Concrete floor on the soil in a private house. How to make concrete floor on the soil with your own hands - step-by-step plan
Updated: 02/19/2019
May differ from, although concrete differences depend on:
- level of groundwater;
- planned load on the floor;
- use of the technology of "warm floor".
If underground waters run closer than 2 meters from the surface, then the presence of waterproofing is necessarily as well as the "pillows" of sand and large-scale rubble. The use of the "warm floor" implies a 2-centimeter thermal gap between concrete and walls, otherwise the fill may be damaged during operation.
The fill procedure must be performed in compliance with a number of requirements:
- soil should not be mobile;
- underground waters should run at least 5 meters;
- the land must be dry.
In winter, the room should be heated, otherwise the design can be deformed due to the frosting of the soil and, as a result, mechanical loads will increase.
Note! If we are talking about the still under construction, the floor device should be started only after the roof is ready. So subsequent work will be made as high quality.
Stage 1. Determination of the "zero" level
First, determine the "zero" (level of filling the solution), which should be equal to the bottom of the doorway, and mark it around the perimeter. To do this, put the mark in the meter from the bottom of the opening (as shown in the diagram) and transfer them to the walls of the whole room (it is obvious that it is better to take advantage laser level). Next, from these marks, measure back 1 meter down and draw the second line - it will be "zero", which will be filling the floor. In order to simplify the procedure, hammer the corners of the nails and stretch the cord.
Stage 2. Preparation of the foundation
After determining the "zero" level, remove the construction trash and remove the fertile layer of soil. The floor in our case will be a multi-layer "pie" approximately 35 cm thick. Consequently, remove the soil until the depth from the "zero level" is compared with the thickness of the future "cake".
Next, see the surface. It is advisable to use a vibroplite for this, although in its absence you can take a normal meter log, to bring down the board from below, and from above - two handles, and with the help of such a tool to seal the soil. As a result, it should be smooth and, most importantly, a dense basis. From walking on such a base should not be traces.
Note! If it happens that the soil level is lower than 35 cm, just remove a little fertile layer, sink and pour sand to the desired mark. Then compact the sand itself.
To increase the waterproofing properties of the base, plump the "native" soil first layer clay, then sand, water and thoroughly compact.
Stage 3. Further Faucet
Having finished with the main layer, start the filling of gravel. Put the material with a layer of 10 cm, Pour and sink. To facilitate the thickness control in the base, score a number of pegs of the required thickness and set them on a single level. At the end of the mumbling pull them out.
Sand covers a similar layer of rubble (the latter fractions should be approximately 5 cm). Seal crushed stone, sprinkle with a thin sand layer, align and confuse. If we noticed that the protruding edges of the rubble remained on the surface, then remove them or save them differently. Remember that as a result should be a flat plane without any angles.
Note! Check each covered layer by mounting level.
Stage 4. Insulation
Can use for waterproofing insulating membrane Or a conventional polyethylene film, the thickness of which will be equal to 200 microns. Cover the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room with an overlap in a few centimeters, edges output a little higher than the "zero" level. All joints creek scotch.
Materials for thermal insulation There are quite a lot, you can choose any. So, for concrete floor it may come in:
- ceramzit;
- isolon;
- styrofoam;
- moisture resistant plywood;
- minvata, basalt wool;
- perlite;
- polystyrene foam (both ordinary and extruded).
Stage 5. Reinforcement
In order for the future floor to be strong enough, it should be reinforced. You can use both metal and plastic mesh for this, and if large loads are planned, then rebuild reinforcement rods with a thickness of 0.8-1.6 cm by welding.
Do not fit the reinforcement directly on the "Pie" base. Use small pegs ("chairs") - put them in rows, substituting under each plate carved from asbestos to raise at least 20 mm at least 20 mm. In this case, the reinforcement will be inside a concrete screed and forms one whole with it.
Note! When using a plastic mesh, pull it on pegs scored in the ground, with a similar goal.
Stage 6. Formwork and guides
In order to withstand "zero" and facilitate the fill procedure, install the guides. Initially, divide the room to the same segments of a width of no more than 2 m, after which divide them by guides. For the manufacture of the latter, you can use both bars or boards and iron pipes. Watch that the height of the guides is "zero". Lock them dense cement mortar.
Then proceed to installing the formwork between the guides, forming special "cards" (the same rectangles, the dimensions of which are soaring in such a way that each of them is flooded in one approach). The use of "cards" will significantly simplify work, especially on a large area, and will help withstand "zero". For the manufacture of "cards", use fresh boards (not dry) or moisture-resistant faeer.
Note! Align the guides with a formwork under the "zero" level, otherwise the floor may turn out to be uneven. Use for this construction level. Also treat these elements with special oil (such as "agate-C5") so that it can be easily removed from concrete.
Stage 7. Preparation of the solution and fill
Fill the solution to the maximum for two navigations, although it is advisable to do it for one. For this purpose, you can order a "factory" concrete (it will be delivered immediately in large quantities) or cooking yourself (it will cost cheaper). If you resort to the second option, you will need:
- shovel;
- concrete mixer (can be leased);
- "Four hundredth" or "five hundred" cement;
- crushed stone;
- sand;
- one helper.
| Brand concrete | Mass composition, C: P: Sh, kg | Volume composition on 10 l cement p / sh, l | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 1: 4,6: 7,0 | 41/61 | 78 |
| 150 | 1: 3,5: 5,7 | 32/50 | 64 |
| 200 | 1: 2,8: 4,8 | 25/42 | 54 |
| 250 | 1: 2,1: 3,9 | 19/34 | 43 |
| 300 | 1: 1,9: 3,7 | 17/32 | 41 |
| 400 | 1: 1,2: 2,7 | 11/24 | 31 |
| 450 | 1: 1,1: 2,5 | 10/22 | 29 |
| Brand concrete | Mass composition C: P: Sh, kg | Volume composition for 10 liters of cement p / sh, l | The number of concrete from 10 l cement, l |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 1: 5,8: 8,1 | 53/71 | 90 |
| 150 | 1: 4,5: 6,6 | 40/58 | 73 |
| 200 | 1: 3,5: 5,6 | 32/49 | 62 |
| 250 | 1: 2,6: 4,5 | 24/39 | 50 |
| 300 | 1: 2,4: 4,3 | 22/37 | 47 |
| 400 | 1: 1,6: 3,2 | 14/28 | 36 |
| 450 | 1: 1,4: 2,9 | 12/25 | 32 |
Video - how to knead the concrete mix or how to make concrete
For the preparation of the solution, pour cement in the concrete mixer, sand, crushed stone and water in the ratio of 1: 2: 4: 0.5 and mix everything until the homogeneous mass is obtained. Pour ready-made solution from the opposite entrance door corner. By filling out several "cards", align the solution with a shovel and distribute it around the perimeter. To seal concrete, use the vibrator - it not only compact the mixture, but also remove air bubbles from it.
Having treated with a vibrator flooded cards, start aligning. To do this, you will need a 3-meter rule - put the instrument on the guides and pull on yourself. So you remove the surplus of the solution. In the wired "cards", dismantle the formwork and fill in the formed emptiness concrete. When the entire floor is flooded, cover it with a polyethylene film and leave for two or three weeks to completely dry, do not forget to periodically make the surface with water.
After this time, you can apply a mixture by the finished floor, which is able to smooth out small defects and make the surface perfectly smooth. Wait three more days until this mixture is dry.
Such gender is distinguished by the presence of air layer between the soil and the screed, which is advisable in those areas where the level of soil moisture is raised, i.e. if underground water is closer than 2 meters from the surface. Also, this technology can be used in the case when the site is in the northern region of the country, and the heating system will work periodically.
Note! It is very important that the soil level be below the concrete floor is at least 10-15 cm. If the gap is large, then heat loss will increase, and if less, the ventilation will be less efficient.
Consider what the technology of floor arrangement in this case differs from the above.
Stage 1. Preparation
First prepare the soil.
Step 1. Remove the floral layer and pour out the usual soil instead. Pour the soil with water and confuse so that the height of the layer is approximately 15 cm.
Step 2. Push up on top of gravel, re-swivering.
Step 3. The finished base is covering a chubnevo-lime mixture (although it can be replaced by a broken brick or, for example, construction garbage).
Next, at the same distance from each other (about 70-100 cm), install brick columns for lags. Use a red brick for this, but in no case is not silicate. By installing the columns, cover each of them rubkeroid for the purpose of waterproofing, and on top of it attach the bars of the 3-centimeter thickness previously treated with an antiseptic agent.
Stage 3. Lagi.
For the manufacture of lags, use halves of logs, also covered with antiseptic. The joints between lags should be located above the columns, but the extreme lags will place 2-3 cm from the walls of the walls. Check out the lags with the level, if necessary, put on them wooden bars. Remember: the maximum allowable horizontal irregularity in this case is only 3 mm.
Note! Instead of bricks for columns, metal pipes can be used.
Stage 4. Further actions
To lags to bring nails hand board. Try to make the boards to be extremely tight. If desired, you can use a more reliable scheme:
- 1 layer - non-cut boards;
- 2 layer - waterproofing;
- 3 layer - floorboards.
Subsequent stages of fillings are no different from those described above.
Note! Underground requires high-quality ventilation, so you do at the corners of the windows for ventilation with dimensions of 100x100 mm. Close the windows with metal gratings. In the base, equip special products (at least two on the room).
Video - Floor Arrangement
This set of rules applies to the design of floors of industrial, warehouse, residential, public, administrative, sports and household buildings. Free download
Some may say that the concrete screed is not particularly reliable and always remains cold. And to its advantages can be attributed, except, economy, environmental purity and fire resistance. So it was before, but use modern materials and progressive technologies makes the service life and the reliability of the screed is significantly higher, and thermal insulators provide a comfortable surface temperature.
Not always the arrangement of a concrete screed on the soil is rational decision. There are certain limitations that must be taken into account:
- lack of basement or basement;
- slimming groundwater at a depth of at least 4-5 meters;
- the presence of heating in the house, since the freezing of the soil can lead to the deformation of the screed due to the higher load on the foundation.
By making a decision on the creation of concrete gender on the soil base, it is necessary to make sure that the flooding house does not threaten. You can start the screed to the arrangement only after the construction of the walls and roof of the structure.
A concrete coating on an earth farm consists of several layers, each of which performs an important function. The layers are created from various materials, as a rule, "Pie" includes the following components:
- sand layer;
- chump or gravel layer;
- waterproofing material;
- chernovoy concrete floor;
- steam and thermal insulation layer;
- clean concrete floor.
In the role of the finish flooring, any existing material on sale, corresponding to the stylistic direction of the interior and the most harmonious fit in the design of the housing is most harmonious.
In no case cannot begin the pouring of concrete directly to the ground, because the first two layers of the "cake" warn the penetration of moisture from the soil in flooringwhich can occur capillary. Creating a concrete screed - the process is not the easiest and fastest. The main difficulty lies in the fact that work takes place in several stages. It is not worth cheering, because in the end, a high-quality coating should be formed, not inclined to form dust, hermetic and pilot carrying load.
The lamination of the structure is the key to a long service life of the screed and its wear resistance. Modern technology for creating a concrete screed can be divided into two large stages: preparatory work and directly arrangement of concrete coating. Each of these stages consists of several parts.
Video - Floor screed on the ground
Preparation for the arrangement of a concrete screed on the soil
Preparatory work is a mandatory stage of the creation of concrete floor, it is they who occupy a lion's time in the process of arranging a screed. But it is not possible to do without them, if, of course, do not want to get a low-quality result.
Filtering layer
First of all, it is necessary to make a seal of land at the bottom that will help prevent her drawdown and, accordingly, possible cracking of the screed. Concrete floors on the ground are often equipped in combination with a ribbon foundation at least 1-1.5 meters deep, inside with filled sand.
But this approach will not allow, if the house stands on the clay plot. After all, clay delays moisture, therefore, if there is sand inside the foundation, the water is formed and a real "pond" will appear under the building. That is why the clay territories necessarily improve drainage.
The most optimal in this case is the following procedure:
- extracted when creating a boiler, its lower part is filled;
- internal thermal insulation of the house and the external insulation of the foundation is performed. These actions are aimed at leveling soil leveling, even in the absence of heating in the building;
- gravel is falling asleep on the prepared land, and then carefully compacted. The quality of the tamping in this case is very important because it is a prevention of emptiness. It is carried out with the help of special tamping mechanisms;
- on gravel, the sand is embanked, which will also be thoroughly trambed and smoothed.
The thickness of the filter layer depends on the characteristics of the soil, as a rule, the sand and gravel pillow is not thicker 15-20 cm each.
Waterproofing layer and rough screed
After filling the foundation, you can proceed to the arrangement of the waterproofing of the future screed. The most popular materials for this purpose are polyvinyl chloride and bitumen-polymer membranes. If the level of moisture for the house is within the normal range, then it is possible to do with a conventional polyethylene film with a thickness of 250 μm, which is placed in two layers.
The edges of the waterproofing material must be slightly higher than the estimated level of the pure concrete screed. Special attention should be paid to the laying of waterproofing in the corners, since it is precisely through them that moisture penetrates. If the material does not fully cover the perimeter of the room, then its elements are stacked by braziness and fixed with the help of tape.
The optimal material for the draft screed is the "skinny" concrete in which rubble is added. The resulting surface should not be perfectly smooth, and high requirements It is not presented to it. It is enough if it won't have the differences in a height of no more than 4 mm. In this case, its thickness should be about 4 cm.
Heat insulating layer
The insulation of a concrete screed is an important stage, so the choice of heat-insulating material pays a lot of attention. He must have such qualities as:
- high strength;
- low thermal conductivity;
- refractory;
- easily use.
Most often, preference is given to the foam, polystyrene foam or mineral wool layer. The required thickness of the material is determined by the location of the house. For example, in the middle lane of Russia for insulation, the plates can be used with a thickness of 10 cm, in less warm regions - up to 20 cm.
The laid thermal insulation material must be covered on top of the film from polyethylene, which performs two destinations at once: prevents penetration concrete solution The space between the elements of the insulation and provides vapor barrier.
Stages of the arrangement of a concrete screed on the soil
Preparatory work end after creating the heat insulating layer. However, immediately move to the pouring of concrete is impossible - it is necessary to take care of the strength and reliability of the future design.
Reinforcement of tie.
The next step is to lay fittings, which will give concrete coating additional strength and durability. Traditionally, the road grid is used for this purpose, the diameter of the rods of the crust varies in the range of 5-6 mm. The dimensions of the cells are 100 * 100 mm or 150 * 150 mm. Such reinforcement warns the appearance of cracks on the screed during shrinkage.
It is best to position the reinforcing layer in several centimeters above the heat insulating material, because it will be inside the concrete coating. If the operational load of the floors is very high, then the reinforcement framework is used.
The photo is clearly visible a mesh laid for waterproofing
Creating a formwork
Before the start of arrangement of the finishing concrete screed, guides and formwork are mounted. This technology allows you to more accurately withstand the specified level. The existing area is divided into equivalent segments whose width does not exceed 2 m. After that, the guides are installed, their height must match the desired screed level. Guides are fastened with a cement mortar, which introduced clay and sand.
Then the formwork is laid into the space between the guides, thereby separating the base on the rectangular parts, in the further filled with cement mortar. Guides and formwork are displayed on the desired level and align the horizon, serving the guarantee of the evenness of the future coating. After the fill, they will be removed from concrete, which is quite difficult to do, therefore, to simplify this process, they are covered with special oil.
In order to obtain a monolithic surface, the pouring of the screed is carried out in several goals:
- works start with an angle located on the opposite side of the door. After filling several rectangles, the solution with a blade is distributed throughout the site;
- then there comes the time of rough alignment, which is carried out by the movement of the rule to himself, while the surplus of concrete is removed;
- on the treated areas, formwork and guides are removed, and the emptiness appeared is filled with cement mixture.
Such an order of action is preserved before filling the entire floor area. For compaction concrete surface You can apply a special vibrator that will speed up the process and removes all empties. When the screed is completely ready and aligned, it is kept under the film 3-4 weeks and periodically moisturize. On the finished monolithic surface, you can pour the alignment tie from concrete M-100 and above.
Creating a tie on the ground is a task, subject to even home masters. Modern technology The process is facilitated as much as possible, the main thing is to comply with the stages of work, to do everything qualitatively and listen to the councils of specialists:
- the level of screed is exhibited taking into account available or planned door openings. Level marking must be carried out throughout the perimeter of the base. Stretched cords will help simplify orientation;
- if a clay layer is involved in the preparatory work, it is expensive to moisten, and then compact - such an obstacle will become almost insurmountable for groundwater;
- concrete screed earth ground - multilayer "Pie", each of the layers in which should be carefully recovered horizontally;
- the thermal insulation characteristics of the concrete floor can be improved using a clay, cork or plywood layer;
- the thickness of the black screed should be about 8 cm, and the heat-insulating layer is at least 10 cm;
- when creating a concrete frame for concrete floor, which will have to withstand serious operational loads, it is best to use rods with a diameter of 8 mm;
- the concrete surface is inclined to the appearance of cracks, deformation seams are created to avoid this trouble. After cutting, they are mandatory sealed;
- to prevent the appearance of dust on the screed, special impregnations are used, which are applied not later than 7 hours after the concrete layer seal.
It is very important when arranging a concrete screed to use high-quality materials, it is especially true of "filling", that is, insulation and waterproofing. If they are going down, the whole design will lose their strength and will not last long. Do not save on materials for a screed, otherwise they will subsequently have to spend much more means for repair.
The result of the implementation of competent works with high-quality materials will be the emergence of a reliable and durable concrete floor. It will not only withstand high operational loads, but also will serve as an ideal basis for applying any of the finish coatings presented in the modern market.
Floors with a properly equipped concrete tie will serve not one year, or even decades. Observing the technological sequence and paying due attention to all its stages, a dilettaking with the creation of a screed, which has very modest cognition about the repair process and possessing minimal skills.
Tables
| Brand concrete | Mass composition, C: P: Sh, kg | Volume composition on 10 l cement p / sh, l | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 1: 4,6: 7,0 | 41/61 | 78 |
| 150 | 1: 3,5: 5,7 | 32/50 | 64 |
| 200 | 1: 2,8: 4,8 | 25/42 | 54 |
| 250 | 1: 2,1: 3,9 | 19/34 | 43 |
| 300 | 1: 1,9: 3,7 | 17/32 | 41 |
| 400 | 1: 1,2: 2,7 | 11/24 | 31 |
| 450 | 1: 1,1: 2,5 | 10/22 | 29 |
| Brand concrete | Mass composition C: P: Sh, kg | Volume composition for 10 liters of cement p / sh, l | The number of concrete from 10 l cement, l |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 1: 5,8: 8,1 | 53/71 | 90 |
| 150 | 1: 4,5: 6,6 | 40/58 | 73 |
| 200 | 1: 3,5: 5,6 | 32/49 | 62 |
| 250 | 1: 2,6: 4,5 | 24/39 | 50 |
| 300 | 1: 2,4: 4,3 | 22/37 | 47 |
| 400 | 1: 1,6: 3,2 | 14/28 | 36 |
| 450 | 1: 1,4: 2,9 | 12/25 | 32 |
| Styrofoam | Polyurene Foolder | Min. plate |
|---|---|---|
| Open cellular structure | There is both open and closed cellular structure | Fibers, chaotic located in vertical and horizontal directions |
| Badly misses moisture | Almost misses moisture | Almost does not absorb moisture |
| Light material | Light material | Mid-light material |
| Average strength | Low strength | Low / average strength |
| The average compression resistance | Low compression resistance indicators | Indicators of compression resistance from low to medium |
| Not toxic | Not toxic, at a temperature of 500 degrees highlights cut and carbon dioxide | Not toxic |
| Not suitable for high load use | Not all plates are suitable for use under high load |
Floor floors are an economical embodiment. country house On the tape foundation. When arranging costs, the costs are minimized, as public materials and tools are used. Concrete as a construction mixture for a screed is most popular due to the availability, low cost, ease of manufacture, high strength and durability.
Requirements for concrete floor on the soil
Despite the lack of need for special skills, some requirements are imposed on a concrete floor device:
- The soils should be dry and fixed with the minimum level of groundwater - 4-5 meters.
- It is recommended to pre-decide on the size of the planned load.
- Choose fill technology: ordinary on the ground or concrete ties with lags.
When underground water closer than two meters to the foundation, waterproofing, with coarser-grained rubble are required. If the "warm floor" technology is used, the construction of a thermal gap is 20 mm between the concrete floor and the wall so as not to damage the fill during operation.
on the soil should be constructed only in heated country house. Otherwise, the soil freezing may occur, which will cause the deformation of the structure due to increased loads. The floor is recommended to pour when the walls and roof are erected, which will increase the quality of the work performed.
Advantages of floors
The advantages of the screeds, equipped with open ground:
- efficiency in comparison with conventional structures;
- simplicity and ease of installation;
- high reliability, strength and stability;
- increased frost resistance;
- the lightness of the warm floor arrangement.
Manufacturing technology
For concreting floors on the ground, you will need a mixture of cement, sand, rubble or gravel. To calculate the number of necessary solutions, multiply the area of \u200b\u200bthe room on the thickness of all layers of the structure. The concrete mixture is prepared in a 1: 2 ratio (cement: sand: gravel or). You can use ready concrete mix. For this, one volume of cement will require 6 volumes of rubble with a size of 20 mm and 3 volume of acute-angular sand.
For cooking large quantities Concrete need a concrete mixer. The first in the mixer on 2/3 is poured dry components of the mixture with the composition specified above. After careful mixing, water is added portion, until a rather plastic solution is obtained. The following portions can be started to cook with water pouring. In the end construction work The concrete mixer needs to be cleaned and rinsed.
Placement level
The zero level of concrete floor is postponed in two stages:
- From the bottom of the door opening, 1 meter is measured, which is transferred to all the walls of the perimeter.
- From the battered top line, 1 meter is resurrected again, and lighthouses are put for the future floor.
Pouring is carried out to the resulting zero level. For easy orientation on the edges in the corners, nails are clogged to which steel thread is stretched.
Clearing and tamping soil
Preparation of the fill site is carried out in several stages:
- Cleaning the soil from garbage.
- The upper layer of the Earth, corresponding to the thickness of the future of the multilayer floor - 30-40 cm.
- Thorough surfaces of the surface with vibrating plates. In the absence of special equipment, the tamper is carried out ordinary board or log. When there are no deep tracks from the legs, the soil is considered compacted enough.
If the thickness of the removable layer of the Earth is greater than 40 cm, follows the sand to the desired level after the seal.
To increase, the soil is covered with clay, which is watering with water and thoroughly tram. Then the sand is saturated. Such a "pillow" will prevent the leakage of groundwater.
Laying layers with gravel, sand and rubble
Pillow of gravel, sand and rubble for the floor in the garage. The following layer is a gravel layer with a thickness of 5-10 cm. For more accurate definition The pegs of the desired height are driving the required level. The resulting layer is watering with water, compacted, the beams are removed. Then the loop sand is stacked with a thickness of 10 cm (you can with impurities). The reservoir watering water and trambed.
The next reservoir of rubble with a grain of 40-50 mm is only compacted. There should be no sticking edges on the surface. All layers of concrete floor are aligned with the horizon by the construction level.
Waterproofing and thermal insulation
In order to increase the waterproofing properties of concrete floor in a country house, an additional layer of polyethylene film is 0.02 cm thick. As an alternative, a waterproofing membrane is used. It is necessary to isolate from a possible ingress of moisture. The entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room with the flax on the walls of 2 cm and between the sheets is. The joints of the connections are skilled with scotch.
There is a wide range of materials to increase thermal insulation: foam, clay, conventional or extruded polystyrene foam, stone-basalt or mineral wool, Perlite, cork products, isolon in rolls, thick moisture resistant plywood. The thermal insulation is stacked after waterproofing.
Reinforcement
The required strength of the concrete screed is achieved by the reinforcement of metallic or plastic mesh. You can also use reinforcement rods or wire. For laying the reinforcing frame, you need to build backups in 2-3 cm high.
Installation of guides and formwork
The guide and formwork will most accurately stand at the pouring of concrete. For this, the area of \u200b\u200bthe future is divided into equal segments. The markings are stacked by boards or bars a height of thief with a zero level. Guides are fixed with a thick solution of sand-cement and clay. The formwork is mounted between waterproof boards plywood to formed honeycombs. With their help, the fill with concrete will correspond to a zero mark. It is recommended to deceive the formwork and guides with special oil, which will facilitate the process of dismantling.