Crushed stone impregnated with bitumen consumption according to GOST. Recommendations for the repair of road surfaces with crushed stone with reverse impregnation with bitumen

Impregnation is a technological process for the construction or restoration of an improved lightweight type of road surface by sequential layer-by-layer placer and compaction of stone materials (crushed stone, gravel of various sizes) with the splitting of the base layer and their impregnation with organic binders. Depending on the thickness of the structural layer, impregnation is carried out to a depth of 4-10 cm. An impregnation with a depth of 4-7 cm is often called semi-impregnation.

Coatings according to the impregnation method are arranged mainly from crushed stone of igneous rocks of grade not lower than 800 or sedimentary and metamorphic grades not lower than 600. For bases, crushed stone of grade not lower than 600 is used. breeds for construction works... Technical conditions ".

For impregnation, crushed stone is used, divided into fractions, for example, 40-70, 20-40, 10-20 (or 15-20), 5-10 (or 3-10) mm in size. If the impregnation depth is less than 8 cm, the first fraction (40-70 mm) is not used. The last, smallest fraction, intended for the protective layer, is not used in the construction of the bases.

The volume of crushed stone of the main (first) fraction measuring 40-70 mm or 20-40 mm should be determined taking into account the coefficient 0.9 to the design thickness of the structural layer and increasing this volume by 1.25 times per compaction. The volume of each subsequent fraction of crushed stone is taken equal to 0.9-1.2 m 3 per 100 m 2 of the base or coating.

Viscous organic binders with a needle penetration depth of 90 to 200 × 0.1 mm or bitumen emulsions of the EBK-2, EBK-3 and EBA-2 classes are used as binders for impregnation.

The binders used for impregnation must withstand the tests for water resistance of the film according to change No. 2 to GOST 12801-98. If necessary, to improve the adhesion of bitumen to the surface of crushed stone, appropriate surfactants are introduced into the bitumen.

Consumption of viscous binder and emulsion in terms of bitumen is taken equal to 1.0-1.1 l / m 2 for each centimeter of layer thickness. When using an emulsion, the concentration of bitumen in it is 50-55% when using crushed limestone and 55-60% when using crushed granite.

Coatings and bases by the impregnation method are arranged mainly in the warm season in the absence of rain and the air temperature in spring and summer is not less than 5 ° C, in autumn not lower than 10 ° C. The sequence of work when installing crushed stone coatings and bases by the impregnation method (semi-impregnation) is given in table. 1 and 2.

Table 1

The sequence of work in the construction of coatings and foundations with a thickness of 8-10 cm

Sequence of work	Coating	Base
Distribution of the main fraction of crushed stone 40-70 mm in size, m 3/100 m 2	9-11	9-11
	5-6	5-7
Binder filling, l / m 2	6-8	8-10
Distribution of the wedging fraction of crushed stone with a size of 20-40 mm, m 3/100 m 2	1-1,1	1,1-1,4
Roller compaction, number of passes per track	2-4	5-7
Binder filling, l / m 2	2-3	-
Distribution of the second wedging fraction of crushed stone measuring 10-20 mm (15-25 mm), m 3/100 m 2	1-1,1	-
Roller compaction, number of passes per track	3-4	-
Binder filling, l / m 2	1,5-2	-
Distribution of the closing fraction of crushed stone 5 (3) -10 or 5 (3) -15 mm in size, m 3/100 m 2	0,9-1,1	-
Roller compaction, number of passes per track	3-4	-

table 2

The sequence of work in the construction of coatings and foundations with a thickness of 5-7 cm

Sequence of work	Coating	Base
Distribution of the main fraction of crushed stone with a size of 20-40 mm, m 3/100 m 2	5,5-8,0	5,5-8,0
Roller compaction, number of passes per track	4-5	5-7
Binder filling, l / m 2	5-7	5-7
Distribution of the wedging fraction of crushed stone 10-20 (15-20) mm in size, m 3/100 m 2	0,9-1,1	1.0-1,2
Roller compaction, number of passes per track	3-4	5-7
Binder filling, l / m 2	1,5-2,0	-
Distribution of the closing fraction of crushed stone 5 (3) -10 or 5 (3) -15 mm in size, m 3/100 m 2	0,9-1,1	-
Roller compaction, number of passes per track	3-4	-

The crushed stone is distributed with a mechanical distributor, the binder is poured with asphalt distributors. In exceptional cases, a motor grader can be used to distribute the main fraction of crushed stone.

The length of the simultaneously processed section (the length of the grip) is assigned such that within one day to complete the entire cycle of work, or at least to distribute and compact the first wedging fraction of crushed stone.

The main fraction of crushed stone is evenly distributed over the entire width of the carriageway, observing the required evenness and transverse profile. In some cases, for example, if it is impossible to ensure a detour of the site under construction, it is allowed to arrange the coating alternately along the halves of the carriageway.

The distributed crushed stone is first compacted with light rollers (5-6 tons) in 2-3 passes along one track, starting from the edge of the carriageway. Then the compaction is continued with heavy rollers (10-12 tons). Crushed stone of low strength (grade 600), in order to avoid crushing, is compacted only with light rollers weighing up to 6 tons. When compaction, make sure that no crushing of crushed stone occurs.

The number of passes of the roller along one track is established by a test compaction. During compaction, the surface density and cross-section are constantly monitored using a cross-bar and templates. All irregularities must be corrected at the very beginning of compaction. Crushed stone, as a rule, is compacted without watering. When the air temperature is above 20 ° C, it is advisable to water crushed stone of low strength at a rate of 8-10 liters of water per 1 m 2 of surface. After compaction of the main fraction, the binder is poured, while the emulsion can be poured over wet crushed stone, and bitumen - only after it has dried.

The temperature of the binder with a depth of penetration of the needle from 130 to 200 × 0.1 mm should be 110-130 ° C; a binder with a needle penetration depth of 90 to 130 × 0.1 mm should be heated to 130-150 ° C. Emulsions, as a rule, are used without heating, however, at air temperatures below 10 ° C, they should be used warm (with a temperature of 40-50 ° C).

The binder can be poured over the entire width of the carriageway or over one half of it, which must be poured evenly, without gaps.

Before the poured hot binder cools down, the next fraction of crushed stone is scattered with a mechanical distributor to fill the pores between the crushed stones of the main fraction, without forming an independent layer. Mechanical distributors move over the crushed stone.

After distribution, the crushed stone is compacted with rollers in 5-7 passes along one track when using one wedging fraction and in 3-4 passes with two wedging fractions. The crushed stone of solid rocks is compacted with heavy rollers, and of low strength, at first with light ones, and then with heavy ones.

Having compacted the wedging fraction, a closing mat is arranged on the coating. For this, the binder is poured and, before it cools, crushed stone is distributed in size 5 (3) -10 or 5 (3) -15 mm and compacted with 3-4 passes of a roller weighing 6-8 tons. filling the remaining pores. The surface of the pavement after distribution and compaction of the last fraction of crushed stone must be dense.

When using bitumen emulsions as a binder, arrange a protective layer on the coating from the last finest fraction of crushed stone, and also arrange a coating layer on the prepared base after 3-5 days in order to ensure the evaporation of water from the underlying layers.

When distributing and compacting the wedging and trailing fractions, continue to control the evenness and cross-section of the surface, while eliminating deviations from the established requirements. Smoothness is assessed by the size of the gaps under the three-meter rail. The gaps under the rail should be no more than 10 mm.

The asphalt spreader must move at a constant speed while the binder is being dispensed. When pouring the binder alternately on one and the other half of the carriageway, it is necessary to ensure the correct pairing of both halves. For this, a strip of spilled binder at the inner edge with a width of 10-15 cm is not covered with crushed stone. When pouring the binder, crushed stone is scattered in the second half, capturing the remaining uncovered strip in the first half.

To avoid the appearance of unevenness due to excess binder, the transverse joints of adjacent areas should not overlap when pouring the binder. To do this, cover the end of the finished mating section for 2-3 m with paper, tar paper. The asphalt spreader should pick up the set speed before approaching the closed end of the finished section. During the passage of the asphalt distributor through a closed place, the nozzles of the distribution pipe are opened. The binder consumption is regulated in advance.

During the construction of coatings and foundations by the impregnation method, the quality of crushed stone and binders, their consumption rates, the temperature of binders, and the quality of compaction are controlled. The degree of compaction of the layers arranged by the impregnation method is checked by a test run of a roller with a mass of 10-13 tons, while there should be no movement of crushed stone or the formation of waves in front of the roller of the roller.

After finishing works on the device of coatings by the method of impregnation (semi-impregnation) within 20-25 days, it is necessary to regulate the movement, ensuring uniform formation and compaction of the coating over the entire width; if necessary, compact the coating with rollers to create a flat surface; sweep the rubble scattered by passing cars with a broom; sprinkle with fine gravel the areas where there is an excess of binder.

During the period of formation of the coating, flaking of the coating, local loosening, delayed formation, potholes may occur; such defects must be repaired. Small potholes that appeared during the formation of the coating are cleaned of dust and dirt, watered with bitumen or emulsion (0.8-1.2 l / m 2), sprinkled with fine gravel in the amount necessary to fill the potholes, and compacted.

The most popular use of bitumen, in which crushed stone is impregnated with a binder, is the construction of an asphalt pavement. Another application for this technology is foundation waterproofing.

There are two main types of bitumen: natural and artificially created petroleum.

If additional protection of the foundation is required, materials such as bitumen and crushed stone can be used. Consistency (oil refined product) is different, liquid and solid. The rest of the nuances of its application and the required consumption for impregnation of crushed stone will be considered further.

Table of physical and mechanical properties of bitumen.

Before elucidating the issue of what consumption is required to carry out the impregnation of crushed stone, let's find out what bitumen is. This product is a solid or resinous substance. Do you need types of PVC-U pipes? follow the link Types of PVC-U pipes

It contains various complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Most often it is a combination of a hydrocarbon with sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. It is impossible to identify all of its components.

This name, translated from Latin, means "mountain resin".

For bitumen, an amorphous structure is characteristic; they do not have a certain degree of melting.

Resistance to acidic, alkaline, salt solutions of a water nature has been proven more than once. But organic solvents such as gasoline, turpentine, acetone and others perform their function quite well when exposed to bitumen;
Another indicator of properties is hydrophobicity. In other words, they are not exposed to water, do not let it through, since they have a dense structure and zero porosity.

The scheme for the preparation of bitumen emulsions.

It is because of these qualities that they remain impervious to water and resistant to low temperatures... Due to these properties, bitumen is a fairly popular material in construction (roofing, waterproofing) and road surface construction (for crushed stone). Using such an impregnation, you will ensure reliable waterproofing of the foundation.

There are two main types, depending on their origin:

natural character;
artificially created oil.

Natural bitumen is found in fossil fuels. Their extraction is carried out most often using the open-pit method (or mine), the further process of extracting bitumen from the rock is carried out using an organic solvent or by boiling.

An artificial analogue (technical) is produced from the remains of petroleum products, the coal industry and shale, which have a similarity in composition to bitumen of natural origin.

The purpose is subdivided into construction, roofing and road applications.

Specifications

Characteristics table

All types have a special marking, which has the following decoding:

For example, BNK is an oil roofing. The first number in the marking indicates the temperature regime at which the bitumen softens, the second - penetration. This is the depth to which the bitumen penetrates with a special needle, when temperature conditions at 25 degrees and a degree of load of 100 g (indicated in tenths of a millimeter);
Such a type as construction is a combustible substance, in which the flash point is from 220 to 240 degrees, and the auto-ignition temperature is 368 degrees. Such bitumen is produced in the process of oxidation of oil distillation products (as well as its mixtures);
The use of construction bitumen (BN50 / 50; BN70 / 30, BN90 / 10) is especially in demand in construction waterproofing works;
Roof bitumen has a flash point of at least 240 degrees, and a self-ignition temperature of 300 degrees. It is produced by the same method as the construction one. Its application, as the name suggests, is various roofing materials: glassine, roofing felt and others.

There is also such a form as modified. It differs from the usual improved, due to the addition of specialized additives (polymers), qualities.

Now let's look at such an indicator as consumption.

Table for evaluating the adhesion of crushed stone and bitumen.

For what purposes bitumen is used, its consumption will also depend. For example, when waterproofing with bitumen, it is required to warm it up to a liquid consistency. The recommended application layer is from 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters, while the consumption will be from 1 to 1.5 kg per square meter.

When making a road surface using bitumen, its filling (BND90 / 130) is carried out at a heating temperature of about 150 degrees, using an auto-aspirator over the entire width of the existing surface.

The surface of the layer is pre-cleaned from dirt and dust. Consumption of the substance corresponds to the following ratio, from 1 to 1.1 l / m2 per cm of impregnation layer thickness, additional impregnation, i.e. consumption, from 1.5 to 2 l / m2 for the coating device.

In order to reduce consumption, asphalt concrete coatings are used containing activated powder. In this case, the bitumen consumption is reduced by about 25%.

In addition to saving the bitumen component, there is a significant decrease in such quality as plasticity, and this circumstance directly contributes to an increase in the degree of stability of the resulting coating to deformation changes in the form of shears.

Construction of asphalt concrete pavements

Diagram of the device of asphalt concrete pavements.

Any asphalt pavement is made using hot bitumen mixture, crushed stone (gravel), sand and mineral powder. The technological order of operations includes the following stages:

applying a primer mixture, a layer of which is 1 mm, on a concrete surface;
laying a mixture of asphalt concrete nature (can be rigid or cast) and its subsequent compaction.

Paving with asphalt concrete requires a mixture of hard consistency and subsequent compaction with a mechanical roller. Manual compaction of poured asphalt concrete is permitted only when the amount of work to be done is not very large or when places that are difficult to reach for a mechanical roller are to be compacted.

Table of adhesion of road bitumen to the surface of crushed stone.

Asphalt concrete, or rather its cast mixtures, is laid during the pavement with strips no more than two meters wide, limited by slats, which function as beacons when performing asphalt work, which will allow not to exceed the material consumption.

It is necessary to align mixes using a rule. It must be moved along the beacons (rails), applying further compaction with a roller equipped with an electric heater and weighing 70 kg;
The end of the ramming of cast asphalt concrete is advisable if its mobility is eliminated under the influence of the roller;
Each layer to be compacted, or rather its maximum thickness, cannot be more than 25 mm. Sometimes in hard-to-reach places, rollers are used to compact the mixture;
If there was a break in the work on the asphalt pavement, then the edge of the previously compacted area heats up. The seams must be carefully compacted until they become invisible. Areas with defects (cracks, shells) must be cut down and covered with a hot mixture.

As for the cases when crushed stone is used for the coating device, then it is necessary to use parts of natural origin of the same strength.

Crushed stone, or rather its size, should correspond to a value from 25 to 75 millimeters. The main thing is not to exceed 0.7% of the thickness of the covering layer. At the initial stage, crushed stone (its layer) is processed using a wedge with a size of 15 to 25 millimeters, or pebbles no more than 15 mm.

Crushed stone is laid in layers from 80 to 200 mm. Do not forget that each layer must be trimmed and then compacted with a roller. When performing tamping operations, the crushed stone must be treated with water. After the mobility of the rubble has completely disappeared, and the tracks from the roller have become invisible, you can finish the compaction.

As noted above, crushed stone, or rather its layer, is covered with a wedge, then with small stones, and also with sand no larger than 5 millimeters. After applying the above materials, the surface is moistened with water and compacted with a roller weighing 12 tons. Please note that if there are no marks left after passing the roller, compacting can be completed.

In a similar way, a crushed stone coating is made with impregnation in the form of bitumen. The crushed stone must be dry before starting the impregnation. If it is wet, dry it out. At the same time, the material consumption does not change, but this is the way it should be according to the technology.

Most often, the BN11 bitumen grade is used for impregnation. The impregnation is performed by pouring hot bitumen three times in an even layer onto the crushed stone (over the entire area).

When spilled, bitumen should have a temperature of 150 to 170 degrees. After spilling for the first time, it is necessary to immediately sprinkle with a wedge. After the second and third layers of bitumen, small stones are scattered in compliance with the ratio of 1 cubic meter per 100 square meters of surface. Do not forget about the even distribution of the stone between the pieces of rubble;
The coating made in this way (with impregnation) has good strength, roughness and can easily withstand traffic with an intensity of about 1000 cars per day.

As a disadvantage, one can note the high consumption of the bitumen component and the not always uniform distribution of the binder between the parts of the crushed stone. If you use bitumen in a large number, then the appearance of shifts and undulating bulges is possible.

And an insufficient amount affects the quality of the cohesion of crushed stone and, as a result, contributes to the rapid destruction of the road surface. Therefore, it is advisable to observe the consumption recommended by specialists.

Standard Requirements

Table of requirements for crushed stone and bitumen.

As is already known, for the arrangement of the road surface, such a component as crushed stone is used. It is obtained by crushing rocks. Depending on the method of the device and the type of road surface, one or another brand of crushed stone is chosen.

I would like to note that, when making a road surface using impregnation, lamellar grains can be contained in crushed stone, not exceeding 35%.

With regard to binders, the following options can be used for the road surface:

viscous road oil in accordance with GOST 22245-76;
liquid road oil bitumen with a slow and medium speed of thickening (GOST 11955-74);
road coal tar, corresponding to GOST 4641-74;
other organic binders.

The choice of brand and type is directly dependent on what kind of coating is supposed to be made, the purpose of the layer, the method of performing the work and other important factors.

Crushed stone impregnation

If you are planning to build a house with a basement and a basement, then you cannot do without a waterproofing device. This is a very important stage in construction.

If you take care of the device of high-quality waterproofing, then in the future you will avoid problems with a high level groundwater and with inadequate foundation strength.

Therefore, take our advice and take care of the construction of the waterproofing layer at the stage of foundation construction. In any case, this will only increase the service life of your building and get rid of dampness in the premises of the house.

The most appropriate flow rate was discussed above. Further, you can familiarize yourself with the technological procedure for carrying out waterproofing work.

Additional protection of the foundation is carried out using bitumen. He pours crushed stone intended for the foundation layer. First, you need to fill up the crushed stone into the prepared foundation pit of the future basement;
Experts recommend using larger crushed stone. Filling the remaining empty spaces is carried out by adding smaller pieces of rubble;
A mandatory step in the construction of the foundation is to compact the crushed stone, as a result, its height should be about 40 millimeters. Spillage is now possible.

The layer is poured with hot bitumen, resulting in an even more reliable compaction. All voids not filled with small stones must be filled with an astringent.

Such a spill will provide reliable protection from moisture. After the end of the impregnation of crushed stone, it is necessary to fill with concrete mix.

The most popular use of bitumen, in which crushed stone is impregnated with a binder, is the construction of an asphalt pavement. Another application for this technology is foundation waterproofing.

There are two main types of bitumen: natural and artificially created petroleum.

Types and features

Table of physical and mechanical properties of bitumen.

Before elucidating the issue of what consumption is required to carry out the impregnation of crushed stone, let's find out what bitumen is. This product is a solid or resinous substance.

This name, translated from Latin, means "mountain resin".

For bitumen, an amorphous structure is characteristic; they do not have a certain degree of melting.

Resistance to acidic, alkaline, salt solutions of a water nature has been proven more than once. But organic solvents such as gasoline, turpentine, acetone and others perform their function quite well when exposed to bitumen;
Another indicator of properties is hydrophobicity. In other words, they are not exposed to water, do not let it through, since they have a dense structure and zero porosity.

The scheme for the preparation of bitumen emulsions.

It is because of these qualities that they remain impervious to water and resistant to low temperatures. Due to these properties, bitumen is a fairly popular material in construction (roofing, waterproofing) and road surface construction (for crushed stone). Using such an impregnation, you will ensure reliable waterproofing of the foundation.

There are two main types, depending on their origin:

natural character;
artificially created oil.

An artificial analogue (technical) is produced from the remains of petroleum products, the coal industry and shale, which have a similarity in composition to bitumen of natural origin.

The purpose is subdivided into construction, roofing and road applications.

Specifications

Characteristics table

All types have a special marking, which has the following decoding:

For example, BNK is an oil roofing. The first number in the marking indicates the temperature regime at which the bitumen softens, the second - penetration. This is the depth to which the bitumen penetrates with a special needle, at a temperature of 25 degrees and a load of 100 grams (indicated in tenths of a millimeter);
Such a type as construction is a combustible substance, in which the flash point is from 220 to 240 degrees, and the auto-ignition temperature is 368 degrees. Such bitumen is produced in the process of oxidation of oil distillation products (as well as its mixtures);
The use of construction bitumen (BN50 / 50; BN70 / 30, BN90 / 10) is especially in demand in construction waterproofing works;
Roof bitumen has a flash point of at least 240 degrees, and a self-ignition temperature of 300 degrees. It is produced by the same method as the construction one. Its use, in accordance with the name, is various roofing materials: glassine, roofing felt and others.

There is also such a form as modified. It differs from the usual improved, due to the addition of specialized additives (polymers), qualities.

Now let's look at such an indicator as consumption.

Table for evaluating the adhesion of crushed stone and bitumen.

When making a road surface using bitumen, its filling (BND90 / 130) is carried out at a heating temperature of about 150 degrees, using an auto-aspirator over the entire width of the existing surface.

In order to reduce consumption, asphalt concrete coatings are used containing activated powder. In this case, the bitumen consumption is reduced by about 25%.

Diagram of the device of asphalt concrete pavements.

Any asphalt pavement is made using hot bitumen mixture, crushed stone (gravel), sand and mineral powder. The technological order of operations includes the following stages:

applying a primer mixture, a layer of which is 1 mm, on a concrete surface;
laying a mixture of asphalt concrete nature (can be rigid or cast) and its subsequent compaction.

Table of adhesion of road bitumen to the surface of crushed stone.

It is necessary to align mixes using a rule. It must be moved along the beacons (rails), applying further compaction with a roller equipped with an electric heater and weighing 70 kg;
The end of the ramming of cast asphalt concrete is advisable if its mobility is eliminated under the influence of the roller;
Each layer to be compacted, or rather its maximum thickness, cannot be more than 25 mm. Sometimes in hard-to-reach places, rollers are used to compact the mixture;
If there was a break in the work on the asphalt pavement, then the edge of the previously compacted area heats up. The seams must be carefully compacted until they become invisible. Areas with defects (cracks, shells) must be cut down and covered with a hot mixture.

As for the cases when crushed stone is used for the coating device, then it is necessary to use parts of natural origin of the same strength.

Crushed stone is laid in layers from 80 to 200 mm. Do not forget that each layer must be trimmed and then compacted with a roller. When performing tamping operations, the crushed stone must be treated with water. After the mobility of the rubble has completely disappeared, and the tracks from the roller have become invisible, you can finish the compaction.

Most often, the BN11 bitumen grade is used for impregnation. The impregnation is performed by pouring hot bitumen three times in an even layer onto the crushed stone (over the entire area).

When spilled, bitumen should have a temperature of 150 to 170 degrees. After spilling for the first time, it is necessary to immediately sprinkle with a wedge. After the second and third layers of bitumen, small stones are scattered in compliance with the ratio of 1 cubic meter per 100 square meters of surface. Do not forget about the even distribution of the stone between the pieces of rubble;
The coating made in this way (with impregnation) has good strength, roughness and can easily withstand traffic with an intensity of about 1000 cars per day.

As a disadvantage, one can note the high consumption of the bitumen component and the not always uniform distribution of the binder between the parts of the crushed stone. If bitumen is used in large quantities, then shifts and undulating bulges may appear.

Standard Requirements

Table of requirements for crushed stone and bitumen.

I would like to note that, when making a road surface using impregnation, lamellar grains can be contained in crushed stone, not exceeding 35%.

With regard to binders, the following options can be used for the road surface:

viscous road oil in accordance with GOST 22245-76;
liquid road oil bitumen with a slow and medium speed of thickening (GOST 11955-74);
road coal tar, corresponding to GOST 4641-74;
other organic binders.

The choice of brand and type is directly dependent on what kind of coating is supposed to be made, the purpose of the layer, the method of performing the work and other important factors.

Crushed stone impregnation

If you are planning to build a house with a basement and a basement, then you cannot do without a waterproofing device. This is a very important stage in construction.

If you take care of the device of high-quality waterproofing, then in the future you will avoid problems with a high level of groundwater and with inadequate foundation strength.

The most appropriate flow rate was discussed above. Further, you can familiarize yourself with the technological procedure for carrying out waterproofing work.

Additional protection of the foundation is carried out using bitumen. He pours crushed stone intended for the foundation layer. First, you need to fill up the crushed stone into the prepared foundation pit of the future basement;
Experts recommend using larger crushed stone. Filling the remaining empty spaces is carried out by adding smaller pieces of rubble;
A mandatory step in the construction of the foundation is to compact the crushed stone, as a result, its height should be about 40 millimeters. Spillage is now possible.

The layer is poured with hot bitumen, resulting in an even more reliable compaction. All voids not filled with small stones must be filled with an astringent.

This spillage will provide reliable moisture protection. After the end of the impregnation of crushed stone, it is necessary to fill it with a concrete mixture.

APPROVED by Glavdortekh (letter dated 05/26/87 N GPTU-1-2 / 332)

The initial stage of disturbing the evenness of the carriageway is single potholes. To prevent their development, timely current (patching) repair of road surfaces is required. Carrying out repair work is difficult in the cold, wet period of the year, when the destruction of coatings occurs and progresses most intensively. A method for patching coatings with the simplest means under unfavorable weather conditions is proposed.

Repair recommendations were developed taking into account the copyright certificate N 834303 on the basis of research carried out at the Rostov Civil Engineering Institute. The recommendations were confirmed during the implementation of pilot production work and introduced into the practice of road repair in the DRSU of the production department of Rostovavtodor, the North Caucasus Highway and other organizations in the country.

The recommendations were developed in accordance with the research plan of the Ministry of Avtodor of the RSFSR on the topic SD-02-76 "Improving the technology and organization of work for the repair and maintenance of highways" in the development and addition of the "Technical rules for the repair and maintenance of highways" (VSN 24-75 *) / Minavtodor of the RSFSR - M .: "Transport", 1976 in terms of the organization and implementation of the current repair of road surfaces.

________________

* Hereinafter. The "Methodological recommendations for the repair and maintenance of public highways" are in force. - Note "CODE".

The recommendations were developed by Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences A.P. Matrosov. with the participation of engineers Shostenko N.G. and Zolotareva K.V.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Sections of single destruction and deformation of the carriageway are subject to current (patch) repair of road surfaces: potholes, subsidence, breaks, confinement, wide cracks, edge collapses. In order to prevent intensive disturbance of the evenness of coatings, current repairs of destruction and deformation should be carried out at an early stage of their development. Untimely (late) current repairs leads to an increase in labor and material costs required for repairs, reduces the service life of coatings, reduces the speed and increases the cost of road transport, negatively affects the convenience and safety of traffic.

1.2. Most of the destruction and deformation of road surfaces occurs in the cold, wet autumn-spring period of the year, when the current repair of surfaces with heating or cutting down defective areas and filling the clearings with asphalt concrete mixtures is difficult due to unfavorable weather conditions for the production of work and the preparation of repair materials.

1.3. The method of current (patching) repair of coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation with bitumen proposed by these recommendations is applicable for improved coatings of lightweight and permanent types and is expedient at low positive air temperatures both in dry and wet weather using the simplest means of mechanization and working equipment.

1.4. Mainly small (up to 0.5-1.5 m) fractures and deformations are subject to repair, mainly with steep edges, with a traffic intensity of less than 5-7 thousand vehicles per day. With a greater traffic intensity, the proposed repair method should be considered as a temporary repair measure, followed, if necessary, by repeated repairs under favorable weather conditions by the known methods provided for by the "Technical rules for the repair and maintenance of highways" (VSN 24-75), including using special road repair machines such as DE-5, DE-5A, MTRDT, MTRD, road repairman 5320, road foreman 4101, etc.

1.6. * Reverse impregnation of crushed stone with bitumen (from bottom to top, as opposed to impregnation from top to bottom) is based on the effect of foaming that occurs when hot bitumen interacts with cold wet (natural moisture) surface of repair crushed stone and the repaired coating. Foaming of bitumen is accompanied by partial displacement of moisture from the surface of the coating and mineral material, which contributes to the adhesion of the binder to them.
________________
* Numbering corresponds to the original. - Note "CODE".

1.7. Re-impregnation allows the use of ordinary stone material, unsuitable for impregnation from top to bottom, where clean one-dimensional crushed stone is required.

1.8. The service life of areas repaired by reverse impregnation depends on the materials used, traffic intensity and composition and exceeds 2-5 years. The cost of repairing coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation with bitumen is on average 1 rubles. by 1 m (Appendix 1).

2. APPLIED MATERIALS

2.1. For the repair of crushed stone coatings with reverse impregnation with a binder material, it is advisable to use oil road viscous bitumen: BND 130/200; BND 90/130. In the absence of bitumen, as an exception, coal tar and pitch are used (the experience of Rostovavtodor).

The temperature of bitumen when it is poured onto the repaired coating in order to increase the intensity of foaming should be close to the upper limit of the operating temperature (180-200 ° C).

2.2. Crushed stone obtained by crushing massive rocks, boulders, coarse gravel and non-decaying metallurgical slags should be used as a mineral material. The grade of crushed stone should be at least 600 in terms of crushing, not less than I-IV in terms of wear in a shelf drum, and not less than Mrz 50 in frost resistance.

2.3. Crushed stone can be one-dimensional with a size of fractions of 5-15; 10-15; 15-20 mm. You can use crushed stone mixtures of the optimal granulometric composition, intended for porous asphalt concrete with a crushed stone size not exceeding 20 mm. In the absence of these materials, in some cases, it is allowed to use ordinary crushed stone, not more than 20 mm in size, with a content of dust and clay particles in an amount of less than 3% by weight. The crushed stone used does not need to be dried, however, it should not be wet, containing free water.

2.4. With a shortage of quality mineral materials as an exception, it is possible to use sand and gravel materials (the experience of Rostovavtodor).

2.5. For the repair of roads with a traffic intensity exceeding 7 thousand vehicles per day, it is advisable to use durable blackened crushed stone with a size of fractions of 15-20 mm (experience of the Sevkavtodorozh).

3. MEANS OF MECHANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT OF WORK

3.1. A truck with a three-seater cabin or a special remont car is equipped with a bitumen thermos boiler, a bunker or compartment for mineral material, a place for a tool. Work equipment can be placed on a trailer to a transport vehicle. The bitumen boiler can be installed on a separate trailer.

3.2. The boiler, filled with hot bitumen at the base, is equipped with a gas or oil nozzle to heat the binder. Heating is possible using a dropper and a flame tube installed in the boiler (rationalization proposal of the Salsky DRSU of Rostovavtodor). It is also possible to use an auto-aspirator.

3.3. A distribution hose with a nozzle for pouring bitumen, and in its absence, a distribution watering can, is placed in a hot chamber mounted in the boiler container.

3.4. The crushed stone compartment or bunker is installed in such a way as to provide good access to the material.

3.5. Place in the back of the car hand tool: scrapers, brooms, shovels, trowels, rammers, rails, a ruler-probe, as well as signal guarding devices (two signs 1.23 "Road works", a fence barrier with signs 3.24 "Maximum speed limit" and 4.22 "Obstacle avoidance" attached to it ). To ensure fire safety, the car is equipped with an additional fire extinguisher, and for labor protection purposes - with an additional medical kit.

4. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF WORKS

4.1. When repairing coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation with bitumen, the following technological operations are performed: cleaning the defective area from dust, dirt and free water; pouring bitumen heated to the upper limit of the operating temperature; distribution of mineral material; additional filling of bitumen and crushed stone scattering (if necessary); seal.

4.2. The work is performed by a team of three people: the driver of the car and two road workers moving in the cab of the car.

4.3. The technological scheme of the repair provides for a short-term stop of the link at the place being repaired, indicated to the driver by the link worker with the obligatory installation of signal guarding means.

4.4. After preparation of equipment, materials and tools, the defective area is cleaned of dust, dirt and free water with a scraper and a broom. By means of a manual distributor, and in its absence with a watering can, the first worker (link) pours hot bitumen onto the surface to be repaired at the rate of 1-1.2 l / m per 1 cm of unevenness depth. Filling is carried out along the edge of a pothole or subsidence so that the bitumen flows into its deepest part.

The second worker immediately after pouring the bitumen with a shovel fills the unevenness with rubble in the amount of 0.012 m / m per 1 cm of depth. Then the crushed stone is leveled (if necessary) with a trowel and compacted with a manual rammer. If at the same time the bitumen foam has not risen to the surface of the crushed stone, the bitumen is re-bottled at the rate of up to 0.5 l / m, covered with a thin layer of crushed stone and compacted. Compaction is also possible with the wheel of the vehicle used during the work.

For insulation work, we recommend using this method for "safety net" of basement or basement floors, as well as road surfaces. To do this, you will need to purchase bitumen and crushed stone. Further in the article we will tell you more about this technique and its nuances.

Description of technology

This work is carried out at the very first stage of the construction of the building. Let's take a closer look at all the operations:

Conditions of the operation

In accordance with SNiP 3.04.01-87 - "Finishing and insulation works":

Air temperature from 5 ° С and higher at floor level and only after laying out rubble;
Hot bitumen impregnation should be carried out by pouring over the entire area evenly in three layers;
The consumption should be between 6 and 8 liters per square meter on the first layer, on the second and third layers - from 2.5 to 3 liters per square meter. The number of degrees of hot mountain resin varies from 150 to 170 degrees.

These two materials, bonded together, provide excellent waterproofing properties. Next, the concrete mixture is poured - the base of the room is formed. It is important to clearly calculate the consumption for 1m2 of crushed stone and carry out the process in strict accordance with GOST.

Bitumen consumption for pouring crushed stone

In accordance with SNiP 3.06.03-85 - " Car roads"Clause 10.17 bottling is carried out in the following ratio:

on a crushed stone base - 0.8 l / m2;
on a milled surface - 0.5 l / m2;
between layers of asphalt concrete pavement - 0.3 l / m2.

Did you like the article? Share it

Print article