Temperature schedule for the boiler room for non-residential premises. Calculation and construction of a temperature schedule for regulating the heat load on heating

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How the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside temperature

The coolant temperature is directly dependent on the outside temperature. You should pay attention to this fact. Weather conditions are directly taken into account when determining the required heating parameters.

In Russia, water-based heating systems are most often used. However, the temperature of the water that flows through the batteries directly depends on the weather conditions. Therefore, when it is cold outside, heat supply companies are obliged to increase temperature regime, and when it is warm, on the contrary, weaken.

The schedule according to which the temperature of the water supplied to the house is calculated is approved at the legislative level. It directly reflects the indicators at which the resource should be heated more intensively or weaker.

The schedule has been developed based on the approved room temperature standards. Therefore, if the house is cold and the batteries do not heat, it is the fault of the service provider. You can safely deal with the measurement of heat and drawing up an act.

Heating stations do not calculate anything on their own. They have no right to assert their own norms. All indicators are approved by the government of the Russian Federation in agreement with SanPiN. It is based on statistical data for the past ten years. When drawing up the schedule, the highest and lowest thermometer mark for this period was taken into account.

However, such rules allow heating companies to save on heating, since the highest temperature indicators are not so common.

ATTENTION! Look at the completed sample application in the Criminal Code for measuring the temperature in the apartment:

Heating temperature graph

The thermal level of the water supplied for space heating must be at a government-approved level. To calculate the indicators, you do not need to resort to technical services. At the legislative level, everything has been calculated long ago.

It remains only to maintain the required temperature regime at the inlet, outlet and in the heating system itself. However, in order to maintain a balance, it is required to have special knowledge that will help determine the intensity of water heating in order to increase, decrease its temperature.

Please note! In each region, heat supply companies are required to independently adjust the equipment so that it produces water at the required temperature. This is due to the unique climatic conditions in different settlements.

For example, in the south of the country, external indicators never exceed -30 C, so they do not need to introduce increased equipment operation.

In the room, in accordance with the approved rules, the temperature should not be lower than + 20C ... + 22C. Such standards are considered optimal for living and spending time in an apartment.

The approved schedule contains information about the permitted water temperature:

• when leaving the heat supply station (boiler room);
• while in the heating system;
• when leaving the heating system, for example, when drawing from a tap directly in a heated apartment.

Each heat supply station must be equipped with special means that help maintain maximum and minimum performance.

However, depending on the size of the installation:

• large CHP plants are required to equip the plant with devices that produce water with a maximum temperature of 105 ° C to 130 ° C. The minimum indicator is at 70 ° C;
• small stations, boiler rooms are equipped with devices that produce water with a maximum temperature of 95 ° C to 105 ° C. The minimum indicator remains unchanged.

However, in some regions, the maximum rates increase due to a decrease in the average daily air temperature outside.

Previously, before 1991, the responsibility for scheduling was assigned to the local administration. Every year in the autumn-winter period they were engaged in calculations. On the basis of their heating companies supplied heat to the house.

This is not to say that this method helped to find the optimal result. It was cold in some houses during the winter. However, this made it possible to optimize the temperature regime in many rooms. The majority of the population received the most comfortable living conditions.

Unfortunately, these calculation methods have been abolished. The rules were introduced to simplify the payment system. However, this has resulted in a deteriorated supply of services. It seems that the heating company does not violate the law, but the house is still cold all winter long.

The introduction of new rules led to a reduction in the costs of thermal stations, and not to providing the population with sufficient heat.

Numerous complaints about utilities from ordinary people did not go unnoticed. In 2010, the schedule of thermal indicators was again put into effect. It is regulated by Federal Law No. 190 of July 27, 2010 "On Heat Supply". Now the warmth in the house has been restored again.

The new graph is based on averaged temperature readings over the past ten years. The following were taken into account: the highest and the lowest mark of the thermometer in winter.

Attention! Our qualified lawyers will assist you free of charge and around the clock on any questions.

Reasons for using a temperature chart

For the boiler house of a thermal power plant, a special schedule is being developed, on the basis of which it works. They serve residential apartment buildings, cottages, apartments, administrative buildings, municipalities and other premises.

The schedule makes it possible to prepare thermal stations for the heating season. With it, a drop in temperature is not scary for the population. In addition, it allows you to save thermal energy when the room can be heated in reduced mode.

To get a recalculation for the provided low-quality services for supplying the premises with heat, it is necessary to equip centralized networks with a special sensor of heat transfer, heat exchange, heat measurement. Without it, it makes no sense to make a claim to the supplier.

The user will not be able to prove his innocence, since violations are often hidden in the house itself, for example, poor insulation.

Some developers are deliberately raising prices for properties under construction due to the fact that they equip houses with new expensive energy-efficient heating systems that save heat and save on bills. utilities.

To maintain warmth in the house, walls, floor, and ceiling should be well insulated. Fortunately, now on the construction market there are many materials that allow you to insulate a room.

ATTENTION ! Look at the completed sample application for recalculation of payments for heating:

main parameters

The main indicator is the temperature of the water in the heating system. It is he who determines the efficiency of heating the room. The hotter the water, the warmer it is in the house.

In addition to the temperature when heating the house, other factors should be taken into account that directly affect the level of heat in the apartment.

These include the level of fluid viscosity, the rate of distribution of water, and the volume of heat expansion. It should be noted that the second indicator is at least 20 cm per second. That is, in 1 second, the water moves 20 cm.

When creating a heating system and choosing equipment, the following important factors must be considered:

• how long does it take for warm water to reach its peak, and at what speed it moves along the main network;
• the water is necessarily purified. It is tested for the absence of metal corrosion properties;
• the viscosity of water is low. Only in this case, the liquid will be able to develop the speed set by the standards;
• the water is completely safe, free of impurities and toxic, toxic substances;
• the liquid is non-flammable. The flammability property in it is at zero.

Heating equipment is expensive, but mini-stations are often purchased cheap counterparts of expensive devices. But any purchase must not necessarily show incorrect results and deliver heat to people of a lower quality.

More expensive devices use for a long time. They do not require replacement and are used as a priority in the construction of luxury real estate.

The air temperature in the house depends not only on the intensity of heating, but also on the degree of insulation of the room, its insulation.

Watch the video. How to operate the boiler, according to the coolant temperature or air temperature:

Additional data

Several important factors affect the water temperature in a centralized heating system.

These include:

• a decrease in the air temperature outside, as a result of which it becomes colder in the house;
• the wind - the stronger it is, the colder it becomes in the room;
• insulation of the room, for example, if you change the double-glazed windows to new ones, you can increase the air temperature in the apartment by several degrees.

Remember! Building codes are constantly changing. According to the latest adopted amendments, it is necessary to insulate not only the residential sector of apartment buildings, but also basements, an attic, and a roof. After concrete isolation of the entire structure as a whole, positive results can be achieved.

Of course, the cost of insulating the entire house is large. But all this will soon pay off. Many developers pay attention to this. That is why in recent times it is customary to equip the dwelling with additional means of isolation.

Apartment owners will appreciate the advantages of the thermal insulation system. The cost of utilities is growing every year, and people do not want to pay for the constant cold in their apartment.

Heating device temperature

There is an ideal temperature indicator heating appliances... It is set at 90/70 ° C. However, such ratios are very difficult to achieve. To implement them, you should observe different temperature conditions in one apartment.

For example, in the bathroom - + 25 ° C, in the bedroom - + 20 ° C, in the kitchen and other rooms - + 18 ° C. Often in a single dwelling, the same temperature regime is observed.

At the legislative level, the norms for heat in the premises are established:

• for children, for example, in kindergartens - + 18 ... + 23 ° C;
• in schools, universities, colleges and the like - + 21 ° C;
• in cultural establishments, for example, in clubs, restaurants - + 16 ... + 21 ° C.

Temperature indicators are set for all types of premises. They directly depend on the actions performed in them. The more people appear in the room, the more movements are made in them, the lower the temperature indicator. In gyms, fitness clubs, it is customary to observe + 18 ° C.

Indoor air temperature

Please note! At the legislative level, factors have been established that determine the temperature indicators of equipment for heating houses.

These include:

• the indicator of the mercury column on the street;
• allowed temperature drops;
• how water is supplied to the system (bottom, top supply);
• type of equipment intended for heating.

The temperature of the water to be supplied is directly influenced by the outdoor weather. The colder, the hotter the water is supplied. While it flows through the pipes, it cools down. On the reverse, its indicator decreases. However, this indicator is also approved by regulatory legal acts.

For example, if it is 8 degrees Celsius outside, then the workers of the heat supply station are obliged to run water with a temperature not lower than + 51C ... + 52 ° C. It cools down on the way. In the heating system itself, its value is +42 .. + 45 ° C. However, after release, the permissible rate is + 34 ... + 40 ° C. Thus, for full turn heat transfer is allowed to decrease by 8 degrees.

When autumn confidently strides across the country, snow is flying beyond the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures are kept below 8 degrees, the word “heating season” sounds appropriate. People remember the past winters and try to figure out the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

The prudent owners of individual buildings carefully check the valves and nozzles of the boilers. Tenants apartment building by October 1, they are expecting, like Santa Claus, a plumber from the management company. The lord of gates and gate valves brings warmth, and with him - joy, fun and confidence in the future.

Gigacalorie path

Megalopolises sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. Outback prays at five-story buildings. Until they were demolished, the calorie supply system works in the house.

An economy class apartment building is heated through a centralized heat supply system. The pipes enter the basement of the building. The supply of the heat carrier is regulated by the inlet valves, after which the water enters the mud collectors, and from there it is distributed through the risers, and from them is supplied to the batteries and radiators that heat the dwelling.

The number of valves correlates with the number of risers. While doing renovation works in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical, and not the whole house.

The spent liquid partly goes through the return pipe, and partly is fed into the hot water supply network.

Degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a CHP or in a boiler room. The norms for the temperature of water in the heating system are spelled out in the building rules: the component must be heated to 130-150 ° C.

The flow rate is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. So, for the South Ural region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be fed into the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is theory. In fact, most of the networks operate at 95-110 ° C, since the network pipes of most settlements are worn out and high pressure will break them like a hot water bottle.

The loose concept is the norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the heat carrier. Here, the elevator unit performs an energy-saving function - a jumper between the direct and return pipes. The temperature standards of the coolant in the heating system on the return flow in winter allow the retention of heat at a level of 60 ° C.

Liquid from a straight pipe enters the nozzle of the elevator, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The temperature of the carrier is reduced by mixing in the return flow. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

Hot girl went

Temperature hot water according to sanitary rules, at the points of parsing, it should be in the range of 60-75 ° С.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - with the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - from a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° С.

A temperature schedule is drawn up. The average daily return water temperature should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Distributor parameters

One of the details of heating the dwelling is the riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the coolant temperature norm in the heating system requires heating in the riser in the winter in the range of 70-90 ° C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the CHP or boiler house. In summer, when hot water is needed only for washing and showering, the range shifts to 40-60 ° C.

Observant people may notice that the heating elements in the neighboring apartment are hotter or colder than their own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser lies in the way in which the hot water is dispensed.

In a one-pipe construction, the heat carrier can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature on the upper floors is higher than on the lower ones;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - hotter from below.

V two-pipe system the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 ° С in the forward direction and 70 ° С in the opposite direction.

Warm as a battery

Suppose that the structures of the central network are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not walk in attics, staircases and basements, the doors and windows in the apartments are insulated by conscientious owners.

Let's assume that the coolant in the riser complies with building codes. It remains to find out what is the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• the location of the apartment in the plan of the house;
• living or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important not what is the degree of the heater, but what is the degree of air in the room.

During the day, in corner rooms, the thermometer should show at least 20 ° C, and in centrally located rooms, 18 ° C is allowed.

At night in a dwelling, air is allowed at 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

The theory of linguistics

The name "battery" is a household name, meaning a number of identical items. In relation to heating a home, this is a series of heating sections.

The temperature standards of the heating batteries allow heating no higher than 90 ° C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are fenced. This does not mean that they need to be sheathed with plywood or bricked. Usually, a lattice fence is installed that does not impede air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are widespread.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

Aesthetics cast iron radiators- the talk of the town. They require periodic painting, since the rules stipulate that the work surface has smooth surface and made it easy to remove dust and dirt.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters of cast iron products are at a height:

• slightly susceptible to water corrosion, can be used for more than 45 years;
• have a high thermal power per section, therefore they are compact;
• are inert in transferring heat, therefore they smooth out temperature changes in the room well.

Another type of radiator is made of aluminum. The lightweight construction, painted at the factory, does not require painting and is easy to maintain.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the merits - corrosion in the aquatic environment. Of course, the inner surface of the heater is insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then it will begin chemical reaction with the release of hydrogen, when an excess gas pressure is created, the aluminum device may burst.

The temperature standards of heating radiators are subject to the same rules as batteries: it is not so much heating of a metal object that is important as heating the air in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from the working surface of the heating structure. Therefore, it is strongly discouraged to enhance the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Staircase heating

Since we are talking about an apartment building, the stairwells should be mentioned. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system read: the degree measure on the sites should not fall below 12 ° C.

Of course, the discipline of residents requires tightly closing the doors of the entrance group, not leaving the transom of staircase windows open, keeping the glass intact and promptly reporting any malfunctions to the management company. If the Criminal Code does not take timely measures to insulate the points of probable heat loss and maintain the temperature regime in the house, an application for recalculating the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

The replacement of existing heating devices in the apartment is carried out with the obligatory agreement with the management company. Unauthorized changes in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

The heating season will begin, a change in the temperature regime in other apartments and areas will be recorded. A technical inspection of the premises will reveal an unauthorized change in the types of heating devices, their number and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - court - fine.

Therefore, the situation is resolved as follows:

• if not old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same standard size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing to contact the UK for is to disconnect the riser during the repair;
• if the new products differ significantly from those established during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat metering devices

Let us recall once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with heat metering units, which record both the consumed gigacalories and the volume of water passed through the intra-house line.

In order not to be surprised by invoices containing unrealistic amounts for heat when the degrees in the apartment are below normal, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working order, whether the verification schedule has been violated.

To maintain a comfortable temperature in the house during the heating season, it is necessary to control the temperature of the coolant in the pipes of heating networks. The workers of the central heating system of residential premises are developing special temperature schedule, which depends on weather indicators, climatic characteristics of the region. The temperature graph may differ in different settlements, it can also change when modernizing heating networks.

A schedule is drawn up in the heating network for simple principle- the lower the temperature outside, the higher it should be for the coolant.

This ratio is important reason for work enterprises that provide the city with heat.

For the calculation, an indicator was applied, which is based on average daily temperature the coldest five days of the year.

ATTENTION! Compliance with the temperature regime is important not only for maintaining heat in an apartment building. It also makes it possible to make the consumption of energy resources in the heating system economical and rational.

The graph, which indicates the temperature of the coolant depending on the outside temperature, allows the most optimal way to distribute not only heat, but also hot water among the consumers of an apartment building.

How the heat in the heating system is regulated

Heat regulation in an apartment building during the heating season can be carried out in two ways:

• By changing the water flow at a certain constant temperature. This is a quantitative method.
• By changing the temperature of the coolant at a constant flow rate. This is a qualitative method.

Economical and practical is second option, in which the room temperature regime is observed regardless of the weather. The supply of sufficient heat to the apartment building will be stable, even if there is a sharp change in temperature outside.

ATTENTION!... The norm is considered to be a temperature of 20-22 degrees in an apartment. If the temperature schedules are respected, such a rate is maintained for the entire heating period, regardless of weather conditions, wind direction.

When the temperature indicator on the street decreases, data is transmitted to the boiler room and the degree of the coolant automatically increases.

The specific table of the ratio of outdoor temperature indicators and the coolant depends on factors such as climate, boiler equipment, technical and economic indicators.

Reasons for using a temperature chart

The basis for the operation of each boiler house serving residential, administrative and other buildings during the heating period is the temperature schedule, which indicates the standards for the indicators of the coolant, depending on what the actual outside temperature is.

• Scheduling makes it possible to prepare heating for a drop in outdoor temperatures.
• It is also energy saving.

ATTENTION! In order to control the temperature of the coolant and have the right to recalculate due to non-compliance with the thermal regime, the heat sensor must be installed in the centralized heating system. Metering devices must be checked annually.

Modern construction companies can increase the cost of housing by using expensive energy-saving technologies in the construction of multi-apartment buildings.

Despite the change in construction technologies, the use of new materials for the insulation of walls and other surfaces of the building, the observance of the coolant temperature norm in the heating system - optimal way maintain comfortable living conditions.

Features of calculating the internal temperature in different rooms

The rules provide for maintaining the temperature for the living space at the level of 18˚С, but there are some nuances in this matter.

• For angular rooms of a residential building coolant must provide a temperature of 20˚С.
• Optimal temperature indicator for a bathroom - 25˚С.
• It is important to know how many degrees should be according to the standards in rooms intended for children. Indicator set from 18˚С to 23˚С. If it is a children's pool, the temperature should be kept at 30 ° C.
• Minimum temperature allowed in schools - 21˚C.
• In institutions where cultural events are held according to the standards, maximum temperature 21˚С, but the indicator should not fall below 16˚С.

To increase the temperature in the premises during sudden cold snaps or strong northerly winds, boiler house workers increase the degree of energy supply for heating networks.

The heat transfer of batteries is influenced by the outside temperature, the type of heating system, the direction of the flow of the coolant, the state of utilities, the type of heating device, the role of which can be played by both a radiator and a convector.

ATTENTION! The delta of temperatures between the supply to the radiator and the return should not be significant. Otherwise, there will be a big difference in the coolant in different rooms and even apartments in a multi-storey building.

The main factor, however, is the weather. This is why measuring the outside air to maintain the temperature schedule is a top priority.

If it is freezing outside up to 20˚С, the coolant in the radiator should have an indicator of 67-77˚С, while the norm for the return flow is 70˚С.

If the outside temperature is zero, the norm for the coolant is 40-45˚С, and for the return flow - 35-38˚С. It should be noted that the temperature difference between supply and return is not large.

Why does the consumer need to know the norms for the supply of the coolant?

Payment for utilities in the heating column should depend on the temperature in the apartment provided by the supplier.

The table of the temperature schedule, according to which the optimal operation of the boiler should be carried out, shows at what temperature of the surrounding world and by how much the boiler room should increase the degree of energy for heat sources in the house.

IMPORTANT! If the parameters of the temperature schedule are not met, the consumer may require recalculation for utilities.

To measure the indicator of the coolant, it is necessary to drain a little water from the radiator and check its degree of heat. Also used successfully heat sensors, heat metering devices that can be installed at home.

The sensor is a mandatory equipment for both city boiler houses and ITP (individual heating points).

Without such devices, it is impossible to make the operation of the heating system economical and productive. The measurement of the coolant is also carried out in hot water systems.

Useful video

Economical consumption of energy resources in the heating system can be achieved if certain requirements are met. One of the options is the presence of a temperature diagram, which reflects the ratio of the temperature emanating from the heating source to the external environment. The value of the values ​​makes it possible to optimally distribute heat and hot water to the consumer.

High-rise buildings are mainly connected to central heating. Sources that transmit heat energy are boiler houses or CHP plants. Water is used as a heat carrier. It is heated to a predetermined temperature.

After going through a full cycle through the system, the coolant, already cooled, returns to the source and reheating occurs. Sources are connected to the consumer by heating networks. Since the environment changes the temperature regime, it is necessary to regulate the heat energy so that the consumer receives the required volume.

Heat regulation from central system can be produced in two ways:

1. Quantitative. In this form, the flow rate of water changes, but it has a constant temperature.
2. Quality. The temperature of the liquid changes, but its consumption does not change.

In our systems, the second control option is used, that is, a quality one. Z Here there is a direct relationship between two temperatures: coolant and environment... And the calculation is carried out in such a way as to provide heat in the room of 18 degrees and above.

Hence, we can say that the temperature graph of the source is a broken curve. The change in its directions depends on the temperature difference (coolant and outside air).

The dependency graph may be different.

A specific diagram depends on:

1. Technical and economic indicators.
2. CHP or boiler room equipment.
3. Climate.

High rates of the heat carrier provide the consumer with large thermal energy.

An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the coolant, Tnv is the outside air:

The diagram of the returned heating medium also applies. A boiler house or a CHP plant, according to this scheme, can assess the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid is supplied cooled.

The stability of the scheme depends on the design values ​​of the liquid consumption of high-rise buildings. If the flow through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, since the flow rate will increase. Conversely, at minimum flow, the return water will be sufficiently cooled.

The supplier's interest is, of course, in the chilled return water supply. But there are certain limits for reducing the flow rate, since a decrease leads to a loss in the amount of heat. The consumer's internal temperature in the apartment will begin to drop, which will lead to violation of building codes and discomfort for the inhabitants.

What does it depend on?

The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and heat carrier. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of the coolant. The design of the central source takes into account the size of the equipment, the building and the cross-section of the pipes.

The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23 ° C, it would be warm in the apartments and had a value of 22 ° C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. Such norms are in accordance with normal and comfortable living in the House.

Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature circuit. For example, the return of a liquid with a high temperature will indicate high flow rates of the coolant. Underestimated data will be considered as a deficit of consumption.

Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme was introduced with design data of 95-70 ° C. The buildings above had their own diagram of 105-70 ° C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70 ° C, and maybe 80-60 ° C.

Temperature graph 95-70:

Temperature graph 95-70

How is it calculated?

The control method is selected, then the calculation is done. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water intake, the amount of outside air, the order at the break point of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, when in one of them only heating is considered, in the second heating with hot water consumption.

For an example calculation, we will use methodological development Roskommunenergo.

The initial data for the heat generating station will be:

1. TNV- the amount of outside air.
2. Tvn- indoor air.
3. T1- coolant from the source.
4. T2- return flow of water.
5. T3- entrance to the building.

We will consider several options for supplying heat with a value of 150, 130 and 115 degrees.

At the same time, at the exit they will have 70 ° C.

The results obtained are brought down into a single table for the subsequent construction of the curve:

So we got three various schemes, which can be taken as a basis. It will be more correct to calculate the diagram individually for each system. Here we reviewed the recommended values, without taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region and the characteristics of the building.

To reduce energy consumption, it is enough to choose a low-temperature order of 70 degrees and an even distribution of heat along the heating circuit will be ensured. The boiler should be taken with a power reserve so that the system load does not affect the high-quality operation of the unit.

Adjustment

Heating regulator

Automatic control is provided by the heating controller.

It includes the following details:

1. Computing and matching panel.
2. Executive device on the water supply section.
3. Executive device, performing the function of mixing liquid from the returned liquid (return).
4. Boost pump and a sensor on the water supply line.
5. Three sensors (on the return line, on the street, inside the building). There may be several of them in the room.

The regulator covers the liquid supply, thereby increasing the value between the return and supply to the value provided by the sensors.

To increase the flow, there is a step-up pump, and a corresponding command from the regulator. The inlet flow is controlled by a "cold bypass". That is, the temperature drops. Some part of the liquid, circulated along the circuit, is sent to the supply.

The sensors remove information and transmit it to the control units, as a result of which there is a redistribution of flows that provide a rigid temperature scheme for the heating system.

Sometimes, a computing device is used, where DHW and heating regulators are combined.

The hot water regulator has more simple scheme management. The hot water sensor regulates the water flow to a stable value of 50 ° C.

Regulator advantages:

1. The temperature scheme is strictly adhered to.
2. Elimination of liquid overheating.
3. Fuel economy and energy.
4. The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.

Temperature chart table

The operating mode of the boilers depends on the ambient weather.

If we take various objects, for example, a factory building, a multi-storey and private house, everyone will have an individual heat chart.

In the table, we show the temperature diagram of the dependence of residential buildings on the outside air:

SNiP

There are certain norms that must be observed in the creation of projects for heating networks and the transportation of hot water to the consumer, where the supply of steam must be carried out at 400 ° C, at a pressure of 6.3 bar. It is recommended to release heat supply from the source to the consumer with values ​​of 90/70 ° C or 115/70 ° C.

Regulatory requirements should be fulfilled for compliance with the approved documentation with the obligatory agreement with the Ministry of Construction of the country.

The temperature graph represents the dependence of the degree of heating of the water in the system on the temperature of the cold outside air. After the necessary calculations, the result is presented in the form of two numbers. The first means the water temperature at the entrance to the heating system, and the second at the exit.

For example, the record 90-70ᵒС means that for the given climatic conditions to heat a certain building, it will be necessary that the coolant has a temperature of 90ᵒC at the entrance to the pipes, and 70ᵒC at the outlet.

All values ​​are presented for the outside air temperature during the coldest five days. This design temperature is taken according to the joint venture "Thermal protection of buildings". Internal temperature for residential premises, according to the norms, it is accepted 20ᵒС. The schedule will provide correct presentation coolant into the heating pipes. This will avoid hypothermia of the premises and waste of resources.

The need to perform constructions and calculations

The temperature schedule must be developed for each locality. It allows you to ensure the most competent operation of the heating system, namely:

1. Adjust the heat loss during hot water supply to houses with the average daily outside temperature.
2. Prevent insufficient heating of the premises.
3. To oblige thermal power plants to supply consumers with services that meet technological conditions.

Such calculations are necessary both for large heating stations and for boiler houses in small settlements. In this case, the result of calculations and constructions will be called the boiler room schedule.

Methods for regulating the temperature in the heating system

Upon completion of the calculations, it is necessary to achieve the calculated degree of heating of the coolant. It can be achieved in several ways:

• quantitative;
• high quality;
• temporary.

In the first case, the flow rate of water entering the heating network is changed, in the second, the degree of heating of the coolant is adjusted. The temporary option assumes a discrete supply of hot liquid to the heating network.

For a central heating system, the most characteristic is a high-quality one, while the volume of water entering the heating circuit remains unchanged.

Types of graphs

Depending on the purpose of the heating network, the execution methods differ. The first option is a normal heating schedule. It represents constructions for networks operating only for space heating and centrally controlled.

The increased schedule is calculated for heating networks providing heating and hot water supply. It is built for closed systems and shows the total load on the hot water supply system.

The corrected schedule is also intended for networks operating for both heating and heating. This takes into account the heat losses during the passage of the coolant through the pipes to the consumer.

Drawing up a temperature schedule

The drawn straight line depends on the following values:

• normalized air temperature in the room;
• outside air temperature;
• the degree of heating of the coolant when it enters the heating system;
• the degree of heating of the coolant at the exit from the building networks;
• the degree of heat transfer from heating devices;
• thermal conductivity of external walls and total heat loss of the building.

To make a correct calculation, it is necessary to calculate the difference between the water temperatures in the direct and return pipes Δt. The higher the value in a straight pipe, the better the heat dissipation of the heating system and the higher the indoor temperature.

In order to efficiently and economically consume the coolant, it is necessary to achieve the minimum possible value of Δt. This can be ensured, for example, by carrying out work on additional insulation of the external structures of the house (walls, coatings, ceilings over a cold basement or technical underground).

Heating mode calculation

First of all, you need to get all the initial data. Standard values ​​of outside and inside air temperatures are taken according to Joint Venture "Thermal Protection of Buildings". To find the power of heating devices and heat losses, you will need to use the following formulas.

Heat loss of the building

The initial data in this case will be:

• external wall thickness;
• thermal conductivity of the material from which the enclosing structures are made (in most cases, indicated by the manufacturer, denoted by the letter λ);
• outer wall surface area;
• climatic area of ​​construction.

First of all, the actual resistance of the wall to heat transfer is found. In a simplified version, you can find it as a quotient of the wall thickness and its thermal conductivity. If the external structure consists of several layers, the resistance of each of them is found separately and the obtained values ​​are added.

Heat losses of walls are calculated by the formula:

Q = F * (1 / R 0) * (t indoor air -t outdoor air)

Here Q is the heat loss in kilocalories and F is the surface area of ​​the outer walls. For a more accurate value, it is necessary to take into account the glazing area and its heat transfer coefficient.

Calculation of the surface power of batteries

Specific (surface) power is calculated as the quotient of the maximum power of the device in W and the heat transfer surface area. The formula looks like this:

P beats = P max / F act

Calculation of the coolant temperature

Based on the obtained values, the temperature regime of heating is selected and a direct heat transfer is constructed. On one axis, the values ​​of the degree of heating of the water supplied to the heating system are plotted, and on the other, the outside air temperature. All values ​​are taken in degrees Celsius. The calculation results are summarized in a table, which indicates the nodal points of the pipeline.

It is quite difficult to carry out calculations according to the method. To perform a competent calculation, it is best to use special programs.

For each building, such a calculation is performed individually by the management company. For an approximate definition of water at the entrance to the system, you can use the existing tables.

1. For large suppliers of thermal energy, the parameters of the heat carrier are used 150-70ᵒC, 130-70ᵒC, 115-70ᵒC.
2. For small systems for several apartment buildings, the parameters apply 90-70ᵒС (up to 10 floors), 105-70ᵒС (over 10 floors). A schedule of 80-60ᵒC can also be accepted.
3. When arranging autonomous system heating for an individual house, it is enough to control the degree of heating using sensors, you do not need to build a schedule.

The measures taken make it possible to determine the parameters of the coolant in the system at a certain point in time. By analyzing the coincidence of the parameters with the schedule, you can check the efficiency of the heating system. The temperature schedule table also indicates the degree of load on the heating system.