What is better than varietal or hybrid seeds. What is varieties and hybrids

Since the variety exists under certain conditions ambientBetween it and the environment it is necessary to establish such relationships that would contribute to the best prosperity. These relationships are reflected in the adaptive value of individual grade genotypes (or varieties as a whole) and proceed from the genetic composition of the variety, i.e. From the genetic structure of generators of its genotypes. In accordance with the genetic composition of the variety distinguish:
- Clean lines;
- pure varieties;
- multilinear varieties;
- varietal mixes;
- varieties of populations;
- synthetic varieties;
- hybrid varieties;
- polyploid varieties;
- Clone varieties.

The selection of a breeder of any of these genetic structures for the future variety depends on which plant - self-sifed or cross-stop - work is underway for which agreecological conditions is created and what is the need for the market needs. All these factors should be considered to completely find out at the very beginning of the breeding program, what is the desired genotype of the variety.

Clean lines

Clean line is the offspring of one homozygous self-polluted plant. With a further reproduction, a variety is obtained, consisting of one genotype, separate individuals (how many of them) have the same genotype. It has already been emphasized earlier, it cannot be maintained for a long time, since mutations arise during consecutive reproductions, natural hybridization occurs and mechanical impurities appear. If the grade contains 95% of the identical genotypes, it can practically be considered a clean line.

Therefore, if it is decided that the new grade will be a clean line, most convenient to create it to apply the Pedigri method, and in a self-sifold plant only in F6 you can talk about a clean line. Individual selection in further generations (from F7 to F10) leads to complete homozygosity for all signs.

Clean line of self-sifold plant is genetically identical to the inbred lines of the cross-protest plant after six generations of inbreeding. Since depression arises due to inbreeding, clean lines are used not to increase productivity, but almost exclusively as components for the production of hybrids in order to use heterogeneous. Varieties - clean lines are mainly obtained by self-sifolding of vegetable and flower crops, where a significant number of environmental factors (seedling seedlings, glass and film greenhouses are found.) And where the market needs require large phenotypic alternation in Morphological features. Varieties - clean lines are also obtained in self-polishing grain (wheat, barley, rice, etc.), legumes (soy, peas, Vika) and other species for which they create intensive conditions and choose the most suitable areas for the cultivation.

Pure varieties

Clean grade is a combination of very similar genotypes having the same phenotype. In a self-sifold plant, it receives it from the offspring of one single line, which has not yet been completely homozygous; This happens when the Fenotypically aligned line is taken in F5 or F6. Consequently, clean grade is a combination of several clean lines that are genotypically differ from each other, and phenotypically very homogeneous.

Since pure grade is not a clean line, the process of its creation is somewhat faster and already in F4 it is possible to highlight the lines from which the pure variety will be selected. The greatest number of freight varieties of wheat, barley, oats, rice, soybeans, wiki and other self-populated plants cultivated on huge areas is clean varieties.

To what extent clean variety will be "cleaner" or "less clean" depends on the rules established by the law on the varietal cleanliness, market needs, consumer habits, etc. In the areas of very intense agricultural production, genetically highly homogeneous material is needed to reduce competition between individuals in a dense crop and achieve as much productivity as possible. In such conditions, pure grade is very equal, as it is represented by a small number of similar genotypes. In areas of extensive management of agricultural production with poorly organized seed production, pure grade is "less pure" and consists of a large number of similar genotypes, more precisely clean lines.

Multilineaceous varieties

Intensification of agricultural production over the past fifty years led to large phenotypic alternation and genetic homogeneity of varieties, to cultivating them in monoculture. This significantly increased the yield from the sequel unit. At the same time, such progress requires increased surgery for the protection of crops due to the very high seeding rate against the background of a high dose of nitrogen fertilizers and with constantly favorable environmental conditions for the development of diseases and pests. To solve this actual problem It is necessary to use the biological and genetic path to keep constant under control the appearance and distribution of diseases.

So, Jensen put forward the principle of multilinear varieties, Borlaug carried out a detailed development of this principle on the example of wheat, and Browning and Frey showed theoretical and practical value creating and cultivating multilinear varieties.

Multilinear grade is a variety consisting of approximately 6-10 phenotypically aligned isogenic lines, differing among themselves by the fact that they have different resistance genes to some pathogens, for example, yellow rust or mildew.

To create a multilinear variety take one good varietywhich serves as a recurrent parent. It is cross with several other varieties that are donors of various pathogens resistance genes. In further generations, returned crossing with a recurrent parent and selection for the stability of each donor line. After 5-6 return crossings, almost isogenic lines are obtained, by type resembling a recurrent parent, but differing in resistance to races of this pathogen.

The principle of creating multi-polynical varieties is known for quite a long time, but there are some more examples of their cultivation in practice. One of the oldest and the best way Verified examples are the cultivation of several multilineous oats varieties in Iowa, USA. The pedigree is one of them in Table 21.1.

Multiline E74 multilinear grade is made up of six insoligs substituted by 4-22% (Table 21.1). The lines differ in resistance to the three prevailing races of Puccinia Coronata F. Avenae and for some other features, since in some cases there are six, and in some cases only four or five return crossings, which was a decisive condition in establishing a percentage of the observance of individual lines.

Only 78% of MULTILINE E74 plants have resistance to race 326, almost 100% of plants are stable to the rest of two races. According to Freya et al. To avoid exceeding the threshold of maliciousness, enough 60% stability to any race.

Seeds of each isolated isolate separately in the amounts required according to the percentage of substitution in Multilia. During the wide cultivation of Multilia in production, the pathogen is developing and new items appear, on the basis of which the replacement of individual insions.

Since 1968, 13 multilineous oats varieties were transferred to the production of 13 multilineous oats, annually occupying about 400 thousand hectares and until today, there are still no economic damage from rusty rust.

As part of the CIMMYT program (Mexico), multilineous wheat varieties that would be distributed in production are not yet created. The main difficulty here is that an attempt is made to convey resistance to several types of pathogens (sheet and stem rust, malievable dew, septoriasis); In addition, it is difficult to use various donor parents and completely replace the recurrent parent (in this case, Siete Cerros).

In the state of Punjab (India), Dr. Gilla from Sot. It was possible to transfer several multilineous wheat varieties created on the basis of Kalyansona and PV18 varieties. These varieties have resistant to yellow and leaf rust and on average, in two years, they gave a higher and more stable harvest, especially in 1975/76 than the net variety of Kalyansona or PV18 (Table 21.2).

Multilinear varieties are conceived almost exclusively for the genetic struggle with pathogens. In the crop, consisting of differing in the stability of genotypes, the density of the initial inoculum (x0) and the degree of virulence (R) of the pathogen decreases. This, on the one hand, restrains the decrease in productivity under the influence of the disease and, on the other, increases the duration of the stability of the variety to the pathogen.

And yet, the multilinear varieties did not get distribution in production, despite the fact that their use is the most successful in combating diseases delivering the largest trouble in breeding and largely reduced productivity cultural plants. The main reasons are in the difficulties of forming the lines necessary to create a multilinear variety, maintain and substitution. Moreover, for the period, while the multilinear variety will provide a steady yield at the level of a variety - a recurrent parent, a new variety will be created, according to the yield exceeding the recurrent parent. Special complexity represents the production of varietal seeds. In countries with a long tradition of seed production of clean varieties, reorientation for the production of "unclean varieties" seeds is very slow, since control over it is very difficult and, in addition, it is possible to abuse.

Sortosmes

The range is a mechanical union in a certain ratio of two or cleaner varieties and seeding such seeds in production conditions. Consequently, the range is composed of various genotypes, much more different from each other than in the case of a multilinear variety.

The need to create a range occurs when environmental factors in most are limiting and no varieties that can resist them. It happened in Yugoslavia, when in the 60s, none of the Wheat imported in the country of Italian varieties was sufficiently winter-hardy. It was necessary to experience the value of double and triple mixes from varieties that differed in resistance to low temperatures, lodging, rust and mildew. Winter-hardy varieties (San Pastore, ELIA) gave a greater number of plants and ears for 1 m2, although they were extended in the same ratio as varieties with a weak winter hardiness (Fortunato and Magazine), and, accordingly, a significantly higher overall harvest increase compared to The latter (Table 21.3). The harvest of the range was at the level of pure varieties. Most other studies also proven that the ranges are at the level of the yield of the best varieties or the average yield of clean varieties.

In conditions of intensive production, which has a big assortment, the varietymes are rarely used. Larger use they are found in the cultivation of feed herbs and legumes, where even mixtures are sown different speciesTo use the differences in biomass productivity in the first and remaining years of life, according to individual shakes, etc.

Varieties-populations

A variety population is a combination of a very large number of different genotypes that are most often found in any natural or local population. If we are talking about self-populifier cultures, it can be argued that any genotype present in such a population is in a homozygous state with a certain frequency. If we are talking about the crosstroke plants, then in this case, part of the genotypes is in homozygous, and part - in a heterozygous state with a certain frequency and between them may occur to the state of equilibrium in view of the free reproduction system in the population.

The populations are created in plants-cross-shirts, where it is biologically impossible or economically unprofitable to remove hybrid varieties or some other forms. This refers to certain types of cereal herbs and stern bean.

Synthetic varieties

Synthetic variety is a combination of several different genotypes created by a person using certain methods as planned. This applies mainly to such cross-section plants as corn, alfalfa, etc. With the use of recurrent selection, many synthetic corn populations are created, such as Iowa State Stiff Stalk (SSSIII), Iowa Long Ear Synthetis (BSLE), Alph, BSCB1, BSSS (HT ) and many others.

Synthetic corn varieties mainly served to obtain the best inbred lines and creating hybrids; Many synthetics distinguished by their yield found direct use in production. If the hybrids did not create some difficulties (for example, susceptibility to disease and pests), the question would inevitably arise: is the synthetic PER SE varieties have the same yield as hybrids? After all, as many works and funds are spent on working with them, how much and to work with hybrids. In this regard, numerous experiments were conducted to which Duvik and Brown referred; They convincingly showed superiority of hybrids over synthetics (Table 21.4). According to these authors, synthetics are less productive, since their selection is carried out mainly by yield, while hybrids, along with the yield, the selection is also in other signs, for example, in terms of grain quality, disease resistance and pests, etc.

Hybrid varieties

Hybrid varieties are a generation F1 from crossing two self-polluted or inbred lines (AXV) or a population formed from crossing three (AXV) XC or four (AXB) X (CXD) parental forms. Hybrid varieties are derived due to their hybrid power (heterozis), often manifested when crossing genetically different self-polluted lines or varieties. When using F1 simple hybrids, hybrid varieties are always heterozygous, but all individuals almost have the same genotype. In other cases, hybrid varieties consist of various genotypes.

Since such types of cross-shirts, as rye and some cereal herbs, are difficult to create inbred lines, and the production of hybrid seeds is unprofitable, as it is carried out manually, hybrid varieties are created with free resellers of various varieties collected in the mixture. As a result, such a hybrid variety is not one genotype, but a mixture of various heterozygous and homozygous genotypes.

Any subsequent generation of crosstalk plants differs from the previous one, so as far as possible is trying to receive F1 hybrids. In this case, on the one hand, the hybrid power, reaching in synthetic varieties to its manifestation, only partially, and on the other, are fully kept under control the organization of seed production.

The maximum state of heterozygosity in which hybrid varieties are located, provides them in various habitat conditions with huge adaptability and plasticity, which is another advantage of increasingly used their use. The hybrids of many crops were already discussed in chapter 16.

Polyptloid varieties

Polyploid varieties can differ genotypically depending on the level of the fairness and the genetic structure of the diploid from which they occurred. For example, the tetraploid varieties of rye, buckwheat, the clover of the red heterozygous to the greatest extent, since the diploid varieties from which they were obtained were also most of the heterozygous. As for the trildoids such as sugar beets, watermelon, etc., they are heterozygous for most gene loci and therefore show not only the effect of the fluity, but also the effect of hybrid power. Due to this double advantage, the creation of polyploids on different levels Fund, or chromosomal engineering, becomes increasingly important in selection.

Variety clones

A number of species of plants grade can be obtained vegetative, or cloning. If the clones come from one single uterine strain, then the varieties will be homogeneous and all the formed trees strains will have a similar genotype, except for the incident when mutations arise in the kidneys and branches. If clones come from different uterine strabs, the varieties will be heterogeneous, i.e. consist of various genotypes. Depending on the differences in the genetic structure, the clone varieties react differently to environmental factors.

Speaking the word "variety", we mean "the set of plants created as a result of breeding and possessing certain, transmitted by the inheritance of morphological, physiological ... features and properties" of the BSE. - 1969-1978. Selection work on creating a new variety is a time-consuming, long and complex process. Reproduction with seed reproduction is the key difference from the hybrid variety.

The hybrids are obtained by controlled pollination among themselves in advance of selected varieties, as a result of which a generation is obtained, which is a hybrid (from the lat. Hibrida, Hybrida - a mix).

Heterosexis hybrid (translated from the Greek - change, the transformation is an increase in the viability of hybrids) is the result of crossing two or more varieties (or wild species) of related crops. Heterosis with the highest effect manifests itself in the first generation of a hybrid, which is indicated as "F1". "F" means "children" (from the Italian "Filli"), "1" - the generation number.

The hybrid is a variety derived in the same generation. Such an abutilon is not able to transmit qualities in its own seeds - it is its main difference from the variety. Seeds of hybrids "F1" are viable, successfully germinate and develop in plants of their species, i.e. Abutilons you will definitely get, but the varietal characteristics of the new generation go into non-existence. But the hybrids "F1" are able to fully multiply in vegetative way (staring) with the preservation of distinctive properties. New plants grown from cuttings, they do not differ from the hybrid parent.

As always, there is one "but". With hybrids, not everything is so simple. The fact is that hybrids are able to fully show the properties laid in them, only with a high level of agrotechnology - the state of the soil, the required level and composition, the moisture content of the soil and air, the level of illumination and the duration of the daylight. Speaking simple words - Hybrids of Abutilov, who is most of the trendy and popular foreign varieties, chameleon. Most of us are not certified agronomists, do not know all the subtleties of agrotechnics, do not always have the opportunity to provide ideal conditions of detention. indoor plants in the apartment. Just try to take care of your pets, ensure elementary care and everything will turn out. Abutilons will be satisfied with life, and you are abundant and bright flowering, whether they are at least varieties, at least hybrids.

Names of varieties and hybrids.

The names of varieties (cultivars) are subject to the "International Code of Nomenclature of Cultural Plants." Also in many countries this rule is spelled out in the laws on registration and other manipulations with varieties.

By virtue of differences in writing the letters of the alphabet and writing systems in different countries, It is assumed to translate or make the transcription of new varieties names to make it possible to register on another territory. The names of the varieties and their transliteration or transcription are considered as the same name. The name of the plant variety is given in the original language that the author called him and its transcription is given in accordance with the language on which it is necessary to pronounce. Artistic translation of the plant is only referred to. Therefore, "Violet Elephant" and "Purple Elephant" is different names that can be at varieties of one species. In England, "Purple Elephant" will be like a "Phiottovi Slon", and in Russia correctly with the name "Purple Elephant" write "Purple Elephant". Translation can be given in the description reference, but not to use the translation in the title.

Article S. Chubarov, Cand. biol. Sciences, St. Petersburg, magazine "Aquarium Terrarium" №1.2000g.

Botanical nomenclature.
Rules for writing titles of species and varieties.

Judging by the journal articles, and many books (not only domestic, but also foreign), most authors do not know how to write the name of the species and especially the variety or hybrid aquarium plants. Another great carl linen wrote: "Not knowing the names, lose and understand things." We are with you, dear reader, also need names - the correct names of our pets, in this case, aquarium plants. These names must be unique, that is, every kind, subspecies or variety can have only one correct name. Only in this case, we can achieve mutual understanding. Do not deepen the Botany fuck, we note for yourself only a few basic rules for writing the names of plants that you need to know each reader of popular science literature (and even more to the authors of articles).

The name of a new form (meaning, etc.) gives a Botanist's scientist who first described it according to certain rules in the scientific publication. He regulates the process of assigning the name of the plant, his writing, renaming, publishing, is responsible for the correctness and uniqueness of the titles a special section of science - botanical nomenclature. In modern biology, binary (introduced by K. Linneiem) of species consisting of two Latin words are adopted: generic name and species epithet. For example: Echinodorus Uruguayensis Arech. HE All readers disassemble in Latin, so you can write (transcribe) the name by Russian letters. In our case, it turns out - Echinodorus Uruguenzis. The species epithet must be translated, it turns out - Echinodorus Uruguayan. If there is an original Russian name of this plant, then you need to use it. For example: PotamoGeton Perfoliatus L. \u003d RDEST pierced. However, even in popular science articles, in addition to Russian names (transcribed or original), it would be nice to lead the Latin name. It is desirable for the complete certainty of the subject of the discussion, because the same type of local names can be somewhat, and in transcription you can easily be mistaken. Besides different languages Latin names are pronounced in different ways.

For greater accuracy, after a species epithet, the author's last name, or several authors who made the scientific description of this species (last name - in Latin transcription - in whole or in the adopted reduction). If the appearance described by the author, in the future referred to another family (changed its status, etc.), then his surname is set in brackets, and the surname of the scientist who created a new combination is written behind it (that is, overlooking this species). For example, in 1866 a view was described by Alisma Nymphaeifolius Grisebach, and in 1882 this species was placed in another genus and now its name is written as follows: Echinodorus Nymphaeifolius (Grisebach) Buchenau.

Often in aquarium culture there are hybrid species or varieties of plants. I will give a definition from a "popular biological dictionary" (Reimers, 1991): a hybrid (from Latin chibrid - a mixture) is the body obtained as a result of the crossing of heterogeneous parental forms (species, breeds, lines, etc.). Hybrids arising in nature are called natural. For the genus Echinodorus K. Ratay describes several natural hybrids, for example, found in Brazil Echinodorus Macrophyllus (Kunth) Mich. X E. Scaber Rataj. In the given example, the hybrid is indicated by the formula. The sign "X" separates one parent view from the other. The same formula can be recorded in short: Echinodorus Macrophyllus X Scaber. The remaining spelling rules are the same as described above. Sustainable natural hybrids can get their own species epithet. This happens in the same way as in ordinary species, that is, with the help of the so-called effective publication - the descriptions of the new taxon given by certain rules.
In recent years, due to the efforts of breeders in our aquariums, not only natural types and hybrids appear, but also derived by a man variety water plants. If the names of plants from nature (cultivated) should be subject to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1988), the names of cultivated plants (derived by humans) are regulated by the International Code of Cultural Plant Nomenclature (1980). These documents are periodically clarified and complemented to regularly undergoing international botanical congresses.

A variety or cultivar ("Cultivar" or, abbreviated, "CV") is called the plants with new qualities derived by the person (with the help of certain methods). The variety (Cultivar) is such a set of individuals of cultivated plants of a species, which has certain biological, morphological and economic (in our case decorative) properties that differ in one way or another from the properties of other varieties of plants of the same species. Plants of the same variety have a common natural basis (heredity) and are able to transmit it from generation to generation.
Most echinodorus varieties are derived by hybridization. However, other ways to receive them are possible. Thus, Echinodorus ScBlueteri "Leopard" (Singor's Echinodorus "Leopard") was obtained by the selection method, and the echinodorus "Oriental" variety (echinodorus "oriental") - as a natural mutation of another variety - Echinodorus "Rose" (Rose "). However, regardless of the method of obtaining a variety, its name is written according to a common rule. Initially, the scientific name of the genus and species is indicated (if it is not a hybrid), then in single quotes and from a capital letter, the name of the variety is written, and all words in the name of the variety are written from the capital letter (except "and" or "and" t. . "). Instead of quotes, you can put the Latin word "Cultivar" (abbreviated "CV.") Or russian word "Sort". For example: Echinodorus Cordifolius "Tropica Marble Queen" \u003d E. Cordifolius CR. Tropica Marble Queen \u003d Echinodorus Calcrupted "Tropic Marble Quin" \u003d Echinodorus Case Calcical Grade Tropic Marble Queen.

If the variety is obtained by hybridization, its origin can be indicated by the formula, as well as described above for natural hybrids, while in the first place in the formula is the "maternal" plant, which has gone seeds. For brevity or when the origin is not exactly known, the name of the variety can be followed immediately beyond the name of the genus (both on Latin and in Russian): Echinodorus "Ozelot" \u003d Echinodorus "Ozelot" \u003d Echinodorus "Ocelot". The translation of foreign varietal name cannot be used, and if necessary, it is necessary to use its transcription (transliteration) into Russian. The name of domestic varieties give in Russian according to the general rules, but when first publishing, the description of its name must also be also the transcription of its name with the Latin alphabet.

Regarding the names of new varieties there are the following rules:

  • do not give the varieties of Latin names (since 1954), i.e., there should be no Latin words in the name of the variety;
  • the same variety name cannot be consumed twice within the same kind;
  • varietal names must be no more than three words. And the figure, the number or some reduction is considered for the word;
  • the name of the variety should be characteristic (for example: not a rose "yellow", but the Rose "Yellow Queen");
  • the name of the variety must be drawn up arbitrarily, that is, it is clearly different from epithets of varieties or other intravidal taxa in the botany;
  • the name of the variety should not include a scientific or everyday name of the species, genus (this can lead to confusion);
  • the name of hybrid varieties cannot be formed by a bug in the combination of Latin epithets of parental species;
  • the name should not be the words "variety", "form", "Variety", "Forma".
  • names of countries, states, areas without defining words (for example, the legitimate name is "Miracle Oregon", but not "Oregon");
  • numbers;
  • surnames (and names) of prominent political figures;
  • individual letters at the beginning of the name;
  • contractions of personal names (and surnames) and geographical names (legitimate is the name "William Thomas", and not "WM. Thomas");
  • excessively long words, as well as words of difficult-acting;

It remains only for me to encourage the authors of popular science articles to comply with the rules of the Botanical Nomenclature, which is simply necessary for the complete understanding of the author and readers. And Russian breeders, creating and describing new varieties, very carefully think about their names. Unfortunately, in our country, as far as I know, there is no commission for the variety of aquarium plants. This commission should emit incorrect (unlawful) names or incorrect varieties describing varieties not interesting, similar to already registered, difficult in cultivation, etc. Not impressive, not informative, complex names of varieties are quickly forgotten and lost. And since we are not registered with the varieties of aquarium plants, after some time the breeder who called a new grade, for example, in his honor, can detect it on the market under a different, brighter and expressive name.

About varieties and hybrids tomato

About varieties and hybrids tomato

What is a grade, hybrid, f1, f2, f3 ... ??? Tomatoes.

Varieties are groups of plants with similar signs (asylight, yield, characteristics of fruits, etc.) But inside each variety, heterogeneous properties are manifested, from here and later than "ripening" and the fancy of forms ... Therefore, breeders have deployed so Called lines - plants of one variety with the most homogeneous properties. The lines are obtained by the selection and long self-polling of several generations (usually at least 3-4) plants. However, during prolonged self-pollution, a decrease in the vitality of the plant was revealed. Such plants have already been less than growth and less productive.
Then we decided to cross the two (or more) lines - they got hybrids. Sometimes to obtain a hybrid cross the line and variety.



First generation hybrids indicatically as F1 (from Ital. Filli is children). Upon receipt of F1 hybrids, it was found that some of them for a number of economic valuables (yield, strength, etc.) exceed both parents - both maternal and fatherly form. So all new and best varieties Nowadays it is hybrids! In this case, all plants F1 are the same in all signs.

The offspring obtained from F1 is called a second-generation hybrid F2, from F2 - third (F3), etc. With an increase in the number of generations, in F2, F3 ..., there is a worsening of economic valuables. Therefore, only F1 hybrids use in gloomy.

Advantages of hybrids F1. It is that they, in contrast to varieties, always give more harvest, better carry adverse conditions of cultivation. Choosing between a variety and hybrid for growing in a greenhouse, preference will certainly need to give F1 hybrids. In contrast to varieties, they have many positive qualities necessary for greenhouses: resistance to reduced illumination, good fetus tying in adverse conditions, resistant to the cracking of fruits under the temperature and humidity level of air, etc. In winter heated greenhouses, only F1 hybrids are grown in winter heated greenhouses. (Sorts in such conditions will simply not survive).

But, nevertheless, many gardeners argue that F1 hybrids are less tasty than varieties. In addition, they do not have such a variety of shape and color, as a variety, and their seeds are more expensive, but it is impossible to multiply and have to buy new every year. Therefore, you decide what to grow - varieties or hybrids.

One of the simplest for experienced and rather complicated vegetable vegetables is the question of which seeds to buy - a variety or hybrid fi - what their difference is, if not counting, of course, that fi seeds are sometimes more than several times more than ordinary varieties. The breeder of the Doctor of Agricultural Sciences S. F. Gavrish is complied with this and other issues.

In recent years, hybrids F1 appeared on the shelves of stores selling seeds of vegetable crops, along with ordinary varieties. In principle, externally, in addition to the Latin letter F with a number 1 (F1), facing the name of a variety (for example, a tomato F1 friend), these packages do not differ from any other. But Price for hybrid seeds significantly higher than the usual varieties. And it is not by chance.

To understand what the difference between them, first of all, it is necessary to know how their seed production is conducted.

For many years, we have in the country, both in large state vegetable farms and in the preservation sites, used seeds only of ordinary varieties of vegetable crops. Under the concept of "normal grade", we understand the separate combustion of plants with certain economic (yield, strength, rationality), morphological (the number of leaves and their form, the size of the fetus, and its color, etc.) and other signs, etc.. The most important feature of the variety is its ability to maintain all its own both positive and negative properties in the following offspring. When receiving and harvesting seeds from plants of an ordinary variety, especially in self-polishing (tomato, peas, beans) or partially self-polishing vegetable crops (pepper, eggplant, salad, beans), in the subsequent offspring we get plants with almost exactly the same set of signs. Such an ability to transfer all of its properties to the offspring makes it easy to maintain and multiply, even on a homeland, varieties of self-polishing cultures. But with a mass preparation of seeds, when the regular selection of the best for this variety of plants does not apply, for 3-5 years, the loss of some characteristic of the signs characteristic of this variety is possible. It happens, as the vegetable rats say, the degeneration of the variety. Therefore, with a well-established seed production of varieties, even self-polishing vegetable crops, once every 3-5 years need to acquire the seeds of the elite you liked the variety. Buying them better not in the market, and in stores owned by specialized enterprises engaged in the creation, reproduction and sale of seeds of vegetable crops ("Seremovskaya", "Russian seeds", "Semko", "Gavrish", "manul").

A hybrid variety or hybrid F1 multiplies quite differently. Two more centuries ago it was known that when crossing two different varieties, the size of the plants is noticeably increased, their growth and development are accelerated, increases and yields increase. This is a phenomenon, that is, an increase in vitality in the offspring, obtained from crossing two different varieties, is called heterosis. And the more contrast the parent varieties, the stronger they differ from each other, the higher the heterosis.

F1 hybrids are also distinguished by randominess and higher yields, resistant to adverse environmental factors and product homogeneity. The valuable quality of them is good adaptability to a frequently changing and not always favorable environment. In extreme cultivation conditions ( in early spring, with sharp air temperature drops or summer heat) F1 hybrids develop significantly better than ordinary varieties. The high level of adaptation to adverse factors contributes to the receipt of steadily high yields.

An equally important requirement for hybrids F1 is their genetic resistance to diseases and pests. This is especially true when growing vegetable crops in film greenhouses. The specificity of the protected soil microclimate, long-term cultivation in one place of one or two crops lead to significant accumulation pathogenic microflora and fauna. Chemical methods of combating diseases and pests in protected ground are not always effective and reliable. In addition, the fruits of tomato or cucumber, intended for fresh consumption, should not contain residual amounts of pesticides. Therefore, the genetic stability of F1 hybrids to diseases due to the combination of signs of two parent lines is always higher than that of ordinary varieties. Already obtained and used in the production of a hybrid F1 of tomato with group resistance to three-four diseases (tobacco mosaic virus, brown spottedness of leaves, fusariosis, verticillosis) and gallic nematodes.

The friendly appearance of germs, plant leveling, high quality and homogeneity of fruits, genetic resistance to diseases and pests - positive traits F1 hybrids caused by their biological uniformity. Therefore for priceworkIf there is such an opportunity, you need to purchase seeds of only F1 hybrids.

Unlike conventional varieties with hybrid plants, the seeds are not allowed to harvest seeds. The offspring due to the splitting is obtained so multiple and heterogeneous that there can be no speech about any high yield. The fact that F1 hybrid seeds should be purchased in the store every time, is the only drawback. But since the germination of tomato and cucumber seeds is preserved for 5-7 years, you can immediately acquire them with the calculation for several years.

Get independently hybrid seeds in the conditions of a nursery, without having the original parent lines, is impossible. Therefore, if you see on the sale of F1 hybrids seeds from private traders, this is probably not true. Buying hybrid seeds on the market, you risk your harvest.

Now about the price of F1 hybrid seeds. All work on the crossing of two parental lines for obtaining hybrid seeds is carried out, as a rule, manually in protected soil. For example, on the Tomato culture upon receipt of F1 hybrids, it is necessary to reflect on the mother line (that is, remove the stamens) all the drop-down flowers, to prepare with the help of a vibrator pollen from the discontinued Futhers line flowers and very gently apply it several times (for two or three days) Pestley Stil. Work on hybrid seed production continues every day for two or three months. One person per season can only get 3-4 kg of Tomato hybrid seeds. That's why the price of hybrid seeds is several times higher than the usual varieties. But the costs of seeds are only 0.5-1% of the cost of the products obtained. Undoubtedly, any vegetable breeder when choosing seeds gives preference to a hybrid F1, not a variety.

Having learned to cultivate plants, the man began to attempt to improve, preserve and reproducing the most qualitative forms. Back in ancient times, many varieties of wheat were created, grapes, differently, the science of rejecting new varieties of plants was created - selection.

Division of varieties by origin

Grade - What is? The variety is called a steady group of plants, created and having hereditary signs within this group. Each plant grade is distinguished by a combination of morphological, biological, economic signs that determine its characteristics. The description of the variety includes several signs. The origin indicates the source material used to create it. There is a huge variety of cultural and wild plants, of which the necessary specimens are selected for selection. This principle is divided into two types such a capacious concept as a variety. What is his varieties - below.

1. Local - obtained by many years of selection conducted by the population in a certain area. They are characterized by a good fitness to the natural conditions of this region.

2. Selection - are created on the basis scientific methods And, depending on the method of derivation, in turn, are divided into several groups:

  • sort-lines are obtained by an individual selection of offspring in one self-polishing culture, due to which the similarity of the signs and properties is characterized, but over time, due to mutations, this homogeneity lose these homogeneity;
  • population varieties are usually local varieties formed by the method of mass selection of cross-peer crops, in which natural hybridization with other related plants is also occurring;
  • variety clones are the offspring of one, multiplied with vegetative, culture and are distinguished by high homogeneity and stability;
  • gybrid varieties form crop crossing with a set of signs of several generations, selecting plants with the desired properties.

Biological signs

Selection variety. What does he represent on the following economic signs?

1. Resistance to the effects of unfavorable natural factors:

  • winter-hard-resistant - resistant culture temperatures suitable for growing in the areas of the middle strip and more northern, depending on the variety;
  • drought-resistant - capable of making a significant lack of moisture with minimal yield losses.

2. The duration of the growing season is the time interval for which the plant must pass the whole cycle of its development. It depends on the type of culture, varieties, thermal lifting, or cold resistance and many other factors. This is an important biological indicator necessary for the proper zoning of cultures.

3. The yield is determined by the product of productivity, that is, the average yield of one plant, and the average number of plants located on a unit area. For perennials, it is already evaluated in adulthood, usually in kilograms from one tree.

4. Self-duration characterizes the ability of plants to make a wound when self-pollution. If this indicator is low or equal to zero, it means that there should be a plant that will be a pollinator for him.

5. Taste qualities differ depending on the content of fruits and berries of acids and sugars.

6. Resistance to pests and diseases is a very important quality for the production of environmentally friendly products, as the processing of eradicates leads to their accumulation in plants and in the environment. This direction in breeding is not only one of the main, but also difficult, as it is very high the potential of variability and the ability to reproduce in pests and pathogenic microorganisms.

7. The ability of shoots to roouging is mainly for berry bushes.

External characteristics

Varieties are distinguished by morphological signs:

  • color flowers;
  • shape and cut edge of the leaves;
  • plant height;
  • for potatoes - the color of the peel and the shape of the tuber.

Over time, the new grade loses valuable properties, and scientific and technological progress in agriculture presents more and more high requirementsTherefore, the process of creating and improving varieties should be permanent.

Examination of a new variety

So, a new variety has been withdrawn. What is the legal protection of the international union for the protection of breeding achievements? It is provided to protect the interests of breeders and the possibility of reimbursement of funds spent. For getting legal security This variety must undergo technical expertise, including three characteristics.

1. Criteria for the distinctness of a variety - photo, the description should clearly differ from any other known for this moment.

2. The criterion of homogeneity of the variety - plants relating to the proposed variety should be the same with this method of reproduction.

3. Stability criteria - all signs and properties should remain the same after re-reproduction.

After the new plant grade will be held all the tests in a special area, he is assigned a varietal name and contribute to the state market of breeding achievements.

The creation of new grades provides humanity by more productive cultures with greater stability to many unfavorable environmental factors. Life nominates new diverse requirements for agricultural cultures, therefore, the methods of accelerating the selection are now being developed, which will reduce the deadlines for the elimination of new qualitative varieties of plants.

IN winter Many gardeners and vegetables - lovers are concerned about the acquisition of seeds to bookmark the harvest of next year.

The range of seeds offered today by trading networks is huge. Currently, hundreds of varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops are registered in Russia, and no specialist can confidently say that one or another variety or hybrid is better than the rest.

There is a huge variety of appearance, commodity and taste. Therefore, each owner chooses a variety for itself, based on its own subjective preferences.

As for such an important characteristic of a variety or a hybrid, as a yield, its characteristic is very volatile in different soil-climatic conditions and is strongly dependent on growing technology. In order to maximize all the advantages of a variety or hybrid, an appropriate growing technology is necessary.

Currently, foreign production products are dominated in the seed seed market. According to some estimates, approximately 75% of the market are foreign seeds. At the same time, many vegetables - lovers complain about unsatisfactory taste of foreign varieties.

It is believed that in breeding programs of vegetable crops abroad, in particular, tomatoes, a long time was the creation of varieties and hybrids, characterized by an attractive product, good fierce and transportability, and these signs turned out to be associated with low taste quality products.

Today, seeds of many varieties of vegetable crops of domestic, still Soviet breeding, having excellent taste, is on sale a little or not at all. And for this reason, experienced amateur vegetables themselves harde the seeds of the varieties who loved them.

True, this approach is possible only if you grow varieties, and not the first generation hybrids, denoted as F1, as varieties and hybrids have significant biological differences.

Seeds of varieties of vegetable crops can be harvested independently. This is due to the fact that the grade is a totality of plants created as a result of selection and possessing certain, transmitted by the inheritance of morphological, physiological, economic signs and properties. In other words, collecting seeds from typical plants who loved the variety, when sowing in the following years you will save this variety. The other picture we have when cultivating hybrids F1.

The fact is that such hybrids will not receive the seed of the crop of the previous year. F1 hybrid seeds receive every year by crossing specially selected varieties and when sowing seeds obtained from the F1 hybrid plants, the positive properties of the hybrid are not inherited. That is why, if one or another hybrid appeared to taste, then his seeds should be purchased annually.

Even at the beginning of the last century, scientists noticed that when crossing distinguished from each other, grants in the offspring, obtained with such a crossing, i.e. In hybrids F1, the so-called "hybrid force" is manifested.

Such a phenomenon was called heterosis. This feature of F1 hybrids exceeds life, fertility and other features are the best of parental forms. In the second and subsequent generations, heterosis fades, as in accordance with the laws of genetics, the so-called hybrid splitting occurs.

As a result of such a splitting when sowing seeds, collected from plants of a hybrid F1, in the second generation of a hybrid (F2), plants grow, differing in their features and properties from plants of the F1 hybrid. It should be emphasized here that the phenomenon of heterozis is inherent not only by plants, but also to the animal world.

The use of the phenomenon of heterosis in crop production makes it possible to obtain considerable benefits, since the cultivated F1 hybrids are more denominated or allow to obtain better products.

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