What mineral fertilizers are for. Types of fertilizers and methods of their application
It is impossible to grow a beautiful and productive garden without fertilizers, but they must be applied wisely. The optimal composition may vary depending on the season, species and age of the plant. Therefore, if you want to quickly and easily solve a problem, it is best to buy fertilizers where the widest selection is available. For example, in OBI hypermarket chains... With the help of master consultant Olga Kostyukova, we figured out what types of fertilizers we need to buy in order to fully meet the new season.
Basket 1: Basic (pre-planting) fertilizers
The first fertilizer you need to buy in the spring is pre-planting. It is necessary to fill the soil before sowing and planting any crops. Consumption here is one of the largest, so it is better to take several packages of the same or different types at once.
The easiest and most inexpensive option is to use one universal complete fertilizer for all plants, which contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Inexpensive and for a long time popular among professionals and amateurs types: azofosk, nitrophoska, ammofosk. They contain a basic set of batteries.
An improved version of the universal mineral fertilizer - proprietary complex formulations. In addition to the three main nutrients, they usually contain trace elements, sometimes humic additives, which improve the structure of the soil.
Fertika. Spring Summer"- fertilizer for the main soil filling and spring-summer dressings, contains nitrogen, phosphorescent, potassium and trace elements, suitable for all horticultural crops.
As a rule, for most plants, the soil is filled with one universal fertilizer, because to create optimal conditions for every flower, tree, vegetable, too troublesome. But for some crops it is still worth choosing a special nutrition program. This is usually done if you have a loved one. ornamental plants or you want to get the maximum yield.
Many manufacturers produce special fertilizers that take into account the special needs of certain plant groups.
For example, fertilizers for conifers, hydrangeas, rhododendrons usually have a slightly increased acidity close to the needs of these cultures. The composition of fertilizers for beets includes an increased dosage of boron, and sometimes magnesium, roses need to be a large number copper. These are just some examples, of course, there are actually much more features in the nutrition of each plant.
The cost of special fertilizers is usually higher than universal fertilizers. In addition to basic nutrients, they may include trace elements, additives that balance the level of acidity, growth stimulants. Also in this group there are fertilizers long acting... Their granules are covered with a slowly dissolving shell, so the effect of fertilization lasts the whole season, and there is no need for top dressing.
Basket 2: Fertilizers for feeding
During the season, plants need additional fertilizing. Fruit and berry crops consume a lot of nutrition during the laying of flower buds, greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes without feeding will not have enough nutrients to form several waves of fruiting. Almost any plants, especially flowering and fruit, develop better if they are periodically fed. Protein capacity in nutrients is so great that sometimes it exceeds the capabilities of the root system: the plant hardly manages to absorb food from the soil, especially in cool weather.
Therefore, fertilizers for top dressing should not only be balanced, but also easily absorbed by plant tissues. Most often, fertilizers for dressing are produced in the form of instant powders or in liquid form. They are introduced in the form of a solution. Moreover, plants can not only be watered, but also sprayed with fertilizer: foliar dressings are very quickly absorbed by plant tissues and are highly effective.
Powders are affordable, have a long shelf life, and are conveniently stored. Most often, powder fertilizers for dressing are universal - their composition is suitable for growing any crops.
"Polygro universal" ("Green pharmacy of the gardener") - fertilizer includes nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and trace elements. Convenient dosage: the sachet is diluted in a bucket of water.
Fertika Lux is a popular water-soluble fertilizer with basic nutrients and microelements.
"Humate +7 iodine" ("August"), in addition to traditional mineral components, includes humic acids, sulfur, iodine. Activates plant immunity.
Liquid fertilizers for top dressing are universal and specialized for certain types of crops. They can also include additional components: stimulants, rare elements, acidity regulators. The composition is selected depending on the type of culture.
"Biocin" - a special supplement for roses, contains a natural stimulator of plant immunity, nourishes roses and reduces their incidence powdery mildew, rust, spotting.
"Fertika Crystal for garden flowers"- the composition of this fertilizer stimulates the formation of strong flower buds, activates flowering.
"Vermicompost for roses" this dressing very well complements the effect of mineral fertilizers. It contains nutrients in the form of organic compounds.
"Pokon For long-lasting flowering roses"- the fertilizer contains a complex of trace elements, selected taking into account the special needs of roses.
Basket 3: Microfertilizers
This group of fertilizers is usually not used in the garden all the time, but you need to have them on hand in case of a lack of a particular nutrient in plants. In a too rainy or hot summer, when peat or acidity-regulating additives are introduced into the soil, plants may have problems with the assimilation of one or another element. Then it is added additionally in the form of micronutrient fertilizer. For example, in cold weather, the need for plants in copper increases, in humid and hot summers, many crops begin to lack iron or magnesium. On some types of soils, one or another trace element may be chronically lacking. It is very useful to feed with microelements if the garden is on the sand.
"Micro mix" ("August") is a universal fertilizer mixture - it will help out in case of any metabolic disorders in plants.
"Boric acid"- it is used to prevent heart rot in beet root crops, the formation of weak and underdeveloped buds in apple and strawberries.
"Magnesium sulfate", or Epsom salt, has a set useful properties for plants. Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of sugars. It promotes the accumulation of sugar in late cabbage heads, beet roots, berries and fruits. Increases the absorption of boron by plants.
"Zinc sulfate" is indispensable for root crops, increases the content of ascorbic acid in vegetables and fruits.
"Microelement fertilizer additive"("Buyskie Fertilizers") improves acidic soils and not only supplies plants with microelements, but also makes them more accessible to plants.
Basket 4: Lawn Fertilizers
A green lawn requires a special approach to nutrition. Lawn grass grows almost all season and loses a lot of nutrients with a haircut. The lawn has increased requirements for the nitrogen content in fertilizers, but it also responds well to the introduction of trace elements, which give the grass resistance to diseases and intense color. Lawn dressing is most often applied dry, since it is rather difficult to evenly fertilize a large area with liquid fertilizer.
Basket 5: Autumn Fertilizers
At the end of the season, fertilizers with a high content of phosphorus and potassium are used to prepare the garden for winter. They promote tissue maturation in perennial plants, increase their frost resistance.
Potassium nitrate and potassium monophosphate are very poppular - inexpensive and easy-to-use fertilizing. Potassium monophosphate dissolves quickly in water and can be applied with watering.
Superphosphate is also often used for autumn feeding of strawberries, fruit trees and shrubs. But the most convenient to use are universal autumn fertilizers: they can be used to fertilize all the plants in the garden at the end of summer.
"Fertika Autumn" - contains all the basic nutrients (with a predominance of phosphorus and potassium) and a set of microelements to increase the winter hardiness of plants.
"Bona Forte Autumn" is a fertilizer for liquid autumn dressings. It can be used for any plants, but it is especially convenient when preparing flower beds, roses and other flowering shrubs for winter.
Despite the huge amount of fertilizers produced by modern industry, it is not so difficult to understand their use. You will not have to spend a lot of time searching if you come to the OBI hypermarket: here you can buy everything you need in one place at affordable price... A competent master consultant will help you choose the best fertilizers for any purpose.
Seed propagation in the garden strawberry we are used to, unfortunately, leads to the appearance of less productive plants and weaker bushes. But another type of these sweet berries - alpine strawberries, can be successfully grown from seeds. Let's find out about the main advantages and disadvantages of this culture, consider the main varieties and features of agricultural technology. The information presented in this article will help you decide whether to allocate space for her in the berry.
Often, when we see a beautiful flower, we instinctively bend over to smell it. All fragrant flowers can be divided into two large groups: nocturnal (pollinated by moths) and diurnal, whose pollinators are mainly bees. For a florist and a designer, both groups of plants are important, because we often walk in the garden during the day and relax in our favorite corners with the onset of the evening. The fragrance of our favorite fragrant flowers never fails.
Many gardeners consider the pumpkin the queen of the garden beds. And not only because of its size, variety of shapes and colors, but also for its excellent taste, useful qualities and a rich harvest. Pumpkin contains a large amount of carotene, iron, various vitamins and minerals. Thanks to its long shelf life, this vegetable supports our health. all year round... If you decide to plant a pumpkin on your site, you will be interested to know how to get the largest harvest possible.
Scottish eggs - incredibly delicious! Try to cook this dish at home, there is nothing difficult to prepare. Scotch eggs are a hard-boiled egg wrapped in chopped meat breaded in flour, egg and breadcrumbs and deep fried. For frying, you need a frying pan with a high side, and if you have a deep fryer, then it's just great - even less hassle. You will also need deep-fat oil to keep the kitchen out of smoke. Choose farm eggs for this recipe.
One of the most amazing large-flowered tubs, Cubanola Dominican, fully justifies its status as a tropical miracle. Heat-loving, slow-growing, with huge and in many ways unique flower bells, Cubanola is a fragrant star with a complex character. She requires special conditions in the rooms. But for those who are looking for exclusive plants for their interior, there is no better (and more chocolate) candidate for the role of an indoor giant.
Chickpea Curry with Meat is a hearty hot dish for lunch or dinner, inspired by Indian cuisine. This curry is quick to prepare but requires preparation. Chickpeas must first be soaked in a large amount of cold water for several hours, preferably at night, the water can be changed several times. It is also better to leave the meat in the marinade overnight to make it juicy and tender. Then you should boil the chickpeas until cooked and then cook the curry according to the recipe.
Rhubarb is not found on everyone garden plot... It's a pity. This plant is a storehouse of vitamins and can be widely used in cooking. What is not prepared from rhubarb: soups and cabbage soup, salads, delicious preserves, kvass, compotes and juices, candied fruits and marmalade, and even wine. But that's not all! A large green or red rosette of plant leaves, resembling a burdock, acts as a beautiful backdrop for annuals. Not surprisingly, rhubarb can also be seen in flower beds.
Today, the trend is to experiment with non-trivial combinations and non-standard colors in the garden. For example, plants with black inflorescences have become very fashionable. All black flowers are original and specific, and it is important for them to be able to select suitable partners and location. Therefore, this article will not only introduce you to the assortment of plants with slate-black inflorescences, but also teach you the intricacies of using such mystical plants in garden design.
3 delicious sandwiches - cucumber sandwich, chicken sandwich, cabbage and meat sandwich - great idea for a quick snack or for a picnic in nature. Only fresh vegetables, juicy chicken and cream cheese and some spices. There are no onions in these sandwiches, if you wish, you can add onions marinated in balsamic vinegar to any of the sandwiches, this will not spoil the taste. Having quickly prepared snacks, all that remains is to collect a picnic basket and go to the nearest green lawn.
Depending on the varietal group, the age of the seedlings suitable for planting in open ground, is: for early tomatoes - 45-50 days, average ripening times - 55-60 and late dates- not less than 70 days. When planting tomato seedlings at a younger age, the period of its adaptation to new conditions is significantly lengthened. But success in obtaining a high-quality crop of tomatoes also depends on the careful implementation of the basic rules for planting seedlings in open ground.
Unpretentious plants"Second plan" sansevierias do not seem boring to those who appreciate minimalism. They are better than other indoor decorative leafy stars for collections that require minimal maintenance. Stable decorativeness and extreme endurance in only one type of sansevieria are also combined with compactness and very rapid growth - Khan's rosette sansevieria. The squat rosettes of their rigid leaves create striking clusters and patterns.
One of the brightest months of the garden calendar pleasantly surprises with the balanced distribution of favorable and unsuccessful days for working with plants. lunar calendar... A vegetable garden and a garden in June can be practiced throughout the month, while the unfavorable periods are very short and still allow you to do useful work. There will be their optimal days for crops with planting, and for pruning, and for a reservoir, and even for construction work.
Meat with mushrooms in a frying pan is an inexpensive hot dish that is suitable for a regular lunch and for a festive menu. Pork will cook quickly, veal and chicken will cook too, so this meat is preferable for the recipe. Mushrooms - fresh champignons, in my opinion, the best choice for homemade stew. Forest gold - boletus, boletus and other goodies are best harvested for the winter. Boiled rice or mashed potatoes are ideal as a side dish.
I love ornamental shrubs, especially unpretentious and with an interesting, non-trivial color of foliage. I have different Japanese spireas, Thunberg barberries, black elderberry ... And there is one special shrub that I will tell you about in this article - the viburnum bladder. For my dream of a low-maintenance garden, it is perhaps the perfect fit. At the same time, it is able to greatly diversify the picture in the garden, moreover, from spring to autumn.
Any harvest in most cases depends on the fertility of the black soil. If the soil is poor in nutrients and minerals, then the harvest is poor. It is for these purposes that mankind began to use fertilizers, as well as to master new types of them. For large companies agro-industrial complex, there are no questions about which fertilizers to choose: chemical or organic. However, for amateur gardeners this is a matter of principle, because from your garden you want to use only everything natural.
Fertilizers and their classification
Fertilizer is a substance that is used to feed any types of plants, improve the quality of chernozem and quantitatively and qualitatively increase the yield. the effect the use of these substances is that thanks to them, plants receive various useful chemical elements that contribute to the full development of their system.
Long-term practice has shown that the use of fertilizers has a beneficial effect on the soil, increases productivity and improves the taste characteristics of fruits. In the old days there was only one method of fertilization - manure, which is widely used today. but modern world is full of new technological discoveries that have made it possible to bring out many types of fertilizers with a wide spectrum of action. Let's consider their types and classifications.
Classification fertilization occurs on the following grounds:
- chemical composition - organic, mineral or bacterial;
- physical form - liquid, solid, semi-liquid;
- impact effect - direct or indirect;
- bait method - root or stem;
- soil fertilization method - basic, top dressing, before sowing, surface or deep;
The classification of these substances into simple, complex and combined assumes method getting them:
- only one element is added to simple ones;
- complex is obtained by conducting chemical reactions;
- mixed are obtained as a result of mechanical processes.
To improve storage and transportation conditions, concentrated and non-ballast forms of fertilizers are produced. And there are also those that are developed for a specific soil and a specific plant, they are classified as balanced.
Mineral fertilizers: types and classification
Mineral substances are of three main types: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Their components are used to make fertilizer mixtures, the composition of which is important to study in order to understand in what cases they can be used.
Classification of mineral fertilizers by the composition:
- Simple (with one active substance - phosphorus, nitrogen or potash fertilizers);
- Complex (with several mineral elements acting simultaneously both on the soil and on the plant);
- Micronutrient fertilizers (they contain complex trace elements such as molybdenum, iodine, calcium and manganese).
Nitrogen fertilizers
For the good development of the stems and foliage of plants, mineral fertilizers are used, which contain nitrogen - this element is very necessary during the spring. It dissolves well in liquids and is also suitable for solid mixtures.
Classification nitrogen mixtures:
Large production companies find application in the following types of fertilizers:
- Ammonium nitrate - it contains ammonium nitrate, which, in combination with potassium and phosphorus, can increase the yield of potatoes, beets, and grain crops.
- Amide is a urea with a high nitrogen concentration for a rich harvest. The method of application is internal. Suitable for all tomato varieties during setting and growth.
Potash types of fertilizers
Potassium helps to increase resistance to disease, improves taste and increases the shelf life of garden products. Among the most common potash fertilizers are the following types:
Potassium chloride... This raw material is mined from ore, its content contains chlorine, which is harmful to some crops. In order to avoid negative effects, this type of fertilization should be applied in the autumn. It has a positive effect on barley, buckwheat, potatoes and beets.
Potassium salt... Good for the growth of grains and potatoes. Due to the high concentration of potassium, apply only in autumn.
Potash saltpeter... In addition to potassium, it also contains nitrogen. Helps during the setting and ripening of vegetables and fruits.
Potassium sulfate... Any grains and crops can be fertilized. Before planting root crops, the application takes place directly into the soil.
Phosphate fertilizers
Phosphorus is extremely important for feeding berry bushes and fruit trees. Applying a fertilizer based on it, the fruits will set better and faster. And it will also increase resistance to winter frost.
Views phosphoric substrates:
- Regular superphosphate (it is poured into the ground and used during the color). Gardening enthusiasts often use this fertilizer product for their garden.
- Phosphate rock (for grain and vegetable crops). For use with acidic soil. Enriches chernozem and plants with phosphorus for many years.
- Double superphosphate - used to improve wintering of flowers and berry bushes.
Varieties of microfertilizers
This group of varieties of mineral fertilizer mixtures contains micronutrients. For example, when the earth is poor in copper, zinc or manganese. Or there are no metals necessary for the harvest at all - iron, copper or molybdenum. Microfertilizers come to the rescue, with which it is enough to process plant seeds, which will contribute to the normal development of the root system. And also with the help of microelements, the growth of agricultural crops is rooted and their immunity against diseases is increased.
This group of mineral fertilizer mixtures includes broad-spectrum preparations. In their composition, they contain from two or more active substances. Their direction: increasing yields, combating weeds and pests, improving the quality of flowering.
There are the following types:
Ammophos- based on nitrogen-phosphorus solution. It is used for vegetables and berries, as well as for large flowering and vigorous growth of flowers.
Diammophos- active substances are: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and various trace elements. They are used to control harmful insects and are suitable for all types of crops and flowers.
Nitroammofoska- has a beneficial effect on any plants and soil. For clay soil, autumn fertilization is recommended, for sandy soil - spring fertilization, before sowing.
Nitrophoska- used for tomatoes and cucumbers, helping to improve the taste and increase in size. It is a prophylactic agent against diseases. Recommended to be applied during the growing season, in the spring.
Organic fertilizers and their use
Natural fertilizers are the most ecological and have a high concentration of nutrients. They are obtained by the natural process of processing organic elements, whether it be animal waste products or plant humus.
Organic fertilizers contain useful substances, thanks to which microorganisms and biological bacteria useful for soil and plants appear and develop. They help to increase resistance to disease, as well as improve air exchange and water nutrition.
Fertilizer types organics:
- Manure is one of the most popular and effective organic substances with a long history of use. It can be liquid or solid, but in any case it must be diluted with water. It restores soil fertility well and is used during the growing season of crops.
- Bird droppings are a waste product of birds. It is very rich in nutrients that contribute to an excellent harvest. This droppings are more concentrated than other animal manure and have greater properties. Suitable for any soil, but applied in small doses.
- Humus is the result of the decay of manure products. Has the highest concentrate of nutrients among all organic fertilizers. It is versatile and can be used for feeding any crops.
- Compost fertilizer is a decay product of natural waste and organic matter (leaves, stems, fish bones, meat, vegetable scraps, etc.). Its production does not present any difficulties, it is enough just to collect vegetable tops, potato and other trimmings, weeds and dead plant leaves, rotten vegetables and fruits and other organic waste.
- Peat bogs - humus from the remains of animals, birds and plants, which has a high percentage of nitrogen. It is used for soil enrichment and plant nutrition. It is used in the production of compost and loose potting soil for flowers. It is better to apply peat in the spring.
- Wood shavings and sawdust - used for loosening the soil, and being a good drainage agent, they contribute to a favorable air exchange for plants. Excellent moisture retention.
- Siderata are large plant stems buried in the ground. They have similar functions as fresh manure.
- Silt is a product that collects at the bottom of rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. It contains many nutrients, minerals and humus. Before applying to the ground, it must be kept in the open air for several hours. Effective in fertilizing sandy soils.
Before you start feeding your site, you need to be sure of what composition is needed for your soil. It all depends on the goals and results that you pursue.
Bacterial fertilizers and their benefits
Soil bacteria are very important for the fertility of the land. To enrich it with useful microorganisms, bacterial fertilizers of the following types are used:
The physical form of fertilizers
According to their state of aggregation, organic and chemical fertilizing substrates are divided into solid, liquid, semi-liquid and even gaseous. Fertilizers similar to gaseous form, such as carbon dioxide, are applied exclusively in an isolated location.
Some properties of the substance can be changed during storage or transportation. An important component of the physical condition is the disposition to dissolve: complete or partial. This is due to the fact that the plant absorbs useful mineral elements better together with water.
According to this classification, the variety of fertilizers is great, but first of all, the most demanded fertilizers are distinguished - granular and coarse-crystalline. Thanks to this form, the processes of leaching of fertilizers from the soil are slowed down. This extends the useful life of the elements with minimal losses.
In order for the plants to please us with green leaves, harvest, we should help them - nourish with useful substances. The easiest way to do this is with fertilizers. In order not to get confused in their assortment, not to harm green friends, you need to understand in detail what types of fertilizers are, in what time frame and how they need to be applied.
The choice of top dressing for the soil
What fertilizers are there?
There are such types of fertilizers:
Organic
They are considered the most natural for the soil, because they are obtained thanks to the vital activity of the animal and plant world. These include:
- chicken droppings,
- manure,
- peat,
- compost,
- food waste,
- humus,
- sapropel (silt from a pond or lake).
Fertilizers of the organic series are of great importance for plant life, since they are easily absorbed by them, enhance the water, thermal, air properties of the soil, saturating it with carbon dioxide.
A popular and affordable fertilizer for enriching the earth with minerals is manure. It contains phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium, potassium and other substances that increase yields. When decomposing, they provide carbon dioxide for plants, help to get those nutrients that are difficult to get on their own. After applying manure, the sandy soil becomes more moist, and the clay soil becomes loose.
Humus is obtained from roots and leaves that have decomposed. It has established itself as the main fertilizer for seedlings because it contains many nutrients. Appreciated fresh. The main disadvantage is that it decomposes very quickly, getting into the soil, it can contain seeds of various weeds.
Bird droppings differ in their properties. Chicken and pigeon are especially prized as they contain more nutrients than manure. Therefore, the droppings should be diluted about 14–18 times in order not to cause burns to the plants.
Pond silt (sapropel) is often used for composting. Contains not only nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, but also vitamins, which in a short time stimulate the growth of crops. This ecological fertilizer not only increases yields, but also sanitizes the soil.
How to improve yields?We are constantly receiving letters in which amateur gardeners are worried that due to the cold summer this year there is a poor harvest of potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other vegetables. Last year we published TIPS on this matter. But unfortunately, many did not listen, but some still applied. Here is a report from our reader, we want to advise plant growth biostimulants that will help increase the yield up to 50-70%.
Read ...
How to make a compost pile yourself?
You don't need a recipe for composting. Collected compost is made from sawdust, dry leaves, garbage, shells, ash, grass, soot, peat. Cannot be added to the compost heap, plastic, wood, bones, synthetics.
Mineral fertilizers
They have several types:
- potash,
- phosphoric,
- nitrogen.
Despite the fact that they are called "chemical", do not discount their importance for the life of plants. They give a quick effect, are easy to transport and store. Fertilizers of the mineral type consist of mineral salts that have been obtained artificially. But they are rarely used.
How to choose the right top dressing for the soil?
Potash fertilizers increase the resistance of crops to fungal diseases, promote dense flowering. If there is not enough potassium, then the leaves become brown and burnt. They are fed when tubers, bulbs, fruits and seeds are formed. It can be either potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate.
It is necessary to fertilize with nitrogen when the plant is gaining growth and is preparing to bloom. If it is not enough, then the leaves lose their juicy green color, become pale, fall off. The main nitrogen fertilizers are urea, ammonium nitrate. They are brought in early in the spring into unheated soil.
Feeding with phosphorus helps to strengthen the roots, acts building material for shoots and flower buds. Lack of this mineral leads to early aging of crops. The most famous are simple or double superphosphate. It is introduced in advance of the flowering of plants.
Complex or mineral-organic
Most often, such fertilizers are universal. They contain minerals: potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, nitrogen, about 40% are organic matter. Such feeds are used not only for garden plants, but also for fruit, ornamental, as well as seedlings.
The use of complex fertilizers leads to the fact that humic compounds make mineral substances less mobile, the soil becomes looser and more permeable. Plants develop immunity to frost and disease, yield increases, nitrates do not penetrate into fruits. Ripening occurs two weeks earlier.
Bacterial
They are made up of bacteria that improve the nutritional system of plants.
Thanks to bacteria that absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere, the condition of the crops is improved. These include azotobacterin, risotorfin, phosphorobacterin. They are called ecological because they do not poison the soil with chemicals, but throw into it what it has in significant quantities. Among agronomists and amateurs, they appear as "Baikal EM -1", "MERS".
How and when should you fertilize?
Mineral fertilizers will help plants to avoid phosphorus and potassium starvation. For example, the "Bulba" complex is applied a few days before planting potatoes. It acts as a stimulant for the growth of bushes.
Autumn dates are determined by the end of the harvest, the completion of the main work on the ground. This is the best time to nourish the soil, not only in the garden, but also in the garden. All types of fertilizers can be applied in autumn. Both individually and in a complex manner.
Over the long winter, organic matter will be well reprocessed in order to demonstrate the accumulated potential in all its glory in the spring. Therefore, during this period, compost, ash, bird droppings are introduced. Such minerals as potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus will help berry bushes to overwinter, increase their survival in severe frosts.
For garden trees, strawberries, garden crops use the following fertilization methods:
- solid,
- point.
By the continuous method, make-up is applied in the form of a scattering, but should be evenly distributed throughout the entire area. The point method is more laborious, but economical. After all, fertilizer is thrown during planting into each of the holes.
Fertilizers can be applied both dry and liquid. Do not exceed the dosages indicated on the instructions. Not all one-component make-ups can be mixed.
For high yields of different crops, the amount and types of fertilizers are important, which help to grow, bear fruit and not get sick. If you correctly apply fertilizing for all plants, then in the fall you will receive nice results in the garden, in the garden and in the field!
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High soil fertility is a guarantee of good harvests. There are many methods for maintaining and increasing soil fertility. Nowadays, both professional and amateur, plant cultivation is impossible without the use of additional fertilizing, the overwhelming majority of which are all kinds of fertilizers.
Many summer residents make the mistake of not using any fertilizers, even those of natural origin. Fertile soil is capable of producing abundant harvests, however, over time, its resource is depleted and without fertilizers it becomes problematic to get even an average harvest. In any case, in order to prevent both depletion of the soil and excessive oversaturation of plants with minerals, two rules must be observed:
- Alternate crops annually throughout the garden or suburban area.
- Know and comply with the rate of fertilization per unit area for a particular crop.
Organic fertilizers
These fertilizers have existed and will always exist. Being renewable substances of natural origin, they have the most beneficial effect on the soil. They transform the structure of the soil, normalize the vital activity of microorganisms in it.The technologies for applying organic fertilizers have been perfected by mankind for thousands of years. Different types of organic fertilizers are used depending on the type of soil. With the appropriate approach, rich yields can be obtained on soil of any composition and of any quality.
For the cultivation of sandy soils, peat fertilizers are preferred. Peat has water-saving properties, which allows it to retain moisture near the plant roots. Compost is also suitable for sandy soils. Both peat and compost allow not only to enrich the soil with the necessary organic elements, but also to improve its structure.
For clay soils, manure is preferred. Traditionally, manure is scattered at the end of autumn over the entire area of the plot in order to dissolve with melted snow in late spring and be mixed with the soil when plowing or digging a vegetable garden before the start of the new season.
Even chernozems require the introduction of organic fertilizers, since the nutrients and microorganisms contained in them and ensuring the rapid growth of plants run out over time. A combination of manure, compost and bird droppings is optimal for black soil. In addition, plots of land with chernozem should rest every five years, that is, either light green manures should be planted on them, or nothing at all should be planted, leaving the land “fallow”.
There are also a number of organic groundbaits industrial production... As a rule, these are specially created concentrates of acids and organic additives necessary for plants. Let's consider the most popular ones:
- "Gumi" is a concentrate containing humic substances, which are accelerators of plant cell growth. It is used in the early stages of plant growth to gain green mass. The product also includes plant protection products against some pests.
- "Baikal" is one of the most popular means for improving soil organic matter. It contains lactic acid bacteria, means of strengthening the immune system of plants and sorbents of heavy metals.
- "Bio master" is a universal composition containing a whole complex of organic components made on the basis of sapropel. Sapropel is a perennial silty sediment in water bodies. Funds based on it significantly improve both the structure and biochemical composition of the soil.
Mineral fertilizers
All types of mineral fertilizers produced by the industry can be purchased in stores specializing in the sale of goods for the garden or dacha. Undoubtedly, in comparison with organic fertilizers, they are a compromise, since they cannot completely replace the entire organic or mineral composition of natural fertilizers. However, their price and wide distribution make them quite attractive in both individual and industrial agriculture. Like organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers can be applied to the soil both in dry form and in the form of liquids - solutions or substrates.The classification of mineral fertilizers includes three main families of substances:
- nitrogen;
- phosphoric;
- potash.
Nitrogen fertilizers are used to increase the green mass of the plant; they are divided into nitrates, urea and cyanamides. Nitrates include ammonium and sodium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate is one of the most popular types of modern mineral baits. In some cultures, when using ammonium nitrate the yield increases on average 1.5 times in the first year after application. In addition, this type of fertilization allows plants to be less exposed to various fungal diseases. At the same time, the use of all types of ammonium nitrate on alkaline soils is not recommended.
The rates of application of ammonium nitrate depend on the time at which top dressing is performed. So, for example, when applying top dressing before sowing, the rates are from 10 to 20 g per square meter; and when feeding already adult plants, this rate decreases to 1-2 g. An important feature of this saltpeter is its ability to react with the soil at a relatively low temperatures... To do this, it is scattered directly into the snow at the end of winter or at the beginning of spring.
Sodium nitrate is also mainly used in acidic soils... It contains less nitrogen than ammonia, and its application rates are slightly higher - from 30 to 40 g per square meter. The use of sodium nitrate for fertilizing black soil or soil in greenhouses and greenhouses is prohibited.
The highest concentration of nitrogen (up to 45%) is contained in nitrogen carbamide or urea. It must be applied not to the surface, but directly into the soil and immediately covered, since when interacting with air, part of the nitrogen evaporates and the fertilizer loses its properties. However, it is often used in liquid or dissolved form, since it quickly reaches plant roots and does not interact with air. This type of fertilizer is suitable for all types of crops and has practically no restrictions on the composition of the soil.
Urea application rates depend on which crops it is used for:
- for vegetables - from 5 to 15 g / m2;
- trees and shrubs - from 10 to 20 g / m2;
- tomatoes, beets - no more than 20 g / m2;
- cucumbers, legumes - no more than 10 g / sq.m.
Phosphate fertilizers.
Various types of phosphorus fertilizers promote the rapid development of plants and strengthen them root system... The classification of phosphorus fertilizers is as follows:- simple superphosphate;
- double superhosphate;
- phosphorite flour.
Double superphosphate is characterized by a high phosphorus content and is used in the case when, in addition to phosphates, nothing needs to be added (there are no calcium compounds and other impurities in the double superphosphate). Application rates are half that of simple superphosphate.
The most common potash fertilizer is potassium chloride. It is brought into the ground in the fall before digging it for the winter. In this case, the chlorine contained in the fertilizer, which is harmful to plants, is washed out into deeper layers of the soil and its effect on the plant is minimized. Potassium chloride application rate is 20 g per sq.m.
Potassium sulfate is a fertilizer that is optimal for plants that are deficient in potassium. It is ideal for melons and gourds. It can be used both in autumn digging and with regular feeding. Application rate - 20-30 g per sq.m. when digging and about 10 g per sq.m. when feeding.
In addition, there are types of mineral fertilizers that combine several of the components discussed above. For example, nitrophosphate is composed of a mixture of phosphate and ammonium nitrate. The content of phosphorus and nitrogen in it is the same and it can be used instead of the simultaneous application of these two fertilizers. It is an ideal fertilizer for clay soil. The application rates of nitrophosphate are from 10 to 20 g per sq. meter.
Three-element nitrophoska includes nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This is the most commonly used tool for novice summer residents, since it is easy to use and contains all the components necessary for plants at once. Nitrophoska application rates are from 10 to 30 g per sq. meter depending on the culture.