Conservation of nature in the modern world message. Main aspects of nature protection, principles and rules of nature protection

Nature protection - a set of measures covering the protection, rational use and restoration of objects of animate and inanimate nature.

Here are just a few disturbing facts. From the bowels of the Earth, 100 billion tons of minerals are removed annually (25 tons per person). More than 90% of them goes to waste. The amount of oxygen consumed by individual countries already exceeds its production by the plants of these countries. The rainforest rainforest (the main “lungs” of the Earth) has been destroyed by more than 40%. Its felling continues at a rate of over 20 hectares per minute! Nearly 1,000 species of animals and 25,000 species of plants are now under threat of extinction. The main reasons for this are destruction, over-harvesting, suppression of native species by animals resettled by humans from other geographic areas, and poisoning of the surrounding natural environment chemicals. Humanity, having accumulated unheard-of technical power, never ceases to strive for the benefits of today. This entails a depletion of earthly wealth and undermines the foundation.

The conflict between man and nature did not arise all of a sudden. It grew gradually. Our ancestors also noticed that with an excessive increase in the number of livestock in a limited area, fat pastures turn into deserts. Thoughtless hunting, burning of forests, extermination of fish in reservoirs often left people without the necessary funds. Therefore, even in ancient times, people cared about the rational use of natural resources, about their preservation and enhancement. There were bans on catching animals, grazing pastures, deforestation. They began to allocate reserved lands, to protect and breed valuable animals and birds. These were the first feeble attempts to balance the use of natural resources with their protection and restoration. However, the balance was not reached. And nature, and with it humanity, as an integral part of it, suffered more and more damage.

By the beginning of the XX century. it became obvious that special and effective measures were needed. The first International Congress on the Conservation of Nature was held in 1913, but the problem of the impoverishment of the Earth continued to aggravate. In the second half of our century, it became on a par with other closely interconnected global problems: saving the world from a nuclear catastrophe, protecting the environment, an increase in the number of people on Earth (population explosion), the fight against hunger, overcoming the energy crisis. The cause of nature conservation, like the cause of peace, concerns every person on Earth, depends on his mind, activity and goodwill. It requires the efforts of all states and peoples.

Only a deep knowledge of the laws of nature, their correct application in practice, general natural science education and upbringing will give humanity the opportunity to overcome the calamity that is now called the ecological crisis, that is, the consistent impoverishment of nature, threatening the death of many species of plants and animals, and ultimately undermining the base of human existence. The experience of a number of countries, primarily socialist ones, international cooperation has already shown that with a scientifically grounded organization of the protection of natural resources and their rational use, many environmental difficulties can be overcome.

Grafting cedar on pine allows this valuable plant to be promoted to new areas. Voronezh State Reserve.

Bustard. Red Book.

Gray and Siberian Cranes (right). The Siberian Crane is the rarest bird listed in the Red Book. Oka State Reserve.

Plot of virgin feather-grass steppe. Central Chernozem Reserve named after V.V. Alekhin.

Avdotka. Red Book.

Rose seagull. Red Book.

Black stork. Red Book.

In many reservoirs of our country, the white water lily has become a rare plant. It must be protected in every possible way.

These bustards are hatched in an incubator. The grown birds will be released into nature.

Since ancient times, using plants and animals for their needs, people gradually began to notice that where there were in the past dense forests, they began to thin out, that the herds of wild game animals decreased, and some animals completely disappeared ... Biological encyclopedia

PROTECTION OF NATURE- 1) a system of measures aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the environment, ensuring the preservation and restoration of natural resources, preventing direct and indirect impact ... ... Ecological Dictionary

Environmental protection, complex system measures aimed at conservation, rational (sustainable) use and co-reproduction of natural resources, including conservation of species diversity (gene pool) of flora and ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

PROTECTION OF NATURE- protection of the natural environment, a system of complex measures aimed at the conservation, rational use and reproduction of natural resources and the environment. The most important tasks of O. p .: maintaining the main. eco-friendly processes and ... ... Agricultural encyclopedic dictionary

A set of international, state and regional measures aimed at maintaining the nature of the Earth in a state corresponding to the evolutionary level of the modern biosphere and its living matter. In English: Nature protection ... ... Financial vocabulary

Protection of Nature- Leningrad and its environs. Measures for the protection of nature began to be taken in St. Petersburg, in fact, from the time the city was founded. Peter I introduced bans and restrictions on forest felling, highlighting protected tree species (oak, elm, elm, ash, elm, pine ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

Leningrad and its environs. Measures for the protection of nature began to be taken in St. Petersburg, in fact, from the time the city was founded. Peter I introduced bans and restrictions on forest felling, highlighting protected tree species (oak, elm, elm, ash, elm, ... ... Saint Petersburg (encyclopedia)

Modern encyclopedia

A set of measures for the preservation, rational use and restoration of the natural resources of the Earth, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the wealth of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in individual ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PROTECTION OF NATURE, this concept has recently acquired many meanings, different, albeit related to each other, in the field of nature conservation and conservation of natural resources. Conservation requires sound planning and organization, ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

Protection of Nature- NATURE PROTECTION, a set of measures for the preservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the wealth of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in natural ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

  • Protection of natural monuments. International Nature Conservation, D.N. Anuchin. Professor D. N. Anuchin. Protection of natural monuments. With 29 drawings. Professor G. A. Kozhevnikov. International nature conservation. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1914 edition ...
  • Nature protection, Drozdov Nikolay Nikolaevich, Makeev Alexey Kuzmich. A series of books `Wildlife with Nikolai Drozdov` is addressed to young readers, those who are just starting to get acquainted with wonderful world living nature, for the first time reveals its secrets and mysteries. Reading ...

Our ancestors at the dawn of mankind were completely dependent on nature. Knowledge about nature in general, the characteristics of minerals, individual plants, habits and lifestyle of animals, relationships in nature were passed from generation to generation in the form of omens and legends. Human life depended on this knowledge and on the ability to use it.

Already in those distant times, people noticed that if it is wrong to collect roots or seeds, mollusks, bird eggs, mindlessly hunt animals, let the fire of the fire spread to the surrounding forest or steppe, then you can be left without the necessary means of subsistence. And people began to take measures to protect their most important wealth - the surrounding nature and its individual components. This is how sacred groves arose, which served as a source of resettlement and restoration of plants, sacred animals, trees, stones, streams, animal rookeries, fish spawning grounds, and bird nesting sites.

From generation to generation, "taboos" were passed down - prohibitions that limited or forbade the killing of various animals, collecting plants at one time or another of the year, in one place or another. With the emergence of the state, these customs and rules turned into laws. The first such laws appeared in Russia in the 11th century, they are written in the most ancient set of laws - "Russian Truth".

Gradually, people accumulated knowledge about the laws of nature. At the same time, the number of various products made by human hands increased. To get even more of it, man used new and new natural resources. This led to big changes in the environment, sometimes ones that could no longer be corrected. Then people in many countries began to understand that it is necessary to organize nature protection, using the latest achievements of science and technology, involving state authorities, taking international measures. In 1913, the 1st International Congress on Nature Conservation took place.

But this problem arose especially seriously for mankind in the middle of our century, when the changes that man's economic activity brings to the nature of the planet were clearly revealed. Nowadays, nature protection is one of the most important tasks that people must solve. And if it is solved, it will become as great an achievement as the creation of atomic fuel, the release of a person into near-earth space, the solution to the way of transmission of hereditary characteristics in living organisms. The future of all mankind, the possibility of further development of industry, technology, agriculture, etc., depends on the solution of the problem of nature protection.

Biologists were the first to defend nature, since plants and animals primarily respond to changes occurring as a result of human activities. Then they paid attention to how the soil, relief, the entire landscape, air, water, geological deposits began to change. It turned out that in order to preserve the natural environment for everyone living on Earth and their descendants, you need to take good care of any natural resources. Plan for their consumption, taking into account the benefits that can be obtained not only now, but also in the future, when, armed with better knowledge, people will be able to derive the maximum benefit from them, while minimizing waste.

So planned correct use natural resources, taking into account its protection, is possible only in countries that have embarked on the path of socialist development, with a planned socialist economy that takes into account the present and future interests of the entire population, and not individuals or families.

The resources of nature must be protected and it is very important to use them without loss. This means to clean every drift in the mines, so that not a single kilogram of ore, coal, shale and other minerals is left there, to prevent natural gas from burning in flares, useless gushing of oil and artesian water from wells, and not to leave wood waste on the felling sites. When processing raw materials, one should strive to reduce waste of wood, metal, leather, and look for ways to use waste. Correct, economical use of heat, electricity, water, food waste, scrap metal, waste paper allows you to preserve many natural sources for the future.

Air and water pollution, destruction of green spaces and forests, damage to the surrounding landscape, disposal of garbage anywhere, excessive noise destroy the natural environment, have a destructive effect on all living things, including the human body. Violation of natural processes occurring in nature is the source of many human diseases. Consequently, the protection of nature is the protection of human health, and the increase in his life expectancy and working capacity depends on this.

So it turns out that in our time, nature conservation is a complex complex of state, social and international events that contribute to the organization of proper use of natural resources, the protection of natural resources, their restoration and augmentation in the interests of all living and future generations of people.

In any developed country, great attention is paid to the protection of nature, the foundations of land, water, forestry legislation, the basics of legislation on subsoil, laws on the protection of atmospheric air and on the protection and use of wildlife are adopted. Laws on nature conservation are being passed.

Nature protection is one of the main duties of every citizen of any country, as stated in the Constitutions of many countries.

Remember, the health, life and well-being of you and all the people of our great Motherland depends on how you, your friends and relatives relate to nature.

Whatever you do: plant trees in the village, help foresters keep track of and protect anthills, hang artificial nests for birds; you save fry from drying up reservoirs; fight against those who break bushes and trees, walk on the lawns, gather armfuls of flowers, are engaged in poaching; make up a soil map of fields; conduct a chemical analysis of the soil samples taken; collecting waste paper, scrap metal or other secondary raw materials - all this is a contribution to the protection of the nature of our country.

1) National authorities

Nature protection is a scientifically grounded system of state, international and public events aimed at the protection, rational use, reproduction of natural resources and improvement of the human environment in the interests of present and future generations.

Executors - state and international organizations, public organizations and scientific institutions.

Their activities are regulated and based on legislative acts and legal norms. Article 9 of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation says: "Land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activities of the peoples living in the corresponding territory."

Article 42: "Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to his health or property by environmental offenses."

Article 58 says about the duties: "Everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to take good care of natural resources."

In addition to these and some other articles of the Constitution, relations in the field of interaction between society and nature in our country are regulated by the law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the natural environment", entered into force on December 19, 1991. This law defines the principles of environmental protection, objects of protection, the rights of citizens and state bodies (from legislative to local executive) in the field of environmental protection.

It also contains the economic mechanisms of environmental protection, the procedure for standardizing its quality, control methods, ways of environmental education and education, responsibility for environmental offenses, principles of international cooperation in this area and other aspects of environmental protection. This law should become the reference book of every leader and public figure.

The direct organizer of the implementation of this law is a whole system of bodies endowed with legislative and executive powers.

Legislative bodies include: the Committee on Natural Resources and Environmental Management under the State Duma, a permanent commission on ecology and the rational use of natural resources under regional or territorial dumas.

The executive bodies include: the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Environmental Policy, the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on Environmental Safety, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources as part of the government, and in the republics, territories, regions and districts - regional committees on environmental protection and natural resources. Their functions are defined by law and include:

  • - determination of the main directions of environmental protection;
  • - accounting and assessment of the natural environment, the state of natural resources;
  • - accounting for environmentally harmful objects, planning of environmental protection, financing and material and technical support of environmental programs;
  • - coordination of environmental protection activities of management bodies of enterprises, institutions;
  • - coordination of the activities of environmental services, environmental impact assessment of projects;
  • - state environmental control;
  • - permission, prohibition of the activities of environmentally harmful enterprises;
  • - organization of waste collection and disposal;
  • - organization of specially protected areas;
  • - organization of environmental education and training;
  • - providing the population with environmental information, etc.

In addition to the special Ministry, under other ministries and independently under the government there are committees, services, departments dealing with sectoral issues of nature protection, including:

  • - RF Committee for Geology and Subsoil Use;
  • - RF Committee for Land Resources;
  • - RF Committee for Fisheries;
  • - RF Committee for Water Management;
  • - Department for the protection and rational use of hunting resources under the Ministry of Agriculture;
  • - federal Service geodesy and cartography of Russia;
  • - Federal Forestry Service of Russia;
  • - Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring;
  • - Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation under the Ministry of Health.

All of these committees, departments and field services, i.e. in republics, territories, regions, cities, districts, they have departments, inspections, stations (for example, regional forestry administration, state hunting inspectorate, sanitary and epidemiological station, etc.). In addition, the state institutions of the considered direction include nature reserves, wildlife preserves, national parks, zoos, botanical gardens.

Thus, the system of state institutions and organizations involved in environmental protection (planning, organizational work, control) is very cumbersome, often leads to depopulation and a decrease in the effectiveness of laws. The main drawback in the activities of these bodies, in our opinion, should be considered their inability to ensure the effectiveness of good laws, legislative acts and legal norms.

2) Public organizations

Environmental protection is the concern of the entire people. Today in the Russian Federation there are 27 environmental public associations that have large powers on the basis of the law. The most massive is the All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation, created in 1924. It includes 215 thousand primary organizations, uniting about 32 million citizens. The supreme body of society is the congress, which meets once every 4 years. The congress elects a presidium. In the latter, sections are distinguished: forests, landscaping, protection of birds, fish, waters, bowels, etc. A scientific and technical council on complex issues has been formed under the presidium. Similar bodies are elected at conferences in districts, cities, regions, territories and republics. All environmental work is carried out primarily through primary organizations that are created at enterprises, institutions, organizations, schools, universities and other educational institutions.

The functions of the VOOP and its subdivisions are: promotion of environmental knowledge (publication of posters, brochures, books, lectures, etc.); direct participation in environmental activities (raids to monitor the implementation of environmental laws, public inspections, blue patrols, green patrols, public environmental expertise, development of proposals for improving nature conservation). In addition to the VOOP, the Russian Socio-Ecological Union, the Ecological Academy, the Association for the Development of Ecological Press, the Union of Public Ecological Funds of Russia, etc. function in the Russian Federation.

3) Scientific organizations

Russian Academy of Sciences, sectoral Academy of Sciences, State bodies for science and technology have special subdivisions that develop and approve comprehensive programs and plans scientific research in the field of protection and improvement of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources. For example, under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a scientific council on the problems of the biosphere has been created. These bodies manage the activities of a whole network of research institutes and laboratories developing methods of cleaning from pollution, methods of monitoring the state of the environment, state standards and regulations in this area. They are engaged in forecasts, prepare projects, carry out state ecological expertise, provide assistance in solving practical problems of rational nature management and environmental protection. An example is the central research institute on complex problems of flora and fauna protection under the Ministry of Agriculture.

Universities play a significant role in environmental protection. With the help of departments, special laboratories and research institutes, they participate in the development and implementation of comprehensive, targeted environmental programs, design work, are members of scientific, technical and expert councils, and provide conclusions on environmental expertise. Some universities train specialists in the field of environmental protection; regardless of the profile, provide the teaching of special courses on environmental protection and rational use of natural resources... This is how the formation of the ecological culture of citizens is achieved. From our point of view, by the efforts of universities and others educational institutions, with the help of the press, radio, television and public speeches, in the very near future, ecological macro-education should be achieved, at least for managers and specialists, since, as Y. Odum writes, by the time the problem becomes obvious to everyone, what to do 4 ) International environmental organizations

The protection of the natural environment is a concern of the people of the whole world. A separate state, no matter how ideally organized this work, is not able to ensure the protection of natural resources that are in perpetual motion, constantly crossing state borders - atmospheric air, waters of the seas, oceans, migrating fish, birds, animals. Nature protection requires the efforts of all states of the planet. First of all, international conventions and agreements are aimed at this.

For example, the "Agreement on the Protection of Fur Seals" was concluded in 1897 between Russia, the United States and Japan.

About 70 treaties, conventions, agreements exist to regulate fishing and whaling. A number of agreements have been reached to protect the oceans from oil pollution.

In 1974, the USSR, Poland, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland signed a convention banning pollution of the Baltic Sea.

In 1973, a convention was adopted to restrict trade in rare species of animals and plants. More than 80 countries have signed a convention for the protection of nesting sites, resting and wintering sites for waterfowl.

There is an agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States on cooperation in the study and protection of the environment.

Specialized bodies have been created at the UN, including:

  • 1. UNESCO is an organization dealing with problems of education, culture, which solves issues of education and training of personnel for nature protection.
  • 2. FAO - Food and Agriculture.
  • 3. WHO - World Health Organization.
  • 4. IUCN is an international union for the conservation of nature, uniting 46 states, has 6 standing commissions with headquarters in Morges (Switzerland). He prepares agreements, conventions; organizes consultations on environmental protection issues. Develops and distributes the latest scientific and scientific and technical achievements in the field of nature protection, prepares projects for the selection of territories for biosphere reserves and national parks.

Since peoples, countries and the environment are more closely related to each other than is usually imagined, all decisions must be made in the context of a holistic (holistic) approach. Actions aimed at achieving narrowly limited goals are likely to be counterproductive.

1. Principles of nature conservation

2. Alternative use of natural resources (industry, agriculture, energy)

3. Preservation of water and air quality

4. The problem of waste disposal

Bibliography

1. Principles of nature protection.

Nature protection - a set of state and public measures aimed at preserving the atmosphere, flora and fauna, soil, water and the earth's interior.

In the history of the formation of the nature conservation concept, several successive stages can be distinguished: species and nature conservation protection - resource protection - nature protection - rational use of natural resources - protection of the human habitat - protection of the natural environment. Accordingly, the very concept of environmental protection expanded and deepened.

In recent years, the term “environmental protection” has been increasingly used. The term "protection of the biosphere" is very close in content and scope to this concept. The protection of the biosphere is a system of measures carried out at the national and international levels and aimed at eliminating undesirable anthropogenic and natural influences on functionally interconnected blocks of the biosphere (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil cover, lithosphere and the sphere of organic life), to maintain its evolutionary organization and ensure normal functioning.

Nature protection is closely related to nature management - one of the branches of applied ecology. Use of natural resources is a social-production activity aimed at meeting the material and cultural needs of society through the use of various types of natural resources and natural conditions.

Nature management can be rational and irrational. Irrational use does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential, leads to depletion and deterioration of the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by pollution and depletion of natural systems, violation of the ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems.

Rational use of natural resources means an integrated scientifically grounded use of natural resources, in which the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential is achieved, with a minimum violation of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulation and self-recovery.

According to Yu. Odum, rational nature management pursues a twofold goal:

· To provide such a state of the environment in which it could satisfy, along with material needs, the needs of aesthetics and recreation;

Provide the possibility of continuous harvesting useful plants, production of animals and various materials by establishing a balanced cycle of use and renewal;

At the present, modern stage of development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept is being born - environmental safety, which is understood as the state of protection of important environmental interests of a person and, first of all, his rights to a favorable natural environment. The scientific basis for all measures to ensure the ecological safety of the population and rational use of natural resources is theoretical ecology, the most important principles of which are focused on maintaining the homeostasis of ecosystems.

Environmentally sound rational nature management should consist in the maximum possible increase in the limits of existence and functioning and the achievement of high productivity of all links of the trophic chains of natural ecosystems.

Unsustainable use of natural resources ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and ecologically balanced use of natural resources creates the preconditions for a way out of it.

A way out of the global ecological crisis is the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. Thousands of scientists, politicians, practitioners in all countries of the world are working on its solution. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem only by any means, for example, technological (treatment facilities, waste-free technologies), are potentially incorrect and will not lead to the necessary results, because, compared to repeated use of goods, waste incineration is an ineffective way to deal with waste. First of all, this is a destructive process, during which both raw materials and energy are consumed. At the same time, both the atmosphere and the water are polluted. Incinerators emit nitrogen oxides, acid precipitating sulfur, hydrogen oxide, dioxin and furan into the atmosphere, which are believed to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. Tons of toxic ash remain, which is also dangerous for groundwater.

Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only under the condition of the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of the antagonism between them.

The most general principle, or rule of environmental protection, must be considered: the global initial natural resource potential in the course of historical development is continuously depleted, which requires from humanity scientific and technical improvement aimed at a wider and full use of this potential. Another fundamental principle of the protection of nature and the environment of life follows from this law: ecologically-economical, i.e. the more prudent the approach to natural resources and habitat, the less energy and other costs are required. Reproduction of natural resource potential and efforts to implement it should be comparable with the economic results of the exploitation of nature. Another important ecological rule is that all components of the natural environment - atmospheric air, water, soil - must be preserved not separately, but as a whole, as a single natural ecosystems biosphere. Only with such an ecological approach is it possible to ensure the preservation of landscapes, bowels, and the gene pool of plants and animals.

According to the law of the Russian Federation on environmental protection, the main principles of environmental protection are as follows:

Priority of protecting human life and health;

Scientifically grounded combination of environmental and economic interests;

Rational and sustainable use of natural resources;

Payment for the use of natural resources;

Compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation, the inevitability of responsibility for its violation;

Publicity in the work of environmental organizations and their close connection with public associations and the population in solving environmental problems;

International cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

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