The largest open-end wrench. Wrench sizes and descriptions
There are several varieties of wrenches. They are used for tightly fastening joints that include a bolt and a nut. They are created from an alloy of chromium and vanadium. In order to prevent rusting of the key, chrome plating is used.
The first key was created by Solimon Merrico, who patented it back in 1835. There are many types of keys, all of them are very necessary for a person for construction and renovation works in everyday life.
Wrench assignments
If you carefully consider the types of devices in the photo, you can understand that in addition to the models found in our homes, there are many more variations of them. They differ from each other not only in form, but also in the purpose of application..
For example, a fire hydrant wrench is only used for one purpose. While the rest, say, combined or adjustable instruments, can be used for various areas.
Such a variety of devices is needed to ensure comfort in the work of not only professional specialists, but also in the life of ordinary citizens.
A properly designed tool helps to quickly complete the repair task assigned to a person.
Key types
Size is usually indicated by parameters such as the distance between the jaws.... In the 19th century and early 20th century, most often the nominal size of a tool was determined by following the general parameters of the thread that it created. In modern practice, there are designations based on the total distance between two planes.
Dimensions should be considered in terms of such indicators as the throat (the distance from one jaw to another), the thread parameter (nut), the length of the handle. The next parameter carries a distance from 3.2 mm to 155 mm, the second from M1.6 to M 110; and the third - from 150 millimeters to 500.
Open-end wrenches, one and two-sided
These keys have open ends.... Their hole is U-shaped. Most often they vary in size. These products should be used when working with nuts and bolts that are very difficult to access. They give a lot of room during unscrewing.
Double-sided spanner wrenches
A wrapped device has a closed loop at both ends.... The product is most often used for hexagonal nuts or bolts. But in some cases, it can be created in the shape of a square. The loops at both ends are of equal dimensions. Products of this type are used in the case when open models cannot fulfill the task assigned to them.
Combined keys
Combined appliances, as their name implies, are presented as a combination of a box model and an open-end wrench. They have a closed loop at one end and an open loop at the other. The wrench can be used to loosen bolts and nuts and then quickly remove them using the open end.
Combined types of keys are most often used to perform combinations, as a result of which both rings acquire the same diameter.
Adjustable and adjustable wrenches
Such products are presented in an open type. They are applied from one end only. The overall size of the hole was not fixed. It can vary depending on the bolt or nut. But these kinds of wrenches are almost impossible to use in hard-to-reach areas.
This type of adjustable key is most commonly used today. An adjustable end device differs from a conventional end device in that the gripping surfaces of the jaws in it are displaced 15 degrees to the side with respect to the handle of the device. The modern adjustable socket wrench was created by Johan Peter Johansson.
Now you need to consider how to use the adjustable product.:
- Decide which nut or bolt you want to secure.
- Open the rotary key by turning the screw. Check if you opened it well so that the nut could fit completely into it: if not, it should be opened more. Make sure it is open slightly more than the size of the nut or bolt.
- Slide the free part of the tool head onto the nut and hold it in place. Rotate the screw mechanism so that it can firmly grip the nut.
- Turn the device clockwise to tighten the screw more firmly, or counterclockwise to loosen it significantly. Continue turning until the nut is tight or loose enough to be removed.
- Loosen the device and loosen the screw of the mechanism.
End models
It is customary to completely put the socket device on a bolt or nut. When this type of wrench is used, it does not need to be completely removed from the nut or bolt head after turning. The handles can be removed and reinserted while the socket remains above the bolt.
Adjustable device, the main disadvantages:
- Relatively big size, can be a significant obstacle when working in hard-to-reach places.
- The backlash of the movable jaw does not allow tightly squeezing the nut, ultimately, with a little effort, the wrench smooths the corners of the nut and breaks off, at which time a person can receive significant injury.
- Over time, the movable jaw mechanism wears out a lot, leading to strong backlash.
- A low strength index does not allow creating a large and torque.
- The need to adjust the position of the movable jaw.
The only advantage is the ability to change the distance between the jaws. But even this advantage can be nullified with a socket wrench with replaceable or bicycle heads.
Impact wrench
The types and sizes of products can be completely different. The hammer look is a special thick, short and chunky block-end tool that is specifically designed for hammer use to help give it more strength.
It is used most often with large fasteners, a special nut and font, which have indication marks.
Impact wrenches are very durable and can handle the high force required to release large stuck bolts and nuts. They will also help when the free space does not allow the use of a large device.
Hex tool
Such a device has a hexagonal end. The tools are used while untwisting a bolt with a hexagonal recess at the end. The way of doing this is similar to the way a screwdriver works. In order to better understand the principle of operation of such products, it is worth studying the types of wrenches, especially you need to pay increased attention to the photographs of the products.
Illustrative information helps to learn in more detail about the features of any model.
Hexagonal devices can be of two shapes: with L-shaped and T-shaped handles. L-shaped keys are created from hexagonal wire, while T-shaped handles are considered to be the same hexagonal wire with a metal or plastic handle attached to a specific end.
Key types and names can also be examined at a hardware store.... Most of the names of the devices came from their appearance.
These hex products have a head on the short arm and a hex ball head on the longer arm. They contain a large contact surface on the screw head. This reduces the possibility of heavy wear or rounding of corners in the screw.
The ball on the long arm is needed so that the key can be easily inserted into the head, which will help to turn it at a certain angle, this is very important for use in hard-to-reach places.
Round key shafts fit well in the hand and make operation as easy as possible.
Since stainless steel is used for such high-quality products, there will definitely not be any problems with rust. If you notice it on the surface of the device, then there can be only one reason. This is due to the active use of the device in order to turn screws or bolts of excess steel. The pressure after itself leaves traces or components of another metal on the stainless beak, and in this case, corrosion develops under the influence of oxygen.
Balloon instruments
This type of device is used to loosen and tighten the nuts on the wheels of the car. It is widely used as a wheel brace in the United Kingdom and Austria..
Wrenches of this size may have an L-shaped metal bar with an end piece on a curved tip and knee on the other. The gripping tip is used to remove the caps from the wheels, which are fixed with the hooks of the tips.
The Gedore firm is especially popular on the construction tools market. She creates quality products, which are actively used by motorists from all over the world. Appearance the first sets of Gedore will definitely appeal to every car enthusiast.
Another common species, sometimes called the key spider, is represented as a cross with spaced-apart nests at each of its four ends.
It is best if the bolts (or nuts) are tightened with a torque tool. Such devices are much cheaper. Installing the wheels when using them requires more force. Excessive force can make the nut very difficult to remove. In addition, uneven distribution of force between the nuts and the device itself can lead to deformation of the brake rotor if the car has disc brakes.
For this reason, ballooning devices are best used to simply remove tip nuts and not tighten them. In practice, this rule is often not followed even by the professional mechanics themselves.
For every auto mechanic or common man, whose profession is inextricably linked with the use of a large number tools, you can buy cutlery in the form of wrenches. They will definitely like such an unusual gift.
Tubular model
- The tubular device is represented by a tube, at the ends of which there are hexagons; special holes are made in the tube for a knob (a rod that plays the role of a lever). The size of the hex on the end of one wrench will vary significantly. Such simple products are sometimes equipped with equipment and some machines, including cars.
- In some cases, the manufacturer bends the pipe, thus obtaining an L-shaped tubular device. They have the same hexagon at the end of one key, and the functionality of the positions is just like that of L-shaped end devices.
- A type of tubular device is considered to be a candlestick (for automotive spark plugs), it has a hexagon on one side.
There may be protruding parts in the pipe cavity threaded connections, for example, strongly protruding parts of a candle.
Products equipped with a ratchet
Cap and end products can be modified together with a ratchet mechanism (in another way, combined with a ratchet). The main advantage of this ratchet wrench is that it does not need to be thrown over. Another important advantage is the small angle at which the wrench is turned for screwing and unscrewing the nut.
The ratchet mechanisms differ significantly from each other, for example, in the number of teeth, if there are 72 teeth in the mechanism, then 5 degrees are enough for turning, if 50 teeth, then 9 degrees, and so on. The formula for the calculation is the angle of 360 degrees divided by the number of teeth. This is very important when doing work in very cramped conditions.
The main disadvantage of the device is the ratchet, which is considered its weak point, since it can easily break under load.
Universal for plumbing works can be called gas(he is trumpet) key. Such a key will help keep metal pipe or squeeze during work. The adjustable wrench can also be classified as a universal wrench: it comes in handy when tightening hex nuts and locknuts. However, no adjustable wrench can match the convenience of conventional open-end wrenches. The table will help you choose the right size:
| Pipeline element name |
Fig. | №№ 1 | (G) | ||||||||||
| 1 / 4 " | 3 / 8 " | 1 / 2 " | 3 / 4 " | 1" | 1 1 / 4 " | 1 1 / 2 " | 2" | 2 1 / 2 " | 3" | ||||
| Open-end wrenches(mm) | |||||||||||||
| Double-sided nipple | 00 | 2600 | 14 | 17 |
21 |
27 |
34 |
42 |
50 |
60 | 77 | 90 | |
| Reducing nipple (the size is indicated for the largest thread) |
03 |
2600 |
?
|
17 |
21-22 |
27 |
34 |
42 |
50 |
60 |
? | ? | |
| Female plug (plug) | 41 |
2600 |
16 |
19 |
23 |
30 |
37 |
47 |
53 |
63 |
80 |
- |
|
| Cork with external thread | 40 |
2600 |
14 |
17 |
21 |
27 |
34 |
? | ? | - |
- |
- |
|
| Male plug with flange |
F4 |
2600 |
10 |
12 |
12 |
14 |
30 |
38 |
38 |
38 |
55 |
55 |
|
| Hex lock nut |
 |
70 |
2600 |
17 |
19 |
25 |
32 |
38 |
48 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Straight coupling |
 |
46 |
2600 |
17 |
21 |
25 |
31 |
40 |
48 |
55 |
66 |
84 |
98 |
| Futorka |
44 |
2600 |
? | 17 |
21 |
27 |
34 |
42 |
50 |
60 |
? | ? | |
| Round extension (the size of the internal dodecahedron is indicated) |
D8 |
2600 |
- |
? | 12 |
17 |
22 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
| Hex extension |
 |
F5 |
2600 |
- |
- |
25 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Connector (nipple) for a hose with an internal thread | F1 |
2600 |
17 |
19 |
24 |
30 |
38 |
45 |
51 |
64 |
- |
- |
|
| Connector (nipple) for a hose with an external (external) thread |  |
D9 | 2600 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 27 | 34 | 38 | 44-47 | 54 | 66 | 85 |
| Collector |  |
** | 2700 | - | - | - | 32 | 38 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mechanical filter oblique type (oblique coarse filter, dirt collector) | ? | ? | - | - | 24? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| A plug of a mechanical filter of an oblique type (an oblique coarse filter, a dirt collector) | ? | ? | - | - | 18, 20 or 21? | ? | ? | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Counter attachment node (the size is indicated by the fitting) |
 |
? | ? | - | - | 19? | ? | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ball valve (conventional) | 300-326 | 17 | 21 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 48 | 54 | 67 | 84 | 99 | ||
| Ball valve (reinforced) |
 |
400-457 | 19 | 22 | 27 | 32 | 40 | 50 | 55 | 70 | - | - | |
| Ball valve union nut | 320-322 | - | - | 30 | 37 | 47 | 52 | - | - | - | - | ||
Note:
1. According to the manufacturer's catalog - General Fittings (for fittings) and Bugatti (for ball valves).
And about the sizes of plumbing pipes:
| Cylindrical pipe thread(G) | Metal pipe (including galvanized)  |
Plastic pipe (including polypropylene)  |
| measured by inner diameter (the outer diameter of the pipe will be larger than its size) |
measured by outer diameter | |
| 1 / 2 " | 15 mm | 20 mm |
| 3 / 4 " | 20 mm | 25 mm |
| 1" | 25 mm | 32 mm |
| 1 1 / 4 " | 32 mm | 40 mm |
| 1 1 / 2 " | 40 mm | 50 mm |
In order to tighten or unscrew a bolt, nut, valve head, coupling, and so on, an open-end wrench is used. Every craftsman who performs everyday housework or deals with technology, at least once in his life, has necessarily come across this tool.
Standard sizes of open-end wrenches
Any instrument has its own characteristics and parameters. There are also generally accepted standard sizes open-end keys. To determine the size, it is necessary to pay attention to the span of the part, which its fixed lips have. This is the so-called mouth of the instrument. The handle of any open-end wrench is digitally marked. This is the dimension in millimeters that determines the width between the jaws.
Sizes can range from minimum (2.5x3.2 mm) to maximum (70x80 mm). it allowable norms GOST, which must not be violated under any circumstances. GOST also specifies other characteristics of open-end wrenches, for example:
- A special calculation of the maximum deviations of the throat size is made;
- Any manufactured open-end wrench must have the specified strength and hardness;
- The trademark marking is established;
- The decorative and protective coating of the key is taken into account, etc.
Key types
Now let's look at what varieties are. The most used keys, which have two mouths in their composition. Another name for it is a double open-end wrench (GOST 2839). If you need to unscrew a mount with a magician of 18 or 20 mm between opposite edges, then you need to choose a tool with a handle on which the designations 18 and 20 are located.
It so happens that in force majeure circumstances, an instrument of the required size is not always at hand. In this case one size up key fits... When using an unsuitable tool, use a knife or screwdriver, install them in an empty space.
Types of open-ended instruments:
- composite (GOST 16.983). In their design there is a nozzle of the end structure, a hollow socket and a handle, short or long;
- adjustable (GOST 7275.75). These are open-end wrenches where the size can change;
- narrow profile keys. These are specific keys for a certain type of activity;
- there are star-shaped, Bristol and hexagonal (GOST 11737.93) keys that are used to work with bicycle and computer equipment, with screwing fasteners in hard-to-reach places that border almost on jewelry work.
How to choose an open-end wrench?
How to choose the right tool so that it meets all GOST standards? The variety of models shows that there are different types of products for every need. You need to take into account the purpose of its use and the complexity of the task that you set for it. The material for the production of modern nut products is special tool steel, it consists of an alloy of vanadium and chromium.
There is also one unique tool that will help solve all problems at once, and eliminate the need to think about which open-end wrench to choose. There are universal models that contain all products at the same time. This tool under the force of a nut different sizes
with any types of heads. It does not slip on smooth surface due to its powerful teeth, which is its main advantage.
There are also electric keys, this name speaks for itself. This tool can operate on rechargeable batteries and batteries. Therefore each home master he decides which products are best for him.
The price category is quite diverse. Most often, the price depends on the versatility. technical characteristics and the manufacturer. The cheapest is the one-sided open-cut instrument, where the open mouth is 3.1–85 millimeters.
At the time of purchase also we must not forget about the long handle, which can limit the range of movement of the key when cornering. If any of the jaws is shortened, then, naturally, the radius of the key increases. In this case, it will turn out to throw the head over the nut from the side. If the handle is artificially enlarged, then the applied force increases, and the lips of the throat will disperse or even break. The hammer will be able to help set them in place when breeding, but the material will no longer be as strong as it was before. When you have a product made of 40xFA or 40x steel, that is, a method of hardening the sponge.
There is another option, how to repair a widened or worn out throat. By welding a metal layer, the volume of the throat can be adjusted using an abrasive tool. When the open jaw is more than 25 mm, then this option for restoring the product will be the most effective.
The operating time of carob products can range from a year to five. If we talk about the durability of operation, then they always mean a ring key (GOST 2906). It cannot be crushed, but it can wear out. There are restrictions on the use of this type of key. It can only be used if put on the nuts, but it cannot be used to unscrew, for example, the cap bolts of flexible hoses. The advantage lies in the hexagonal or twelve-sided shed, which makes it possible to work more intensively.
How to make a do-it-yourself open-end wrench?
For those who decided to make this tool themselves, there are small recommendations. You need to start manufacturing using a sample of a ready-made similar product. Make a drawing of the required product, taking into account which you will make your key.
First, we make a blank from a steel sheet with a size several millimeters larger than the outer dimensions of the sides of the finished product. Difficulties with thick tools... You should not cut it out with a hacksaw. And choose as a cutting tool gas burner contraindicated. It is advisable to use blacksmithing in the process. This can be done by flattening the metal bar.
Then, when the workpiece is ready, we begin to make the markup. If the workpiece does not have very even edges, then it is advisable to saw them off in order to remove the scale. After need to apply paint onto the treated surface. Quick dry varnish or paint can be used. The application of the sample is done after the paint is completely dry. It is advisable to use some kind of press so that the sample does not slip when tracing.
The scribe is a sharpened metal wire. Then, on the separation of the workpiece and the sample, it is necessary to direct the final risks, retreating a few millimeters from those already made, and then wrap them up. At first, place the core with a slope at risk, and level it when striking with a hammer. The step between the pits in the pharynx should be 4–5 mm.
Then we drill out the throat. You can use an electric drill with drills with a diameter of 5–6 mm. Do not allow the drill to get very hot. You can cool it in water. Then, when you make the second throat, you need to remove the excess.
Well, at the end, you need to temper the part. At home, this can be done with gas. If you use a special stove or a blacksmith's forge- it will be perfect. To remove the product, use pliers, lowering the key into the water. It is necessary to remove and immerse until the sponges are completely darkened. This is the technology for making an open-end wrench.
In technology wrench is called a specialized tool that is designed to assemble or disassemble threaded connections. To do this, they unscrew bolts or nuts from other parts, or screw them to them.
Everything spanners in engineering are divided into two main types: covered and covered. The holes into which the nuts or bolt heads are inserted are called sheds, and their sizes are standardized... In the metric system, they are measured in millimeters, and in the inch system, in fractions of an inch.
Despite the fact that the design of the wrench is very simple and unpretentious, it finds extremely wide application: almost no assembly production can do without this tool, it is necessary for the repair of a wide variety of equipment. There are wrenches in space, for example, on the International Space Station.
If we talk about which of the many varieties wrenches more common than others, then these are, of course, carob... As for the material used for their manufacture, the most common is high-quality tool steel, in which chromium and vanadium are present as the main alloying additives.
GOST 6424 - 73
|
|
|||||||
| Key holes and wrench size | |||||||
| Dimensions (edit)
S; S1; S2; S3 |
Limit deviations of key sizes | Limit deviations of turnkey dimensions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | S 1 | S 2 | S 3 | ||||
| Normal Precision Keys | Coarse Precision Keys | High precision products | Normal accuracy products | Coarse precision products | |||
| 2.5* | - | - | −0.040 | - | - | - | +0.09 +0.03 |
| 3.0* | - | - | −0.040 | - | - | - | +0.09 +0.03 |
| 3.2 | +0.08 +0.02 |
- | −0.048 | −0.16 | - | - | +0.12 +0.04 |
| 4.0 | +0.12 +0.02 |
- | −0.048 | −0.16 | - | - | +0.12 +0.04 |
| 5.0 | +0.12 +0.02 |
- | −0.048 | −0.16 | - | - | +0.12 +0.04 |
| 5.5 | +0.12 +0.02 |
- | −0.048 | −0.16 | - | - | +0.12 +0.04 |
| 6.0* | +0.15 +0.03 |
- | −0.048 | −0.16 | - | - | +0.12 +0.04 |
| 7.0 | +0.15 +0.03 |
- | −0.058 | −0.20 | - | - | +0.15 +0.05 |
| 8.0 | +0.15 +0.03 |
+0.18 +0.03 |
−0.058 | −0.20 | −0.36 | - | +0.15 +0.05 |
| (9.0) | +0.15 +0.03 |
+0.18 +0.03 |
−0.058 | −0.20 | −0.36 | - | +0.15 +0.05 |
| 10.0 | +0.19 +0.04 |
+0.24 +0.04 |
−0.058 | −0.20 | −0.36 | - | +0.15 +0.05 |
| (11.0) | +0.19 +0.04 |
+0.24 +0.04 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| 12.0 | +0.24 +0.04 |
+0.30 +0.04 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| 13.0 | +0.24 +0.04 |
+0.30 +0.04 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| 14.0 | +0.27 +0.05 |
+0.35 +0.05 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| (15.0) | +0.27 +0.05 |
+0.35 +0.05 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| 16.0 | +0.27 +0.05 |
+0.35 +0.05 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| 17.0 | +0.30 +0.05 |
+0.40 +0.05 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| 18.0 | +0.30 +0.05 |
+0.40 +0.05 |
−0.120 | −0.24 | −0.43 | - | +0.18 +0.06 |
| 19.0 | +0.36 +0.06 |
+0.46 +0.06 |
−0.140 | −0.28 | −0.52 | - | +0.21 +0.07 |
| 21.0 | +0.36 +0.06 |
+0.46 +0.06 |
−0.140 | −0.28 | −0.52 | - | +0.21 +0.07 |
| 22.0 | +0.36 +0.06 |
+0.46 +0.06 |
−0.140 | −0.28 | −0.52 | - | +0.21 +0.07 |
| 24.0 | +0.36 +0.06 |
+0.46 +0.06 |
−0.140 | −0.28 | −0.52 | - | +0.21 +0.07 |
| 27.0 | +0.48 +0.08 |
+0.58 +0.08 |
−0.140 | −0.28 | −0.52 | −0.84 | +0.21 +0.07 |
| 30.0 | +0.48 +0.08 |
+0.58 +0.08 |
−0.140 | −0.28 | −0.52 | −0.84 | +0.21 +0.07 |
| 32.0 | +0.48 +0.08 |
+0.58 +0.08 |
−0.170 | −0.34 | −1.00 | −1.00 | +0.25 +0.05 |
| 34.0 | +0.60 +0.10 |
+0.70 +0.10 |
−0.170 | −0.34 | −1.00 | −1.00 | +0.25 +0.05 |
| 36.0 | +0.60 +0.10 |
+0.70 +0.10 |
−0.170 | −0.34 | −1.00 | −1.00 | +0.25 +0.05 |
| 41.0 | +0.60 +0.10 |
+0.70 +0.10 |
−0.170 | −0.34 | −1.00 | −1.00 | +0.25 +0.05 |
| 46.0 | +0.60 +0.10 |
+0.70 +0.10 |
−0.170 | −0.34 | −1.00 | −1.00 | +0.25 +0.05 |
| 50.0 | +0.60 +0.10 |
+0.70 +0.10 |
−0.170 | −0.34 | −1.00 | −1.00 | +0.25 +0.05 |
| 55.0 | +0.72 +0.12 |
+0.92 +0.12 |
−0.200 | −0.40 | −1.20 | −1.20 | +0.30 +0.10 |
| 60.0 | +0.72 +0.12 |
+0.92 +0.12 |
−0.200 | −0.40 | −1.20 | −1.20 | +0.30 +0.10 |
| 65.0 | +0.72 +0.12 |
+0.92 +0.12 |
−0.200 | −0.40 | −1.20 | −1.20 | +0.30 +0.10 |
| 70.0 | +0.72 +0.12 |
+0.92 +0.12 |
−0.200 | −0.40 | −1.20 | −1.20 | +0.30 +0.10 |
| 75.0 | +0.85 +0.15 |
+1.15 +0.15 |
−0.200 | −0.40 | −1.20 | −1.20 | +0.30 +0.10 |
| 80.0 | +0.85 +0.15 |
+1.15 +0.15 |
−0.200 | −0.40 | −1.20 | −1.20 | +0.30 +0.10 |
| 85.0 | +0.85 +0.15 |
+1.15 +0.15 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 90.0 | +0.85 +0.15 |
+1.15 +0.15 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 95.0 | +0.85 +0.15 |
+1.15 +0.15 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 100.0 | +0.85 +0.15 |
+1.15 +0.15 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 105.0 | +1.00 +0.20 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 110.0 | +1.00 +0.20 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 115.0 | +1.00 +0.20 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 120.0 | +1.00 +0.20 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 130.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −0.87 | −1.40 | −1.40 | - |
| 135.0 | +1.00 +0.20 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 145.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 150.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
+1.40 +0.20 |
- | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 155.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 165.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 170.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 175.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 180.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.00 | −1.60 | −1.60 | - |
| 185.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.15 | −1.90 | −1.90 | - |
| 200.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.15 | −1.90 | −1.90 | - |
| 210.0 | +1.25 +0.25 |
- | - | −1.15 | −1.90 | −1.90 | - |
| 225.0 | +1.50 +0.30 |
- | - | −1.15 | −1.90 | −1.90 | - |
Turnkey hole making
In most cases turnkey counter elements have hex or square holes dimensions which are specified by the standard. Unlike round holes, their manufacturing process is much more complicated and highly labor-intensive. These holes are most often the result of processes such as milling and broaching. In addition, to obtain them, equipment such as slotting machines is used, specialized firmware is used. V recent times among other things, advanced methods such as electrical discharge machining and laser cutting are used.
To obtain square hole, you can also use such a non-standard method as drilling using specialized tool... This method is based on the trajectory of the cutting tool, called the "Reuleaux triangle". So it is named after its inventor, the French mechanical engineer Franz Reuleaux, who taught at the Berlin Royal Technical Academy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and eventually became its president. The essence of the "Reuleaux triangle" is that the cutting tool does not move along straight lines, but along arcs that have the same radius and size. If you use just such a drill movement during the drilling process, you can get a square hole with very slightly rounded corners.
Drilling
In technology, drilling refers to a technological process for the implementation of which either spiral or other types of drills are used. The result of using this cutting tool is the formation of holes in parts, workpieces or semi-finished products that have a given diameter and a strictly defined depth.
In cases where are made key holes, drilling is used as an auxiliary technological operation. It is necessary in order to produce preprocessing holes.
Erosion treatment
Electrical discharge machining is a directed effect on the material of pulsed discharges, as a result of which a certain layer of the processed material is destroyed. It is placed under a special electrode.
With the help of electrical discharge technology, materials of almost any degree of hardness can be processed, and holes of any configuration can be made in them, including key holes.
Broaching
This technological process is one of the varieties of metal cutting. It is used to carry out operations on both external and internal surfaces, it is applied to both metallic and non-metallic materials. Pulling can be used to produce key holes of the highest quality.
Laser cutting
This method is currently considered the most advanced and most effective in all respects. In the process of metal processing with a laser beam, part of it evaporates, and as a result, either blanks or ready-made parts are obtained.
The wrench is a common tool used quite often. There are many wrench options available for the simple act of tightening nuts or bolts, and this is not counting the highly specialized wrenches. Just a simple enumeration of the types of this instrument will take more than one minute, and each type has its own purpose, its advantages and disadvantages, which are important to know, here are the main types: horn, cap, combined (from one end to the cap, from the other to cap), butt , adjustable.
Open end wrenches
When it comes to wrench, it is usually the open-end wrench that comes to mind. In an open-end wrench, the nut is fixed between the jaws resembling horns, which gave this key the name - open-end wrench. Another name for this type, used in GOST, is a spanner with an open mouth.Open-end wrench
The longitudinal axis of the head and the longitudinal axis of the handle are at an angle, usually this angle is 15 ° (there are keys with a different angle).
This is done to facilitate work in confined spaces.
The angle between the axes of the head and the handle is made differently, for example 75 °, while the corners are combined in one key.
Key with the same throat size on both sides,
with angles of inclination of the throat 15 ° and 75 °
Often an open-end wrench has two heads (double-ended wrench), one at the ends of the handle, for different nut sizes. This halves the number of items in a set of such keys.
Open-end wrenches are widely used due to their relative versatility and simplicity, despite serious disadvantages. The main disadvantage of an open-end wrench is that there are only two small contact zones that are close to the corners of the nut. The pressure on these zones tends to crush the corners, if the size of the throat is slightly larger than the size of the nut, then the key will press directly on two corners and, with force, will crush them. The same will happen when the key is of the correct size, but the force is much greater. As the thickness of the lips decreases, the likelihood of creasing the corners increases.
An impact wrench, used to unscrew stubborn (stuck or rusty) nuts or bolts, has a special thickening at the second end that can accept blows from a hammer or sledgehammer.
Manufacturers offer open-end wrenches with a modified lip profile (horns). For example, for IBEX keys, one lip is shortened and has a small protrusion, and the other is made convex, and the notch is also changed. Thanks to this modification, the key has two advantages at once. First, the speed - the key can be rearranged without removing the hook from the mouth, but only slightly pulling it back. Secondly, the contact spots are farther from the corners of the nut, which reduces the possibility of greasing the edges. The modification is simpler, it can consist either in creating a small convexity of the working surface, or in its corrugation. Manufacturers claim that wrenches with a convex working surface can even work with nuts or bolts that have crumpled edges.
IBEX Key (UNIOR)
Spanners
A box wrench, it is also a ring wrench, is a more perfect type of wrenches than an open-end wrench. Its design is devoid of the main disadvantage of open-end wrenches, which have only two small contact spots. The head of the spanner wrench covers the entire nut and, under load, pressure is distributed over all six faces of the nut or bolt, that is, instead of two contact spots, there are six of them, in addition, the contact spots are located a little further from the corners, this almost completely eliminates crushing of the corners. The spanner head is smaller than the spanner for the same nut and is generally more comfortable to operate.
The profile of the spanner head can be with 12 edges (the most common option) or 6 (TORX profile). A twelve-sided wrench is more convenient to work and it only needs to turn 30 ° to work, and a TORX profile wrench needs 60 °, so the latter may not cope with screwing or unscrewing in a confined space. But the key with the TORX profile, due to the large edges, has a larger contact area, and it is farther from the corners of the nut. As a result, with such a key, more force can be applied without fear of lubricating the corners.
The ring can lie in the same plane with the handle (flat key), can be tilted at an angle, usually a tilt angle of 15 ° (wrench with a bent head) or have a knee (wrench with a bend). For different situations it is optimal (sometimes the only possible) a certain arrangement of the ring, but the most universal can be called a wrench with a bent head, flat ones are almost never used.
Ratchet spanners (see below) are sometimes made with a swivel head.
Like open-end wrenches, spanners are often made with two rings of different sizes.
Percussion modifications are produced that differ from horn-type percussion only in the head.
For cases when it is impossible to put the key on top, there is an option with an open ring (slotted key). Such situations often arise when servicing hydraulic and pneumatic installations.
The handle of the key, for working in hard-to-reach places, can be bent, for example, the motor (starter) wrench is bent in the shape of a crescent (C-shaped), there are also S-shaped keys.
Combination wrenches
The combination of an open-end wrench on one handle, at one end, and a spanner of the same size, at the other, created a key devoid of the shortcomings of each of them individually. Combination wrenches are the most requested and common. Of course, manufacturers are not limited to a combination of open-end and spanner wrenches, other types are also combined, for example, open-end wrenches with end wrenches, but if we are talking about a combined wrench, without specifying which one, then we are talking about open-end wrenches.
There are modifications with the head turned 90 °, in this case, when working, the palm rests against the wide plane of the head, and not against the narrow part.
Adjustable wrenches
An adjustable wrench, in simpler terms, is an open-end wrench with a variable distance between the jaws. They are more commonly used in the home than in professional activities, and they are probably more common in the home than other wrenches.
The dislike of professionals for them is well explained by their significant shortcomings, namely:
- The relatively large size of the head can become an obstacle when working in a hard-to-reach place.
- The play of the movable jaw does not allow the nut to be tightly squeezed, as a result of which, with a relatively small force, the key will smooth out the corners of the nut and break off, and a person may be injured.
- Over time, the moving jaw mechanism wears out, leading to even more backlash.
- Low strength prevents high torque from being generated.
- The need for constant adjustment of the position of the movable jaw.
And there is only one advantage - the variable distance between the jaws. Yes, and this advantage can be negated by a socket wrench with replaceable heads or a bicycle one.
Socket wrenches
Socket wrenches in the end have a recess, usually in the form of a hexagon, that encloses a bolt or nut, they are mainly used in car maintenance. Often these keys are L-shaped, with a hexagonal notch at both ends. Moreover, the size of the recess on both sides is the same, that is, not like, for example, with ring keys. This is due to the different functionality of the two ends, the long part can reach deeply "hidden" bolts, but the lever will be shorter and it will be possible to create a small torque, covering the bolts with the short end, the long part creates a large torque. Knowing that more effort is needed to unscrew the bolt than was applied during tightening, due to acidification of the threaded connection, when tightening, you can use a short part as a lever (if possible and the bolt is tightened sufficiently tightly), and for unscrewing - a long one, this is will save you from a situation when a tightly tightened bolt or nut is not tightened.
A socket wrench can have a twelve-sided recess, like a spanner wrench, with the same pros and cons compared to the TORX profile, namely: it only needs to turn 30 ° to work, it is more convenient for them to work, lubricates the corners of the bolt with less force or less wear of the head of the bolt. Sometimes six- and twelve-sided heads are combined in one key.
Keys are produced with the head fastening to the handle through a hinge. In this case, the sizes of the heads, at both ends, are different.
There are T-shaped wrenches with one head; in the form of a cross - some balloon; with replaceable heads, significantly reducing the size of the set; Various accessories are available for replaceable heads.
Manufacturers also offer the following options:
It has a very significant drawback - a very large head size, which limits its use.
Tubular wrenches
A tubular wrench is a tube, at the ends of which a hexagon is formed, holes are made in the tube for a wrench (a rod that acts as a lever). The size of the hex on the ends of one key is different. Such simple keys are sometimes used to complete equipment and machines, in particular cars.
Manufacturers sometimes bend the tube into an L-shaped tube wrench. They have the same hexagon size at the ends of one key, and the functionality of the positions is the same as for L-shaped socket wrenches.
A variety of tubular wrenches is a spark plug wrench (for automotive spark plugs), which has a hexagon on one side.
The tube cavity can accommodate protruding parts of threaded connections, for example, strongly protruding parts of a candle.
Ratchet wrenches
Box and socket wrenches have modifications with a ratchet mechanism (differently, with a ratchet). The main advantage of the ratchet wrench is that the wrench does not need to be flipped. Another important advantage is the very small angle by which the wrench must be turned to tighten or unscrew the nut. The ratchet mechanisms differ, in particular, in the number of teeth, if there are 72 teeth in the mechanism, then 5 ° is enough for rotation, if 40, then 9 °, etc., the angle is 360 ° divided by the number of teeth. This is very important when working in tight spaces.
The disadvantage of the ratchet is that it is the weak point of the key and breaks under excessive load, at a significantly higher cost of such a tool.
Other keys
In this topic, it will be useful to mention other keys, as important as those described above. So, many familiar bicycle keys used to be an integral part of any bicycle.
And the spoke wrench is still a necessary part of the bike tool kit, but it has changed a lot.