Soil Conservation - Post Report. Negative consequences for all mankind, which leads to the pollution of the soil layer of the earth. Come up with signs of soil protection

The soil resources of the globe are limited. As a result of improper exploitation of the soil cover, there is a destruction of soils, loss of fertility and alienation of lands from active agricultural use. All this emphasizes the need for careful and rational use of soil resources, soil protection.

- the most acute global problem of today, with which the problem of providing food to the ever-increasing population of the planet is directly related. Protection and use of land is a system of measures aimed at protection, quality improvement and rational use of land resources. necessary for the preservation and augmentation of soils, for maintaining stability in the biosphere.

The main losses of productive lands and their fertility are associated with the secondary colonization of irrigated soils, the destruction of vegetation and soils in connection with the development of minerals, carrying out various construction works, as well as due to pollution with various harmful substances, loss of humus, etc.

Soil erosion causes the greatest damage to the soil cover. Prevention of the development of erosion processes, specific measures to combat erosion constitute the most important link in soil protection (these issues are discussed in the corresponding section).

Secondary salinization causes significant damage to soil fertility, leads to a sharp decrease in the productivity of fields or their complete exclusion from active agricultural use. Distributed in arid areas with irrigated agriculture.

The main causes of secondary (anthropogenic) soil salinization are non-drainage irrigation and uncontrolled water supply, leading to a rise in the level groundwater and vigorous salt accumulation due to water evaporation. This is also facilitated by irrigation with water with increased mineralization.

To prevent secondary salinization, it is necessary to constantly monitor the water-salt regime on irrigated lands.

Soil pollution is the process of entering and accumulating (up to toxic amounts) of various kinds of substances, chemical elements deteriorating the properties of the biota habitat.

Sources of soil pollution are industrial centers, transport, agricultural production.

Every year, a huge amount of various substances from the atmosphere enters the soil surface, with the introduction of various kinds of pesticides and ballast substances with fertilizers. Due to its properties, the soil is a receptor for most of the chemicals involved in the biosphere. She is the main accumulator, sorbent and destroyer of toxicants. The scale of the intake of toxicants into the biosphere is increasing. Soil pollution is a problem. The total area of ​​farmland polluted by emissions from urban enterprises, industrial centers and vehicles exceeds 0.6 million hectares in Belarus.

Human production activity has turned into a global geochemical, called technogenesis.

Mineral man-made emissions arise as a result of fuel combustion or from gaseous and aerosol wastes of industrial enterprises. Man-made emissions bring pollutants to the soil surface environment... Among them, the most dangerous are mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium and fluorine. The negative consequences of this pollution are associated with the deterioration of soil properties (change in the reaction, microbiological and biological regime in general), as well as in connection with the entry of toxic elements into plants and then into the body of animals and humans. The intake of toxic elements with food into the human body causes serious illnesses.

In areas where there is a significant fallout from the atmosphere of substances containing sulfur (SO2, etc.), there is a sharp acidification of the soil.

Road transport is a serious source of lead pollution due to its addition to gasoline to suppress detonation. Lead in the form of dispersed sulphates, nitrates and others is emitted into the air with exhaust gases. Most of the emissions are deposited along highways on the surface of soil and vegetation. This is how natural geochemical anomalies of lead are formed, depending on the traffic intensity, from several tens of meters to 300–400 meters.

Soil pollution associated with agricultural production in Belarus is manifested in the excessive accumulation of chemicals as a result of the use of pesticides, the introduction of mineral fertilizers, as well as over-irrigation of farmland with runoff from livestock complexes.

Pesticides preserve a significant part of the harvest, so their use began to quickly be introduced into agriculture. However, numerous negative consequences of their use were soon discovered: the possibility of intoxication of humans and animals; violation of the composition of populations of biocenoses and suppression of useful fauna; the emergence of pest populations resistant to pesticides; changes in the biological activity of soils, etc. In Belarus, about 3.5 million hectares of farmland are treated with pesticides annually.

Intensive use of mineral fertilizers is a factor of positive impact on the agrochemical properties of soils. However, it can cause the manifestation and negative consequences associated with excessive accumulation of chemical compounds in soil, plants, water bodies. Environmental pollution with nitrates and chlorine is especially dangerous.

Soil contamination with radioactive substances is mainly due to tests in the atmosphere of atomic and nuclear weapons, accidents at nuclear power plants. Sr, 137Cs and other nuclides falling out with radioactive fallout enter plants, and then with food products into the human body, causing radioactive contamination. By selecting crops, applying mineral fertilizers, plowing the topsoil to a depth of 40-50 cm and other agrotechnical methods, it is possible to significantly reduce the adverse effects of radioactive contamination of the soil.

The problem of soil contamination with radionuclides is especially acute for the territory of Belarus - as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, 23% of the territory was contaminated with radioactive substances.

The strategy of principles for soil pollution prevention is complex and multifaceted. In industry and energy, a transition to low- and zero-waste technology (greening the economy) should be carried out. In agriculture, it is necessary to more widely introduce effective agrotechnical and biological means of combating harmful organisms, use low-hazard pesticides that exclude environmental pollution, observe scientifically-based technologies for the use of mineral fertilizers.

It is important to create a system of continuous control and monitoring (monitoring) of the state natural environment, including the soil cover.

The exceptional role of environmental education and upbringing (greening of consciousness) and environmental legislation should be emphasized.

Soil conservation is of paramount importance to our planet. Incorrect exploitation of this was the cause of the processes of destruction of the upper layer of the earth, as well as the loss of its fertility. As a result, huge territories fell out of use, in which it is impossible to achieve the required yield.

Soil protection today is an acute problem that is taking on a global scale. It is directly related to the issues of providing the population of our planet with food.

Soil protection is a whole system of measures aimed at implementing certain actions to protect, improve the quality and rational use of land resources. Carrying out these works allows preserving and increasing fertility, as well as maintaining the stability of the upper layer.

The main reasons for the loss of fertility are:

Erosion processes;

Secondary soil salinization on which it is applied;

Destruction of growing vegetation and soil for the purpose of mining;

Construction implementation;

Contamination with harmful elements;

Loss of humus, etc.

The greatest destruction is exposed soil layer during the course of erosion processes. Combating these phenomena, as well as taking preventive measures to prevent it, is an important component of the protection of land resources.

The fertile layer also suffers from secondary salinization. It sharply reduces the productivity of fields, which is the reason for their exclusion from the use of agriculture. Secondary salinization is especially widespread in areas with an arid climate, where it becomes necessary to irrigate lands. At the same time, the level of groundwater rises, which, evaporating, promote salt accumulation in the fertile layer. Appropriate measures must be taken to prevent this phenomenon. These include the implementation of control measurements of water-salt regimes and compliance with their normative values.

Soil conservation contains major strategic directions that are complex and multifaceted. Industry and energy sectors should gradually move to production that is eco-friendly, allowing for little or no waste use of available resources. The work of farms is also subject to restructuring. It should be subordinate to the need to take measures to implement the maximum effective means allowing you to fight harmful organisms. The criterion for choosing the applied fertilizers must be their low pesticide hazard.

Protection of the soil should also consist in constant monitoring of the condition of the upper layer of the earth. Taking preventive measures may include displaying specially designed layouts. Soil protection signs are of a warning nature. For example, the company "LESPROMDESIGN" is engaged in their production according to the customer's samples.

The message "Rational use and protection of soil" will briefly tell a lot useful information about how a person protects the surface layer of the earth.

Soil protection message

What is soil?

The soil represents the surface layer of the earth, which is highly subject to pollution and destruction. It is most strongly affected by wind and water erosion. Soils without vegetation are especially sensitive.

When spring comes, the snow begins to melt and water flows from the fields in stormy streams. On its way, it erodes the top fertile layer of the soil, taking it to various bodies of water. Rainwater also erodes the soil. In flat areas, for example, in fields, streams of water form furrows - depressions. They increase every year, turning into long troughs.

Also, the fertile layer is often blown away by strong winds. Dust storms are especially dangerous. They can blow off the soil layer up to 25 cm. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out some measures to preserve the soil.

What activities are carried out to protect the soil?

To preserve fertile soil, it is necessary to carry out some measures. The land in the fields is protected from the wind and erosion by water with a pasha - they plow across the grooves, which were made by streams after rain or melting snow. Thus, water is retained by the layers of the earth and absorbed into the depths. Deep plowing of the soil will also help retain water. Also, sowing across slopes and cross-sowing crops reduces land washout by up to 30 times.

Here are some more examples of soil conservation measures: those sown areas that have undergone 2-3 water erosion are converted into artificial meadows, since perennial grasses gradually restore soil fertility.

In places where ravines are formed, it is recommended to plant shrubs. They fix the soil with their roots. In addition, against the destruction of the soil by streams of water, a person builds dams, dams and similar structures. On land areas where water stagnates and there is a threat of becoming swamps, deep ditches are made to drain water into the nearest reservoirs.

To protect the soil from the winds, strips of shrubs and trees are planted, which reduce the force of the wind and retain moisture in the soil. From time to time, it is necessary to apply fertilizer to the ground.

It should be noted that soil, as an object of protection, is often included in the list of protected areas in reserves and natural areas. Even in the laws, points are spelled out on the observance and control of the level of fertility and soil quality.

We hope that the post on "Human Soil Conservation" helped you prepare for the lesson. And you can leave your story about soil conservation through the comment form below.

The soil is an invaluable natural resource that provides people with the necessary food resources. Nothing can replace the soil cover: without this colossal natural object, life on earth is impossible. At the same time, today it is possible to observe improper use of the soil, which leads to an increase in its pollution and, as a result, to a decrease in its fertile properties.

Already now, humanity must seriously think about the problem of soil pollution and take the necessary measures to protect it. What are the main causes and sources of soil pollution?

The main cause of soil pollution is human activity, sometimes illiterate and careless. As a result of the influence of the anthropogenic factor, in particular the improper exploitation of land, a considerable share of the fertile layer is lost annually, which is subject to erosion. So, over the past 100 years, the erosion process has captured 27% of the total area of ​​land occupied by agricultural land.

Soil pollution is called the ingress of various chemicals, waste into it in quantities exceeding the norm necessary for participation in the biological cycle of soil ecosystems.

Sources of pollution

The main soil pollutants are classified as follows:

Residential buildings and public utilities

These are various food residues; fragments of building materials; waste remaining after carrying out renovation works etc.

All this is taken to landfills, which have become the scourge of our time.

The simple incineration of this waste in landfills leads to a double problem: firstly, huge areas are littered, and secondly, the soil is saturated with toxic substances formed as a result of combustion.

Industrial enterprises

Any industrial enterprise produces many different types of waste. The most dangerous among them are toxic substances that, getting into the soil, negatively affect living organisms. For example, the activities of the metallurgical industry are accompanied by the discharge of heavy metal salts, and the machine-building industry - cyanides, arsenic and beryllium compounds. Lead, mercury and cadmium are the three most dangerous metals. Contamination with heavy metals is dangerous because they accumulate in humans and animals. generates waste that contains phenol, benzene, and during the production of synthetic rubber, harmful waste of catalysts gets into the soil, settling on the soil and plants.

The problem of oil and oil products pollution is especially worth highlighting. Massive oil spills are already called environmental disasters.

Also, accidental emissions are possible, which are accompanied by the settling of harmful toxic substances, this is how

Transport

The growing number of vehicles increases emissions of nitrogen oxides, lead, hydrocarbons... Once in the soil, these substances are involved in the cycle, which is associated with food chains... In addition, transport significantly reduces the total area of ​​land used, including fertile areas. The process of soil erosion is accelerating, and it will take a hundred years to restore a fertile layer 1 cm deep.

Agriculture

The sources of pollution of agricultural land are mineral fertilizers, pesticides, some of which contain mercury and other heavy metals.

Also, for several decades, various pesticides have been used to control pests and weeds in agriculture, which accumulate in the soil and remain there for a long time.

Plowing land leads to an increase in the process of soil erosion, overgrazing destroys the grass cover, which, in turn, leads to land desertification.

About 6 million hectares of natural soil are transformed into a desert every year. Deforestation contributes to the depletion of the biogenic composition of lands and erosion.

Regular irrigation also negatively affects the soil: it becomes salinized.

Soil protection

For many years people have used the land without thinking that they are destroying it.

The desire to get the maximum of its capabilities from the soil ultimately led to the beginning of the degradation of the soil fertile composition.

Today, people must seriously think about land protection, take measures to protect it and correct the consequences of technological progress. It is impossible to rely only on self-cleaning of the soil: this is a long process.

It is necessary to help our land return to natural balance and natural balance. Environmental problems of the soil will primarily harm the person himself.

Control

For the cultivation of agricultural products, an assessment of soil contamination with chemicals is required. There are four grades of assessment: Acceptable, Moderately Dangerous, Highly Dangerous, and Extremely Dangerous. The same assessment of the degree of pollution is carried out for soils allocated for settlements.

The hazard class of chemicals that pollute the soil is also assessed. General control is exercised by Rosprirodnadzor.

Monitoring can be carried out by licensed organizations, it consists in determining indicators that have a certain permissible rate.

Samples are taken and the degree of contamination is determined by laboratory means. After that, an appropriate act is drawn up.

Measures

Measures are already being taken to protect the soil. In particular, to combat degradation, measures are taken to protect soil from waterlogging and salinization:

• drainage works to lower the level of groundwater (installation of drainage structures, open canals, water intake facilities, etc.);
• flushing of irrigated areas in compliance with irrigation norms.

To combat soil erosion, it is envisaged whole line various events:

• consolidation of the soil through the root system of vegetation, the formation of a closed vegetation cover, alternation different types vegetation on the slopes;
• plowing of land across the slope, terracing of slopes;
• planting of protective forest belts, which reduce the wind speed in the surface layer;
• minimization of tillage (for example, plowing without turning);
• striped crop rotation;
• consolidation of the soil with vegetation.

In order not to harm the soil by excessive use of pesticides, it is necessary to apply natural methods of pest control. For example, a ladybug feeds on aphids and insects; some weeds can be controlled with herbivorous insects. The most important thing is to minimize the introduction of pesticides into the soil.