question The provisional government was forced to make some concessions to the national borderlands and grant them self-determination. On March 7, 1917, the autonomy of Finland was restored, but the Sejm of Finland was dissolved. In March-July, a struggle unfolded over the granting of autonomy to Ukraine. On June 10, 1917, the Central Rada (formed on March 4, 1917 in Kiev from representatives of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Federalists, the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party, and the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries) proclaimed the autonomy of Ukraine. The Provisional Government was forced to recognize this step and adopt the Declaration on the Autonomy of Ukraine (July 2, 1917).

Socio-economic problems were hardly touched upon. In the solution of the land question, a struggle unfolded. Most parties agreed that the land should go into the hands of the peasants, but the Provisional Government insisted on the prohibition of the seizure of landowners' lands. In March-April 1917, the Provisional Government established land committees to develop agrarian reform. Acts were issued against the unauthorized seizure of landowners' lands, which acquired significant proportions throughout the country. However, these steps did not lead to any significant changes. The agrarian reform, like other fundamental socio-economic reforms, was postponed until the election of the Constituent Assembly.

The provisional government tried to solve food issue and lead the country out of the food crisis that arose back in 1915. To overcome the crisis, food committees were created at the beginning of March 1917, and on March 25, a food rationing system and a grain monopoly were introduced: all bread was to be sold at fixed prices to the state. However, these measures did not normalize the supply, and the lack of bread led to the fact that the government was forced to double the price of bread, but this did not help either. Of the 3502.8 million poods of grain collected in 1917, the state received only 280 million poods from the appropriation.

Has not been resolved the task of Russia's withdrawal from the war. A huge increase in expenses due to Russia's participation in the First World War, a difficult situation in the industry, which could not cope with the tasks set due to a shortage of raw materials, the collapse of the structure and the dispersal of the administration, an increase in indirect taxes, a depreciation of the ruble due to the release of unsecured paper money led to a severe economic and then political crisis.

Crises of the Provisional Government

First - April crisis(April 18, 1917) - was caused by the statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs P. Milyukov about the nationwide desire to bring the world war to victory. This triggered an anti-war demonstration in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. The Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District, General L. Kornilov, ordered to send troops against the demonstrators, but the officers and soldiers refused to carry out this order. In this situation, the Bolsheviks began to gain more and more influence, especially in the factory committees, trade unions and Soviets. The Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, accusing the Bolsheviks of a conspiracy, sought to ban the anti-war demonstrations organized by the Bolsheviks. The Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, seeking to defuse the situation, demanded an explanation from the Provisional Government, which led to the resignation of P. Milyukov and a change in the composition of the government. But, despite these steps, it was not possible to stabilize the situation.

The failure of the offensive of the Russian army (June-July 1917) on the fronts caused July crisis. The Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), deciding to take advantage of the situation, proclaimed the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" and began preparations for a mass demonstration to force the Provisional Government to transfer power to the Soviets. On July 3, 1917, demonstrations and meetings began in Petrograd. Armed clashes broke out between demonstrators and supporters of the Provisional Government, during which more than 700 people were killed and injured. The Provisional Government accused the Bolsheviks of high treason. On July 7, an order was issued to arrest the Bolshevik leaders - V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, L. Kamenev and others. Under pressure from the cadets, on July 12, 1917, the death penalty was reinstated. On July 19, General L. Kornilov was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief instead of General A. Brusilov. On July 24, 1917, a reshuffle took place in the Provisional Coalition Government.

Third crisis was associated with a military action and an attempted military coup under the command of L. Kornilov. General L. Kornilov, a hard-line supporter, developed requirements for the Provisional Government (prohibit rallies in the army, extend the death penalty to the rear, create concentration camps for defiant soldiers, declare martial law on the railways, etc.). The demands became known to the Bolsheviks, who began preparations for the removal of Kornilov. The rest of the parties (monarchists, cadets and octobrists) came out in support of him. In such conditions, the Provisional Government tried to use Kornilov to eliminate the Soviets. Upon learning of this, the Bolsheviks began preparations for an armed uprising.

However, the general had his own plans. After Kornilov put forward the demands, they transferred to him all the full power and the dissolution of the Provisional Government, A. Kerensky demanded that the general surrender the powers of the commander-in-chief. Kornilov refused to obey and accused the Provisional Government of collusion with the German command and tried to send troops to Petersburg. After that, the government declared the general a rebel. On September 1, Kornilov was arrested, and Kerensky took over as commander-in-chief. Thus, the Provisional Government managed to avoid such an alternative as the military dictatorship of Kornilov. Instead of the discredited Provisional Government, the Directory was created, which proclaimed Russia a republic.

October Revolution of 1917

Unresolved major problems, passivity of reform activities, political crises, ministerial leapfrog led to a fall in the authority of the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, who advocated more radical reforms, became an alternative to him.

In the conditions of constantly arising government crises, the Bolsheviks, who carried out anti-government and anti-war agitation, were opposition to the new regime. Supporters of the Bolsheviks advocated the transfer of power to the Soviets. V. Lenin demanded that the members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), the Moscow and Petrograd committees of the Bolshevik Party immediately start an armed uprising. This provoked the government - trying to get ahead of the action of the Bolsheviks, Kerensky began to draw troops to Petrograd. The Executive Committee headed by L. Trotsky and the Presidium of the Petrograd Soviet (13 Bolsheviks, 6 Social Revolutionaries and 7 Mensheviks) supported Lenin's course of armed uprising.

To lead the uprising, a Politburo was created, which included V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, I. Stalin, A. Bubnov, G. Zinoviev, L. Kamenev (the latter two denied the need for an uprising). On October 12, the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (VRK) was created to develop a plan for the uprising, it included F. Dzerzhinsky, J. Sverdlov, I. Stalin, and others. Preparation began with the appointment of Bolshevik commissars in military units and at a number of important facilities. Campaigning was intensified and measures were taken to discredit the government. In response, the government issued an order to defeat the Bolshevik printing houses that printed leaflets and to arrest members of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. Confrontation erupted again between the supporters of the Bolsheviks and Kerensky. On October 24, an armed uprising began. Drawbridges across the Neva, Nikolaevsky railway station, Central Telegraph, State Bank were captured, Pavlovskoe, Vladimirskoe infantry and other military schools were blocked. On the night of October 25-26, 1917, an ultimatum was presented to the Provisional Government, after its rejection, the storming of the Winter Palace began, the signal for which was the volley of guns of the cruiser "Aurora". The provisional government was overthrown.

At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Mensheviks and Right Social Revolutionaries condemned the actions of the Bolsheviks and proposed a peaceful settlement of the situation, but without finding support, they left the congress. The Bolsheviks and Left SRs who remained at the congress were received decrees. The congress adopted the Decree on Power, an appeal written by V. Lenin "To the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants", which announced the transfer of power to the Second Congress of Soviets, and locally to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. On October 26, the congress adopted the Decree on Peace without Annexations and Indemnities. The Decree on Land adopted at the Congress proclaimed the abolition of private ownership of land, the confiscation of landlord lands, and its redistribution among the peasants with the help of local peasant committees and district councils of peasant deputies.

A temporary government body was created at the congress - Council of People's Commissars(SNK), which was supposed to act before the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The composition of the SNK was completely Bolshevik, since the Left SRs refused to participate in it, believing that the government should be multi-party and coalition. As a result, the Council of People's Commissars included: Chairman ~ V. Lenin (Ulyanov), People's Commissars: A. Lunacharsky, I. Teodorovich, N. Avilov (Glebov) I. Stalin (Dzhugashvili), V. Antonov (Ovseenko) and others. the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which included the Bolsheviks, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks. L. Kamenev was elected Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and on November 8, 1917, after his resignation, Ya. Sverdlov became chairman.

Results and significance

The October Revolution was a natural stage, prepared by many preconditions. The first alternative, the military dictatorship of Kornilov, was destroyed by the Provisional Government, which did not want to allow the restoration of the monarchy or the rule of one leader. The second alternative, represented by slow democratic development within the framework of the policy of the Provisional Government, was impossible due to its failure to fulfill the most important requirements and tasks (exit from the war, exit from their economic and political crisis, solution of land and food issues). The victory of the Bolsheviks was facilitated by such factors as skillfully organized agitation, their policy of discrediting the Provisional Government, the radicalization of the masses, the growth of the Bolsheviks' authority, which allowed them to use the most favorable situation to seize power. The bulk of the population supported the new government, since the first steps were the announcement of the immediate transfer of land for use by the peasants, the end of the war and the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.

Oct Revolution 2 (wikipedia)

October Revolution(full official name in the USSR - Great October Socialist Revolution, other names: October coup, Bolshevik coup, third Russian revolution) - one of the largest political events of the XX century, which influenced its further course, which took place in Of Russia in October 1917 year... As a result of the October Revolution, it was overthrown Provisional government, and a government formed II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the vast majority of whose delegates were Bolsheviks ( Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)) and their allies Left SRs, also supported by some national organizations, a small part Mensheviks-internationalists, and some anarchists... In November 1917, the new government was also supported by a majority of the Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Deputies.

The provisional government was overthrown during an armed uprising on October 25-26 ( 7 - 8 november in a new style), the main organizers of which were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya.M. Sverdlov and others. Direct leadership of the uprising was carried out Military Revolutionary Committee Petrograd Soviet which also included Left SRs.

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