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IIII SNiP 2.01.02-85 * Appendix 2 Reference
Approximate building characteristics of buildings
Depending on their degree of fire resistance
1. Degree of fire resistance
2. Constructive characteristics

I.
Buildings with carriers and enclosing structures from natural or artificial stone materials, concrete or reinforced concrete with the use of sheet and slab non-combustible materials

II.
Also. In the coatings of buildings allowed to use unprotected steel structures

III
Buildings with carriers and enclosing structures from natural or artificial stone materials, concrete or reinforced concrete. For overlappings, the use of wooden structures protected by plaster or hard-sized sheets, as well as slaughter materials. Elements of coatings are not presented to the requirements for the limits of fire resistance and the limits of the spread of fire, the elements of the attic coating of wood are subjected to flame retardant processing

IIIA
Buildings mainly with a frame structural circuit. Frame elements - from steel unprotected structures. Fencing structures - from steel profiled sheets or other non-combustible leafy materials with a difficult-scale insulation

IIIIB
Buildings are predominantly single-storey with a frame structural circuit. Frame elements - from solid or glued wood, subjected to flame retardant processing, providing the required limit of the spread of fire. Fencing structures - from panels or element assemblies, made using wood or materials based on it. Wood and other combustible materials of the enclosing structures should be subjected to flame retardant processing or protected from the effects of fire and high temperatures Thus, to ensure the desired limit of the spread of fire.

IV.
Buildings with carriers and enclosing structures made of solid or glued wood and other combustible or hard-scale materials protected from fire and high temperatures with plaster or other sheets or slab materials. Elements of coatings are not presented to the requirements for the limits of fire resistance and the limits of the spread of fire, the elements of the attic coating of wood are subjected to flame retardant processing

IVA
Buildings are predominantly single-storey with a frame structural circuit. Frame elements - from steel unprotected structures. Fencing structures - from steel profiled sheets or other non-combustible materials with flammable insulation

V.
Buildings, to the carrier and enclosing structures of which are not presented to the requirements for the limits of fire resistance and the limits of the spread of fire

Note. Building structures of the buildings in this Annex must meet the requirements of Table. 1 and other norms of the present SNiP.

The highest degree of fire-resistant I (mausoleum).

During the construction of any building, it is imperative at the project stage, the organization's issues are considered in the construction of spare outputs, evacuation paths in emergency cases, the location of funds, but consider these moments, only if you know the degree of fire resistance of the building. Difficulties are currently may arise with this, since the same type of facilities are erected in the cities. But then we will try to figure out how fire resistance is determined, from which it depends.

What is fire resistance?

This ability of structures and individual structures to stand under the onslaught of fire without destruction and deformations. It is the degree of fire resistance of the building that will show how quickly the fire will be able to spread through the structure if a fire arises.

All indicators are determined taking into account the SNiP. These norms allow you to determine the level of not only the building, but also of all the materials that were used in the construction.

Classification of ability to fire

1. Non-regulations.
2. It is difficult to influence fire. They can be made of combustible materials, but which are from above special processing or coating. As an example, you can bring wooden door, lined with steel or covered asbestos.
3. Burned. Have low temperature Inflammation and under the influence of fire is quickly burned.

Basis for defining fire resistance

As a determining basis, the time has been taken to determine the degree of fire resistance, which has passed since the emergence of a fire and before the emergence of first noticeable defects. These include:

• Cracks and impaired surface integrity, which can contribute to the penetration of flame or its combustion products.
• Increased material temperature by more than 160 degrees.
• Deformation carrier structures and the main nodes, which becomes the cause of the collapse of the entire structure.

Have a low degree of fire resistance of a building built from wooden structures, reinforced concrete, especially if part of the cement with a high level of fire resistance is considered the safest.

Fire resistance dependence on materials

The ability of the building to confront the fire largely depends on those materials from which it is built. They can be classified by relying on the following characteristics:

The degree of fire resistance of the building design depends on the time required for the deformation of the material:

• Ceramic bricks or silicate begin to deform 300 minutes after the start of the fire.
• Concrete floors, more than 25 cm thick, after two hours.
• 75 minutes is required to start the deformation of wooden structures with a plaster coating.
• An hour will pass before the door treated with flame retardant will be deformed.
• There are enough 20-minute effects of fire.

Degree of fire resistance brick buildings High enough, which you can not say about the metal, which, at 1000 degrees, go into a liquid state.

Fire safety category assignment

According to regulatory requirements, only after a definite fire safety category is assigned to the construction, you can determine the degree of fire resistance of the building. And this is done on the basis of the following signs:

• By changing the heat insulation indicators, if compared with the state in front of the fire.
• By the proceeding effect, which eliminates the formation of cracks in structures.
• By reducing the ability to carry out support functions.

When determining the degree of fire resistance of the building, the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure and the quality of all materials used is necessarily taken into account.

Characteristic of fire resistance degrees

Their definition is produced on the basis of SNiP, the basis of the main functional structures is always taken as the basis. Consider how many degrees of fire resistance of buildings and structures There are also their main characteristics:

Types of fire resistance

Special requirements for the ability to confront fire are presented to all designs of the building. These indicators are important for them:

• The ability to perform a support function.
• Heat insulation.
• Integrity.

The safety of the structure also plays a major role. Experts today share fire resistance of facilities for two types:

1. Actual.
2. Required.

The actual degree of fire resistance of the building is the ability to confront the fire, which was determined during the examination performed. Available regulatory documents are taken to evaluate the evaluation criteria. For the designs of different types, fire resistance limits have already been developed. This data is very easy to find and use to work.

The required fire resistance is the indicators that the structure must be in order to comply with all fire safety standards. They are determined regulatory documents And depend on many characteristics of the structure:

• The total area of \u200b\u200bthe building.
• Number of floors.
• Purpose.
• The presence of funds and settings for extinguishing fires.

If during the inspection it turned out that the actual degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures is equal to or exceeds the required, the structure corresponds to all standards.

Fire hazard classes

To determine the fire resistance, the entire structure is divided into several categories, and buildings for several classes.

1. Ko - incompening. There are no materials that are rapidly ignited, and the main designs are not distinguished by self-burning and fire at temperatures close to 500 degrees.
2. K1 - Low fire danger. Small damage can be allowed, but no more than 40 cm. There is no burning, the thermal effect does not occur.
3. K2 - moderate fire danger. Damage can reach 80 cm, but there is no thermal effect.
4. K3 - fire hazardous. Integrity disorders more than 80 cm, there is a thermal effect and possibly fire.

1. CO. All utility rooms, main structures and stairs with openings correspond to the CO class.
2. C1. There may be small damage to the leading structures to K1, and external to K2. Stairs and openings should be in excellent condition.
3. C2. Damage to the main structures can reach K2, external K3, and stairs to K1.
4. C3. The stairs with openings are damaged to K1, and everything else is not taken into account.

Rules for determining the resistance of the building in relation to fire

Little to know about the importance of fire resistance of buildings and structures, it is also important to be able to determine it. And for this there are some rules:

1. Conducting a building of the building involves the presence of its plan at hand, as well as need:

• A set of rules for ensuring fire resistance of reinforced concrete structures.
• Guide to define fire resistance limits.
• Defense allowance "Preventing the spread of fire".

2. The fire resistance limit is determined by the time of impact on the construction of fire. Upon reaching the structures of one of the limits, the fire is stopped.

3. Before testing, it is necessary to study the documentation for the building, where there is information about the materials and their exemplary fire resistance.

4. Pay attention is necessary in the documents on the existing conclusion on the use of special technologies to enhance fire safety.

5. Preliminary study of the building involves and consideration of all utility rooms, stairs and staircases, attic compartments. They can be constructed from other materials or have visible damage at the time of testing.

6. Modern architecture is very often using construction the latest technologyWhat can affect the strength and resistance to fire. These moments also need to be considered.

7. Before determining fire resistance, you need to make extinguishing agents, check the health of the hoses, cause a fire brigade.

When all preliminary measures are carried out, you can proceed directly to the practical definition of fire resistance.

Practical definition of resistance to fire

Getting Started to the Practical Part, it is important to take the architectural plan with you, even if it has been carefully studied. Next steps Such:

An indicator of fire resistance of the material will be the time of exposure to fire and the speed of its distribution. At different buildings, this indicator may vary from 20 minutes to 2.5 hours. The rate of ignition and is less - from instant to 40 cm per minute.

This is how the fire resistance is calculated in practice.

Ways to enhance fire resistance

It is not always possible to use only non-combustible or low-risk materials during construction, therefore, methods for increasing their resistance to the effects of fire come to the aid.

The most commonly applies the following:

If multicomponent is used chemicals To increase fire resistance, it must be borne in mind that some of them contain organic substances that decompose at temperatures above 300 degrees with the release of toxic substances. Therefore, it is better to give preference to mineral coating with liquid glass.

It is not difficult to determine the fire resistance of buildings and structures. It is important to conduct all the preliminary preparations and we can assume that most of the work is made. The calculation can be attributed more to the costly than complex. The most important thing is special caution during testing and temperature control in the furnace.

The approach to the construction of any buildings and structures should be repeated from safety from different points of view. And not the last place here is a fire safety. From the durability of the structure relative to fire depend on emergency situations human life.

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Classification of buildings and structures on fire resistance.

In assessing the fire fighting qualities of buildings and structures, their fire resistance is of great importance.

Fire resistance is the ability of building structural elements of the building to carry out carriers and enclosing functions in a fire conditions for a certain time. It is characterized by the limit of fire resistance.

The limits of fire resistance designs of the object should be such that the structures save bearing and enclosing functions over the entire duration of the evacuation of people or their stay in the fields of collective protection. At the same time, fire resistance limits should be appointed without taking into account the effects of extinguishing agents for fire development.

The limit of fire resistance of building structures is determined by the time (h) from the beginning of the fire until one of the signs: a) of formation in the design of through cracks; b) increasing the temperature on the unheated design surface by more than 140 ° C or at any point of this surface by more than 180 ° C compared to the design temperature to the test, or more than 220 ° C, regardless of the design temperature to the test; d) loss of carrying ability.

The limit of fire resistance of individual building structures depends on their size (thickness or sections) and physical properties Materials. For example, the stone walls of the building with a thickness of 120 mm. There are a limit of fire resistance 2.5 hours, and with a thickness of 250 mm, the limit of fire resistance rises to 5.5 hours.

The degree of fire resistance of the building depends on the degree of ignition and the limit of fire resistance of the main building structures. All buildings and structures on fire resistance are divided into five degrees (Table 32).

Table 32. Classification of buildings and structures on fire resistance.

Degree of fire resistance	Main building structures
	bearing walls, walls of staircases, columns	outdoor walls of mounted panels and exterior half-timbered walls	plates, flooring and other bearing designs of inter andgery and attic floors	plates, flooring and other bearing coating designs	internal bearing walls (partitions)	fire walls
I.	Non-aggravated (2.5)	Non-steering (0.5)	Non-aggravated (1.0)	Non-steering (0.5)	Non-steering (0.5)	Non-aggravated (2.5)
II.	Non-aggravated (2.0)	Non-aggravated (0.25); Empty (0.5)	Non-controlled (0.75)	Non-regulated (0.25)	EFFECTIVE SAFE (0.25)	Non-aggravated (2.5)
III	Non-aggravated (2.0)	Non-aggravated (0.25); Empty (0.15)	EFFECTED (0.75)	Burned	EFFECTIVE SAFE (0.25)	Non-aggravated (2.5)
IV.	Empty (0.5)	EFFECTIVE SAFE (0.25)	EFFECTIVE SAFE (0.25)	»	EFFECTIVE SAFE (0.25)	Non-aggravated (2.5)
V.	Burned	Burned	Burned	»	Burned	Non-aggravated (2.5)

Note. In brackets indicate the limits of fire resistance (H).

This division into extent was introduced SNIP II-A. 5-70, which gives nine notes, what should be borne in mind when using the table.

Degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures

Resistance to fires increases the chances of the emergence of the building and maintain human life. Fire resistance depends on the materials from which the building and the purpose of the structure is built in relation to the functions performed. There are different categories of fire resistance degrees that are numbered by Roman numbers from one to five.

Production and warehouse structures are highly resistant to fire, because they have a high degree of fire. It is strongly susceptible to the dangers of fire and entertainment centers, where large chances of the lighting and spread of fire in the territory. Now the degree of sustainability of the building to the fire determines the basis of fire safety.

SNIP

Mostly buildings and structures have fire-prevention walls of type I, or rather, fire compartments. The degree of resistance to fire is determined at the minimum limit of resistance to materials of materials also by the speed of capturing the territory, that is, structures and frames.

The minimum stability threshold of the building to the fire is 25. Therefore, it is possible to use unprotected metal structures. For all types of buildings, building rates allow cladding with plasterboard materials to increase fire resistance.

Usually the degree of fire resistance is determined by the type of destination of the building:

• in the category of fire or explosion hazard.
• the fire compartment must be within the boundaries of the floor area.
• Layout of a building.

By combustability, building materials are divided into such groups:

• Non-combustible
• Difficult to burn
• Non-regulations

By installing frame structures, you should use non-combustible materials. Combustible materials can be used for fire resistance I-IV buildings, except for the lobby.

Building materials are classified on toxicity and formation of smoke during the combustion of products.

Algorithm for action of fire resistance definition for different types of buildings

Residential buildings (at home)

Fire resistance of the house has five degrees that give the characteristic to each material, which is made of the house.

Design characteristics of a residential building:

• For this class houses, fire resistance is required to work from non-combustible materials. The building should be made of bricks, concrete blocks or stones. For insulation, fire resistant materials are required. The roof must be made of tiles, metal tiles, professional flooring or slate, that is, materials resistant to fire. For overlaps, it is necessary to use reinforced concrete plates.
• The building is built from blocks and bricks. Cleansing can be wooden, but covered with protecting materials, such as plaster or non-combustible plates. The wooden rafter system should be treated with impregnation, protecting from fire. For insulation, it is not necessary to use non-combustible materials, it is possible to apply objects from the limits of light resistance r1, g2.

III. The structure must be made from metal carcass, This concerns I. rafter system. Warming should be performed from the limit of light resistance r1, g2 or fire-resistant. For outdoor skin, it is necessary to use non-combustible materials.

IIIIB Cottage Frame-based executions should be soaked with fire-resistant substances. The skin is also subjected to impregnation, insulation from groups G1, G2 or not flammable materials.

• Wooden frame, protected by plaster coating. Fire resistant processing should be on the shots of the attic. Special requirements are not put forward on the lining of the house, so it can be performed from any materials.

IVB. Similar to the previous group only a single-storey building. Metal materials You should apply for frame structures. Fencing structures need to be performed from materials that are not combustible. Materials of the group G3 and G4 must be used when laying insulation.

• There are all categories of houses that do not fall into this list. This group does not put on special requirements for their resistance to fire.

Public buildings

Mostly residential buildings are classified by functional fire safety in the following categories:

• F 1.2 hostel
• F 1.3 Apartment buildings, including families living with disabled.

Through travel in houses must be a 3,5m width, and the height is required to be at least 4.25m. It is necessary that through through passages along the staircase were placed at a distance from each other no more than 100m. The upper floor determines the height of the structure, including the attic, not including the technical floor located at the very top of the building. The difference between the boundaries of the pass points for firewalls between the upper and lower, determines the height of the floor of the building.

The next class of buildings f 1.3 can be determined based on the marked list, as well as the maximum permissible area of \u200b\u200bthe fire compartment placed on the floor.

• The degree of fire resistance of the social structure is divided into five groups - I, II, III, IV, V.
• By the class of constructive fire danger of the structure determine: I- C0, II-C0, C1, III - C0, C1, IV-C0, C1, C2, V- is not numbered.
• The maximum allowable height of the structure in meters, as well as the area for the fire compartment located on the floor: I-75m-; II-C0-50, C1-28; III-C0-28, C1-15; IV-CO-5-1000m2, C1-3m-1400m2, C2-5M-800M2. Next are the numbers of a permissible height without numbering (c), 3m-1200m2, 5m-500m2, 3m-900m2; V-not numbered-5m-500m2 and 3m-800m2.

Inside buildings in which are located wooden walls, ceilings, and partitions should be treated with fire-resistant materials, such as varnish and plaster. This applies to buildings such as schools, pre-school institutions, hospitals, pioneer camps and clubs.

For bus stations, internal area can not be limited, because there is a fire extinguishing system. Regarding the first area of \u200b\u200bthe bus station, it is possible to increase to 10000m2, in the event that at the bottom of the station in the basements are not storage or storage facilities.

Production buildings

Production buildings are defined as structures producing goods in the form of semi-finished products, as well as finished products. Production is divided into many industries and every people have their own nuances and subtleties, they are repairs, weaving, chemical, instrumental, metallurgical, mechanical collecting and many others.

The degree of fire resistance of production is particularly important, as some are working with explosive or poisonous substances that can harm the surrounding natural environment And directly to man.

Production buildings are classified for five degrees. Following the ignition and the limit of stability to the fire of the main structures and materials, of which they are made, determine the degree of fire resistance of the building.

Buildings І-go class are determined by the II-th degree, for the II-go-II-I. For ІІІ and ІV numbering is not required. Therefore, the fire safety of industrial buildings directly depends on fire resistance building materials.

Based on the designs and architectural structures, production buildings are divided into one-story, multi-storey and mixed floors.

Warehouses

The limit of stability to fire and its distribution on the territory determines the degree of fire resistance of structures. Therefore, this developed different building materials that determine the degree of fire resistance.

The most vulnerable is the premises of warehouses from wooden materialsBut the degree of resistance to fire can be increased due to various impregnations, as well as plaster. Fire resistance of warehouses is passive protection that prevents or reducing the degree of propagation of fire inside the structure.

To increase fire resistance metal structures Use fire treatment, it can be plaster, ceramic or concrete tile. Recurring paints are considered very effective, which give more time to achieve a temperature to critical.

Also for zoom fire protection The windows should be treated with special impregnations, the polymer foam is used or replaced the openings on special glass blocks. Door openings should be made from non-combustible metal substances, such as aluminum.

These events will be able to increase the limit of fire resistance of the warehouse and secure human life.

Decisions developed by laws make it possible to determine the degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures, to understand what class and type they belong. These norms give a clear characteristic of the building and allow you to determine the safety of the structure necessary for labor protection or the preservation of human life. Consequently, the standards and purpose of the building use the appropriate materials are necessary to perform frame structures, insulation and building construction.

How to determine the degree of fire resistance of the building, from which factors the limit of fire resistance depends? Answers to these questions should know any architect or owner. Thanks to these knowledge, you can easily develop the path of fire evacuation, the position of emergency exits, etc. But in our time there are many architect solutions for the construction of the same type of buildings, so the definition of fire resistance can cause some difficulties.

What is the fire resistance of the building and why is it determined?

Buildings with a capacity of more than 100 places and a height of 3 m should have C1 fire safety and III degree of fire resistance of the building. How to determine the number of places? This indicator depends on the population of the area. On SNiP, the number of places in the nursery is allowed to increase to 120 per 1000 residents of the district, on average 60-90.
Gardens with a capacity of more than 150 places should have the II degree of fire resistance and Fire safety C1. With a height of at least 6 m.

Children's institutions with more than 350 children's places and a height of 9 m have II or I level of resistance and C0 or C1 security.

Determination of the resistance of the district hospital

It is already known how to determine the degree of fire resistance of the building, if this is a school or kindergartenAnd what to do with hospitals? There are rules for them and norms.
In public buildings of this type, the maximum permissible height of 18 m, and the degree of fire resistance should be I or II, and security C0.
At an altitude of up to 10 m, fire resistance decreases to II, and constructive safety to C1.

If the height of the building is 5 and less meters, then the degree of fire resistance can be III, IV or V, and the level of structural safety, respectively, C1, C1-C2, C1-C3.
There is nothing more complex in studying the "degree of fire resistance of the building", how to identify the RB (district hospital) level of security.

Output

It is not so difficult to actually determine the degree of fire resistance of the building. Difficulties arise only in the practical stage, but it is less than half and even less than a third common work. After studying the architectural plan, the state of the building as a whole and the status of the supporting structures, the tester has already done most of the work!