Balls similar to berries or nuts - galls - often appear on oak leaves. The galls on the oak appear because of insects - nutcrackers. They lay an egg in the leaf tissue, and the substances secreted by the larva cause tissue overgrowth, as a result of which a gall is formed, and the larva receives a safe refuge. Gauls differ depending on the type of insects that caused their formation.

Oak galls, caused by oak-leaved walnut ( Cynips quercusfolii) can reach several centimeters in diameter and cover the leaves like bunches of grapes. Since oak galls contain a large number of tannins, they were used for the preparation of ink (hence the other name - ink nuts) and in medicine. The appearance of galls on oak does not pose a threat to the life of the tree.

The larvae of pineal nutcracker ( Cynips fecundator) leads to the proliferation of oak buds, which grow into a scaly formation similar to a small cone.

Young growing shoots of oak serve as a refuge for the larvae of the oak shoot moth ( Stenolechia gemmella). As a result, a small area at the end of the young undergrowth dries up together with several leaves. A large number of dead leaves in summer damages the decorative effect of the oak and slows down its growth.

Gauls are found on almost all plants. The reason for their appearance may be insects, because of the spruce-larch Hermes, galls appear on spruces. Mites species Eriophyes tilaeа cause the appearance of numerous red tubercles on linden leaves. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes can also lead to the formation of galls.

Photo: Galls on linden leaves, in which lime mite larvae mature

What are Gauls

During the growing season, from spring to autumn, on the leaf blades, stems, needles or buds, you can notice various thickenings, tubercles or bulges - these are galls. These pathological formations differ from each other in shape, size, color, structure and, of course, pathogens.

Various invertebrates contribute to the appearance of gall outgrowths on the leaves:
insects (sawflies, gall aphids, flies, nut-making);
roundworms, or nematodes;
four-legged, or gall mites.
Fungi, bacteria or viruses can also cause growths on the leaves.

Interesting! In galls that develop on plants containing tannins and tannins, these components accumulate in significant quantities. Therefore, growths on the leaves of oak, sumac and some other plants are used in medicine and for tanning leather. And earlier, ink was made from the Gauls, called "ink nuts".

Photo: a sprouting plum mite has formed galls on the branches of a plum

Why are Gauls dangerous

Gauls deform leaves and stems, disfigure them, the plant loses its decorative effect and attractiveness. But in addition to the aesthetic factor, galls cause a number of physiological and chemical causes that harm plants:
the green surface of the leaves decreases, and as a result, photosynthesis and the production of organic matter deteriorate;
galls developing on the buds lead to the fact that the bud does not open, but dries up, and if it does open, then the leaves are small and deformed ("witch's brooms");
stem galls and galls on young shoots inhibit their growth, development, sometimes lead to apical desiccation;
a large number of deciduous galls leads to drying and death of leaves, deterioration of carbohydrate metabolism and the general physiological state of the plant;
root galls lead to a deterioration in the absorption of water and mineral components (with severe damage to the plant, most of the root system dies off, which can lead to death);
galls on fruits, for example, on wheat kernels, lead to a decrease in yield, sometimes by 30-50%;
galls provoke and stimulate various fungal and bacterial diseases of fruit, ornamental and vegetable crops(for example, bacterial cancer of the roots of fruit trees, keela is a disease of plants from the Cruciferous family).

Gall mites

Four-legged mites are microscopic representatives of the Arthropod type, they also have another name - gall mites, due to their ability to form galls on leaves. Most of the deciduous galls are formed by mites.

This large group of pests is separated into a separate superfamily of over 4200 species. Unlike the familiar blood-sucking ticks, their four-legged cousins ​​do not harm animals, but specialize exclusively in plants.

Attention! Ticks are not insects, they belong to the class of Arachnids and differ from insects in structure, a number of physiological features and some characteristics in the chemical composition.

Photo: galls on the leaves of an apple tree are formed by an apple gall mite

The size of gall-forming mites is so small that it is difficult to see them without special devices: the body length ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mm. Their body shape can be round, slightly elongated, or worm-like. Interestingly, unlike all other ticks, gall mites have not eight legs, but only four. The explanation is simple - because of their way of life in the course of evolution, these tiny ticks "lost" two pairs of legs - they were reduced.

Preconditions for the appearance and favorable conditions

Factors influencing the appearance and mass development of gall mites can be biological, chemical, agrotechnical, ecological. Usually, several factors are needed for a strong infection of a plant:
- thickening of the crown;
- excess of phosphates, including phosphorus fertilizers;
- destruction with insecticides;
- no pruning of branches;
- the use of drugs - plant growth stimulants, which can simultaneously stimulate the growth of ticks.

Control methods

In the initial stages of development, galls may not be too noticeable and look like small swellings on the leaf blades. Their color may initially remain green, as, for example, in the case of the pear gall mite. But subsequently, at the sites of bulges, leaf tissues die off, lose green color turning brown or dark gray. The leaves lose chlorophyll and cease to function.

Since the gall mite hibernates in dormant tree buds, and with the onset of warmth, it activates and affects the buds that have not yet opened, the fight against it should be started before the onset of the growing season. During this period (at the beginning of spring) trees should be treated with acaricidal preparations, for example, "Inta-Virom".

To combat the gall mite, it is necessary to use drugs of systemic action, which penetrate into the plant tissues, and then into the digestive system of the ticks. At the first appearance of growths on the leaves of a tree, it is necessary to process it. The crown is treated two to four times, depending on the lesion, at intervals of 7 to 10 days. In this case, you need to alternate drugs or use the same one no more than two times. Ticks are very adaptive invertebrates, they quickly develop immunity to a particular substance.

Photo: galls on rowan leaves - the activity of the pear gall mite;
in galls on the leaves of the walnut, the larvae of the nut gall mite live

Anti-gall mite preparations:
"Akreks";
"Nitrafen";
"Fufanon";
Aktelik;
"Vertimek";
Fitoverm;
Apollo;
"Karate Zeon";
"Ditox";
"Karbofos".

All anti-tick drugs are very poisonous. If there were fruits on trees or shrubs during processing, then they can be consumed only two weeks after processing.

Contact drugs against gall mites are ineffective or not effective at all. Therefore, you need to carefully read the instructions on the package so as not to confuse the gall mite with spiderweb .

Increasingly, sparing biological agents have begun to be used in the fight against gall mites, for example, preparations based on avermectins (synthesized by the fungi Streptomyces avermitilis) or predatory mites from the Phytoceiidae family that eat gall mites. These funds, in the fight against gall mites, do not have side effects on the nature like chemicals.

Currently, a new technique has emerged which consists of tree injection. But for this method of protection, it is advisable to involve specialists so as not to harm the plant.

By autumn, yellowish or yellow-pink balls - galls - the size of a small cherry, often develop on oak leaves. They look like tiny apples of the correct spherical shape.

Galls are a painful proliferation of leaf tissue. The gall midge insect, which looks like a very small fly, is to blame for their appearance. The gall midge pierces the skin of the leaf with a thin, sharp ovipositor and lays an egg there. Some time after that, a "ball" grows on the leaf. If you break such a ball in late autumn, in the middle of it you can find a small white worm - the gall midge larva- either already an adult insect. In some years, oak leaves are literally dotted with galls - there are several of them on each leaf.

Gauls are sometimes called inknuts. This name is not accidental. Our ancestors at the time of Pushkin used them to prepare black ink. How do you get ink in this way? It is necessary to prepare a decoction of nuts and add a solution of ferrous sulfate to it. Merging two slightly colored liquids, we get a liquid that is completely black. This chemical "trick" is easy to explain. Halle contains many tannins, and they have the ability to combine with iron salts to give a thick black color. The same can be done with tea infusion (it also contains a lot of tannins). If you add a few drops of a yellowish solution of ferric chloride to a glass of weak tea, the liquid becomes completely black.

Oak pests

Leaf-gnawing and stem pests, and fungal diseases are the most important factor that enhances the drying out of oak stands. Violation of the ecological balance of oak phytocenoses, especially in forest oak monocultures, leads to violations of the water regime of the territories, changes in light and temperature conditions in the plantation, and all together - to the formation of conditions more favorable for the development of pests and diseases.

Oak is damaged by a huge number of pests and diseases. Different authors give different figures on the number of pests and diseases that damage the oak. In the Tellermanovsky forest area, 184 species of foliage pests have been identified (Molchanov, 1975). Among the most common pests that damage foliage, it is necessary to name: 5 types of silkworms, 5 types of scoops, 6 types of moths, 8 types of moths, 8 types of sawflies, 2 types of leaf rollers, 11 types of nutcrackers, 2 types of leaf beetles, 5 types of weevils, 2 types Hermes, 2 types of aphids and 3 types of plant mites. Buds and flowers damage 12 types of nutcrackers. Acorns are damaged by 2 types of moth butterflies, 3 types of weevils and 1 type of walnut. The trunk and branches damage 8 species of bark beetles, 7 species of barbel, 3 species of horn-tails, 2 species of wood-gnawing, 1 species of flat-walker, 3 species of goldfish, 1 species from the sharpening family, 1 species of woodworms (Napalkov, 1953).

In Europe, 542 species of harmful insects have been identified that damage oak (Hrast Luznjak ..., 1996). In total, 206 species of fungi were found, including zygomycetes - 3 species, mastigomycetes - 2 species, ascomycetes - 50 species, basidiomycetes - 43 species, deuteromycetes - 108 species. Found 1 virus - tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), 14 species of bacteria (Erwinia quercicola Geprges et Bad., Erwinia valachika Geprges et Bad., Pseudomonas quercus Schem, etc.). However, the influence of viruses and bacteria as the reasons for the drying out of oak has not been precisely established (Ragazzi et al., 1995).

The most common pests of oak

Not all of these species are massive pests and cause serious harm to oak trees. The most common and dangerous pests of oak in the Middle Volga region are:

Primary leaf-eating insects

1) gypsy moth (Ocneria (Lymantria, Porthetria) Dispar L.);

2) goldtail (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Nygmia phaerrhoea L.);

3) the ringed silkworm (Malasoma neustria L.);

4) hawthorn leafworm (Cacoecia (Archips, Tortrix) crataegana Hb.);

5) green oak leaf roll (Tortrix viridana L.);

6) winter moth (Operophthera brumata L.);

7) peppered moth (Erannis defoliaria Cl.).

Secondary pests of the trunk and branches

1) oak beads (Agrillus angustulis Illig., A. biguttatus F., A. affinis F.);

2) oak sapwood (Scolitus intricatus Ratz.);

3) oak motley barbel (Plagionotus arcuatus L.), yellow-spotted barbel (Mesosa myops Dalm.).

Fungal diseases of oaks

1) powdery mildew (Microsphaera alalphitoides Griff. Et Maubl.);

2) common honey fungus (Armillariella melea Guel.);

3) sulfur-yellow tinder fungus (Laetiporus sulphureus Fr.);

4) false oak tinder fungus (Phellinus robustus (Karst.) Bourd. Et Galz.);

5) oak sponge (Daedalea quercina Fr.);

6) oak tinder fungus (Inonotus dryophilus (Berk.) Murr.);

7) real tinder fungus (Fomes fomentarius Gill.);

8) cytosporosis (Cytospora intermedia Sacc., C. quercella Sacc.)

9) vascular mycoses (Ceratocystis spp., Ophiostoma spp.);

10) necrosis (Vuilleminia comedens Maire., Nummularia bulliardi Tul., Clithris quercina Rehm, Diatripe spp.).

Primary and secondary pests

Weakened trees are exposed to a complex of secondary stem pests. Symptoms that appear at the stage of drying out of the oak tree are shown in Fig. 16. Three main types of wood drying can be distinguished. The primary factor is necrotic damage to the bark caused by frost (frost cracking) or the sun (sunburn and dry bones) or humans (bark peeling, type A). These lesions can be overgrown, healed by a tree, or act as a gateway for infection. Infectious factors are different kinds necrotic (Vuilleminia comedens Maire. and others), sap and wood-destroying fungi, primarily sulfur-yellow (Laetiporus sulphureus Fr.), false oak polypore (Phellinus robustus (Karst.) Bourd. et Galz.) and honey fungus (Armillariella melea Guel .). According to reconnaissance surveys, bark necrosis and sap rot from Vuilleminia comedens (up to 14-25%) are most common in oak forests, sound rot from Phellinus robustus (4-8%) and sound-sap rot from Laetiporus sulphureus (2- 5%).

Mushrooms and rot

The development of the mushroom, which accelerates the dying off of oak trees, occurs already on heavily weakened trees. The presence of rhizomorphs or fruiting bodies in the initial stages of tree damage was not noted, which is confirmed by numerous data (Vakin, 1933, 1954; Vorontsov, 1972; Hartmann et al., 1989; Hartmann, Blank, 1992, etc.). Defeat with honey can reach up to 25% of the total number of surveyed trees.

Trees damaged by various rot, in 75-80 cases, had non-overgrown frost cracks. Many researchers also note that practically all types of the main wood-destroying oak fungi can penetrate through frost cracks (Vakin, 1954; Matveev-Motin, Alekseev, 1963).

Stem pest insects

The second type (type B) is associated with damage caused by stem insects.

It has been established that insects play a very important role in the spread of stem rot.

Through the passages made by oak goldsmiths (Agrillus angustulis Illig., A. nastalifer. Ratz., A. elongatus Hlbst.) And (or) oak sapwood (Scolitus intricatus) or barbel beetles (genus Mesosa), the infection can penetrate or more spread intensively along the trunk. Both barbel and bark beetles are active distributors of spores of vascular mycosis and other fungal diseases. The appearance and development of fruiting bodies of sulfur-yellow tinder fungus in the places of penetration of these insects was noted. In these places, sap flow from the trunk is also observed (Matveev-Motin, Alekseev, 1963). An outbreak of narrow-bodied oak goldfish was noted in Tataria in 1944-1947; severe damage by secondary insect pests was also noted in the Chuvash Republic and the Ulyanovsk region (Napalkov, 1953).

Oak infections

The third type is due to the penetration of infection through dead branches in the crown of the tree (type C). The dying off of branches can be caused by both natural causes and the effect of frost and intense gnawing of foliage by leaf-eating insects and necrotic fungi. In addition, the studies of I.V. Turkevich (1955) showed that the intensive development of water shoots can lead to a lack of moisture supply to the crown of a tree, as well as cause a more intense dying off of individual branches and tops. Often on a tree you can find the combination different types damage to the oak.

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew (Microsphaera alalphitoides Griff. Et Maubl.) Is one of the main and widespread diseases of oak. Most of all, it is dangerous for seedlings and young crops, and it causes noticeable harm to adult plantations only when the leaves that have grown after being eaten by leaf-eating pests are infected (Vlasov, 1951). In this case, with a significant spread of powdery mildew in the crown of the tree, the process of preparing the shoots for winter slows down, the growth decreases and the reserves of nutrients in the tree are depleted. Powdery mildew more intensively affects trees growing in open areas and clearings. It was noted that a more intensive development of powdery mildew occurs in the lower part of the crown of middle-aged and ripe trees, foliage is more intensively affected on secondary growths of oak ("Ivanov shoots"), as well as in floodplain conditions (Osipov et al., 1989).

Mycosis

The virulence and significance of vascular mycoses in the death of oak trees in the region have not been studied in detail. According to the data of the expeditionary survey of the oak forests of Chuvashia in 1971 and 1998. (Report on forest path. Survey., M, 1971; Report on forest path. Survey., Bryansk, 1997), vascular mycoses are widespread throughout the oak forests of the region, the disease can occur in both acute and sluggish forms. Under the influence of a number of biotic and abiotic factors, the disease can lead to massive death of branches and trunks. Therefore, vascular mycosis can be attributed to secondary pathogens leading to the weakening of oak forests, but it is not the cause of the withering away of oak forests in the region.

INK NUTS

In autumn, you can sometimes see original balls on oak leaves. They are about the size of a small cherry, and are similar in color to an apple: yellowish, often with a red side. The balls adhere firmly to the leaf. If you squeeze such a ball with two fingers, you will feel that it is soft, loose. And if you break it, you will see that its inner content is porous. In the very center of the ball, there is a small void, a small chamber. Inside it sits a tiny white worm, hardly distinguishable with a simple eye... Once in the light, he moves slightly, moves. This worm is the larva of a special very small fly.

The ball arises from the fact that a fly with the help of a sharp ovipositor lays an egg in the flesh of a leaf. This causes an increased growth of plant tissues, and as a result, the already familiar ball is formed. Over time, a worm appears from the testicle of a fly. It develops inside the ball, grows and eventually turns into an adult insect - a small fly. But the fly does not remain in its dungeon for long. She gnaws a course in the pulp of the ball and goes out through this channel. Her independent life begins in freedom.

When we break the ball, sometimes instead of a worm, we can see a completely adult fly, which has not yet managed to leave its shelter. Sometimes an even later stage comes across: inside the ball there is no longer either a worm or a fly, but the channel that the adult insect made when getting out to freedom is clearly visible. This channel can be detected without breaking the ball - by the outlet on its surface.

The balls that form on oak leaves are sometimes called ink nuts. This name was not given by chance. It turns out that these balls were once used to make black ink. And it was not so long ago, 100 - 200 years ago. To obtain ink, the balls were boiled in water, then a little iron sulfate was added to the broth and the liquid became thick black. This is exactly what ink did back then.

It is interesting that both a decoction of ink nuts and a solution of ferrous sulfate are rather weakly colored, almost colorless.

But when both liquids are poured together, a thick black color appears. It turns out something like a focus. Of course, there is nothing surprising here for a specialist chemist. Ink nuts contain many tannins, and they, when combined with iron salts, always give a thick black color. So there is nothing surprising in the described trick.

A similar phenomenon can be observed if you take other liquids rich in tannins, for example, a weak tea infusion that has a yellowish color. Add here a few drops of a strong solution of ferrous sulfate or ferric chloride - the liquid almost immediately becomes impenetrable black.

Blackness, caused by the same cause, but only relatively weak, can be observed on the surface of fresh oak stumps. When wet oak wood comes into contact with a steel saw, dark spots and streaks form on the stump. The tannins in wood combine with iron.

It is appropriate to say a little here about the so-called bog oak. These are the trunks of oak trees that have lain for several centuries at the bottom of the river. Their wood has a black color. The blackening is explained by the same thing as in fresh oak stumps. Only the source of iron salts is different here - river water. Although there are quite a few iron salts in such water, their effect is very long-lasting. Over the course of several centuries, the wood lying at the bottom of the river has time to turn strongly black. Bog oak is a valuable material for all kinds of crafts. It has great strength and beautiful coloration.

Similar articles

About oaks from ancient history. Connection with the gods

Mausoleum of GALLA PLACIDIA

There was such a tribe - the Gauls.

Promote hair growth (drinking and bathing)

The leaves contain quercetin, tannins and pentosans. V medicinal purposes leaves collected before May 15 are used. Young twigs with leaves are dried under a canopy, suspended in small bunches. The leaves are stored for about 1 year. When applied externally, they contribute to the rapid scarring of ulcers, wounds, and cuts. Infusion of leaves (1 teaspoon of raw materials pour 2 tablespoons of boiling water, leave for 2 hours in a warm place, take no more than ½ glass at a time) drink with bedwetting.

Oak stabilizes the energies of the human body, opens and cleanses the subtle bodies and upper chakras, fills us with powerful and even fiery power. These properties are used in medicine.

There is another interesting phenomenon in nature, also associated with the formation of Gauls - this is inquilism. The inquiline animal enters the dwelling of another animal with the aim of destroying it. In the case of galls, such an inqulyn animal is often the wasp-wasps, which lay their larvae in the galls. The wasp larvae gradually suck out the gall larva, then begin to eat the walls of the gall.

Oak leaf: photo. Some useful properties

These are galls of the Oak walnut Cynips quercusfolii from the family Walnut - (Cynipidae)

Outwardly, galls look like spherical formations with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm. These pathological formations of cells on the shoots and leaves of the "gall" infectious oak appear after the laying of oak-leaved walnut eggs.

3. A good medicine against pulmonary tuberculosis.

What are Gauls?

Among all existing trees, the oak stands out for its power. It has always been, thanks to the hardness of its wood and impressive volumes, a symbol of strength and immortality. And oak leaves have many useful properties.​

Gauls - the Roman name for one of the Celtic tribes that inhabited the Maxime territory of modern France - Ozhegov's dictionary

GALLIA ...,

Help with cracked lips (drinking and bathing)

The healing effects of the Gauls

Acorns contain 40% starch, 5-8% tannins, 5% fatty oil, sugar and protein substances. Acorns are the favorite food of many forest dwellers: wild boars, deer, bears. Pigeons and pheasants carry acorns over long distances. Jays and field mice are especially fond of them.

In practical magic, they use more of its ability to open the way to the Cosmos and the information of the near-earth space for a person. Therefore, in Russia, where there is little sun and there is a strong lack of energy, they were very fond of using oak wood for buildings, thus compensating for the lack of warm fiery energy for the human body. Moreover, the most popular was always bog oak... The wood of bog oak is slightly reddish, not grayish; like natural oak. This enhances the warmth of the wood and slightly lifts the mood. Plain oak is undoubtedly soothing nervous system and fills the body with strength, but not fun. In a completely oak unpainted house, you feel like in a church - nice, good, light in your soul, but stormy fun seems to be something indecent.

Gauls spoil the view ornamental plant, reduce the area of ​​the crown involved in the process of photosynthesis. Gall mites can spread the infection. The fight against gall mites consists mainly of preventive treatment. If the outgrowths on the leaves have already appeared, then the fight becomes more difficult. An already damaged deciduous plate is not restored. In this case, treatments are performed with systemic acaricides and pyrethroid insecticides. Correctly selected acaricide will stop the development of the pest population. And, conversely, improperly selected drugs can even whip up the activity of the tick, making it difficult to further fight. Insects have a unique ability to adapt to any kind of poison. In gall mites, this adaptation occurs very quickly. Therefore, it is important to select an insecticide acting on a specific type of pest in order to destroy the entire population at once (or in several treatments, depending on the time of treatments, the degree of infestation and the selected preparations).

If you decide leonardo it's number 3

This is how they look:

"Gallic" oak is common in Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. The "ink nuts" that form on it are harvested in the last summer month and at the beginning of autumn.

4. Promotes the healing of wounds from burns.

In ancient times, the oak among many peoples was dedicated to the great gods: Jupiter from the Romans, from the Greeks to Zeus, etc. It is known that Jupiter communicated his will through the Dodonian oracle with the help of the whisper of the leaves of the oak grove.

Not what, but who is! The French tribe was at the time of the Roman conquests

In the 1st century. BC e. area Zap. Europe,

Oak leaves in life and in everyday life

Good remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis

Acorns ripen in the year of flowering or the next year. They are harvested during ripening under the tree. Dried in attics or under a canopy with good ventilation, spreading in one layer on paper and stirring occasionally. Usually dried in stoves. Then it is peeled from the shell and seed coat. Archaeologists believe that the first bread was baked from oak acorns, and not from cereals. Acorns are considered the most nutritious of all seeds, so they could well be compared with cereals. They contain quercetin - a poisonous substance that is completely harmless to animals. When soaked or roasted, the quercetin is washed out or destroyed, and the acorns become edible to humans. Acorns are fried until slightly reddened (do not burn until black !!!), pounded, brewed like coffee, added, if desired, milk, sugar (honey is better). Until now, confectionery is baked from acorn flour.

Usually in the old days the walls wooden house made oak, oak were the floors and floors. This arrangement of wood contributed to the best protection of a person from the influences of negative energy from the outside and made it possible to restore the spent forces in the shortest possible time, since the oak easily transfers its energy to a person in direct contact, and its strength allows us to balance the work of our entire body. No wonder the people said: "Strong as an oak!"

Contact us and get professional advice from a forest pathologist on the fight against gall mites and other pests in your garden. If you prefer not to run the recommended activities yourself, we will do everything necessary work high quality and timely. In our work we use the best modern drugs that are safe for humans and animals.

Sometimes on the leaves or stems of many plants, including oak, maple, bird cherry, birch and others, one can observe peculiar outgrowths. They can be red, white, green, spherical or oblong, shiny or dull.

(This photo is from http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynipidae)

Oak and energy

These globular growths contain up to seventy percent tannin and a mixture of tannins. The most useful are unripe and green formations.

5. They help well with gynecological diseases.

One of the forest kings ancient rome dedicated to Jupiter a grove with oaks on the banks of the Nemi (lake).

syl.ru

Gauls - description, distribution, properties, application

It is a "nut" on an oak leaf, in which an insect larva is hiding ...

Including owls. sowing. Italy, France, Belgium,

Gauls. Botanical description, distribution

Promote healing of scalded and burnt areas of the body

It is interesting that for some tribes of the Indians of North America, the common acorn served as the main food product. To get rid of 7% tannin, which gives acorns bitterness, they boiled the acorns in boiling water. They made flour from dried acorns, from which they baked their main food, acorn cakes, throughout the year. The native inhabitants of California were called the "acorn Indians".

And in a modern city house, oak floors and oak chairs would not be superfluous at all, which would allow you to quickly restore the energy spent during the day!

Gauls. Medicinal properties

Oak is one of the most energetically strong trees in central Russia. Oak in Russia has always been considered a holy tree associated with male energy and power. No wonder the man was compared to an oak tree. The oak conducts the energy of the planet Jupiter into our world and is directly related to the zodiacal sign of Sagittarius. The energy of this tree has the power to "lift the dead". Also, these energies determine world processes, the destinies of people and nations, allow people who have fully mastered them, to control their own destiny and the destinies of others. Therefore, oaks are considered sacred trees not only in Russia, but in all countries where they grow. If a person manages to establish contact with an oak tree, this tree will be able to give him such powers that will not only prolong his life, but also have a beneficial effect on the fate of his children and grandchildren, up to the fifth generation.

On numerous forums, this issue is often discussed - such an original, sometimes even cute, manifestation of the disease. What is behind these outgrowths? The outgrowths on the leaves are called

Oak nutcracker (Сunips querqufolii) Small, black ichor, 2-3 mm long, causing spherical galls, up to 20 mm in diameter, on the underside of oak leaves. Gauls are apple-like, at first greenish-yellow and then yellow with a blush. In the USSR, it lives in areas where oak grows, damaging its leaves.

Previously, galls (usually a tincture made from them) were used for irrigation and rinsing of the mouth during inflammatory processes occurring on the mucous membrane of the throat and mouth, for cauterization and lubrication of frostbitten skin areas. Rarely, the tincture was taken orally (by mouth) for diarrhea.

• 6. An excellent remedy for various skin diseases: lichen, eczema, erysipelas, cracked legs and arms, ulcers.
• Oak wreaths from the leaves of this amazing tree were the hallmarks of the rulers of ancient Italy.
• App. Switzerland and parts of the Netherlands and Germany to the west. the banks of the RHINE.
• Heals eye ulcers (drinking and bathing)
• The healing properties of acorns.
• With pleasure they planted oaks in Russia near the house itself - they helped to maintain health and strength for many years.
• Oak is a clear night owl. He wakes up in the morning, slowly, by noon he unfolds the foliage and branches to recharge his energy, and clearly does not seek to part with it. After having lunch and breakfast at the same time, he falls asleep, remembering, perhaps, that "after a hearty dinner one should sleep." And sleeps from about 15 to 17 hours. By the evening, having satiated and rested, he begins to take an interest in the world around him. Oak willingly communicates with those who listen to him, from 18 o'clock, feeding the energy of creativity and giving inspiration to others. But a real burst of energy comes to him after nine in the evening, when he willingly heals and helps people to correct their fate. Having generously distributed his powers to the world, after 3 in the morning he falls fast asleep in order to wake up again around noon.

Gauls

Contraindications and side effects of galls

Galls are astringent - mixed with vinegar, they are good for ear / toothaches. Also, these spherical growths contribute to hair growth and the speedy healing of cracks in the lips (baths and drinks).

NogiVTeple.ru

Once upon a time, juice was squeezed out of special nuts appearing on oak leaves, mixed with iron vitriol, added ... =>

Natalia

7. They help well with bleeding.

And the oak leaf itself was also a symbol. He was even credited with such an ability as taming the kings of all animals - lions.

Ke "lts (or Gauls) - tribes of Indo-European origin, close in language and material culture, occupied a vast territory in Western Europe in ancient times at the turn of the era.

Gauls - ancient tribes (part of the Celts),
Strengthen the abdominal organs, stop diarrhea and bleeding

Have astringent, enveloping, bactericidal, antitumor properties

Oak wood is not very susceptible to decay, since it stores huge reserves of light energy, which it gives off for centuries. Oak buildings and furniture can warm the soul and raise the strength and health of more than one generation.
A huge number of legends and legends are associated with this tree, ranging from the parable of Koscheeva's death, kept in a casket on the coveted oak, to the legend of the horses of the king of the underworld, hidden under the roots of a three-barreled oak.

Living in the shadow of the Almighty

... So, galls are formations on leaves, stems, buds of plants, provoked by insect bites - gall mites. As a rule, galls themselves are harmless, but they speak of a rather serious problem of the plant. Normally, galls should not be visible on the plant at all. If the outgrowths are found on a large part of the crown of the plant, then this is abnormal and must be dealt with.

This is a small insect, this is how it looks to scale:

In folk medicine these formations are considered an effective remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis.

8. Even eye ulcers heal.

And the most ancient Germans for a popular assembly, a place was often selected precisely under a spreading oak tree. There they also worshiped the god of thunder (Thor), the highest deity, just like the Lithuanians did their god Perkunas. Even ancient Japan had its own oak god - Kashiano kami.

There were a lot of recipes for making ink from ink nuts, here is one of the simplest of them: 75 g of "nuts" are crushed, poured in 1.5 liters of water, boiled, filtered, 50 g of ferrous sulfate is added and for stickiness - 50 g of glue ( in the old days, cherry gum was commonly used). After which the mixture was infused for 10 days, filtered again and used as directed.

Inhabited Gaul (now the territory of France, Switzerland, Belgium); The settlement began in the 6th century. BC e. In the 5th century. Gauls invaded North. Italy. In the 3rd century. occupied the territory of the present. Switzerland. The Gauls traded with the Greek colony Massalia (Marseille), Greece and Italy. In the 3rd-2nd centuries. the Gauls had their own coin. From the last third of the 2nd century. BC e. the ties of the Gauls with Dr. Rome.

Gessi

Dry out the discharge from the uterus

Natalia Kovtun (ERSHOVA)

Help with gum disease and toothache

alesya zagumyonnova

If you want to have this living tree as a constant companion of your life - use bonsai! Of course, the oak tree is very demanding and it is very difficult to grow and care for it.

Suleiman Mamedov

In oak groves there have always been temples and sanctuaries, where people were treated.

Renata Khaibulina

The mechanism of gall formation is similar to the development of an inflammatory reaction in the human body. When injured, the immune system promotes the increased formation of additional tissue at the site of injury. The same thing happens with plants. Forming galls, plants try to protect the site of injury (insect bite). The pests themselves contribute to the formation of galls, secreting saliva and thereby increasingly irritating the plant tissues. Gauls can appear not only on leaves, stems, but also on buds, roots or flowers. They can be almost invisible or grow to enormous sizes, causing a real deformity of the tree. Of all the varieties of galls, the greatest danger to the tree is caused by crown galls in the form of a brown warty growth on the trunk or roots, which is caused by bacteria. If the crown gall is wrapped circularly around the trunk, then the consequences for the tree can be dire.

Disease outgrowth on leaves. Gall mites. Gauls fight.

Common oak walnut: 1 - an adult, 2 - a gall on an oak leaf, 3 - a larva inside a gall (cut).

Also Gauls: 9. Stop diarrhea. The peoples of ancient times believed that oaks were the dwellings of living creatures, wood elves (dryads).

Formation mechanism

Those who wish, for the sake of interest, can quite simply make themselves such "Pushkin" ink using this recipe. Interestingly, when writing, they leave behind only a pale gray trail at first. And only after a while the letters acquire a rich black color. Hence the word itself arose - "ink", although now they can be of various colors.

Thus, "Gaul" and "Celtic" are synonyms. The Gauls under Brennus sacked Rome around 390 BC. e. In the Aegean world, the huge movement of Vost. Gauls appeared in Thrace, north of Greece, in 281 BC. e. They settled down in the east. Phrygia and Cappadocia to the center. Anatolia region, now Galatia.

Treat various skin diseases: lichens, erysipelas (infusion in vinegar), eczema, cracks in the arms and legs, moist ulcers (decoction)

Variants of manifestations

• Stop bleeding, including stopping heavy periods
• It is better to place a bonsai oak in a study or in a place for meditation, near the altar - there its energy will be of maximum benefit!
• Remember the somewhat rude expression about the dead, so common among us: "I gave an oak." Do you know where it came from? From the old legend that souls of the dead it is along the trunk of an oak tree, like a heavenly staircase, that they climb upward - into the light kingdom of the immortals. In Russia, there have always been many magical practices that made it possible, with the help of the energy of this tree, to turn to the dead for help and get additional strength and good luck.
• The more common variety is leaf galls caused by gall mites. Gall mites are four-legged insects of the superfamily of arachnids, the order of acariform mites. Gall mites are very small - their size does not exceed 0.1-0.6 mm. They do not have organs of vision and respiration, they feed on the contents of the cell, causing the destruction of plant tissues to various deformations and deformities of leaves and shoots. Sometimes, most of the insect's life cycle takes place inside the galls.
• (See on [the link is blocked by the decision of the project administration] remove the asterisks)
• Promote the early healing of burned / scalded areas of the body;
• The leaves of all trees (except evergreen) with the onset of the autumn period begin to turn yellow and, dying, fall off.

The leaves contain useful tannins (as in the bark) - quercetin and pentosans. Leaves harvested before May 15 can be used for medicinal purposes.

Everything about ink - http://tmn.fio.ru/works/104x/308/school02_1.htm

THE DYING GALL

Control methods

Help with various bleeding: from the uterus, stomach, wounds

Help with hemoptysis and ulcers of the lungs and chest

dendromir.ru

Unique medicinal and magical properties of Oak.

Oak takes a long time to get used to humans. Sometimes it takes six months - a year before he really starts to consider you his. But if he takes you into his heart, he will not let you go and will never forget! A particle of its power will be with you wherever you are, because we have already said that the oak has the ability to transmit its energy over great distances. If he accepted you, his leaves will imperceptibly reach out to you when you come, and young branches cling to your clothes, not wanting to let you go. If a double acorn falls from your favorite tree onto your hand, save it! By itself, he is a talisman of good luck in business, but in this case his strength will be greater, since it is supported by the wish of the oak itself. A simple fallen acorn speaks of a career change awaiting you, maybe a few unexpected and confusing ones, but which will always lead to better. A fallen dry branch suggests that. that it's time for you to change jobs. Fallen dry leaf - bad news awaits you. Fallen green leaf - interesting business conversations and news. A fallen green branch with green foliage - moving and maybe business trips.

But even without using any special magical and psychic methods, any person can get a part of its strength and health from an oak tree. To do this:

For example, a female nutcracker insect pierces a leaf bud of an oak tree and lays a larva there. A ring-shaped growth begins to develop around the larva. Already after 5-6 months, the developed larva turns into a nut-cracker, gnaws the gall that has sheltered it and gets out.

Ink from gall nuts covering oak leaves. These are growths on the leaves and branches of the oak. Their gall nuts were squeezed out, mixed with iron vitriol, a little glue was added - and a permanent ink with a beautiful sheen was obtained. The surviving manuscripts, written in this ink, appear to have just come out of the pen. But this ink also had a drawback: what was written could be read only after 10-12 hours, and before that the text was colorless

Cure eye ulcers (bath / drink);

Beautiful shiny oak leaves with carved edges have the property of synthesizing the energy of the sun, which the tree needs for its growth and life. Everyone knows that a plant that does not receive ultraviolet rays dies.

What needs to be done for this? Young fresh twigs with leaves in small brooms are dried in a shaded place in a suspended state. Leaves dried in this way are stored for about 1 year.

Http://www.lformula.ru/HIM5/himkantstov002.html

Second half of the 3rd century BC e.

Treat prolapse of the anus (drinking broth) Strengthen and flush the stomach!!! Never break or chop an oak for fun !!!

A) you need to walk more often in oak groves;

Larvae of the gall mite Eriophyes tiliae tiliae mature inside white or red linden galls;

Oak galls (ink nuts)

Heal prolapse of the anus (decoction);

By autumn, all life processes near the tree slow down. Oak leaves, which worked for him for two whole seasons (spring and summer), are no longer needed. The tree sheds them to conserve moisture.

The oak leaf is used both externally and internally. It is good for the rapid healing of various wounds and cuts, scarring of ulcers.

Http://www.floraprice.ru/articles/sad/2008-1.phtml

The slain leader of the Gauls is depicted.

!!! Galls are harmful to the bladder, a single dose is no more than 3 g !!!

Eliminate the weakness of the bladder, as well as the flow of urine drop by drop

Oak is one of the few trees capable of transmitting information over vast distances. And if you crippled an oak tree in Moscow, you will not get support from other oak trees anywhere. Oaks are individual peasants, they have energy connections only with trees of their own kind, regardless of the distance between them. This allows them to grow quietly alone, without losing their strength. Oak loves energetic people. His masculine energy is not very shown to women, as it can give fullness and excessive self-sufficiency, which will interfere with meeting the opposite sex. It is useful for women born in the sign of Sagittarius to stand under an oak tree on their birthday and mentally discuss their life plans with him. Such a meeting can help the fastest implementation of the plan.

B) if possible, use oak objects in your everyday life (especially great power is transmitted to a person through oak floors or through the walls of a house built of oak logs);

Numismatic walnut Neuroterus numismalis - inside ring-shaped growths on oak leaves;

Balls similar to berries or nuts - galls - often appear on oak leaves. The galls on the oak appear because of insects - nutcrackers. They lay an egg in the leaf tissue, and the substances secreted by the larva cause tissue overgrowth, as a result of which a gall is formed, and the larva receives a safe refuge. Gauls differ depending on the type of insects that caused their formation.

Strengthen the abdominal organs;

But no matter how the leaf is (dry golden or fresh green), the beauty of its shape always attracts and fascinates people.

Bark

An infusion of leaves (1 teaspoon of leaves is poured with two glasses of boiling water and infused in a warm place for 2 days) is good for bedwetting.

... these are growths on oak leaves - oak ink nuts. the juice from oak "nuts" used to be used in ancient times for the preparation of ink (Chinese ink) and paints.

G. Pergamum (M. Asia).

Oak broom for a bath:

Increase sexual potency

Oak leaves.

The period of activity of the oak: in the morning it is not very active, mainly serves its needs, sleeps from 15 to 17 hours, willingly begins to communicate from 18 hours, but a real burst of energy comes after 21 hours. Falls asleep at 3 am and sleeps until noon. Oak stabilizes the energies of the human body, cleanses the biofield (especially the upper chakras), fills it with a powerful, even, fiery force. The power of the oak is akin to that of the liver. It promotes increased activity, eliminates congestion. The energy of oak is especially beneficial for the liver itself, for the heart. vascular system and urinary tract, increases the activity of germ cells (sperm and eggs). Promotes the birth of healthy and strong children. Treatment with the energy of oak in a living tree is carried out in nature and involves being under the tree for 20-30 minutes, the first 5 minutes. Face the tree to establish contact, the remaining time with your back to the oak.

Fruit.

Never break or chop oak for fun !!!

Aspen red gall midge - inside spherical swellings on aspen leaves;

Oak galls, caused by oaky gall (Cynips quercusfolii), can reach several centimeters in diameter and cover the leaves like bunches of grapes. Since oak galls contain a large amount of tannins, they were used for the preparation of ink (hence the other name - ink nuts) and in medicine. The appearance of galls on oak does not pose a threat to the life of the tree.

Help with a variety of bleeding (from wounds, stomach, uterus);

• Very often, designers use the image of an oak leaf in their works. Even in stores and malls, labels and price tags are shaped like oak leaves. Also in design various premises elements such as oak leaf, maple leaf are often used: on wallpaper, in ornaments on curtains, upholstery, etc.
• Sometimes at the end of summer, spherical growths, not very pleasant-looking, appear on oak leaves. These unsightly outwardly formations appear due to insects (nutcrackers) and are called galls. How does this happen? These insects lay eggs inside the leaf tissue itself, where their larvae subsequently develop. As a result, the pathologically overgrown tissue turns into a gall ("nut").
• ... in the summer, some oaks become similar to the August apple trees: on the foliage they are visible the size of Walnut light green, slightly browned on the side "apples". These are galls, or the so-called oak nuts. Galls appear on oak leaves from damage by nutcracker insects. At the beginning of summer, the walnut lays an egg in the pulp of the leaf. This causes painful proliferation of leaf tissue in the form of a small ball. In the fall, the Gauls fall off along with the leaves. No part of the tree contains as much tannins as oak nuts.
• Marble. Rome
• Oak, in turn, is famous for its anti-inflammatory and tanning effect, cleanses the pores and is suitable for people with oily skin. It makes the skin matte and elastic, has a strong anti-inflammatory effect. The aroma of oak prevents an excessive increase in blood pressure in the steam room. Therefore, this broom is recommended for athletes and people prone to hypertension. In addition, it calms the nervous system and relieves stress. Oak leaves contain a large amount of tannins. Oak broth is used as a remedy for certain skin diseases, as well as for sweating feet.
• Useful for various poisoning
• Usually, in the old days, the walls of a wooden house were made of oak, the floors were oak. This contributed to the best protection of a person from the influences of negative energy from the outside and made it possible to restore the spent forces in the shortest possible time, since the oak easily transfers energy to a person when in contact with it. Oak wood is not very susceptible to decay, because stores huge reserves of light energy, which it gives off for centuries.
• Oak is one of the few trees capable of transmitting information over vast distances. And if you crippled an oak tree in Moscow and decided to feed on power from a tree growing, for example, in Novgorod, you will not get anything good. For he already knows about what happened and looks at you as a barbarian who must be punished for outrage.
• Thrombidiform tick - inside pinkish outgrowths on the leaves of bird cherry;

Cynips fecundator larvae cause oak buds to grow, which grow into a scaly formation that looks like a small bump.

Gauls of oak leaves.

Stop diarrhea;

Oddly enough, but they (leaves with galls) are collected for brewing and drunk instead of tea with sugar or honey. Also, their broth is used in the form of lotions (1 glass of raw materials is brewed with 1 liter of boiling water, then boiled for 5 minutes, infused and filtered).

GALLA (Gallae - from Latin galla - ink nut-cecidia), pathological growths caused by pests: nut-making insects, viruses, fungi, worms, bacteria and, if severely damaged, can lead to the death of the plant.

What is a Gaul?

Ekobra

"The old use of iron vitriol for making ink is very interesting. On the undersides of oak leaves, usually by the end of summer, beautiful round gall nuts are often found. Sometimes there are so many of them that the leaves hang down heavily. At first, the galls are green, then they turn red and galls are useless for the oak tree itself - they are formed on the oak leaves from the bite of a tiny nutcracker fly. The female fly, laying eggs, wounds the oak leaf, causing the formation of pathological growths on it. outgrowths reliable protection... When gall nuts are ripe, small winged insects with four transparent checkered wings hatch from them. Gauls are interesting in that they contain a lot of tannin - a mixture of tanning substances (tannin is also contained in oak bark, but there it is 2-3 times less).

!!! Digest slowly. Raw acorns are bad for the bladder. !!!

Lotions from a decoction of oak bark, St. John's wort and mint (take the components in equal proportions, pour 2 tablespoons of the mixture with half a glass of boiling water, heat in a water bath for 30 minutes, cool, strain) soothe itching and relieve swelling caused by insect bites.

Unlike most trees, which are strongly associated with other trees in the area where they grow, oak trees are individual farmers. They have energy connections only with trees of their own kind, regardless of the distance between them. This allows them, like the pine, to grow quietly in solitude, without losing their strength from this.

Diman

Linden gall mite - inside vertically located saccular outgrowths 0.5-0.8 cm high on linden leaves;

20090114

Gauls are found on almost all plants. The reason for their appearance may be insects, because of the spruce-larch Hermes, galls appear on spruces. Ticks of the species Eriophyes tilaea cause numerous red bumps on linden leaves. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes can also lead to the formation of galls.

Dry uterine secretions.
This tree has always been considered sacred in Russia. It helps people to conduct the necessary energy of the planet Jupiter into our world. This energy allows people to control their own destiny. She is able to give a person strength that allows him not only to extend his own life, but also to have a beneficial effect on the fate of children and grandchildren, and not only.
The most beneficial are fresh greens and unripe galls.
Yes, they are Gauls.
GALLA on oak, sumac and pistachio are rich in tannins.
Even in antiquity, Gauls were used in medical practice, for the manufacture of leather, calling them "tanning nuts". But their most famous use was in the manufacture of ink; hence the other name of the Gauls - "ink nuts". To obtain ink, ferrous sulfate was added to the juice from the galls. In air, the resulting solution acquired a deep violet-black color. This reaction is very sensitive: color appears even with a very small amount of iron. Back in the 17th century. R. Boyle established that "one grain of vitriol, dissolved in such an amount of water, which is six thousand times its weight, is capable of giving a purple tincture with a tanning nut." The addition of gum, the thick sap of some trees, such as cherry, to the ink, gave the ink a beautiful sheen. Here is one of the old recipes for making black ink: gum - 3 parts, iron vitriol - 2 parts, ink nuts - 3 parts, water - 30 parts. This ink is very stable: for example, medieval manuscripts written by them have survived. The ink was black immediately after drying, and eventually took on a dark brown tint. With a high concentration of ferrous sulfate in the initial solution, the ink partially “eaten away” the paper, so that what was written became visible from the other side of the sheet. "
At the end of summer, spherical growths - galls - caused by insects (nut-makers) sometimes appear on oak leaves. The gall-makers lay eggs in the leaf tissue, and their larvae develop in the pathologically overgrown leaf tissue, forming a gall ("nut") specific to each species. On oak leaves, rounded green galls are common, adherent to the underside of the leaf, outwardly resembling a hazelnut ("ink nuts"). They are collected, brewed and drunk like tea in a bite with lump sugar or honey. Outwardly used in the form of decoction lotions (1 tbsp. Raw materials per 1 liter of water, boil with boiling water, boil for 5 minutes, insist, strain). The most useful are green and unripe galls.
Oak bark baths (1kg per bath) have antipyretic properties, promote healing of wounds, treat frost-damaged skin, varicose veins and childhood scrofula.
Oak is a strong and powerful tree. Loves ambitious and energetic people. Can't stand those who constantly whine. His masculine energy is strong and tough, domineering and hot. For women, it is not very indicated, since it can, with constant communication, give completeness and excessive self-sufficiency, which will interfere with meetings with the opposite sex. It is useful for women born under the sign of Sagittarius at least once a year - before their birthday or on that day itself - to stand under an oak tree and mentally communicate with him, discussing their life plans. Such a meeting can help the quickest realization of what you want in life.
Birch felt mite - inside velvety crimson formations on birch leaves, etc.
These nuts are formed by a small and rather inconspicuous insect - the oak nut-maker.
In addition, "ink nuts" are used to obtain tannins, in the dyeing business and in the production of ink.
Oak has always been a symbol of unconquerable power.

Here are some of the many beneficial properties that oak leaves and their galls have:
In fact, the gall does not arise from damage, or rather not entirely from damage. The insect lays an egg from the egg, a larva hatches, which is introduced into the leaf tissue. And then the most interesting thing. The larva begins to secrete biological matter, which contributes to the growth of this tissue. Swelling is formed - gall. And not only on oak leaves. Other trees suffer no less. Only the Gauls are of a different type and shape. Observe and be sure to see. By the way, inside the galla there is a maaaaaaaaa small worm. This is an insect larva.
Turkish and Chinese Gauls are used.

Http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/112/1011234/1011234a1.htm
Healing properties of oak leaf galls: