Course work

Oxygen consumption as a biochemical criterion for hypodynamia

Introduction Chapter 1. Physical culture and sports 1.1. physical Culture and sport 1.2. The role of physical culture in the life of a modern person 1.3. Dosing loads in certain forms of physical education during the day, week, year 1.3.1. Dosing loads at physical education lessons 1.4. The effect of insufficient physical activity on the human body Chapter 2. Hypokinesia, physical inactivity and their effect on the human body 2.1. Hypokinesia, physical inactivity and their effect on the human body 2.1.1. The concepts of hypokinesia and physical inactivity 2.2. Hypodynamia 2.2.1. Consequences of physical inactivity. 2.2.2. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system 2.3. Hypokinesia 2.3.1. Phenomenological picture of hypokinesia 2.3.2. Hypokinesia at the cellular level Chapter 3. Oxygen consumption as a biochemical criterion for hypodynamia Chapter 4. The role of physical activity in maintaining health Conclusion List of used literature Appendix 1. Hygienic daily motor activity of schoolchildren, norm (according to A.G. Sukharev) Appendix 2. Assessment of physical performance of schoolchildren according to the MOC indicator

Introduction

Health is an invaluable asset not only of every person, but of the whole society. When meeting, parting with loved ones and dear people we wish them good and strong health, as this is the main condition and guarantee of a full and happy life. Health helps us fulfill our plans, successfully solve basic life tasks, overcome difficulties, and if necessary, then significant overloads. Good health, reasonably maintained and strengthened by the person himself, ensures him a long and active life.

Scientific evidence suggests that most people, if they follow hygienic rules and maintain a healthy lifestyle, have the opportunity to live up to 100 years or more.

Unfortunately, many people do not follow the simplest, science-based norms of a healthy lifestyle. In recent years, due to the high workload at work and at home and other reasons, most have a deficit in the daily routine, insufficient physical activity, which causes the appearance of hypokinesia, which can cause a number of serious changes in the human body.

People not only have to limit their natural physical activity, but also maintain an uncomfortable static posture while sitting for a long time.

Slightly mobile position affects the functioning of many body systems, especially the cardiovascular and respiratory. With prolonged sitting, breathing becomes less deep, the metabolism decreases, blood stagnates in the lower extremities, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the whole organism and especially the brain: attention decreases, memory is weakened, coordination of movements is disturbed, and the time of mental operations increases.

Oxygen deficiency occurs due to insufficient activity. The negative consequences of hypodynamia and hypokinesia are also manifested in the body's resistance to "colds and infectious diseases", prerequisites are created for the formation of a weak, untrained heart and the associated further development of cardiovascular insufficiency. Hypokinesia on the background of excessive nutrition with a large excess of carbohydrates and fats in the daily diet can lead to obesity.

The only way to neutralize the negative phenomenon that occurs in people during prolonged and intense mental work is active rest and organized physical activity.

With systematic physical culture and sports, there is a continuous improvement of organs and systems of the human body. This is mainly the positive influence of physical culture on health promotion.

Exercise also evokes positive emotions, cheerfulness, and creates a good mood. Therefore, it becomes clear why a person who has learned the "taste" of physical exercises and sports strives to regularly engage in them.

Chapter 1. Physical culture and sports

1.1. physical Culture and sport

Physical culture - body culture, strengthening of human health, systematic and versatile improvement of the human body in the interests and protection of the Motherland.

“Physical education cannot be viewed solely from the point of view of physical exercise in the form of sports, gymnastics, outdoor games, and so on. It organically includes public, personal hygiene, occupational and domestic hygiene, makes extensive use of the forces of nature, fosters the correct mode of work and rest. "

Being one of the strongest means of mass improvement of the population, physical culture and sports in the country are strongly encouraged and supported by the government and are considered a state affair.

This is fully consistent with the behests of the great Lenin about the need to educate generations of people strong, strong, healthy, "with nerves of steel and iron muscles." Physical education is an integral part of communist education.

Physical culture and sports are becoming more and more widespread in our country, covering all strata of the population, all professions and ages.

Muscular activity, physical exercise are especially necessary for people of mental labor and leading a sedentary lifestyle. There are diseases of muscle inactivity: stoop, narrow sunken chest, diseases of the spine, chronic colitis, hemorrhoids, gout, gallbladder stones, kidney stones.

The human body needs constant harmonious development and functioning of all systems and organs. Muscular activity should not be forgotten in the mode of work and rest of a person. By their mass, muscles make up about 44% of the body weight of an adult male. This is a powerful motor apparatus that needs to be trained, exercised in order to avoid dysfunctions, disharmony in the life of the body.

Even Sechenov pointed out the importance of the muscular movement of a person for the development of the activity of his brain. In his famous work "Reflexes of the Brain", which Pavlov called "a genius wave of Russian scientific thought," Sechenov wrote:

"All the infinite variety of external manifestations of brain activity is finally reduced to only one phenomenon - muscle movement."

"Muscular joy" Pavlov called the feeling of satisfaction, cheerfulness that he experienced as a result of physical labor.

Physical activity, according to Pavlov, balances the tense state of mental processes. The powerful stimulating effect of muscle activity is based on the effect on the cerebral cortex of a stream of impulses coming from the muscles and reinforcing the so-called dominant, the dominant site of excitation in the cerebral cortex.

The essence of the physiological principle of the dominant, established by our domestic physiologist A.A. Ukhtomsky, is that in the central nervous system certain significantly excited areas are formed that can easily "attract" excitations from other areas nervous system, be strengthened at their expense. This rather persistent excitement, flowing in the centers at a given moment, acquires, according to Ukhtomsky, the significance of a dominant factor in the “work of other centers: it accumulates in itself excitement from many sources, at the same time inhibiting the ability of other centers to respond to impulses related to these other centers. Thus, a dominant, dominant reflex behavior is created, which is the result of summation, accumulation of excitation in certain foci of the central nervous system. For example, if an animal is carrying out the act of eating, then the possibility of the simultaneous manifestation of other reflex acts is excluded. Any other impulses entering the brain at this time can only intensify the dominant, dominant focus of excitation associated with the act of eating.

In a mental worker engaged in physical education and sports, a powerful stream of impulses coming from the muscles enhances the creative dominant, that is, those areas of the cerebral cortex that are associated with intellectual activity.

The beneficial effect of exercise is also explained by the fact that muscle metabolism products (for example, adenosine triphosphoric acid) stimulate heart and brain activity.

It is known that for many outstanding people walking, walking, light physical movements were a necessary element in their creative activity.

1.2. The role of physical culture in the life of a modern person

In the process of evolution of the animal world, including humans, many organs and systems of the body were formed in close relationship with various kinds of movements. Without the work of muscles, it is impossible to move a person in space, exercise external respiration, pumping blood by the heart, moving food through the digestive tract, the work of the genitourinary system, transmission of sound waves in the wind apparatus, the search function of the eye and reading text, pronouncing words and many other functions.

Growing up in the modern world limitation of mobility is contrary to the very biological nature of man, disrupting the functioning of various body systems, reducing performance and deteriorating health. The more progress frees a person from hard work and unnecessary movements, the more the need to compensate for motor activity grows.

Under these conditions, the role of the development of mass forms of physical culture is obvious. Introduction to physical culture is very important for women, on whose health the quality of the offspring depends; for children and adolescents whose body development is in dire need of a high level of mobility; for the elderly to maintain vigor and longevity.

Per recent times, along with many negative demographic phenomena (a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, a decrease in life expectancy), an increase in manifestations of physiological immaturity is found. The baby is born full-term, with normal weight and body length, but functionally not mature enough. This is manifested in its decreased motor activity, muscle weakness (hypotension), rapid fatigue, decreased resistance to colds and infectious diseases (decreased immunity), weak and unstable emotional reactions, and a weak type of nervous system. The result of physiological immaturity is insufficient development of physical qualities and skills, obesity, the development of myopia, curvature of the spine, flat feet, children's injuries. These phenomena leave their mark on the entire subsequent life of a person. They lead to delayed sexual development (infantilism) in adolescence, to a decrease in physical and mental performance and performance in adulthood, and to early aging of the elderly.

The fight against manifestations of physiological immaturity cannot be reduced to pharmacological effects, psychological or pedagogical measures. The main necessary means of confronting this phenomenon is increased motor activity. This is the path to longevity and a healthy lifestyle.

The development of mass physical culture and sports not only provide injury to health and increase efficiency, but also promotes filling leisure and distracting the population, especially adolescents, from bad habits - smoking alcoholism and drug addiction.

To do this, it is necessary to overcome the low need for physical education among the population. The athletic achievements of outstanding athletes inspire large masses of people and contribute to their involvement in systematic sports activities... Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of modern Olympism, justly noted: in order for 100 people to go in for physical culture, 50 people need to go in for sports; in order for 50 people to go in for sports, it is necessary for 20 people to be highly qualified athletes, and for this it is necessary that 5 people can show amazing achievements.

1.3. Dosing loads in certain forms of physical education during the day, week, year

In the previous chapter, general issues of rationing of loads in physical education and sports were considered.

In this chapter, the conversation will focus on the particular aspects of the rationing of loads performed by schoolchildren in the basic forms of physical education, and on the complex rationing of loads during the day, week, year.

1.3.1. Dosing loads at physical education lessons

The development and maintenance of the motor qualities of students is carried out in physical education lessons, during independent training, in training in sports clubs and sections, in clubs, on hiking trips, etc.

The effectiveness of these trainings in achieving and maintaining the normative level of physical fitness is largely determined by the rational structure and rationing of loads.

Most of the students do not play sports. Therefore, it is at physical education lessons that they should receive the necessary dose of developmental loads.

The proper parameters of the loads that must be performed at each physical education lesson are given in table 1 (see Appendix 1). As can be seen from the table, for the development of basic motor qualities to the normative level, it is necessary to spend about 45 minutes, and to maintain them at the normative level, about 30 minutes. However, it is practically impossible to allocate so much time, since in the lesson, in addition to the development of motor qualities, other tasks must be solved. Therefore, in a physical education lesson, certain methodological techniques can be used, giving, as it were, additional reserves of time.

Power loads in the developmental volume can be performed mainly in the lessons of the gymnastics section, and in supporting volumes - in the classes devoted to athletics, sports and outdoor games.

The load on speed-power qualities in athletics classes, in games can contribute to the development of endurance, provided that the average heart rate is sufficiently high (above 120 beats / min) and dexterity with complex coordination movements.

Performing loads taking into account these provisions allows you to achieve a sufficient STE in all qualities in 20-25 minutes, and the rest of the lesson can be used to solve other problems.

Thus, in the lesson such qualities as endurance, agility, speed-strength were effectively developed, and the level of strength of the main muscle groups was maintained, as well as the program material on athletics was mastered.

1.4. The effect of insufficient physical activity on the human body

In the central nervous system, hypokinesia and hypodynamia cause the loss of many intercentral interconnections, primarily due to impaired conduction of excitation in interneuronal synapses, i.e., asynapsia occurs. At the same time, the mental and emotional sphere changes, the functioning of sensory systems worsens. The defeat of the cerebral movement control systems leads to deterioration in the coordination of motor acts, there are errors in the addressing of motor commands, inability to assess the current state of the muscles and to make corrections in the action programs.

Some degenerative phenomena are noted in the locomotor system, reflecting atrophy of muscle fibers- decrease in weight and volume of muscles, their contractile properties. Muscle blood supply and energy metabolism deteriorate. There is a drop in muscle strength, accuracy, speed and endurance during work (especially static endurance). With locomotion, the oscillations of the general center of mass intensify, which sharply reduces the effectiveness of the Movements when walking and running.

Breathing with insufficient motor activity is characterized by a decrease in VC, breathing depth, respiratory minute volume and maximum pulmonary ventilation. Dramatically increase oxygen demand and oxygen debt during operation... The basal metabolic rate goes down.

The activity of the cardiovascular system is impaired. Atrophy of the heart muscle occurs, myocardial nutrition worsens. As a result, coronary heart disease develops. A decrease in the volume of the heart leads to lower values ​​of cardiac output (a decrease in systolic and minute blood volume). At the same time, the heart rate rises both at rest and during physical exertion.

Weakened skeletal muscles cannot adequately promote venous blood return. Insufficiency or complete absence of their reductions practically eliminates the work "Muscle pump" facilitating blood flow from the lower limbs to the heart against gravity. The loss of help from these "peripheral hearts" makes it even more difficult for the heart to pump blood. Time

the circulation of blood increases markedly. The amount of circulating blood decreases.

With low physical exertion and a small increase in the depth of breathing during work, it almost does not help blood flow and "Breathing pump" since the suction effect of the reduced pressure of the chest cavity and the work of the diaphragm are negligible. All these consequences of decreased physical activity cause a huge increase in cardiovascular diseases in the modern world.

In the endocrine system, there is a decrease in the functions of the endocrine glands, and the production of their hormones decreases.

In cases of akinesia, the most profound damage to the body occurs, and smoothing of daily biorhythms fluctuations in heart rate, body temperature and other functions.

Chapter 2. Hypokinesia, physical inactivity and their effect on the human body

2. 1. Hypokinesia, physical inactivity and their effect on the human body

Decrease in physical activity in the conditions of modern life, on the one hand, and insufficient development of mass forms of physical culture among the population, on the other hand, lead to a deterioration different functions and the appearance of negative states of the human body.

2.1.1. The concepts of hypokinesia and physical inactivity

To ensure the normal functioning of the human body, sufficient activity of skeletal muscles is necessary. The work of the muscular apparatus contributes to the development of the brain and the establishment of intercentral and intersensory interconnections. Motor activity increases energy production and heat generation, improves the functioning of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other body systems. Lack of movement disrupts the normal operation of all systems and causes the appearance of special conditions - hypokinesia and hypodynamia.

Hypokinesia - it is decreased physical activity... It can be associated with the physiological immaturity of the body, with the special conditions of work in a confined space, with some diseases and other reasons. In some cases (plaster cast, bed rest) it may be complete lack of movement or akinesia, which is even harder for the body.

There is also a related concept - physical inactivity. it decrease in muscle effort, when movements are carried out, but with extremely low loads on the muscular apparatus. In both cases, skeletal muscles are completely underloaded. A huge lack of biological need for movement, which sharply reduces the functional state and performance of the body.

Some animals have a very hard time tolerating lack of movement. For example, when rats are kept for 1 month under conditions of akinesia, 60% of animals survive, and under conditions of hypokinesia - 80%. Chickens raised in immobile conditions in cramped cages and then released into the wild died at the slightest run around the yard.

The decrease in physical activity by a person is difficult to tolerate. A survey of submariners showed that after 1.5 months at sea, the strength of the muscles of the trunk and limbs decreased by 20-40% from the initial, and after 4 months of sailing - by 40-50%. There were other violations as well.

2.2. Hypodynamia

2.2.1. Consequences of hypodynamia

Even in ancient times, it was noticed that physical activity contributes to the formation of a strong and resilient person, and immobility leads to a decrease in performance, illness and obesity. All this happens due to metabolic disorders. A decrease in energy metabolism associated with a change in the intensity of decay and oxidation of organic substances leads to a violation of biosynthesis, as well as to a change in calcium metabolism in the body. As a result, deep changes occur in the bones. First of all, they start to lose calcium. This leads to the fact that the bone becomes loose, less strong. Calcium enters the bloodstream, settles on the walls of blood vessels, they become sclerosed, that is, they are saturated with calcium, lose their elasticity and become brittle. The ability of the blood to clot increases dramatically. There is a threat of the formation of blood clots (thrombi) in the vessels. The high amount of calcium in the blood contributes to the formation of kidney stones.

Lack of muscle load reduces the intensity of energy metabolism, which negatively affects skeletal and cardiac muscles. In addition, a small number of nerve impulses coming from working muscles reduces the tone of the nervous system, previously acquired skills are lost, and new ones are not formed. All this affects health in the most negative way. The following should also be taken into account. A sedentary lifestyle leads to the fact that the cartilage gradually becomes less elastic, loses flexibility. This can lead to a decrease in the amplitude of respiratory movements and loss of body flexibility. But joints are especially affected by immobility or low mobility.

The nature of movement in the joint is determined by its structure. In the knee joint, the leg can only be bent and unbend, and in the hip joint, movements can be performed in all directions. However, the range of motion depends on training. With insufficient mobility, the ligaments lose their elasticity. An insufficient amount of joint fluid, which plays the role of a lubricant, is released into the joint cavity during movement. All this makes it difficult for the joint to work. Insufficient load also affects blood circulation in the joint. As a result, the nutrition of the bone tissue is disturbed, the formation of the articular cartilage covering the head and the glenoid cavity of the articulating bones, and the bone itself goes wrong, which leads to various diseases. But the matter is not limited only to this. Violation of blood circulation can lead to uneven growth of bone tissue, as a result of which there is a loosening of some areas and compaction of others. As a result, the shape of the bones may become irregular, and the joint may lose mobility.

2.2.2. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Physical inactivity is not the only cause of skeletal abnormalities. Improper nutrition, lack of vitamin D, diseases of the parathyroid glands - this is not a complete list of reasons that impair the function of the skeleton, especially in children. So, with a lack of vitamin D in food, a child develops rickets. At the same time, the intake of calcium and phosphorus into the body decreases, as a result of which the bones of the legs are bent under the influence of the weight of the body. Due to improper ossification, thickenings are formed on the ribs, the heads of the digital bones, and the normal growth of the skull is disrupted. With rickets, not only the skeleton suffers, but also the muscles, endocrine and nervous systems. The child becomes irritable, whiny, fearful. Vitamin D can be formed in the body under the influence of ultraviolet rays, therefore sunbathing and artificial irradiation with a quartz lamp prevent the development of rickets.

The cause of joint disease can be foci of purulent infection with damage to the tonsils, middle ear, teeth, etc. Influenza, tonsillitis, severe hypothermia may precede the disease of one or more joints. They swell, hurt, movement in them is difficult. In the joints, the normal growth of bone and cartilage tissue is disrupted; in especially severe cases, the joint loses its mobility. This is why it is important to monitor the health of your teeth, throat and nasopharynx.

Excessive exercise can also damage your joints. With prolonged skiing, running, jumping, there is a thinning of the articular cartilage, sometimes knee menisci suffer. In the knee joint between the femur and tibia there are cartilage pads - menisci. Each knee joint has two menisci - left and right. There is fluid inside the cartilaginous meniscus. It absorbs the sudden jolts that the body experiences during movement. Violation of the integrity of the menisci causes severe pain and severe lameness.

2.3. Hypokinesia

2.3.1. Phenomenological picture of hypokinesia

The fact that physical activity improves physical characteristics, increases performance, is well known. It has been confirmed repeatedly in special experiments and observations.

It is no less known that the scientific and technological revolution leads to a decrease in the share of heavy physical labor both in production and in everyday life, and, consequently, to a steady decrease in the share of active motor activity. What are the reasons for the adverse effects of hypokinesia?

A decrease in motor activity leads to a violation of the coordination in the work of the muscular apparatus and internal organs due to a decrease in the intensity of proprioceptive impulses from skeletal muscles to the central apparatus of neurohumoral regulation (brainstem, subcortical nuclei, cerebral cortex).

At the level of intracellular metabolism, hypokinesia leads to a decrease in the reproduction of protein structures: the processes of transcription and translation are disrupted (removal of the genetic program and its implementation in biosynthesis). With hypokinesia, the structure of skeletal muscles and myocardium changes. Immunological activity decreases, as well as the body's resistance to overheating, cooling, lack of oxygen.

Already after 7-8 days of motionless lying, people have functional disorders; apathy, forgetfulness, inability to concentrate on serious activities appear, sleep is upset; muscle strength drops sharply, coordination is disturbed not only in complex, but also in simple movements; the contractility of skeletal muscles worsens, the physicochemical properties of muscle proteins change; the calcium content decreases in the bone tissue.

In young athletes, these disorders develop more slowly, but as a result of physical inactivity, coordination of movements is impaired, and autonomic dysfunctions appear. Physical inactivity is especially harmful for children. With insufficient physical activity, children not only lag behind in development from their peers, but also more often get sick, have postural and musculoskeletal disorders.

For the last half a million years, man has been evolving phyletically, that is, without changes in his genetic program. Meanwhile, the conditions in which our distant ancestors lived, and the conditions in which we live, differ, first of all, in the requirements for the volume of movements performed. What was necessary for ancient people has become unnecessary for modern man. We spend incomparably less physical strength to ensure our own existence. But the norm of motor activity, fixed for millennia in the human genome, did not become an anachronism for him, for it is not easy to free oneself from the programs of life activity caused by it with an unchanged genome.

Indeed, the normal functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, hormonal and other systems of the body has been developing for thousands of years in conditions of active motor activity, and suddenly, in the last 100 - In the 50-year segment of evolution, the living conditions offer the body a completely unusual form of realization of the established ways of life of its organs and systems with a lack of movement. Human nature does not forgive this: hypokinesia diseases appear. Their development is associated with profound functional and structural changes at the level of reproduction of cellular structures in the DNA - RNA - protein chain.

2.3.2. Hypokinesia at the cellular level

What are the mechanisms responsible for the disturbances of physiological functions visible to the naked eye during hypokinesia? The answer to this question was obtained by studying the intracellular mechanisms of growth and development of the organism.

Numerous experimental facts indicate that hypokinesia is a stressor agent for warm-blooded animals and humans. The emergency stress phase of experimental hypokinesia lasts from the first to the fifth day. It is characterized by a sharp increase in the production of catecholamines and glucocorticoids, the predominance of catabolic processes. The weight of the animals is dropping. The most intense destructive effect at this stage is the thymus due to the migration of lymphocytes, which make up about 90% of its cell populations. The increased sensitivity of lymphocytes to stress hormones can be considered as the main reason for their migration and a decrease in thymic mass.

In the next 10 days, the spleen and liver are exposed to destructive effects. The cerebral hemispheres remain practically unchanged. From the 30th to the 60th day of hypokinesia, the weight of the animals stabilizes, but, as studies have shown, normal physiological growth stops. The content of nucleic acids in cells correlates with the growth processes of animals and its arrest during hypokinesia.

The brain is least affected by hypokinesia. In the first 10 days of hypokinesia, an increase in DNA is noted in it while maintaining the initial level of RNA. The concentration and total content of RNA in the heart decreases, which leads to disruption of protein biosynthesis in the myocardium. The RNA / DNA ratio decreases, therefore, the rate of transcription (reading of the biosynthesis program) from the genetic DNA templates also decreases. In the first 20 days of hypokinesia, the absolute DNA content also falls, and destructive processes begin in the heart.

From the 20th to the 30th day, the DNA content in the heart increases. This growth is associated with its increase in the endothelium and fibroblasts of the heart (60% of the heart's DNA is in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, 40% - in muscle cells - cardiomyocytes). It is known that the number of heart muscle cells does not increase from the 20th day of postnatal ontogenesis.

From the 30th to the 60th day, there is no increase in the DNA content in the heart. The ploidy of cardiomyocytes decreases. Under normal conditions, the number of cardiomyocytes with more than two nuclei increases. Consequently, the activity of the genetic apparatus of a cell is closely related to the intensity of its functioning, and hypokinesia acts as a factor inhibition of biosynthesis. These changes in skeletal muscles are especially demonstrative: if with a normal maintenance of animals the amount of RNA for 2 months increases by 60%, then with a two-month hypokinesia it becomes below normal.

The concentration of nucleic acids in the liver during hypokinesia remains at the normal level, but their absolute (i.e., by the mass of the entire organ) content decreases. In the liver tissue, dystrophic changes are observed, the number of polyploid and dividing cells decreases, that is, cells with an increasing amount of DNA, the synthesis of matrix and ribosomal RNA is inhibited. A decrease in the total amount of DNA is the result of the death of some of the liver cells.

In the thymus and spleen, starting from the first days of hypokinesia and up to the 20th day, both the concentration and the total content of nucleic acids decrease.

The content and rate of biosynthesis of protein structures of the cell are closely related to changes in the amount of DNA and RNA. In the first 20 days of hypokinesia, the predominance of catabolic processes in the cells and tissues of experimental animals is noted. Due to destructive changes in the cells of the thymus and liver, skeletal muscles, the concentration of cathepsin D, an enzyme of disintegrating tissue proteins, already by the third day of hypokinesia exceeds the control level by two times.

From the 20th to the 30th day of hypokinesia, stabilization of the protein composition of the internal organs is observed. In liver cells and cardiomyocytes, the amount of protein begins to grow, but in the following days - from the 30th to the 60th - its level remains stable.

Returning to conditions of normal life after hypokinesia leads to the activation of the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and protein. In the thymus, by the tenth day of the recovery period, their content reaches the level of control animals. One of the patterns of biological development manifests itself in the rate of recovery processes: poorly differentiated structures are restored faster than highly differentiated ones. By the end of the 30th day of the recovery period, the experimental animals did not practically differ from the control ones. This fact convincingly indicates that hypokinesia does not cause irreversible changes in the genetic apparatus of the cell.

Chapter 3. Oxygen consumption as a biochemical criterion for hypodynamia

The living comfort of a modern person has caused a sharp restriction of daily physical activity, which leads to negative changes in the activity of various systems of the body. Especially great changes in conditions of deficit of movement occur in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Having determined the level of oxygen consumption, it is possible to assess the functional capabilities of the cardiorespiratory system of modern schoolchildren.

Physical inactivity negatively affects both adults and children and adolescents. A systematic examination of school-age children made it possible to detect pathology of the cardiovascular system in one third of them. This indicates the need for urgent measures aimed at enhancing the motor activity of a growing organism.

Today, having studied the limiting capabilities of the respiratory and circulatory systems in humans, it is possible to determine the maximum oxygen consumption (MOC). According to the World Health Organization, BMD is one of the most informative indicators of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system. And since the circulatory and respiratory systems are leading in the processes of aerobic energy supply, their indicators are also used to judge the physical performance of the body as a whole.

Usually, the MIC is determined in laboratory conditions. Each subject for 6-8 minutes on a bicycle ergometer performs the maximum three-stage work of increasing power. At the last minute, when the heart rate (HR) reaches 180-200 beats / min, the exhaled air is taken into the so-called Douglas bags, analyzed, and after determining the minute volume of respiration, the maximum oxygen consumption is calculated. The resulting value is divided by body weight (kg) - this is the indicator of maximum oxygen consumption (IPC / kg), which objectively reflects a person's working capacity.

Based on the experimental material published in the special literature, it is possible to assess the performance of schoolchildren of both sexes based on the relative values ​​of the MOC (see Appendix 2, Table 2).

Having studied the functional capabilities of the cardio-respiratory system, we obtained evidence that in modern schoolchildren the relative values ​​of VO2 max are gradually decreasing, and, consequently, physical performance is deteriorating. It turned out that the functional capabilities of the cardiorespiratory system of modern schoolchildren are lower than their peers in the 1950-1970s. The shifts are especially noticeable in girls, who showed a decrease with age in the studied indicator. At the age of 9-10, the physical performance of schoolgirls was assessed as satisfactory (37.8 ml / kg), and at the age of 15-16 - unsatisfactory (29.9 ml / kg). The deterioration of the functional capabilities of the circulatory and respiratory systems was accompanied by a gradual increase with age of adipose tissue (in the body of girls aged 9-10 years, the fat content was over 24% of the total body weight, in 13-14 - over 25%, and in 15-16 years - about 29%).

The decrease in the functional capabilities of the cardiorespiratory system of modern schoolchildren is mainly associated with physical inactivity. It was found that with age, motor activity (DA) tends to decrease, especially pronounced in girls. It is noted that among children of all ages there are mobile children with a high level of DA, performing 18 thousand steps per day, and sedentary ones, with a low level of physical activity, making less than 11 thousand steps.

As a result of determining the BMD / kg in children with at different levels YES revealed a clear change in this indicator depending on the physical activity of children. Schoolchildren performing from 12 to 18 thousand steps a day had significantly higher values ​​of VO2 max / kg than their sedentary peers. This difference in activity indicates that performing less than 12 thousand steps per day leads to the development of hypodynamia. This is evidenced by the results of a survey of schoolchildren in regular and full-time schools, which differed not only in the organization of the educational process, but also in the motor regime of the day. In the full-day school, there was a so-called "dynamic pause" between lessons and a sports hour in the afternoon. In all age groups of both schools from 9 to 16 years, there were significant differences in the relative parameters of the BMD / kg.

Using the method of indirect calorimetry, we have cordoned off the energy cost of 11 thousand steps. It turned out that boys of 7-9 years old spent 21 kcal per 1,000 steps, and those aged 14-16 - 42 kcal; girls 7 years old - 19 kcal, and 14-16 years old - 35 kcal. The increase in energy consumption with age is associated not only with the fact that the step becomes wider and sweeping in high school students, but also with the fact that high energy costs are associated with an unequal percentage of skeletal muscles in the body of children and adolescents. In a 10-year-old child, skeletal muscles account for 20% of the total body weight, and in 14-year-olds - 26%.

Based on the above data, it is easy to calculate how much energy schoolchildren of different ages and gender spend on 11,000 steps. If we take into account that boys aged 10-16 years spend 2200-2900 kcal per day, and girls 2000-2700 kcal and that 25-30% of these energy inputs should fall on physical activity, then the deficit of movement becomes obvious, which is created when performing 10 -11 thousand steps, leading to a significant decrease in the aerobic capacity of the body. Consequently, YES and maximum oxygen consumption are in direct relationship: the higher the number of locomotions (walking), the better the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system.

Chapter 4. The role of physical activity in maintaining health

Movement was a necessary condition for the survival of organisms throughout the long evolution that led to the formation of man. Getting food, looking for comfort conditions, avoiding danger required a lot of muscle activity. It was achieved not only by the enhanced work of the nerve centers, but also by humoral regulation. Any stress was accompanied by the release of a large amount of adrenaline, norepinephrine and other hormones, which ensured the intense work of the heart, lungs, liver and other organs, which made it possible to supply muscles with glucose, oxygen and other necessary substances, as well as free the body from toxins.

Now, when people of sedentary professions and students have decreased muscle work, nervous tension remained and even intensified. During nervous stress, hormones are still released into the bloodstream, but they are not destroyed as quickly as during increased muscular work. An excess of hormones affects the human nervous system, deprives him of sleep, and maintains his restless state. A person in his thoughts all the time returns to alarming situations, as if playing them in his consciousness, and this is already a suitable ground for neuroses and even for bodily diseases: hypertension, stomach ulcers, etc. Calm muscle work, especially after nervous overload, allows you to discharge stress, since this destroys hormones, they cease to affect the nerve centers, and fatigue contributes to the rapid onset of sleep. That is why physical activity in many cases allows us to improve our mood, regain the lost calmness.

But it's not only that. Metabolic processes are ongoing in our body. Part of the substances absorbed in the intestine is used to build the elements of cells and tissues, to synthesize enzymes. The other part decays and oxidizes with the release of energy. These processes are closely related. The stronger the processes of decay and oxidation are, the more intensive are the processes of creating new substances. If there is a discrepancy between the intake of nutrients and energy consumption, then the excess of absorbed substances goes to the formation of fat. It is deposited not only under the skin, but also in the connective tissue, which often replaces specialized tissues: muscle, liver, etc.

Metabolism proceeds completely differently with sufficient muscle activity. Long and intense work usually leads to some changes in cells and tissues, even to their partial destruction. However, the energy released during the decay and oxidation of organic substances is sufficient not only for the restoration of destroyed parts, but also for the synthesis of new elements. As a result, much more is gained than was lost. But there is a limit to everything. If the work is too intense, and the rest after it is not enough, then there will be no restoration of the destroyed and the synthesis of a new one.

Consequently, the training effect will not always be manifested. Too little load will not cause such a breakdown of substances that could stimulate the synthesis of new ones, and too hard work can lead to the predominance of decay over synthesis and to further depletion of the organism. The training effect is given only by the load at which the synthesis of proteins overtakes their breakdown. This is why it is important to calculate the effort expended for a successful workout. They should be sufficient, but not excessive. Only under these conditions does the functional capacity of the organ and the organism as a whole increase. Another important rule is that after work, you need a mandatory rest, allowing you to restore what was lost and acquire new.

Nowadays, medicine knows substances that can sharply raise nerve and muscle strength for a short time, as well as drugs that stimulate the synthesis of muscle proteins after exertion. The first group of drugs was called doping (from the English dope - to give drugs). In sports, the use of these substances is strictly prohibited, not only because the athlete who has taken doping has an advantage over the athlete who did not take it, and his results may turn out to be better not due to the perfection of technique, skill, work, but due to the intake of the drug, but also because doping has a very harmful effect on the body. A temporary increase in performance may be followed by complete disability. (For the first time, doping began to be given to horses participating in races. They really showed great agility, but after the races they never regained their previous shape, more often than not, they were shot. Dealers were interested in the winnings in the tote, often larger than the cost of the horse itself).

As for the substances of the second type, they are used in medicine, for example, in the restoration of muscle activity after the plaster cast applied after a bone fracture has been removed. In sports, these substances are of limited use.

Are sports results unlimited? Are all people capable of becoming famous athletes, even with the most correct training? It turns out not. People have different hereditary inclinations, and therefore their sporting achievements are not the same. In some sports, they are more significant than in others. Therefore, it is very important to find exactly the kind of sport that will be the most promising for a person.

Conclusion

Physical culture is an integral part of human life. It occupies a rather important place in the study and work of people. Physical exercise plays a significant role in the performance of members of society, which is why knowledge and skills in physical culture should be laid down in educational institutions of various levels in stages.

Health is a great blessing, it is not for nothing that folk wisdom says: "Health is the head of everything!" Physical activity is one of the most powerful means of preventing diseases, strengthening the body's defenses. No medicine will help a person as much as consistent and systematic physical education.

Recently, there has been a huge increase in the popularity of health-improving physical exercises; never have people been so fond of various forms of health-improving physical education with the whole family as it happens today.

List of used literature

1. Vainbaum Y.S. Dosing of physical activity of schoolchildren. - M .: Education, 1991, 64 p.

2. Ermolaev Yu.A. Age physiology. Textbook for students of pedagogical universities. - M .: Higher school, 1985, 384 p.

3. Kolesov D.V., Marine R. D. Basics of hygiene and sanitation. Textbook for grades 9-10 high school... - M .: Education, 1989, 192 p.

4. Lukyanov V.S. On the preservation of health and performance. - M .: Medgiz, 1952, 136 p.

5. Solodkov A.S., Sologub E.G. General human physiology, sports, age. - M .: Tera-sport, 2001, 520 p.

6. Smirnov V.N., Dubrovsky V.I. Physiology, physical education and sports. A textbook for students of secondary and higher institutions. - M .: Vlados-press, 2002, 608 p.

7. Fomin N.A., Vavilov Yu.N. Physiological foundations of physical activity. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1991, 224 p.

Annex 1

Table 1

Hygienic daily motor activity of schoolchildren, norm (according to A.G. Sukharev)

Appendix 2

table 2

Assessment of physical performance of schoolchildren according to the MOC indicator

Today, physical inactivity in children is progressing: more and more such cases are recorded by doctors, and at the stage when you can no longer get off with easy preventive measures. Why it happens?

A hyperactive child is a lot of trouble, so parents are in a hurry to calm him down by any means and turn to a doctor in time. A hypodynamic baby is quiet, calm, no one hears him, therefore, in such cases, they go to the hospital most often already at school age, when learning problems begin.

Hypodynamia- violation of various functions of the body due to the limitation of the child's motor activity, a decrease in the force of contraction of his muscles. It is much easier to prevent this condition than to treat it later. To do this, you need to know its reasons.

There are children who are predisposed to physical inactivity from birth. The causes may be minimal brain dysfunction due to:

• heredity;
• birth trauma;
• (hypoxia).

However, most often the causes of child hypodynamia are of a completely different nature - they are caused by the child's improper lifestyle, in the formation of which the parents are to blame. This deviation is caused by:

• overweight up to obesity (we recommend that you read what there are);
• the habit of sitting at the computer, TV, reading books for a long time;
• lack of walks on fresh air;
• complete disregard for any physical activity, starting with small errands around the house, ending with sports.

Most often, parents themselves contribute to the fact that the child is limited in physical activity from infancy. He sits quietly in his room, does not bother anyone, does not cause trouble. The beginning of school life reveals serious problems in the development of such children - both physically and mentally. In order to see a doctor in time, you need to know what signs indicate this pathology.

Attentive parents at any age recognize that a child develops hypodynamia syndrome. The signs are most often quite pronounced and require only the attention of the parents:

• lethargy;
• inactivity;
• inactivity;
• drowsiness;
• quiet crying;
• fast fatiguability;
• the absence of tantrums, which are characteristic of nursing babies;
• fast weight gain up to obesity;
• decreased performance, mental activity;
• taciturnity up to dysarthria (confusion in the pronunciation of sounds).

At school, all this is aggravated by the fact that it is difficult for a child to communicate with peers and teachers, since he does not take part in general games, does not raise his hand in the classroom. He is not closed in himself and differs from autistic children, as he answers questions, but sluggishly and in monosyllabic answers. He has no desire to learn, although the ability can be quite high. If you do not catch up on time, do not start treatment, the child will face great difficulties in learning and further socialization.

Effects

Some parents accept hypodynamia as a feature of the child's character and are very mistaken in this. Physical inactivity is a serious disorder in the child's body, whose systems do not receive physical activity and do not develop properly. This negatively affects the work of the musculoskeletal system, respiration, blood circulation, digestion, and the nervous system:

• the strength of the heart contractions weakens;
• decreased vascular tone;
• working capacity decreases;
• the blood supply to tissues is disrupted - the supply of cells with oxygen, nutrients decreases;
• obesity, atherosclerosis develop;
• muscles weaken and atrophy;
• endurance, strength decreases;
• neuro-reflex connections, the activity of the entire nervous system are disrupted (depression, vegetative-vascular dystonia develop);
• there is a failure in metabolism;
• decreased bone mass (this leads to osteoporosis);
• in the future, physical inactivity will lead to cardiovascular diseases (ischemia, arterial hypertension), respiratory and digestive disorders.

Parents must know that physical inactivity disrupts the functioning of the brain. This is what parents doom their child to if they do not recognize the disease in time and do not go to the doctor.

Treatment and prevention

The diagnosis is confirmed or refuted in stationary conditions by a neurologist. As a result of an encephalogram, an ultrasound of the brain, the doctor will select a corrective treatment program. Parents should also take an active part in it. She suggests:

• active pursuits in any kind of sport: swimming, dancing, cycling, gymnastics, skiing;
• regular walks and outdoor games;
• intellectual games that require instant reaction: word selection, cities, fast counting.
• calm atmosphere at home;
• love, attention, care of parents;
• individual lessons with a speech therapist, psychologist (psychotherapist) who can correct speech deficiencies and child behavior;
• taking vitamin preparations;
• diet (complete, balanced diet);
• additional classes with teachers at school in basic subjects, if the child lags behind.

Correction of physical inactivity in children is a long, rather hard work that requires daily systematic work and parental patience. Timely treatment gives results by the age of 9 and even 14 years.

1 5 532 0

Physical activity is necessary for every person, but people often forget about it. In the modern world, it has become very urgent problem lack of movement, because the lifestyle that most people lead excludes physical activity.

Constant movement around the city in a car, work in the office, preference for passive recreation over active - all this does not contribute to the improvement of health, but on the contrary, leads to such a disease as physical inactivity.

What it is and how to avoid this problem, we will now consider in our article.

You will need:

Characteristics of the disease

Physical inactivity is a violation of the body's functions, due to low physical activity and a decrease in the strength of muscle contraction.

Physical inactivity is not officially recognized as a disease, but it leads to many health problems and illnesses. Doctors all over the world pay a lot of attention to this problem, as it affects more and more people from year to year. Physical inactivity is a consequence of the fact that people move little, and the lack of movement is the cause of this problem.

What is the danger of lack of movement

1. There is a violation of the functions of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems.
2. Muscles atrophy, strength and endurance decrease.
3. There are disturbances in the activity of the nervous system. Weakness develops and there may be nervous disorders.
4. A decrease in bone mass progresses, which leads to the development of diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis.
5. Bones become brittle, which can lead to frequent fractures.
6. Physical inactivity leads to diseases of the cardiovascular (coronary heart disease, hypertension) and respiratory systems (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), as well as problems of the gastrointestinal tract.
7. Possible bowel disorder, nausea, rectal disease, pancreatitis.
8. Lung volume and ventilation may decrease.
9. It negatively affects the endocrine system, in particular, the production of the hormone insulin.
10. It also has a bad effect on the work of the brain - a person feels constant weakness, insomnia, memory impairments, and deterioration in working capacity.

All this leads to a deterioration in the quality of life, as well as its duration. But the most important thing is that a person cannot understand what are the causes of all these disorders and diseases, and they are very simple - leading an immobile lifestyle and lack of physical activity.

Causes of occurrence

The main reason for development is a lack of movement and human activity.

In the modern world, everything is done for more comfort for people, and "more comfort" means doing everything so that a person shows as little physical activity as possible.

An adult spends most of his time at work. Mostly office work, that is, there is a minimum of active movement. Schoolchildren spend time at school, where they sit at their desk for half a day in class, and then another half of the evening for their homework. And at the same time, people get so tired that the best rest for them would be sitting at home watching TV or sitting at a computer. A person is just too lazy to go out and take a walk, ride a bike or rollerblading for an hour or two.

Of course, it happens that a person, due to certain circumstances (for example, an illness), cannot lead an active lifestyle. But even in such cases, the patient needs movement. Only with the permission of the doctor.

Who is susceptible to disease

People whose work does not involve physical activity and schoolchildren who are constantly forced to sit at a desk are susceptible to hypodynamia. Also those who lead an active virtual life. Such people are more interested in life on the Internet than in reality.

Children often suffer too preschool age... Often, parents do not have the time or desire to study and play with them, so it is easier for them to put their child to watch a cartoon or let them play games on a tablet.

Signs of hypodynamia

• Constant fatigue and lethargy;
• sleep disturbance;
• bad mood, irritability;
• malaise, drowsiness;
• decreased appetite;
• decreased performance.

If you feel these signs in yourself, then you should think about your activity and how much time you spend outdoors.

Physical inactivity badly affects the functioning of the brain, which causes headaches, an unstable emotional state, and poor sleep. An increase in appetite can also be a sign of this disease, and since a person begins to eat a lot, while moving little, obesity develops, which can lead to poor metabolism and atherosclerosis.

Treatment

It is necessary to treat the disease with movement. But the difficulty is that physical inactivity is not a disease as such. In most cases, the diseases caused by it need treatment. In this case, you should consult an experienced doctor.

The consequences can be different: both poor health and fragility of bones or severe obesity.

Do you think that you know everything about hypodynamia or hypokinesia and it does not threaten you? You are deeply mistaken. In our age of mechanization, automation and computerization, the growth of material well-being has led to the fact that most of the population does not receive the required dose of movement. This is nothing more than physical inactivity.

Hypodynamia and hypokinesia

Let me explain right away that hypokinesia is usually combined with physical inactivity. Two roughly the same concepts. Therefore, we will focus on one of them - physical inactivity.

Hypokinesia(Greek kinesis - movement) - a special state of the body caused by insufficient motor activity. Hypokinesia is a limitation of the range of voluntary movements.

Hypodynamia- dysfunction of the body (musculoskeletal system, blood circulation, respiration, digestion) while limiting motor activity, reducing the strength of muscle contraction.

If we talk about hypodynamia in simple dry phrases and sentences, then this is so. Simple dry phrases and sentences. Everyone knows about it. But no one thinks about how and why we consciously bring ourselves to this disease.

The hypodynamia sneaks up quietly and imperceptibly, turning first into our way of life, and then it hits you with all its might throughout the body. We cannot understand why drowsiness, irritability, lethargy, poor performance appear. Suddenly, my heart suddenly ached, my back ached, we notice that the intestines began to work poorly and that something was wrong with the stomach, and it turned out to be also disturbed.

We go to the doctor and tell us where and what hurts. The diagnosis is physical inactivity, you will not be diagnosed by any doctor. He will prescribe pills or injections for you for what you complained about: from a heaviness in the stomach, or from constipation, or from pain in the heart.

What are our next steps? That's right, to be treated. I ate the pill, lay down on the sofa and watch TV. Movement Zero Without movement, the metabolism will not accelerate, it will only slow down. It turns out that we supported ourselves with drugs, but did nothing to strengthen the most important functions of the body. Undoubtedly relief will come, and then what? Life without movement is bound to lead to new relapses.

What happens in the body without physical activity

Due to the lack of the need for physical activity, a person spends more and more time in a sitting or lying position. Without work, the muscles weaken and gradually atrophy.

Strength and endurance decrease, neuro-reflex connections are disrupted, leading to a disorder in the activity of the nervous system - vegetative-vascular dystonia, depression, myofascial syndromes develop. (The fascia of the body is a multi-layered layer of connective tissue This tissue covers the entire body). Violated

Over time, due to physical inactivity, changes in the musculoskeletal system increase: bone mass progressively decreases (osteoporosis develops), the function of peripheral joints (osteoarthritis) and the spine (osteochondrosis) suffers

Prolonged physical inactivity leads to cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, respiratory disorders (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and digestive disorders), intestinal dysfunction.

A chain of endocrine disorders due to physical inactivity is manifested by metabolic syndrome in the form of obesity, increased risk. Insulin resistance (when the cells in the body do not respond properly to insulin). This condition is a leading risk factor for development diabetes mellitus Type 2, gestational diabetes and prediabetes.

It is important to note that physical inactivity also negatively affects the work of the brain. As a result, the following symptoms make themselves felt: general weakness, decreased ability to work, insomnia, decreased mental activity, excessive fatigue and some others.

All these changes ultimately lead to a decrease in life expectancy.

Prevention and treatment of hypodynamia

It is clear that the whole point is in our way of life, in our understanding and awareness of what needs to be done to make life a strong person. It is also clear that our life has changed a lot: computers, cars, washing and dishwashers, multicooker, control panels, online stores and much more, everything is created for the convenience and comfort of human life. You can't argue with that. But these benefits of civilization must be able to reasonably dispose of.

According to the data of academician A.I.Berg, in the middle of the 18th century, of all the energy artificially produced and consumed on earth, 96% accounted for the muscular strength of humans and domestic animals. Only 4% were produced by steam engines, water wheels, windmills. Now physical labor is only 1%. The rest of the work is done by machines.

Let's remember ourselves at a young age - tall. Sports activities, various outdoor games, hiking. At a more mature age, we give preference to hiking, more moderate walking or skiing. When we get older, we abandon everything, and give preference to drugs. Unfortunately, this is so and it is difficult to argue with this.

The main prevention is movement, physical activity and a healthy lifestyle. Smoking and other bad habits always only aggravate the condition.

You can avoid diseases caused by physical inactivity if you lead a healthy lifestyle. Reasonable movement patterns must be combined with proper nutrition and giving up bad habits.

Recommended daily half-hour physical activity, walking (at least 2 km). How not to remember. In addition to the above, it is useful to have any sports equipment at home, it does not have to be an expensive and large simulator, in every house there is a place where you can do exercises for the abdominal muscles of the press, jump rope or perform simple push-ups from the floor.

The most accessible exercise is the usual one. I like him too. But if you are thinking of going in for sports, then consult a specialist to start without harm to your health.

Physical inactivity and age - middle, elderly and senior.

We have long been divided by age periods and this is not a secret for anyone. From birth.

1. Breast period (up to a year),
2. Early childhood (from 1 year to 3 years).
3. Preschool age (from 4 to 6 years old). Junior school age (from 7 to 11 years old).
4. Middle school age (12 to 15 years old).
5. Senior school age or youth (16 to 18 years old).
6. Mature age (from 19 to 40 years old) men, (19-35 years old) women.
7. Average age (40-60 years) for men and (35-55 years) for women.
8. Senior or elderly age(60-75 years old) men, (55-75 years old) women. Senile age (from 75 to 91 years).
9. Centenarians (91 and older).

Physical inactivity in children

How to deal with physical inactivity in children? Already at 2-3 years old, you can teach your child to do exercises, starting with simple exercises. It's good if parents manage to turn exercise into a game. Recipe effective fight with physical inactivity in children and adolescents is very simple: classes should be, Firstly, interesting, and secondly, regular. Movement in a child's life plays an essential role. Otherwise, how will it grow and develop.

It was found that those children who regularly exercise and show sufficient physical activity, on average 1-2 cm higher than their other peers, have a slightly higher body weight (about 500 g).

When the required amount of physical activity is performed in order to prevent hypodynamia and hypokinesia, babies begin to walk 1-2 months earlier and sit down on their own. Exercise also changes in better side the general health of babies. In particular, such children are 2-3 times less likely to get colds and infectious diseases.

If, together with your baby, you set aside 10 minutes every day for doing gymnastic exercises, then by school age you will develop a healthy habit of starting the day with morning exercises on his own.

Physical inactivity in schoolchildren

We change with age .. that's a fact. At a young age, the body grows, develops, everything is in order here. Although here, too, one can encounter physical inactivity in children already at an early school age. Due to the large number of exercises, physical activity decreases by 30-40%. To support the "pants" and there are physical education lessons that cannot be neglected. The importance of movement in human life is enormous, and this applies exclusively to all age categories of people.

Accumulation overweight in a child it is also a consequence of inactivity. Obesity in children is now twice as common as it was 10 years ago. Sometimes a child's obesity can be significant. Many parents do not perceive this as a disease. But in 80% of cases, the fullness that arose in childhood does not leave a person all his life.

Movement is life

Our body is so arranged that at the age of 35-40, and this contributes to the deposition of excess fat in the body, so people begin to get fat. True, then some try to lose weight, but getting fat is much easier.

With age, there are some problems with hypodynamia, while playing a significant role. Usually at the age of 30, a person feels young and healthy. Few people at this age think about the fact that exercise and adherence to a rational lifestyle are necessary to maintain youth. to prevent disease and old age. If physical inactivity can be earned at a young age, then at an older age there will be no problems at all, especially since we do not get younger over the years.

No matter how much we want it, at the age of 35-50, the aging process begins to manifest itself, albeit imperceptibly, but there is. Well, that's just the way we are. The aging process can be healthy, physiological, that is, taking place without diseases, with a gradual decrease in body functions and pathological with the manifestation of various kinds of diseases.

Unfortunately, the pathological variant is more common. It proceeds faster than physiological and leads to premature old age. This is a weakening of the whole organism, a decrease in efficiency, a decrease in the body's resistance to colds and infectious diseases. This is where the processes of aging and physical inactivity go together.

For this category of people, a health-improving system was invented, headed by the professor. As the professor said, it was created for people over 60 who must die tomorrow. Simple physical exercises can put a person on their feet.

Normal, physiological aging usually begins after 60 years and proceeds rather slowly. The body imperceptibly rebuilds to a decrease in functional capabilities, but clarity of mind, efficiency, keen interest in what is happening around are not lost. Here, physical activity plays an important role. It turns out that the older we get, the more obligatory physical activity should be. There is a good example, this.

Why am I talking about physiological changes in the body, because the aging of the body is accelerated by our inactivity and irresponsibility towards ourselves. Lack of sufficient physical activity is one of the reasons. And the lack of movement is physical inactivity.

At our age (this is 50 and older), we simply have to support ourselves with physical exercises and there are many all kinds of health systems, this is yoga, qigong, and others. Here's a look at what happens with a sedentary lifestyle. Age-related changes primarily affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems, respiratory function, etc.

From the side of the nervous system, this is a weakening of memory. hearing, vision, fatigue, absent-mindedness. imbalance. irritability, inability to switch to a new job.

The older a person is, the more difficult it is for him to master some new movements, the amount of attention decreases, the circle of interests narrows, the excitability of the autonomic nervous system decreases, which means the absence of a quick reaction from the internal organs when performing any work

Breathing becomes more frequent, shallow, the elasticity of the lung tissue decreases, rib cage becomes less mobile, respiratory muscles weaken. As a result, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases. And the lack of oxygen worsens

V cardiovascular system muscle fibers of the heart are replaced by connective and adipose tissue. As a result, the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels decreases, their lumen decreases, this is narrower, thereby worsening the flow of blood to the heart and other organs, and blood pressure rises. With age, the process of heat formation also decreases.

You see for yourself that there is nothing good, and the main reason is low physical activity, excess nutrition, laziness. I will quote the words of Professor Arshavsky: “Cardiovascular diseases most often arise and worsen with old age, because the muscular activity of a person is weakened. Skeletal muscle weakness leads to heart weakness and vulnerability. "

As you can see, optimal physical activity is a good and effective way to prolong life, and inactivity shortens it.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY SCHOOL № 53

Topic "Physical inactivity and its effect on the human body"

Completed

student (yasya) grade 11A

Leonova Elizaveta

Introduction

1. What is physical inactivity?

2. Physical inactivity is a disease of modern man

3. Symptoms of Hypodynamia

4. Consequences of physical inactivity

5. Physical inactivity in children

6. How to avoid physical inactivity and related diseases

7. The influence of physical activity on human life and health

Bibliography

Introduction

Health- an invaluable asset not only of every person, but of the whole society. Health helps us fulfill our plans, successfully solve basic life tasks, overcome difficulties, and, if necessary, significant overloads.

Good health, reasonably maintained and strengthened by the person himself, ensures him a long and active life.

The correct combination of work and rest, rational nutrition, hardening of the body and physical culture, which are powerful health-improving factors, play an important role in maintaining and strengthening health. Of particular importance is the physical activity of a person, regular muscular activity, which underlies the vital activity of the whole organism.

Unfortunately, many people do not follow the simplest, science-based norms of a healthy lifestyle. In recent years, due to the high workload at work and at home and other reasons, most have a deficit in the daily routine, insufficient physical activity, which causes hypokinesia, which can cause a number of serious changes in the human body.

Currently, the problem of physical inactivity is very relevant.

Preserving the health of the population is one of the tasks of state importance. “Looking healthy is better than letters of recommendation,” says a French proverb.

Movement is life

Traffic- the way of existence of matter, the most important attribute. The motor function of the body is one of the main functions that ensure the adequacy of the life of the body on Earth, which almost always presupposes intense muscular activity. This is the only function that ensures the active influence of a person on the external environment. Movement has an extraordinary polyholyness, ranging from spatial movement to thinking. The human body is fundamentally designed for constant movement. That is why movement is considered as the main sign of life, as the core of all life and human behavior, as a formative beginning in his development. Muscle activity is a congenital factor essential condition improvement of both motor and autonomic functions. Motor development does not happen by itself with reaching a certain age. Motor development is the result of movement. It is achieved with a lot of movements. There is a catch phrase by I.A. Arshavsky: "A person, moving and developing, winds up the clock of his life himself."

1. What is physical inactivity?

The term " hypodynamia " translated from Latin means "sedentary". This means the limitation of physical activity, which occurs as a result of a sedentary lifestyle.

Physical inactivity is a very common condition that can be observed not just in a large, but in a huge number of people.

In medicine, there is a fairly close concept of hypokinesia, which implies a decrease or complete absence of motor activity, usually caused by fairly objective reasons. Doctors attribute to such reasons some serious illnesses, specific working conditions in a confined space, prolonged bed rest or plaster cast and a number of others. The main difference between hypokinesia and hypodynamia is that in the second case, the movements are carried out, but in a very small volume and with insufficient load on the muscular apparatus. In both cases, the muscle load is minimal, which leads to a decrease in muscle strength, a decrease in the volume and weight of muscle tissue.

Hypodynamia is often called the scourge of modern civilization. The validity of this statement becomes obvious if we recall how the human body was formed in the process of evolution of the animal world. Physical activity was essential for our ancestors just to survive. Ancient man was forced to be in constant motion in order to get food and save the life of himself and his offspring. Thus, the need for movement was inherent in the human genes as one of the conditions for the normal functioning of the organism in the harsh conditions of the external environment.

The human genetic program has remained unchanged over the past millennia, but the way of his life has undergone very significant changes. Movement for survival is no longer a necessity. Scientific and technological progress helps a modern person to provide himself with comfortable living conditions with a minimum of physical exertion. Perfect cars, trains and airplanes move us over great distances, tons of cargo are lifted with a simple push of the right button. The working day of a city dweller, like his rest, is often spent in an armchair at a computer. Thus, all our movements are limited to the road from the entrance to the car. We even switch TV channels using the remote control. Of course, every person inevitably performs a certain number of movements.

However, these movements are very monotonous, aimed at one muscle group and do not at all contribute to the physical development of the body.

At first glance, it seems that there is nothing wrong with such a comfortable and convenient human existence. What causes concern to doctors all over the world, who do not get tired of repeating about the need for physical education and sports, about the positive effect of dosed physical activity on human health, and about the dangers that a sedentary lifestyle invariably conceals in itself?

2. Physical inactivity is a disease of modern man

The life of a modern person, thanks to the technical process and the benefits of modern civilization, has become much more convenient than, say, some 20-30 years ago. Transport takes us to the right place, eliminating the need to travel long distances on foot, household appliances help us to cope with household chores. People began to move less. To do something, you do not need to apply special efforts... As a result, the muscles of a person, which are at rest most of the time, begin to lose elasticity, ease of movement disappears and hypodynamia occurs - a painful condition caused by a decrease in physical activity.

Hypodynamia is called a disease of modern civilization. The reasons for the development of hypodynamia can be different. Low physical activity can be caused by any disease or prolonged bed rest, but, most often, it is caused by a sedentary lifestyle. For stable, full-fledged work, the body needs sufficient physical activity and load on the muscles, which largely determines the well-being and health of a person.

The main symptom of physical inactivity is: general weakness, palpitations, increased fatigue, even with relatively light loads, unstable emotional state, increased nervousness.

Physical inactivity can have serious consequences. In the absence of the need for physical activity, muscle tone decreases, endurance decreases, a person's strength is lost, as a result, vegetative-vascular dystonia may develop, metabolism is disturbed. Over time, physical inactivity leads to disturbances in the work of the musculoskeletal system: the development of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis. The lack of exercise affects the activity of the cardiovascular system, this leads to the occurrence of arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease. Also, physical inactivity affects the respiratory system, it can threaten the development of lung diseases. Physical inactivity can cause disturbances in the digestive system and intestines. Work changes endocrine system lead to obesity and metabolic disorders.

With hypodynamia, the work of the brain worsens, mental activity and working capacity decrease, rapid fatigue, general weakness, and insomnia appear.

With hypodynamia, there is a decrease in the strength of the heart contractions, a weakening of the venous and arterial vessels, which, in turn, leads to a deterioration in blood circulation and varicose veins.

The influence of physical inactivity on the musculoskeletal system is expressed in a decrease in muscle mass and the appearance of a fat layer between muscle fibers. As a result, muscle tone decreases.

3. Symptoms ripodynamia

The following symptoms can be distinguished:

Lethargy

Drowsiness

General malaise

Decreased appetite

Decreased performance

· Insomnia

If you have observed at least one symptom from this list, you should consider buying a gym membership.

4. Consequences of physical inactivity

Even in ancient times, as already mentioned, it was noticed that physical activity contributes to the formation of a strong and enduring person, and immobility leads to a decrease in working capacity, diseases and obesity. All this happens due to metabolic disorders. Decrease in energy metabolism associated with a change in the intensity of decay and oxidation of organic substances.

A decrease in energy metabolism associated with a change in the intensity of decay and oxidation of organic substances leads to a violation of biosynthesis, as well as to a change in calcium metabolism in the body. As a result, deep changes occur in the bones. First of all, they begin to lose calcium. This leads to the fact that the bone becomes loose, less strong. Calcium enters the bloodstream, settles on the walls of blood vessels, they are saturated with calcium, lose elasticity and become brittle. The ability of the blood to clot increases dramatically. There is a threat of the formation of blood clots (thrombi) in the vessels. The high amount of calcium in the blood contributes to the formation of kidney stones.

Lack of muscle load reduces the intensity of energy metabolism, which negatively affects skeletal and cardiac muscles. In addition, a small number of nerve impulses coming from working muscles reduces the tone of the nervous system, previously acquired skills are lost, new ones are not formed. All this affects health in the most negative way. The following should also be taken into account. A sedentary lifestyle leads to the fact that the cartilage gradually becomes less elastic, loses flexibility. This can lead to a decrease in the amplitude of respiratory movements and loss of body flexibility. But joints are especially affected by immobility or low mobility.

If you do not take any measures to prevent or treat hypodynamia, this can further lead to serious violations of various pathogenesis:

· Vegeto-vascular dystonia.

· Decreased muscle strength and endurance.

· Violation of blood supply to various organs and tissues.

· Due to malnutrition, the brain also suffers, its efficiency decreases.

· Tissues begin to atrophy over time.

· Obesity can develop due to endocrinological disorders.

5. Physical inactivity in children

Children quite often become "hostages" of this state. Hypodynamia is considered to be a social disease, since fewer and fewer people make at least some effort to do this or that work.

Over the past decades, physical inactivity has significantly rejuvenated. After all, not so long ago, the main children's entertainment was outdoor games, and the work of many adults was associated with physical activity. And now televisions and personal computers have entered every home, replacing other healthier leisure activities. Modern children devote a huge amount of time not so much to study and sports as to the computer.

One of the causes of Myopia is physical inactivity. It has long been noted that physically poorly developed adolescents are often nearsighted. Sometimes, as myopia progresses, it leads to irreversible changes and significant loss of vision. Sometimes the parents themselves are to blame for this, who cannot wean their children from computer games and do not teach their children to lead a healthy lifestyle. Some parents believe that computer hobby protects against negative impact streets. But in this way they teach their children to a sedentary lifestyle, which sooner or later will affect their health.

Physical inactivity has a very negative effect on the child's spine, which in turn becomes the cause of development various diseases vital organs.

At school age, physical inactivity is usually associated with an unconventional routine of the child's bottom, with an overload of his studies. Children are very little in the fresh air, they move a little. A lot of people sit in front of the computer, go to bed late. Without work, the muscles weaken and gradually atrophy. Strength and endurance decrease, vegetative-vascular dystonia, depression and other disorders of the nervous system appear, metabolism is disturbed. Physical inactivity leads to functional changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Because in this case, the muscles that help the movement of blood through the vessels do not work. Lack of blood flow to the brain, poor outflow through the vessels of the neck lead to changes in intracranial pressure. Hence a severe headache, fatigue, fatigue. To the above, you can add respiratory and digestive disorders. Over time, due to physical inactivity, bone mass decreases, joints and spine suffer. Physical inactivity is especially dangerous in early childhood and school age. It delays the formation of the organism.

Significantly reduces immunity, children are often sick, diseases can acquire a chronic course. Low mobility of schoolchildren and a long stay in a monotonous position at the table at school and at home can cause poor posture, stoop, and deformity of the spine. The so-called muscle hunger in children can lead to more pronounced dysfunction than in adults, to a decrease in not only physical, but also mental performance.

The accumulation of excess weight in a child is also a consequence of inactivity. Obesity in children is now twice as common as it was 10 years ago. Sometimes a child's obesity can be significant. Many parents do not perceive this as a disease. But in 80% of cases, the fullness that arose in childhood does not leave a person all his life. Physical inactivity leads to obesity because fat is burned in the muscles: in working muscles, this process is multiplied, and in sedentary muscles, accordingly, it decreases.

6. How to avoid physical inactivity and related diseases?

First of all, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle. The correct daily regimen, combined with reasonable physical activity and balanced nutrition, is a necessary condition for the prevention of hypodynamia. For the prevention of hypodynamia, doctors recommend drinking more liquid: tea, compote, and natural juices are especially useful, as they strengthen the immune system. The diet should be balanced, the diet must contain a sufficient amount of vegetables and fruits. Good rest is also important, you need to devote enough time to sleep, because each person needs to sleep at least eight hours a day in order to feel vigorous and rested. Daily walks in the fresh air will provide an invaluable service in the fight against physical inactivity.

Sports activities, regular visits to the pool will help, but if this is not possible, you need to increase the physical activity on the body if possible, (of course, within different limits), for example, if you live in a multi-storey building, try to climb to the floor you need on foot, without using the elevator , do light exercises in the morning.

If the cause of hypodynamia is an acute or chronic disease, it is imperative to seek medical help to treat the underlying disease.

· Do 30 minutes morning exercises daily (standard school exercise).

· Take an evening walk for 20 minutes.

· Shopping on foot is also a prevention (especially with huge packages and other paraphernalia).

· Quitting bad habits (smoking, poor and unhealthy diet) is also an important factor.

· It is useful to do some kind of physical labor in the fresh air (for example, chop wood in the country or weed a bed of strawberries).

· Ten minute runs.

· It is advisable to buy yourself an inexpensive but effective exercise machine (cycling, you can even buy a simple rope).

· Sign up for any section (dancing, swimming pool, just a gym).

Include in your diet as much fruit, vegetables and honey as possible, it is also recommended to increase the amount of fluid consumed (juices, compotes, green tea - very well toned, soups and mineral waters).

7. The influence of physical activity on human life and health

The concept of the relationship between physical activity, indicators of body functions and the state of human health is generally accepted. And this is not surprising, since movement is a natural and most powerful stimulator of many vital functions of the body, a vital need for a person, an indispensable condition for his vitality. Balance through physical activity is the natural purpose of the human body. Remember the ancient legends about American Indians who could run hundreds of miles with only small rest stops to convey important messages from one tribe to another. The Indians were well prepared for prolonged work under maximum stress and demonstrated abilities that we would consider incredible in comparison with modern standards of strength and endurance. Regular physical activity helps people to gain the following benefits: more vital energy; full and pleasant rest; the ability to cope with the consequences of mental stress; less susceptibility to depression, hypochondria, suspiciousness; good health; improving digestion; self-confidence; a beautiful figure; strong bones; deep restful sleep; favorable course of pregnancy and childbirth; slowing down the aging process; increased efficiency, persistence in achieving goals; fewer diseases and painful sensations... Thus, physical activity helps the area of ​​health, physical and mental well-being, which means it can completely change our life and make a person happier.

Bibliography

1 ... Chumakova B.N. "Fundamentals of a healthy lifestyle"

2. Aizman R.I. "Health of the population of Russia"

3 ... V.S. Novikov "Do not forget about your muscles"

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Similar documents

Weakening of muscle activity (physical inactivity), as a scourge of modern civilization. Influence of physical inactivity on the human body: muscle weakness and a feeling of fatigue. Health risks associated with malnutrition factors. Bad habits and addictions.

test, added 06/14/2009


Influence of the computer on human health, the main aspects of long-term work at the computer. Ultraviolet radiation, the beneficial effect of radiation on the body, the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, on the eyes and the immune system. Effects of noise on health.

abstract, added 03/20/2010


The essence of the concepts "hypokinesia" and "hypodynamia". Adverse effects of lack of physical activity on the body and human health. The main reasons for the decrease in muscle strength. The main types of physical culture and sports are the most beneficial for health.

presentation added on 04/21/2014


Determination of the impact of air travel on human health. Diseases for which you need to be careful when traveling. Factors affecting the human body during air travel. Space flight immunity. Impact of weightlessness.

abstract, added 04/18/2012


Risk factors that accompany the influence of a computer on the human body. Harm: for vision, for children, immunity, muscles and bones, dependence on virtual reality. Conditions that minimize the harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation.

abstract, added 02/23/2011


The main harmful factors of the impact of a computer on the human body, symptoms of SCS disease (computer stress syndrome). Organization of safe work on a computer, requirements for production facilities. Rules for the placement of workplaces.

abstract, added 10/12/2010


Scientific and technological progress - main features, advantages, disadvantages. The role of civilization development, in particular, technical progress on human life and health - electricity, computer, mobile phone, transport, nuclear power.

abstract added on 04/06/2014


The impact of formaldehyde on the human body and prevention of reducing its negative impact. Danger of utensils made of melamine plastic. Permissible daily dose of melamine for a person. Morbidity and mortality statistics in the villages.

abstract added on 12/22/2016


The history of the appearance of tobacco in European countries as ornamental plant and a remedy. The composition of tobacco smoke and the prevention of smoking among the population. The impact of secondhand smoke on the human body and the risk of cancer.

presentation added 09/04/2011


Electromagnetic field and its characteristics. Sources of electromagnetic radiation, the mechanism of its action and the main consequences. The influence of modern electronic devices and electromagnetic rays emanating from cell phones on the human body.