Linear generator. Skoromets Yu.G

In spite of everything, the work of thought continues. It has been and always will be. Man shows the world more and more new inventions. So today we present to the attention of our readers linear generator Oleg Gunyakov. Does this development have the right to life? Vladimir Gurevich gives his answer to this question. You can also give preference to one of the authors by participating in. Comments and discussions at.

Oleg Gunyakov: linear generator

Historically, traditional electrical power generation devices have used rotary motion to move windings in a magnetic field. Such devices are set in motion by various propellers: hydro turbines, gas turbines, wind, etc. The traditional internal combustion engine is also one of the movers. In such propellers, the chemical energy of the fuel undergoes multiple transformations: first into the translational motion of the pistons, and then into the rotational motion of the crankshaft. The need for such a transformation leads both to mechanical losses and to the complication of the design of the propulsion device as a whole. We all saw one and the same picture in the experiments of physics: the teacher takes a permanent magnet, and begins to move it back and forth in the inductor. In this case, voltage appears at the terminals of the coil. In this article, I examined the possibility of using reciprocating motion to generate electric current without intermediate conversions to rotary motion. Such mechanisms are called LINEAR GENERATORS.

The offered type of linear generator is designed for industrial use, primarily on ships.

Short description

In this linear generator (hereinafter referred to as LG), instead of the cylinder covers, two external pistons are installed, which are rigidly fixed to each other. Such technological solution due to the following: in traditional cylinders, when the fuel explodes, the piston begins to move in one direction, but according to the laws of inertia, the cylinder itself also begins to move in the opposite direction. And if such a generator is made to generate high power, then the forces of longitudinal displacement will cause tremendous vibration and damage to the foundation bolts. To compensate for the resulting forces, additional external pistons are installed. Provided that the mass of the inner pistons and the mass of the outer pistons are the same, then the resulting inertial forces will also be the same. Such forces will be mutually extinguished, and will not be transmitted to the hull. The coils from which the voltage will be removed are attached to a fixed body. A set of permanent trapezoidal magnates will be used as an inductor.

Synchronization of piston movement will be ensured by resistance to the movement of permanent magnets when generating electrical energy. Provided that the windings of the electrical part have the same resistance, the resistance to movement of the permanent magnets is also the same. But to increase reliability and prevent accidents, a mechanical synchronizer is installed in the LG, which is two toothed racks moving relative to each other, and a gear wheel fixed on a fixed axis and rotating only from the movement of the racks.

More detailed description see designs below.

Generator operation

After the pistons accelerate to the starting frequency, fuel is supplied to the first cylinder, combustion occurs and the expansion of the formed gases begins. At this moment, air is compressed in the second cylinder.

When the outer piston is reached in the first cylinder of the exhaust valves, the exhaust gas is discharged.

When the inner piston in the first cylinder of the purge ports is reached, the purge process begins. In this LPG, direct-flow purging, which provides the lowest residual gas ratio. This, in turn, increases the mass charge of the air in the cylinder, which leads to complete combustion of the fuel, etc. At this moment, the pistons reach their extreme positions.

The expansion of gases in the second cylinder drives the pistons of the first cylinder. The inner piston reaches and closes the purge ports while the exhaust ports are still open. This results in a loss of mass charge of the air in the cylinder, but this loss can be neglected due to the low ratio of residual gases in the cylinder. The outer piston reaches the exhaust ports, overlaps them, and thus allows the compression process in the first cylinder, while expansion takes place in the second. And the cycle repeats.

Technological section of a linear generator

The engine body 1 is a welded steel, cylindrical shape, inside supports 2, 3 and 4 for mounting the bushing of the working cylinder 5. The bushing is fastened with a pressure ring 6 on 8 pins. The studs are fixed in a thick-walled foundation slab 7. Next, a cylindrical water collector is put on the sleeve 8. After the collector, a gas exhaust snail collector 9 is put on the cylinder sleeve.

The groove of the bushing and the volute on the seating surfaces are arranged in such a way that a heat-resistant asbestos printed gasket is clamped between the steps. The snail heats up during operation and can expand in a linear direction. For the possibility of expansion, the volute is attached to long pins 10 passing through the tubes 11 with nuts 12, which create a pressing force on the volute through the springs 13. After the volute, a water manifold 14 is put on the sleeve.

The bushing of the working cylinder 5 is one-piece. The central part of the sleeve has a thickening in the same way as in the place where the sleeve is attached - ridge 15. In the central part, the sleeve has holes for 2 pump injectors 16. Also, the sleeve has 6 holes on each side of the center for lubricating grease fittings ( not shown in the drawing). A cylindrical groove is externally made in the bushing in the central part for draining and collecting cooling water from tangential bores of cooling channels 17. The bushing has 17 grooves for rubber O-rings of the cooling system. Windows are tangentially located in the bushing on the exhaust side and on the purge side.

The linear generator has a power welded casing 18 and a light casing to ensure the safety of the operating personnel. The light body is closed from the ends of the engine by covers 18 on the flanges.

The piston group of each linear generator consists of 2 pistons 20. The inner piston is attached to the inductor body 21 on 8 pins 22. The outer piston is attached to the traverse disk 23 on 8 pins 24. The traverse-disk of a cylindrical shape is reinforced in the radial direction with triangular gussets 25 on both sides, which are fastened by welding. Each piston has 6 rings: 4 compression rings and 2 oil scraper rings. To avoid pistons hitting each other at high compression ratios in the linear generator, the piston crowns are flat.

The pistons are water cooled. Water is supplied to the outer pistons through an inner telescopic stationary tube 26 with a nozzle at the end. The cooling water returns through the telescopic middle tube 27. The tube 27 moves in a stationary tube 28. Seals 29 are located between the tubes 27 and 28.

The inner piston is also water cooled. Water is supplied through a telescopic tube 30, which is attached to the body of the inductor 21 with a flange. There is a channel in the inductor and in the piston bearing flange. Then the water moves through the tube 31 and cools the piston. The water is returned through the pipe 32, along the same path and through the telescope 33, the already heated water is discharged.

The external pistons are interconnected by means of a traverse disk 23, 6 rods 34 and the inductor housing 35. The rods are threaded at the ends and are fastened by nuts clamped by a hydraulic jack. The movement of the inner and outer piston groups is shifted 180 degrees. Synchronism is provided by the synchronizer mechanism - 3 gears 36 6 gear racks.

Three rails 37 belonging to the inner group have a cylindrical section in the part closest to the inductor body 21 and pass through the glands 38. Further, the section of the rail turns into a square one. The racks belonging to the outer group are 3 of the 6 rods 34, to which the rack racks are bolted. All 3 synchronizer mechanisms are located in separate baffles and have oil for lubrication of the mechanism in their volume.

Comparison of LG and conventional diesel.

• In LG, the production and assembly of the engine is greatly simplified due to the absence of such expensive and difficult-to-manufacture parts as a camshaft and a crankshaft.
• Reduced fuel consumption by increasing mechanical efficiency due to the absence of a crankshaft and camshaft.
• Reducing vibration due to mutual damping of the resulting inertial forces.
• Increased reliability of the LG by reducing the number of moving parts.
• In LG it is impossible to provide a smooth sinusoid of the generated current due to the uneven speed of movement of the magnets relative to the coils. But at the present level of development of converting technology, this problem is not insoluble.
• Increased instability of the LG operation due to the presence of only two cylinders and the absence of a flywheel. If a flash is missed in one of the cylinders, the LH will stop, since in the second cylinder there will be no compression of air sufficient to ignite the fuel. Therefore, to solve this problem, it becomes necessary to install at least two injectors per cylinder.

Oleg Gunyakov

Review of the article by O. Gunyakov

We will have to start from afar, namely from the article "Linear gas generator (diesel generator)" by the author Skoromts Yu. G., published in the magazine, as well as, in parallel, on many Internet sites. This article describes the principle of constructing a power plant of relatively low power intended for generating electricity, characterized in that it combines an internal combustion engine with an electric generator, while the rotational motion of the generator rotor is replaced by the reciprocating motion of the magnetic circuit with an excitation winding embedded in it. The main purpose of such a replacement, according to the author, is to eliminate the crank mechanism from the system, including the crankshaft, which converts the reciprocating movement of the pistons of the internal combustion engine into the rotational movement of the generator rotor in a conventional diesel-electric unit. The idea, at first glance, is not a bad idea, although its presentation raises a lot of puzzling questions. We will not comment on some of the statements of the author of this article, but only quote so that the reader himself can appreciate his blatant amateurism in the field of electrical engineering:

• In a medium to high power generator, crank synchronization is achieved by reducing the excitation current of the lagging crank.
• The output voltage is regulated by changing the frequency of the generator.
• The starting is carried out with three short powerful current pulses, while the generator operates in engine mode. We receive current pulses from the terminals of the capacitor, having previously charged it for some time, through a step-up transformer (50-100 kHz) from a low-power power source.
• The load current of the generator does not affect the magnetic field of the generator, and therefore the characteristics of the generator.
• As for the generator itself, the magnetic field of the proposed generator, in the main part, is always constant, this makes it possible to manufacture the magnetic circuit not from separate plates (to reduce eddy currents), but from a single piece of material, which will significantly increase the strength of the magnetic circuit and reduce the labor intensity of manufacturing.

And now about the idea itself. As follows from what the author wrote, the purpose of his project is to eliminate from the engine-generator system the crank mechanism that converts one type of motion (reciprocating) to another (rotational). However, from the point of view of the task at hand, this problem has already been solved a long time ago. In the well-known Wankel rotary piston engine, the rotary movement of the output shaft is obtained without any crank mechanisms, Fig. one.

Rice. 1. Wankel rotary piston engine and its principle of operation

Rotary piston engines according to the Wankel scheme have been known for more than fifty years. In the 1960s, 11 of the twenty largest auto makers acquired licensing rights to develop and manufacture these engines. These firms accounted for about 70% of the global automotive production, incl. 80% of production passenger cars USA, 71% of Japan, 44% of Western European countries.

Rapid wear of the seals has long been considered a problem with this engine. However, later this problem was overcome and these engines began to be used in the automotive industry. The first production car with a rotary engine is the German sports car NSU Wankelspider. The first mass-produced (37204 copies) is a German business-class sedan NSU Ro80. In 1967, Japanese Mazda began selling the first "Cosmo Sport" car equipped with a 110 horsepower rotary engine. Further research has helped reduce fuel consumption and improve the environmental performance of these engines by 40 percent. By 1970, the total sales of cars with rotary engines reached 100 thousand, in 1975 - 500 thousand, and by 1978 - exceeded one million. The two-cylinder engine "Renesis" from Mazda with a volume of only 1.3 liters gave out power as early as 250 hp. with. and took up much less space in the engine compartment than conventional combustion engines. Modern model engine Renesis-2 16X has an even smaller volume with more power and heats up less, fig. 2.

Rice. 2. Serial automotive engine of the rotary piston type (Renesis-2 16X) from Mazda

In this regard, a completely legitimate question arises: "Was there a boy?"

In addition, the need for a very expensive semiconductor converter designed for the full power of the generator (necessary, according to the author, to provide a sinusoidal output voltage), sharply reduces the economic efficiency of the proposed solution (if any!), Not to mention thousands of others, the problems not solved in this project, on which, in view of the above, at this stage there is simply no point in dwelling.

Mr. O. Gunyakov publishes the same (that is, someone else's) idea without any references to its true author, slightly changing the construction. The main (that is, the fundamental, and not in small and meaningless details) difference between his project and the project of Yu.G. Skoromets) is to replace the excitation winding of the generator with a permanent magnet and expand the scope of its installation to the area of ​​high power (from correspondence with the author found out that he is counting on the application of such a principle in generators with a capacity of megawatts). Since, on the one hand, for the idea of ​​a linear diesel generator it is not important how the source will be executed magnetic field(winding or permanent magnet), and on the other hand, it does not matter for the magnet in which particular design of the generator it will be used (with rotational or reciprocating motion), it follows that the idea of ​​replacing the excitation winding of the generator with a permanent magnet does not have any relation to a specific generator design, but refers to all generators in general. But here the question immediately arises: if in a generator with a capacity of several megawatts it is possible to replace a complex and expensive excitation winding with a permanent magnet made of modern alloys (for example, from the well-known NdFeB alloy), then why is this not done now, and this solution is used only in small low-power generators? There are clearly good reasons for this. Discussion of these reasons should contain too many details "from the life of generators" and "from the life of magnets" in order to cover them in detail in this review, but even this is not the main thing now, but the fact that this idea of ​​O. Gunyakov about the use of constant magnets have nothing to do with the idea of ​​Yu. G. Skoromets about a linear diesel generator. O. Gunyakov's attempt to "tie" his idea with permanent magnets (which, in itself, has long been known and contains nothing new) to someone else's, should apparently serve to raise the significance of his idea.

Even if we do not take into account the fact that permanent magnets are used only in generators of very limited power, an additional problem of the specific design of O. Gunyakov is that his generator is located in the zone high temperature, and permanent magnets have a rather insignificant upper operating temperature, limited by the so-called Curie point, at which the magnet completely loses its magnetic properties. So, for the NdFeB alloy, the Curie point is in the range of 300-350 ° C, and the maximum operating temperature is limited to 100-150 ° C. Now let's remember what the temperature is inside the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. That's right, from 300 to 2000 ° C (during different cycles). What is the average temperature on the surface of the combustion chamber, in the area where the magnets are located? That's right, much more than what permanent magnets are designed for. Therefore, a very efficient cooling of the magnets must be ensured. How and with what? It is highly doubtful that the temperature in the area where the magnets are located can be reduced to 100 ° C in an acceptable rather than a fantastical way. In this regard, it should be noted that the issue of cooling the linear diesel generator itself has not been adequately worked out. The water cooling proposed by the author is far from being applicable everywhere. For example, modern diesel generator sets with a capacity of hundreds of kilowatts to several megawatts, intended for backup or emergency power supply (and this is a very large sector of the market for such units), do not use water cooling. Such a unit is cooled by a huge (up to two meters in diameter) fan mounted on the diesel shaft. Why this was done is understandable: in emergency situations, there is nowhere and there is nothing to supply water with. But where to get the rotating shaft for the fan in the proposed design? Yeah, use a separate powerful electric motor capable of rotating a two-meter fan ... And then our project begins to grow ...

In conclusion, I would like to note that neither Yu. G. Skoromets nor O. Gunyakov are neither the discoverers of this idea, nor the authors of the best of the constructions. This idea itself was known long before the publications of both authors. In recent years, more successful designs have been proposed than those we are discussing. For example, in the design proposed by Ondřej Vysoký, Josef Božek and others from the Czech Polytechnic University in 2007 (that is, before the publication of the article by J.G. Skoromets), permanent magnets are also used (the authors do not claim power in megawatts), but it there is no problem with the heating of the magnets, since they can be located far from the combustion chambers and can be separated by the heat-insulating insert of the shaft on which they are fixed. Small laboratory samples of such units were made and tested, Fig. 3. In the English language literature, such installations are called "Linear Combustion Engine (LCE)".

Rice. 3. Structural diagram and laboratory samples of linear diesel-electric units developed in the Czech Republic

There are many publications on this topic both on the Internet, and in the form of articles and even in the form of books (see, for example, "Modeling and Control of Linear Combustion Engine"), although there are no real existing products on the market yet, as well as no there were no feasibility studies, comparisons, for example, with the same Wankel engine. In this regard, the readers of the journal would, in our opinion, be very interested in a qualified overview information on the principles of building such systems, their comparative characteristics with other devices for generating electricity, information on technical and economic problems, on the results achieved, and not a detailed description of what -that are minor details of home-grown structures, which have a lot of obvious flaws, but are passed off as the greatest achievement. One would only welcome the publication by the author of such a review article.

In technology, there are millions of seemingly beautiful ideas that do not have an economic basis, or do not take into account real technical problems, or simply are not sufficiently developed and therefore have not received real implementation. It is enough to turn to the patent fund of any country to see millions original ideas gathering dust on the shelves. The same, in our opinion, fate awaits the specific projects of Yu. G. Skoromts and O. Gunyakov. However, it cannot be argued that millions of patents unused today are completely useless. Their obvious benefit lies in the fact that they stimulate human thought and are the basis for new ideas. As we can see, creative thought continues to actively work in this direction. Let's hope that in the near future there will be many new promising ideas in this direction, the number of which will eventually grow into quality and they can someday become quite attractive for the industry.

Making this fairly powerful linear generator does not require complicated work. Its design is insanely primitive and ingenious at the same time. It is based on reciprocating movements. It takes no more than half an hour to make this device, which can power an eternal flashlight or function as a charger for phones.

The author of this modification of the eternal flashlight, Igor Beletsky, improved it by increasing the efficiency. The main element in this design is a powerful neodymium magnet in the form of a cylinder. It can also be assembled from several washers. The diameter of one washer is 30 mm. You can purchase them from a Chinese online store. In old toys, you can find a cylindrical body with a diameter slightly smaller than the size of the magnet.

At both ends, you need to put plugs with shock absorbers. It can be springs, but it is better to have magnets. As a result, the large magnet does not lose energy in the extreme position, but stores it for the return stroke. This greatly increases the efficiency of the generator.

Next, you need to wind the coil in the center of the cylinder. The thickness and quantity of the wire determine the output voltage and current of the generator. The thicker the wire, the lower the voltage, but the higher the current. And vice versa. For example, for a weak LED flashlight, 500 turns of wire with a cross section of 0.2 mm will be enough. You need to use a 0.5mm wire to charge your phone. Coils - 300.

A diode bridge must be installed at the outputs of the coil to convert AC to DC. And for a simple light bulb, this is not required.

So simple, you can get power within a few watts. This is enough to recharge your phones on the go. You can use a supercapacitor to create a supply of electricity. It charges very quickly and holds a charge for a long time. It is a great alternative to batteries.

Forget about batteries with this great and powerful generator.

And if like this. We know that if you glue small neodymium magnets to the blades of the cooler and put one more powerful one nearby, then the cooler spins. If there is a cooler, then there is a current and you can charge the battery using simple circuits that I do not know about. Well, if all this is neatly folded into the body of a flashlight, it will be cool. Well, crazy hands, if anyone knows what, let's think it over.

Discussion

Roman Sokolov
Dear Igor, I need your advice. I decided to make a damper for a bicycle suspension fork on the basis of a similar linear generator. Let me explain a little, suddenly you do not know what it is. The suspension fork has a spring that absorbs the impact energy from the bumps in the road, but it also returns it almost completely and hits the cyclist's hands. In order for the fork to be rightfully called a shock absorber, in addition to the spring, a damper is needed, which freely allows the springs to be compressed, but resists with a certain effort when it is released. In theory. A linear generator is perfect for this, it is enough to put a diode and then the rod with magnets should pass freely in one direction, and resist in the other, generating current. And here is the catch, the generator must be powerful enough, it will most likely be connected shortly or with a sufficiently powerful load. How to calculate it at least approximately. What is the cross-section of the wire, how many turns, perhaps it is better to make the winding segmented, and is it worth it at all, perhaps it will be too cumbersome for this task.

Alexander Melnik

Igor, I had such a flashlight, Chinese. Indeed, eternal. So much eternal that I gave it. What kind of flashlight you don't need to buy batteries for? It was in my car, in the trunk, just in case. Gave it to a good friend. I didn’t come across such more.
I'm not talking about that. I want to ask. I have an interesting idea, I want to try. With multiple linear generators. Layout idea. But I'm more of a mechanic .. Tell me, how much power can be removed from such a generator? The neodymium magnet seems to be a powerful thing ...

If I combine into a common drive ... for example .. 6 such generators. As in your video. They will be on the shaft, figuratively speaking. That is, I will supply rotational energy to them, which will be transformed into a reciprocating linear generator. And here it is clear that the higher the oscillation frequency, the more impulses. Do you understand?
Can you say something at a glance? You work with them, so you understand what's what.
In YouTube, there was once a video about a generator with linear generators, several, and two disks at the ends. There are magnets in the disks. Through one, the poles change. The discs sit on a drive shaft. Between the discs, a stator with reinforced linear generators. When the shaft rotates, the discs rotate. The disc magnets push-pull the generator magnets. It turns out the coordinated work of the generators - balanced. The authors installed this generator on a car for testing. And they talked about decent performance. With a size slightly larger than an automobile, it was several times more powerful.
Are these indicators realistic?
I have my own design idea, which allows using this principle to make the “packing” by linear generators very tightly, that is, to significantly reduce the size. Those. get excellent results in terms of size / power.
And further. How to write to you, and maybe then call you. I would like to discuss some questions about styling. I once wrote to you in comments that I got an unexpected effect with a linear stirling motor (or, more correctly, lavoisier?). There is a catastrophic lack of time to experiment with this topic. But she is very interesting to me. I've tried a little. There are more questions than answers. But there are even more ideas. I see a perspective in styling for the coming years. That's how I see it at least. The plans are to be busy. But there is not enough time and experience (with stirlings). It would be nice to get in touch with you if you don't mind.
I don't want to discuss technical issues in the comments for a number of reasons.

Igor beletsky
thoughts are very good! And the main thing is that you think correctly, everything you proposed may well be implemented, many people have already mentioned this, the point is that no one is industrially interested in this yet.

Petro golovatyi
such a small generator will work even with engine vibration on the pillows. And for the larger ones, you need to find better places - and they are when driving. See for yourself how loose things in the car vibrate and move.

Sergey chemist
Igor, and what to come up with from rectangular magnets? The magnetization is axial, how to position the coils and use the rotation through the gearbox to avoid shaking? I think there will be a good increase in power.

Igor beletsky
then only put the coils in a circle and rotate the magnets fixed on the disk, I have already shown such generators more than once, they are quite efficient and the efficiency is higher, but the device is certainly an order of magnitude more complicated. Each scheme has its own pros and cons.

Iskatel
and if you wind a coil on a metal tube, and a plastic one inside. And then push the cylindrical magnet inward, and it will push out the same at the end of the tube. Is it possible in this way to make a flashlight that can be charged with one hand, replace Chinese consumer goods with gears. Please at least tell me. I really need it)

Pavel Geronim
interesting thing for a hike. However, a little bit. Charging weight plays a significant role in a backpack. You will have to telepath from an hour to 3, depending on the current - perhaps a rotational or compressive (such as a bug's flashlight) movement is more convenient. I was also interested in methods of energy recovery on a hike for phones and a navigator, but so far I stopped at lithium batteries - it's easier to take a pack of charged ones with me. But there are unrealized thoughts - the peltier element is heating on a fire - it is quite difficult to realize the gluing place (biolite has already released a marching charger). Well, all the possible options from the heat of the fire - this is usually always there in large quantities, on a hike. Steam generator? Lightweight and compact.

Chakat netstalker
After watching your video, a crazy idea was born, and if you turn the magnet into a piston and spin a wheel with it, which will be fixed on the motor, like a steam engine of a steam locomotive, which will rotate due to the energy received from the coil, we feed the motor with it. I have not seen such a perpetual motion machine on YouTube.

Whitebeastify
this is a bad idea, for this there are electric motors that directly convert energy into rotary motion, and you propose converting energy first into reciprocating motion, and then into rotary motion, which means complicating the engine, adding a bunch of parts, increasing weight and lowering efficiency.

Igor beletsky
+ whitebeastify is not convenient for everyone to twist this time, and where is the rotational movement interesting. There is no complication - on the contrary, this is the simplest generator, take a closer look at the facts.

Whitebeastify
+ Igor Beletsky
Igor, on the contrary, I liked your idea, I even think to make such a generator, and there is a neodymium magnet of about this size, but I wrote not according to your video, but according to the previous video, where a certain chakat suggested, as I understand it, to use your generator as an engine where the magnet would be a piston and an alternating current would be applied to the coil and then convert the reciprocating motion of the piston, through the crank, into rotation of the shaft.

Chakat netstalker
no, I did not suggest using it as a motor, namely as a generator.
A motor is installed on the wheel, which receives the reciprocating movements of the piston through the crank, but on the piston there is a neodymium magnet that, when rotating, goes to the rear to the front inside the coil. In this way, we get the current that we connect to the motor, it then rotates the motor shaft.
I hope I made myself clear. In general, this is nonsense, like all perpetual motion machines.

sandu / alexandru / sasha
where can i find diainster or super capacitor?

It would be interesting to charge smartphones in this way.

Igor beletsky
it is quite possible, from such capacitors you can make a battery and use it as a battery, they are just still expensive, so they are not yet widespread.

Virtualis
very much looks like a “spoke” of a shkondin generator. Add a magneto-motor to the circuit, there will be a similarity. With the difference that he honed the values ​​for years. In general, shkondin invented (almost) a perpetual motion machine, but the whole world does not care.

Igor Beletsky
nope, I'm afraid not to mess up so much in real time (except to throw a little into the battery and then take it sharply from there), it's necessary to go ten watts. Such power, without much tension, can only be obtained on a rotation generator with magnetic circuits. Here is 2-3 watts maximum, so that the hand does not get tired quickly. This efficiency has a small percentage of 20 no more, but it is as simple as a stick. So everywhere in nature, you win on something, you lose on something.

Alex tango
+ Igor Beletskiy got used to looking at the ipad charging 5.2 volts at 2.4 amperes, p = ui = 5. 2 * 2. 4 = 12. 48 watts, 2 amperes are suitable for charging in a car, if there is 1 a - like everywhere Chinese - it will not show a charge!

Alex sambo
Igor, maybe a little off topic, but I will give you information for thought and perhaps an idea for future experiments. Recently I saw on the network a new German development of a solar battery, which, in theory, should be perfect for our region, where there is not much sun. Https: // www. Youtube. Com / watch? V = d3sn3hraezs and https: // www. Youtube. Com / watch? V = ipj92nollpq the most important thing here is the lens, which is a large plastic reservoir in the form of a ball filled with water, and behind the sun spot that this lens focuses, the positioning system drives with a small solar battery, which, thanks to such a system, can generate approximately 3.4 kW. Hours a day. This is not a bad idea for me, but the most difficult thing here will be to make a tank of this size. And in winter, due to the fact that water is used, it will not be possible to use it, since the water will freeze and rupture the reservoir, unless you use some other liquid or gel. What do you think of such a solar panel?

Igor beletsky
the idea is certainly not new, I saw this video, but I think it makes no sense to fence such a vegetable garden. For a long time already this was done with the help of ordinary concentrators and the effect was even better and simpler in design. The fact that in this way we get more energy from the panels is not opening, there another problem immediately arises, you need to cool these photocells well, otherwise there will be no sense. So there are nuances everywhere.

Virtualis
I've been thinking and thinking about this topic and came to the conclusion. That as a commercial project it is enough to attach a handle and there will be such a rattle for adults. And with the flywheels, developing the topic, we will rest against a hybrid of a flashlight and an expander in one form or another). For serious capacities, the scheme is different.

Barney Calhoun
By the way, supercapacitors are not necessary, ordinary large electrolytes from modern power supplies are enough, about more than 100 microfarads. But the diodes cannot be connected as Igor did. Look on the Internet for a blocking circuit for a generator, or a joule thief, as well as a voltage stabilizer on the roll, then the capacitor will really charge and I emphasize to accumulate energy. In the circuit proposed by Igor, there is a conventional diode bridge with a smoothing capacitor, it simply does not have time to charge and is immediately discharged to the load.

Idea for playing - take the best glass plate, and put the bearing in it, start moving the plate with translational movements in time with the rotation of the bearing. On this principle, you can also assemble a generator, and the speed of a spherical magnet inside the torus will be very impressive there.

Vladimir happiness
well. But supercapacitors are distinguished by low voltages, and they do not like high voltages. And you can shake a lot with this thing. Or short-term impulses will not kill the supercapacitor?
Putting a zener diode is such an option, it eats up almost everything due to resistance.

Igor beletsky
the circuit is classic, four diodes and a conder in parallel at the output, in the search, set the rectifier circuit and give out a lot of these circuits for every taste, there is nothing tricky there.

Igor beletsky
Of course, it came, especially since the generator has been lying for a long time and is waiting for this, I will say more I wanted to do it this fall, but as always plans are taking place. But I will definitely do it, I even decided on the type of construction - it will be a turbine of not large dimensions, no more than a meter in diameter, such a balcony option... So there are plans and will be required.

Igor beletsky
I think it will not be easy to rub it into holes, but if something new is not difficult to do, the price is a penny. And rectifiers have long been sold on radio markets, ready-made, for any voltage, so there is no need to do it myself, I am so amused myself. In the search you will find many options, I'm sure.

Alex sambo
+ Igor Beletsky
I had been thinking about such a design for a long time and it was with ionistors), but I did not think about shock absorbers on magnets, I was more inclined to use springs on both sides of the magnet with a soft "stroke" (well, or rubber bands and a tube longer, so that inertia was more). I don’t know how effective it will be, we need to check everything in practice.
And by the way, this generator should be good for those who often walk, fix it somewhere on a backpack behind their backs, and while walking, electricity will be generated, which will charge the ionistors, and then anything can be charged from them.

Alex tango
the rubber band will break unambiguously, the springs will click into the brain, the magnets are optimal, the body of any non-magnetic material, even ceramic, even a pvc pipe, will not quickly wipe off, it has a vertical pressure on the walls and friction is not great.

Vladimir lokot
+ alex tango can be used and metal aluminum, copper or alloy brass, but will side effect- induction of foucault currents in the body of this apparatus. How critical this is in such a homemade product can probably only be found out experimentally.

denis t
Greetings! Probably everyone has heard about the bose magnetic suspension for a car, so I had the idea to make a similar one at home, well, or in extreme cases, if it does not work out, then make a recuperative suspension a la a faraday flashlight for a second battery or ionistors. Who will advise what?

Igor beletsky
absolutely right, but it's better to just attach it to the leg with Velcro or a strap, lower to the foot, or something else. In the world, this topic has long been discussed for the military. There is powerpeg for tourists.

V. Vereschaga
+ Igor Beletsky, or in the car straight to the wheel. T. E. Not to the wheel, but to the place where it is attached - to the shock absorber (not a motorist, I cannot use a term).
And another question, Igor. How long does your flashlight burn from this supercapacitor? How long does it take to discharge and how can you calculate it? In addition, if the voltage is written in the characteristics of the capacitor (5.5 volts), then the current strength will not be so unambiguous (the maximum can be measured by a short circuit to an ammeter, though not sure that it will be safe for the latter, the supercapacitor and health). After this issue is clarified, you need to either select and connect LEDs in series, or limit the current with a resistor. Am I right or wrong?
Thank you!

Igor beletsky
+ v. Vereschaga small flashlight burns very brightly for about a minute, then the glow decreases and continues to burn for a few more minutes with a weak light, but I also charged the supercapacitor with my hand for a maximum of half a minute, probably, but this is not its full capacity. In short, you still need to experiment.

ribakin
it remains to modify the automatic shaking system or something else - and you can even put the phone on any gadget in the first place! On the road, just to swing from something and that's it. Then assemble an assembly from these, connect the inverter and. Fantasy, fantasy.

Igor beletsky
the topic is very interesting, I think I will return to it more than once, it's a pity of course that they are still expensive, you can't buy much. There are already many videos on the Internet about supercapacitors, although in English, we will work.

Andrey kartashow
if I correctly caught the course of your thoughts, then soon we will see a battery of homemade thermocouples from which we will light a flashlight. For example, copper-aluminum. For a supercapacitor, a plus is unambiguous. By the way. I dare to suggest to put a converter after the rectifier dc-dc.

Igor. Collect a good power ionister battery. I have been dreaming for a long time, and I will probably collect it myself soon.
The main problem with ionistors is the voltage drop. Parallel serial connections can be used to regulate the voltage. If you can make an easy switching system on this basis, they will not have a price.

Andrey kartashow
what's the problem with the voltage drop? There are self-balancing supercapacitor assemblies. Produced by epocs. I myself dream of assembling a battery. Only they are expensive.

Vladimir lokot
> In 2008, Indian researchers developed a prototype supercapacitor based on graphene electrodes with a specific energy capacity of up to 32 Wh / kg, comparable to that of lead-acid batteries (30-40 Wh / kg). (C) wikipedia
even if we close our eyes to the price, lithium is still out of competition:
specific energy consumption: 110 ... 230 W * h / kg; (c) wikipedia
Well, judge for yourself.
I am not belittling the capabilities of supercapacitors, they work great as a buffer when you need to quickly charge with a large current or quickly discharge a lot of energy. No batteries can do this. But as the main drive on those technologies that are now, they are not ice at all.

Vitaly yakubov
- how does the voltage depend on the thickness of the wire? I even got into Wikipedia, it says only the number of turns. Another thing is that a thin wire can melt from high power.

If we equip a laptop with a tuner, we will have a radio, TV, Internet and other gadgets for entertainment and work. Add a couple of LED bulbs, and we are almost completely independent of the Chubais. With low power consumption notebooks, a 7 amp battery will last for 8-12 hours of operation. Providing the battery with charging on a linear generator, which will recharge it continuously, will solve the problem.

I offer for enthusiasts a simpler and cheaper model, which has already been tested and is working. Anyone can assemble this model to experiment in this area, no special knowledge is required, but of course it is desirable.

I mean "linear generator". Many have seen lanterns made on a linear generator. It is worth shaking them a little and the energy is enough for a few minutes of the LED burning. http://mobipower.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=55 by following this link you can familiarize yourself with a linear generator made by amateurs to charge the battery. This linear generator, assembled on small magnets, already has enough power to charge the battery.

Of course, a linear generator assembled by amateurs requires improvement - do not you to be afraid of it all day long with your hands. I purchased a P-60-06-30-N search magnet, it differs from all other search magnets in that it does not have a steel glass and works equally well both on planes and around the circumference. This is a fairly strong magnet, with a traction force of 124 kg, the linear generator on it should turn out to be powerful.

This magnet has a hole in the center for easy application. Imagine a pin, in the center of which this magnet is fixed with washers and nuts. The hairpin, through the "P" shaped plate, fixed at the ends of the hairpin, is horizontally suspended on a fixed support. This allows it, together with the magnet, to move horizontally inside the rigidly mounted coil. The suspension is rigid, so the magnet can only move along the coil. If we grab the end of the hairpin with our hand and start moving it in the coil, it will begin to generate current - that's the generator, it remains only to automate it.

This can be done using an electromagnet and a Hall sensor. At one end of the hairpin, we fix a disk magnet, opposite it an electromagnet, with a core equal in diameter to the magnet. The electromagnet is connected via an actuator controlled by a hall sensor to the battery.

When the pin moves towards the electromagnet, the permanent magnet attached to the end of the pin is attracted to the core of the electromagnet. But at a minimum distance to the electromagnet, the Hall sensor is triggered, the electromagnet is turned on, with the same field with a permanent magnet, and as a result, it throws the pin with the magnet to the opposite end with a strong push.

At the other end, opposite the stud, a spring can be fixedly fixed, which will throw the stud in the opposite direction. Thus, the process will continue continuously. Instead of a spring, a disk permanent magnet can be fixed motionlessly, and the same disk magnet on a hairpin, with the same poles to each other.

If you tried to connect, with the same poles, two neodymium magnets, even not very large ones, you can imagine how difficult it is. Moreover, the magnets, when connected, tend to go to the side, so it may be necessary, instead of one magnet, to install 4, with a slight tilt, so that they balance each other. In this case, the pin will receive a push strictly horizontally, which is what is required. Thus, there will be one magnet on the hairpin, and 4 will be fixed, maybe 3 symmetrically located will be enough.

When you assemble such a device, the coil of the electromagnet will need to be tuned to resonance for minimum current consumption. To do this, an ammeter must be included in the break of the coil, and non-polar capacitors must be connected in parallel to the coil itself, achieving the lowest current consumption by the electromagnet. When entering resonance, the electromagnet will consume a minimum current, all the rest of the generator power will be spent on recharging the battery.

The generator winding can be wound, based on the experience of amateurs, you get two coils in a cross section of 30x20 each. A wire 1.5-2 mm thick so that it outputs about 20 volts, with as much current as possible.

By lengthening the hairpin, its suspension can be made on magnets, then the upper pendulum suspension can be excluded. By lengthening the pin even more, you can place two or three such generators on it, increasing the total power. In general, there is something for the amateur to experiment with.

Here are the conclusions that amateurs came to when experimenting with coils:

“Consider this process in more detail. If the magnet is not in the coil and begins to enter it with one pole, then until the coil reaches the middle of the magnet, only one polarity pulse will be induced in the coil. But when the other pole begins to enter the coil, then a pulse of a different polarity appears. Only at first it is small (since the magnetic field in the middle of the magnet is insignificant), but as the magnet moves deeper into the coil, the counter-pulse becomes larger and larger, and a moment comes when these pulses are equal. This is the moment when the voltage passes through 0. This is exactly the moment when the magnet is completely in the coil and the distance from its ends (poles) to the edge of the coil is equal. And accordingly, the induced voltages by opposite poles are also equal. When one of the poles leaves the coil, the picture is the same. "

“As expected, the ends of the magnet form a multipolar EMF. And the coil located at the "side" of the magnet does little. The main impulse is formed when the end of the magnet passes opposite the turns. And at the sides the MP is already significantly scattered.

Hence the conclusions:

1) You need 2 coils, multidirectional and commutated so that the EMF is summed up.

2) the amplitude of the oscillations of the magnet should not be greater than the length of the coils, so that the ends of the magnet do not go beyond the limits of their "own" coil.

With a magnetic suspension, such a generator generates almost a sinusoid! In other cases, there is also generation, but these are all sorts of different impulses, different both in amplitude and polarity. "

Linear generator of vertical type

In this generator, the coil will be the same as in the previous generator, only it will be located vertically. The magnet, accordingly, will reciprocate, inside the coil, in a vertical plane. Coil 2 frame, with an inner diameter of 62 mm, length 60 mm. The magnet is 30mm thick, will move 30mm.

A permanent magnet will be fixed at the bottom of the coil, directed by the same pole to the movable magnet. It will act as a spring that repels the moving magnet.

The metal core of the electromagnet will be attached to the top of the coil. The core must be of such a size that the movable magnet reacts (attracts) to it from the lowest point. You can stick rubber or leather on the metal core, it will help with tuning. As in the previous generator, the Hall sensor will control the electromagnet.

When this generator is finally assembled, the moving magnet will be attracted to the core of the electromagnet. When the battery is connected, the Hall sensor will be triggered and the electromagnet will forcefully throw off the permanent magnet. Having reached the bottom point, the magnet will receive a push from the permanent magnet fixed at the bottom and will begin to be attracted by the core of the electromagnet. Having reached the top point, even before it touches the core of the electromagnet, the Hall sensor will work, the electromagnet will turn on and another push will follow.

With the relative simplicity of the design, not everything is as simple as it looks. The movable magnet has a mass of 620 grams, which is quite a big weight. Therefore, the electromagnet must be powerful enough to extinguish the inertia of this mass as it moves up. When the magnet moves to the upper point, the electromagnet must turn on even on the approach of the magnet, to the upper point in order to extinguish the inertia, stop, and then throw the magnet down. The electromagnet can only be disconnected after the permanent magnet ¾ has traveled downward. Thus, the period of switching on the electromagnet will be quite long, which means that it will consume a lot of energy. Will there be any energy left for useful work?

Vertical pendulum generator

It is possible to compensate for the energy consumption of the electromagnet different ways... One of them is to hang the magnet on a spring, which must be set so stiff that the magnet swings within 30 mm. The electromagnet can be placed at the bottom, the core of the electromagnet may not be as massive. In this case, one short pulse will be enough to give the magnet additional acceleration, for continuous swing.

You can also compensate for the inertia force in the previous diagram of the generator description. To do this, an additional axis can be placed on the moving magnet from below, on which an additional compensator can be placed. In this case, the lower repulsive magnet should be in the form of a ring, for free passage of the axis.

When a permanent magnet moves, an EMF will be induced in the coil, and its own magnetic field will appear, which will oppose the movement of the magnet. The more power we take from the coil, the more it will slow down the movement of the magnet. Can this force be compensated for?

Permanent magnet generators compensate for this force in different ways. The most effective is the method used in generators of a gapless type, as it is known that they have zero resistance to rotation. Perhaps this method can be applied to linear generators as well.

Then the ideal generator would look like a set of rings. Coils, which can be more than magnets, can be located both outside and inside the rings. The ideal design would be in the form of a pendulum, with two linear generators at the ends.

The vertical type linear generator can be assembled on any neodymium disc magnets. The larger the size, the more power you can get. The hole in the center of the magnet is optional.

If someone achieves noticeable success in assembling a linear generator, write about the results - I will post it on this page, it will be easier for others to follow the beaten path. I managed to buy a magnet, a hairpin myself, and at about the same time I managed to lose my job. Therefore, there is no time for experiments - here it would be to survive, it is difficult to find a job before retirement.

A prototype device that generates electricity while walking was developed by Canadian scientists from Simon Fraser University in British Columbia with the participation of colleagues from the United States. According to the project manager, associate professor at the University Max Donelan, the device weighing about 1.6 kilograms is attached to the knee and can generate an average of 5 watts of electricity without excessive human effort. Previous attempts to use the energy expended during walking by installing appropriate devices on the foot or in a special backpack, according to the developers, turned out to be less effective than the new method.

The technology could eventually be used to power prostheses or implanted medical devices, mobile phones or satellite coordinate system sensors, CBC said. It can also be used by the military - soldiers do not have to carry additional electric batteries with them.

Alternator device

In order to ensure the most comfortable existence, man has developed and invented a huge variety of different technological devices and complex systems. But one of the most efficient and effective devices for using electricity has become an alternator.

Today, there are two main types of construction:

• Devices with a fixed part - a stator and a rotating element - a magnetic pole. Elements of this type are widely used among the population, because the presence of a fixed winding saved the user from the need to remove unnecessary electrical load.
• An electrical device with a rotary armature and a fixed magnetic pole.

It turns out that the design of the generator is reduced to the presence of two main parts: movable and fixed, as well as to the elements that serve as a link between them.

Principle of operation

The working principle of the car alternator:

• the rotating part of the rotor or drive mechanism is nominally taken as an electric magnet. It is he who will transfer the created magnetic field to the stator "body". This is an external element of the device, which consists of coils with wires connected to them.
• voltage is transmitted through rings and manifold shields. The rings are made of copper and rotate simultaneously with the rotor and crankshaft. In the course of movement, the brushes are pressed against the surface of the rings. Consequently, the current will be transferred from the stationary part to the moving part of the system.

Specifications

When buying an alternator, you need to focus on the following specifications:

• Electric power;
• Working voltage;
• The number of revolutions of the rotating part of the generator;
• Useful power factor;
• Current strength.

Multiphase Linear DC Generator

Nikola Tesla always approached the issues under study in an unconventional way. It seems obvious to everyone that wheels with blades or blades respond to the movement of the medium better than flat objects. Tesla, in his usual manner, proved that if a rotor system is assembled from disks located on the axis in series, then due to the picking up of the boundary layers by the gas flow, it will rotate no worse, and in some cases even better than a multi-blade propeller, which, according to its essence is the same Archimedes screw.

The directionality of the moving medium should be tangential, which in modern units is not always possible or desirable, but the design is significantly simplified - it does not need blades at all. Gas turbines according to the Tesla scheme are not yet being built, but it may not be over yet.

It is quite possible to recycle the secondary heat of the turboelectric generator using it for a variety of needs, from secondary recycling in the system itself, to heating domestic premises and thermal power supply of absorption-type refrigeration units. This approach is called trigeneration, and the efficiency in this mode is close to 90%. This is for fuel.

The main frictional losses in a piston engine are in the seal of the combustion chamber. Twist any ICE even with the cylinder cover removed. It will take a lot of effort. Losses for rolling friction in the crank mechanism are small.

Sources: newforum.delaysam.ru, Howelektrik.ru, electricalschool.info, electrotransport.ru, kurstoe.ru, www.idlect.ru, pro-radio.ru

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For some situations, it is proposed to use effective, from the point of view of the author, methods of converting translational movements into rotational ones - for the purpose of using them together with ordinary dynamos.

Solenoid with magnet

The first linear energy converters were created at the beginning of the nineteenth century (in the works of Faraday and Lenz) and were solenoids with permanent magnets moving inside them. But these devices were used only in physics laboratories to formulate the laws of electromagnetism.

Subsequently, only generators operating from rotational movements received serious application. But now humanity "remembers the long forgotten old". So, recently, "eternal" or "induction Faraday flashlights" were created, operating from a shake and based on a "translational generator" - this is the same solenoid with a permanent magnet oscillating inside it, plus a rectifier system, a smoothing element and a storage device. (It should be noted that for the appearance of current in the solenoid, it is not necessary to push in and out the magnet inside it - it is enough, and no less effective, to bring the magnet closer and away from the electric coil, if a core is inserted into it, it is better to use a ferrite core).

On the Internet, you can find a description of how to make a generator that feeds bicycle headlights, working on the same principle - from the movement of a magnet inside a solenoid (the shake here is no longer provided by a human hand, but by the vehicle itself - a bicycle).

Translational generators have appeared and are being designed using the "piezoelectric effect" - the ability of some crystals to produce electric charges upon deformation.

These are, for example, well-known piezoelectric lighters. French scientists (in particular, Jean Jacques Shellot in Grenoble is engaged in this) decided to substitute piezocrystalline modules for raindrops and thus receive electricity. In Israel, the Innowatech company is developing a method for generating electricity from the pressure of cars on the roadway - piezo crystals will be placed under the highway. And in the Netherlands, they plan to "collect" electricity from under the floor of the dance hall in the same way.

All of the above examples, except for the use of rain energy, relate to the "removal" of energy from the results of human activity. Here we can also propose the placement of translational generators in the shock absorbers of cars and trains, as well as the supply of these vehicles with enlarged copies of the above-described bicycle generators, operating from shock, and, in addition, the location of the translational generators under the rails of the railways.

A new way to use the wind

Let us now consider how to make fuller use of wind energy. Known wind power generators, in which the wind rotates propellers, and they, in turn, are the shafts of dynamos. But propellers are not always convenient to use. If they are used in residential areas, they require extra space, and they, for safety, must be enclosed in nets. They can spoil appearance, obscure the sun and impair your view. Rotating generators are difficult to manufacture: required good bearings and balancing rotating parts. And the wind turbines placed on parked electric vehicles can be stolen or damaged.

The author proposes to use more comfortable working bodies, which will be influenced by the wind: shields, plates, sails, inflatable forms. And instead of the usual dynamos, there are special mountings in the form of translational generators, in which electricity will be generated from mechanical displacements and pressures produced by the working bodies. In such mounts, both piezo crystals and solenoids with movable magnetic cores can be used. The currents created by these mounts will pass through the rectifiers, smoothing elements and charge the batteries for further use of the generated electricity. All parts of such translational generators are easy to manufacture.

Shields with similar fixings, placed on the walls of buildings, balconies, etc., will bring only benefits instead of inconveniences: sound and heat insulation, shade. They require little or no additional space. Billboards, sun or rain canopies equipped with such mounts and "rain" piezoelectric crystal modules will, in addition to their main function, also generate electricity. By the same principle, any fence can be made to work.

Energy-producing windows and poles

It is possible to use durable glass in the windows as "wind intakes", and to place the electrowinning mounts in the frame.

If we take the case with electric vehicles, then the mounts can be switched: in the parking lot, where the glass vibration from the wind is permissible, power generating mounts will be used, and when driving, so as not to violate the aerodynamic properties of an electric car, they are usual. Although, when using piezo crystals, you can achieve very little backlash and no switching is required.

In a simpler (opaque version of the shields) in the parking lot, ordinary glass is lowered and instead of them, shield wind power generators are inserted, fasteners resting on the window frames. The same can be done in the house at night, when the windows should not let in light: instead of glass or external shutters, install such wind turbines.

A support in the form of a tripod for a lamppost or a cellular antenna will generate electricity if we in each "leg", dividing them across into two parts, place the above-described electricity-generating mount at the joint. A lantern or antenna post can be placed in a buried and reinforced hollow cylinder with similar power generators placed around the outer rim - this is another option.

Lanterns on poles equipped with such "support" can work independently, without supplying power cables to them - after all, they always swing from the wind or from vibrations of the roadway. Such lights should be in great demand where either there are no power plants, or the area has not yet been "covered" by wiring.

In addition, translational generators also allow us to use such “natural wind farms” as trees, because their branches are swaying from the wind. With trees, it is better to use solenoid-type generators, rather than piezoelectric crystals. Solenoids with magnets and springs will provide a soft harness.

Here is one possible use case for swinging a branch. One rope coming from the reel of the electric coil is fixed on the trunk or attached to an “anchor” (of the sea type) buried in the ground, and the second, connected to a magnet, is fixed to the swinging branch. You do not need to pin the bobbin - just leave the link with the branch. Then the generator will work from a shake, which will be provided by the swinging of the branch from the wind (the spring will not let the coil fall).

"Flying" electricity

As for inflatable "working bodies" for translational wind power generators, many have seen advertising inflatable figures at gas stations that sway from the wind.

Such inflatable forms (they can be made in the form of balls, ellipsoids, air mattresses, etc.) can also work on environmentally friendly electricity. Their advantage is that they, "untied" and driven by the wind, do not seriously injure any of the people.

So, for example, you can use a balloon as a working fluid for a translational wind power generator of the solenoid type. The magnet is tied to the ball, and the coil is "anchored", and it is better to use elastic connections so as not to break the ball and not damage the coil and electronics (the above mentioned rectifier, smoothing and storage systems).

Wind energy can also be used to generate electricity for sailing ships in the places where the sails are attached (here, electric generating mounts on piezo crystals are more suitable so as not to create large movements). The generated electricity will be used to charge the battery as an additional energy opportunity in case of calm, for driving on an electric motor and for the internal needs of the ship, for example, for lighting and refrigeration units.

Wave energy

Now let's see how to use the energy of sea and river waves. It is possible to make such generators of translational action, where the working bodies will be not large shields or other large geometric shapes, but small plates.

The power generating mounts will remain the same (on solenoids or on piezo crystals), but only in smaller sizes. We will install sets of such plate electric generators on floating equipment at the level of their waterlines. They (generators), due to their small size, will not spoil the ship's outlines too much. Care should also be taken to waterproof the generators by placing them under a waterproof elastic sheath. The waves hitting the ship (on the plates) will generate electricity for the engine (undercarriage) and for the internal needs of the ship, thus eliminating the bulky and dangerous (overturning floating craft) sail, which, moreover, is difficult to go against the wind. and polluting environment motors and generators of internal combustion.

Harnessing the energy of the waves near the shore is even easier by attaching the solenoids to a pier, landing stage or other structure. Here we will take shields and larger mounts: in this case, the streamlining will only hurt.

Generator in the form of a raft

For the same purpose (using the energy of waves) the "raft-electric generator" is intended. Here, the waves will provide movement of the floats relative to each other, which, with the help of hinged struts, will cause the magnets to move relative to the solenoids.

Recall that magnets, solenoids, and springs make up translational generators attached to pivot posts. The battery and the electronic unit are enclosed in a common rigid casing suspended by ropes from the racks.

The system of struts, hinges and springs, without completely limiting the mutual movements of the floats, at the same time will not allow the raft to disintegrate. And the relative movement of the magnets and solenoids will ensure the generation of current in the solenoid windings, which will be transmitted through the wires to the electronic unit. There it will pass a rectifier and a smoothing element, after which it will enter the raft's battery or be transmitted via cables to the shore or to a ship towing the raft for its energy needs.

For a more complete use of all directions of wave action, it is possible to form a conglomerate from such rafts, placing them at an optimal angle relative to each other, or on one raft to make a complex (taking into account all possible relative movements of the floats), a more complex system of hinge struts and springs.

Using water level differences

Progressive generators are also suitable for using the energy of changes in water levels near rivers, waterfalls, ebb and flow. They will work instead of water turbines. Their efficiency, according to preliminary estimates, is less, but translational generators, together with related devices, are easier to build here: after all, hydro turbine generators, due to their belonging to rotating ones, need manufacturing accuracy, balancing and good bearings.

The following scheme is the simplest to carry out. The solenoid is fixed on the bank (very well to the bridge) of a river or waterfall, and a float, lowered into the water, is attached to the magnet. If the flow is turbulent, as we observe in fast rivers and waterfalls, then the float will vibrate and transmit vibrations to the magnet, which is required to generate electricity. The magnet together with the float will not float away due to the fact that the magnet is fixed to the bottom of the solenoid bobbin by a spring. This circuit is very similar to the above float circuit for harnessing wave energy.

There is another well-known system. A continuous stream of water flows into the storage bowl from above, for example, from a branch channel from the river. The bowl fills up. When the hydrostatic pressure at the end of the tube in this container exceeds a certain "cutoff threshold" (after all, there is still air in the tube), water will begin to pass through it and pour out onto the translational generator located below. The water level in the bowl will go down below the curved end of the tube, and the air will again “ban” it.

Due to the inflow of water from above, the tank will again fill up to the maximum level. And with it, the hydrostatic pressure is able to "unlock" the tube (etc.). This ensures an intermittent drop of water onto the translational generator, which is required for generating electricity. After completing the "work", the water will flow down to the catchment, from where it will again enter the river through the corresponding channel, but at a lower level.

Translational generators, designed to use intermittent drops on them, look like this. Solenoid type - here an inclined cuvette for collecting and draining water is rigidly attached to a magnet located inside a fixed solenoid. And the magnet itself is supported from below by a spring fixed to the bottom of the solenoid bobbin. Piezoelectric type - here the same cuvette is supported by a piezoelectric crystal.

There is a device of the same purpose, but of a different type - this is a bowl rotating (in a vertical plane) on a hinge. It has different centers of gravity in unfilled and full states. In the unfilled state, the bowl is in stable equilibrium: it rests on a hinge and a support. The vertical, lowered from its center of gravity, passes through the support area. But as the bowl is filled with water, for example, from the branch channel from the river, its center of gravity shifts. And when the vertical, lowered from the new center of gravity, goes beyond the support area, the bowl will begin to turn over.

As you turn over, the vertical from the center of gravity will more and more go beyond the support area. In the end, the liquid from the bowl will pour out onto the translational generator, and then into the catchment and into the canal returning to the river. The empty bowl will return to its original position of stable equilibrium, will again begin to fill with water, and the cycle will repeat.

Improving designs

You can think of many more possibilities for the use of translational power generators, options for their design and related devices. The author hopes that these generators will take their "niche" in the field of generating clean electricity.

If for some reason power generators of translational action cannot be built and used, or there are already conventional generators operating from rotational movements, then some translational movements that have sufficient amplitude (for example, swaying tree branches from the wind, movement of a float or a balloon), can still be used, since there are mechanical transmissions that convert translational movements into rotational ones.

You can name, for example, a rack and pinion gear, screw (like a child's toy - whirligig) and a belt with a reel: we wind a strap, fishing line or cable onto the reel and attach a return spring to it, for example, a spiral one. And for even greater efficiency in generating electricity in this way, it is necessary to put a gearbox as a multiplier, as in a car or a bicycle, and switch speeds (gear ratio) depending on the strength of the wind or waves for the current day or hour.

If we estimate how much of the “surface” air surface exposed to winds is not yet “used” to generate electricity, what water surface is with waves, and how many rivers and waterfalls are not yet “working” (this is not to mention the sun's rays and geothermal sources), then we will see that clean energy has a great future.