Balcony insulation methods. We choose modern materials that are suitable for insulating the loggia from the inside

Gardeners in love with their business with great pleasure grow vegetables on and stock up on the fruits of their labors for the winter. Numerous seams and vegetables neatly stacked in boxes require special storage conditions. To provide them, you need quality: dry and cool. In this material from the site, we will talk about how to organize a cellar on a site so that it meets all the requirements.

The advantages of a separate cellar for storing vegetables and types of structures

A storage outside the home has its undeniable advantages. The main thing - temperature regime... The home basement is always much warmer, which means there will be higher humidity. In such conditions, carrots and potatoes begin to sprout, and apples wither. In addition, mice and rats tend to a warm home cellar. It's another matter - separately standing structure... If done right, it's cool all year round.

Such designs also have disadvantages. In winter, you will have to go outside to get a jar. If the entrance to the cellar is covered with snow, you will have to wave.

The question naturally arises: how to organize the simplest cellar with your own hands so that it has a convenient entrance and optimal conditions storage in the form of vegetables and glass jars with homemade canned food?

There are three main types of designs that can often be found on summer cottages: cellars on a drainage cushion, classic underground cellars, semi-buried storages.

How to make a ground cellar if groundwater is close

Such structures are relevant for areas with a high level groundwater... To avoid moisture penetration, the base of the cellar is made on a high drainage cushion. To do this, sand, expanded clay or crushed stone are poured into a shallow pit (40-70 cm). This pillow ensures dry storage. It is lined on top of the pillow, a reinforcing frame is placed and poured concrete base... After that, the cellar itself is built from bricks or blocks. For reliable, experts recommend laying. Has proven itself in this regard mineral wool... But you can replace it with sawdust, small expanded clay or other filling material.

Important! If you use sawdust as a heater, they must be treated with copper sulfate or lime.

Outside, the walls of the cellar are protected with moisture-proof, and the roof is covered with metal or other. Roof space is also important with high quality. The ideal option for arranging a cellar with your own hands with a private house is to then fill this entire structure with an earthen hill. In this case, the storage will have ideal conditions, of course, subject to the arrangement of the ventilation system.

For your information! For waterproofing cellars, you can use any kind of materials: roll, membrane, coating and mastic.

How to make a traditional underground cellar right

Underground storage facilities are built quickly and, thanks to the special heat-insulating properties of the soil, they never let their owners down. If there are no problems with the groundwater level on the site, then this the best choice for storing vegetables.

For an earthen cellar, you need to dig a pit with a slight slope of the walls to the outer edges. Such expansion is necessary so that the soil does not crumble over time. Additionally, the walls should be reinforced with plank sheathing.

Advice! If you are lining the walls of the cellar with wood, make the lining collapsible. In this case, it will be possible to dry the boards in the sun in the summer. So there will be no mold and rot on them.

To keep the underground storage dry, you also need to arrange the floor on a sand and gravel cushion.

The ceiling is sewn up and a layer of compacted clay and earth is arranged on top of them with a thickness of at least half a meter. Around the cellar, a ditch is made at least 40 cm deep to drain water.

Semi-recessed cellar made of bricks or blocks

Another model of suburban storage is semi-recessed. As you already understood from the name, it is a cross between an earthen and an overground structure. The walls of such structures are made of either blocks, the storage itself is recessed into the ground by about half the height.

How to choose the right storage

The main criterion for choosing a type of construction is. If the site is regularly flooded in the spring or is located in a swampy area, do not hesitate to choose a ground structure.

If there are no problems with flooding, and the site is located on a plain, build a semi-submerged structure. And the pit does not have to be deeply dug, and it will be convenient to use the cellar.

How to quickly and efficiently make a cellar in the ground with your own hands

The main thing in the construction of a storage facility is to choose the right location for its location. It should not be too far from home so that you do not have to carry jars and sacks of vegetables far. For digging a pit, it is important that the soil is not stony. It is undesirable to place the storage near garden trees- you will damage the roots during construction, and then these same roots will destroy the walls of your cellar in revenge.

Step-by-step instructions for arranging an underground cellar in the country with your own hands

Now let's look at the process of arranging the cellar in more detail.

Illustration	Description of action
	Make a markup for the future cellar, based on the size of the concrete slabs (if you are going to use them). In addition, the storage chamber itself needs to be marked out and the place for descent into it.
	Dig a pit by making a slight slope of the walls as we recommended above.
	The sloped entrance should be approximately 1.2 m wide and 4.5 m long. The slope for a comfortable descent is 30-35 ºС.
	Fill with a sand and gravel cushion, lay a reinforcing mesh on it and fill in a concrete floor.
	In the process of arranging the formwork for the walls, immediately lay the pipes for ventilation. Pipes should be placed on opposite walls at different heights.
	Install wall reinforcement and formwork around the entire storage perimeter, including the entrance area.
	Lay in advance in the places where the steps will be located.
	Pour concrete around the entire perimeter of the vault. Wait until it becomes and remove the formwork. In this process, there is no need to rush; meet the deadline.
	It's time to decide how to block the cellar. Lay on the roof concrete plates and cover them with waterproofing mastic. If you do not plan to use slabs, make formwork and reinforcement for pouring.
	Insulate the storage ceiling with penoplex or other reliable heat insulator.
	To preserve the heat insulator, cover it and cover it with a layer of soil on top. The cellar lid, made by hand, is extremely reliable.
	As a result, you will get such a warm and comfortable cellar, in which your products will be completely safe.

Some nuances in the arrangement of the ventilation system of the cellar

An important factor in the normal functioning of the storage facility is ventilation. Without it, the cellar will always be damp, the wooden paneling and shelves will become moldy, the lids of the cans will rust, and the vegetables will rot.

Consists of an inflow pipe fresh air and the channel through which the air will leave this room. The easiest way is to take two plastic pipes large diameter(about 15 cm) and place them as follows: the entrance to the supply pipe should be located half a meter from the floor, and an exhaust hole should be located on the opposite side under the ceiling.

Important! The exhaust and supply pipes must not be located at the same height.

The upper edge of the ventilation pipes must be protected from rain with a cap. It will not be superfluous to install mesh barriers in the pipes from rodents.

Construction technology of the above-ground storage structure

In order to build an aboveground structure, building material will be required - it may not necessarily be bricks or blocks. The walls of the vault can be made from a mixture of clay, adobe, or by using several layers of quality insulation.

How to make a ground cellar in the country with your own hands: step by step

The thicker the walls of the above-ground cellar, the better it will maintain the optimum temperature. Step-by-step construction of a cellar with your own hands will look like this.

Illustration	Description of action
	As in the first case, you need to do the markup. Dig a shallow pit, make a gravel pad for waterproofing.
	Lay waterproofing material and reinforcing mesh on the bottom of the pit. Pour the concrete base.
	After the foundation has been established, start the brickwork.
	Protect the outside with a waterproofing foil as you build the walls. Use roll material.
	When the height of the cellar is sufficient, lay a metal profile or flat slate as a base for pouring.
	To overlap the cellar with your own hands, install a reinforcing mesh and fill the roof of the cellar with concrete.
	Make an entrance area and steps, cover it all with a roof.
	Cover the structure with earth for better thermal insulation. A self-made bulk cellar will be your reliable assistant.

How to make comfortable shelves with your own hands in a cellar: photo examples

The storage system in the cellar should have shelves for displaying jars and boxes for storing vegetables. What shelves and boxes in the cellar can be made of is a question that becomes key at the time of arranging the finished structure.

The simplest and a budget option for storing vegetables - plastic perforated boxes. They have special grooves, thanks to which you can put them one on top of the other. Shallow, they provide good ventilation, so necessary for vegetables and fruits. If desired, the fruits in such boxes can be sprinkled with shavings or sawdust, having previously laid newspapers so that the backfill does not spill into the holes of the boxes.

Vegetables can also be stored in large wooden boxes. But this will have to periodically go through the entire box in order to remove the spoiled fruits, and it will not be very convenient to get them when the box is almost empty.

Salted cucumbers, sauerkraut and other starter cultures are best placed in sealed plastic barrels.

And finally, the shelves. You can make them out of wood or. In any case, they need to be stable, anchored to the walls, and strong enough to support a lot of weight. Please note: a three-liter can of homemade preservation weighs approximately 4.5-5 kg. So think about it, if you put 10 cans in 2 rows on a rack, then this is already 100 kg.

Metal carcass will ensure the strength of the structure, you do not risk accidentally breaking the jar by installing it on wooden surface... Boards can be exposed in the sun in the summer so that they dry out properly.

Important! The material for the shelves in the cellar must be carefully processed in order to protect it from rot and corrosion. The tree needs to be plated and the metal painted.

What are ready-made cellars for summer cottages and features of their installation

Can be used as a ready-made structure for a cellar. The volumes of such structures are thousands of liters. They are made of durable plastic and have stiffening ribs. Such cellars come with a side or vertical entrance. A ventilation system can be installed here. Such caissons can be dug into the ground, even if the water level is very high.

The disadvantage of plastic cellars is their more than decent cost. The bunker itself will cost about 65 thousand rubles. And if you put it on, attracting hired workers, then this is another 40 thousand from above. Why so expensive? The fact is that with a high occurrence of groundwater, the caissons are squeezed out of the ground. Correct installation provides for the installation of a concrete base. In addition, installation ventilation system in a plastic box is not an easy task, you will have to invite a professional. Another tricky part is installing storage shelves. It is difficult to fix them to the walls or floor without breaking the tightness of the caisson. We'll have to prepare special spacers, and at the same time, the design of the shelves will not be particularly reliable. So it turns out that it will be possible to store only boxes of potatoes in such a cellar. 100-120 thousand - a bit expensive for such purposes, you must agree.

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A cellar is a small room underground on the territory of a private house, which is used to store various food products. Its main advantages are that it does not occupy useful space on the territory of the site and, thanks to its underground placement, a low temperature will be constantly observed in the cellar. Small problems can arise only due to high humidity, but it can also be regulated by providing an underground room with a simple ventilation system.

The cellar can be installed at the stage of building a house, and already in finished building in one of the rooms. The technology for building a cellar in both cases will not differ much, but when digging a cellar in a separate room, you will have to tinker a little with the transportation of the dug earth from the house to the street.

Yes, this is quite real, because the basement from the cellar, in fact, is not very different. Both rooms are most often used to store any items: a grocery cellar, a basement for tools and items that are unnecessary at the moment. The main differences between them are that the basement must be warm enough above zero and the minimum amount of humidity so that the tools do not start to corrode. In the cellar, on the contrary, it is necessary to maintain a cool temperature slightly above zero and high humidity.

The cellar can be made, as well as from the entire basement, or by allocating a small area for the cellar. To rework the basement, you must turn off heating system, equip the room with a ventilation system, and trim the walls with heat-insulating material to preserve low temperature... To convert a small part of the basement into a cellar, it is necessary to carry out all the operations described above on the territory of this site and separate it with a wooden partition from the main basement.

Preparing for the construction of a cellar with your own hands

Before starting work, it is worth deciding whether it is even possible to dig a cellar on the site. When deciding to dig a cellar, it is worth deciding on two main things:

1. Soil type. If the site is located on rocky terrain, then it will be almost impossible to dig a cellar, or the cost of it will cost gigantic sum of money.
2. Groundwater location. Without taking into account this feature, it is highly likely that even a cellar with the best waterproofing system will eventually be flooded with water.

Of course, it is much more convenient to find out the level of groundwater with the help of a geodesic survey of the area even at the stage of building a house, in order to determine the advisability of digging a cellar. But if you have to install an underground room in an already finished house, then you need to determine the level of groundwater with your own hands.

• Find out the water level in the nearest wells
• Make a well with a depth of 2-2.5 meters, and after 2 days check if there is water in it

If after checking it turned out that the water level is only one meter below the water level, then the idea of ​​building a cellar will have to be abandoned, since the cellar must be at least one and a half meters underground so that the temperature in it remains at a consistently low level. The cellar, optimal in terms of comfort and temperature (5 ° C), should be at least 2 meters high.

Cellar area must be at least 5 square meters, this is so that there is not only freedom of movement, but also it is possible to arrange racks for storing food and separate containers for storing vegetables. Also, do not forget that digging a pit should be half a meter in height and width more than the required size, this space will be used for additional finishing of the floor and walls with heat and waterproofing.

Before starting work, it is important to take into account the correct location of the cellar itself, since it should not be close to the walls of the house, which will lead to deformation of the foundation and the subsequent destruction of the house. However, buildings built using pile foundation technology are devoid of such a drawback.

Choosing a material

When choosing a material for building a cellar, special attention should be paid to such properties:

• Strength and durability. It must have high bearing capacity so that for decades it can hold on itself not only the mass of the house, but also the possible pressure of the underground soil.
• Moisture protection. Since humid air will always circulate in the cellar, it is important that Construction Materials did not collapse under the influence of moisture. Also, the possible impact of groundwater increases the necessary requirements for the moisture resistance of materials.

Most best materials for the construction of a cellar:

There are two of the most commonly used options: a vertical hatch and a stair descent through the door. The first option is much cheaper and does not require additional space for stepped descent, but in terms of operation, it is much less comfortable and safe.

Construction works

When the process of preparation and planning has come to an end, then proceed to construction works, which are divided into several stages:

• Cellar floor
• Finishing

Most often this is the least difficult stage, since specialized equipment can be used, but if the cellar is created in one of the rooms of the house, then there can be no question of any technique. We have to carry out all the excavation work on our own, which will be further complicated by the forced transportation of the dug earth through the premises of the house to the street.

When digging into the depth, it will not be superfluous to strengthen the walls of the pit with selections so that the earth does not crumble from them during work.

Cellar floor

Today, the most popular flooring is the concrete floor. Of course, you can save money and not equip the coating in the cellar at all and stop on a field made of soil, but it is not recommended to use it for a number of reasons:

• A huge number of various pests can enter the cellar through the soil, from insects to large rodents
• The ground floor is not protected by anything from groundwater
• Harmful anaerobic bacteria may develop underground

The first step is to level the floor of the pit and fill it with a sand cushion and crushed stone to a height of 20-30 cm. The main thing is that the cushion is reliably tamped, solid and even without height differences, then it will ensure high reliability of the concrete floor without its possible deformations in the future. We put a waterproofing material on top of the pillow, which will provide not only protection of concrete from the effects of underwater waters, but also greater strength due to the fact that concrete mix will not go into the lower layers of the floor.

After waterproofing, a reinforcing mesh is laid out, which ensures the solidity of the concrete floor. It is important that the reinforcement is at least 5 mm in diameter, tightly connected to the wall and rests on small supports at a height of 3 cm from the waterproofing material. You can start pouring concrete on the floor, then leave it to dry for 7 days, and in order for the floor to grasp as much as possible, you will have to wait at least 3 more weeks.

Most often, in the cellars, preference is given to walls made of bricks, concrete blocks or monolithic concrete. Although the wall looks visually more attractive with the help of red brick masonry, the most rational material in terms of price and performance is pouring with monolithic concrete.

The reinforced concrete structure is installed according to the following order:

1. At the beginning it is necessary to install near the walls reinforced mesh, the rods of which must be at least 1 cm in diameter. For greater wall strength, you can also put iron pipe scraps or any other metal waste material in it.
2. We expose the formwork. The construction of the walls in the cellar does not require pouring it all at once, on the contrary, it is necessary to fill it layer by layer, tamping it down and letting it dry. That is why in order to build the formwork, a minimum of boards will be required, because they can simply be rearranged higher and higher with raising the level of the formwork and so on until the overlap
3. For pouring, it is recommended to use concrete M200, and add waterproofing additives to the solution. The walls will be completely dry only after a few weeks.

The construction of a ceiling in the cellar is necessary for the most part to maintain a low temperature inside the room, which is provided with a layer of thermal insulation material.

To install the overlap, it is necessary to screw a wooden shield to the supporting beams of the cellar, which should be tightly filled with heat-insulating materials (this can be glass wool or foam). To maintain a stable temperature of about 5 C ° in the cellar, a layer of heat-insulating material should be at least 10 cm, and a waterproofing material is placed on top of it (it can even be the most ordinary polyethylene), which is nailed to the boards with a stapler.

Finishing

At this stage, all the necessary racks, lighting, stairs and a hatch are installed. All wooden elements inside the cellar must be treated with antiseptic agents so that they do not deteriorate under the influence of moisture. Also, do not forget that for greater ease of lifting, the ladder must be placed at an angle, and the steps must be 20 cm wide.

A ventilation system is necessary in an underground room to keep the air fresh, since vegetables emit water vapor during storage, and an excessive amount of dampness will destroy the cellar from the inside.

It is not difficult to create a working ventilation system in the cellar: only two pipes leading from the cellar to the street are required: one is located near the ceiling, the other slightly above the floor level. It will not be superfluous to equip the ends of the pipe with rodent protection.

conclusions

Building a cellar will be an excellent solution for every owner of a private house, especially for those who have a summer cottage and their own plot of vegetables and fruits. With a cellar, you no longer need to worry about looking for a place to store food.

The owners of summer cottages and country houses... A city dweller under the word "cellar" certainly represents a deep hole in the ground. While in rural areas it is not uncommon to find an above ground cellar - an excellent alternative to the traditional, buried storage facility.

Such a structure is distinguished not only by its large capacity, but also by the optimal microclimate, which allows keeping food fresh for several months. And building it with your own hands is quite simple. The construction cost is also quite low in comparison with the underground option.

A ground or horse cellar can be built on any site, including those with high groundwater levels. At the same time, the cellar, like any other outbuilding, can be beautifully decorated, and thereby make your site even more attractive. But first things first.

Choosing a place on the site

The durability of the aboveground cellar and the safety of the products in it depends precisely on the correctly chosen location of the building. Construction should be carried out on a dry (preferably elevated) place so that the groundwater level is 50-60 cm below the bottom of the storage facility.

It is better to choose a place for construction on a hillock.

If the water is very close, you should first create a cushion of sand and gravel under the bottom of the storage facility. It's also easy to do it yourself. Drainage will prevent water from leaking into the room.

Well, now it's time to decide on the type of this very repository.

Features of ground storage

The main difference between the cellars from each other lies in the only indicator - the location relative to the soil level. A ground cellar is built entirely on the surface, in contrast to underground ones, which are buried in the ground half or completely.

Ground cellars are:

1. Detached, that is, erected as an autonomous structure.
2. Wall mounted. In this case, the wall of an existing building acts as one of the walls of the cellar: the house of the barn, etc. The above-ground wall cellar will not be discordant with the surrounding landscape.

Despite the external differences, both construction options have undeniable advantages:

• They occupy a small area of ​​the site.
• Flooding is completely excluded in them.
• Excellent functionality at any time of the year with absolute energy independence.
• Ease of use, due to the relatively large size of the cellar, in contrast to the usual household refrigerators.

But, of course, like in any other structure, you can notice some disadvantages here:

There are three main types of surface storage design.

Regular storage shed with embankment

This is the simplest structure. It looks more like a hut, and planks or logs are used to build it. Moreover, it is not at all necessary to buy new ones, because on each site there will be previously used building materials.

Scheme for the construction of a vegetable store.

To build such a cellar with your own hands, you need to perform just a few operations:

1. Shredded logs, no more than 25 cm in diameter, should be covered with bitumen or burned to a height of 50-60 cm, which will double their service life.
2. Dig in the workpieces with a processed edge into the ground along the perimeter of the future building. Tie the upper ends tightly together with long poles. Thus, a holistic structure is obtained.
3. Make a slab crate and a plank roof.
4. Cover the structure with roofing material, that is, create the necessary waterproofing.
5. Arrange thermal insulation: sew up the end side in 2 rows with boards and lay a layer of roofing material between them.
6. Fill (dump) with peat soil, which perfectly retains heat. Sow any undersized or creeping plants.
7. On the north side, make an entrance with an insulated door and a canopy above it.
8. To dig a not very deep ditch around the entire perimeter of the built cellar - to create protection from the approach of water.
9. Arrange ventilation: a wooden box equipped with a regulating valve and a pair of pipes: an exhaust (under the ceiling) and a flow pipe, located 50 cm above the floor level, will serve as the hood.

This is how the storage shed may look from the outside.

The optimal size of the storage shed is 4x8 meters. Its service life is about 10 years.

Important! The edges of the roof should hang almost to the ground. Thus, the built cellar should outwardly imitate a hut. And the snow that has fallen in winter will act as a natural insulation.

There is also a collapsible storage model - for those who do not want to clean their vegetable store every year. As a rule, it is erected in early autumn, and dismantled in the spring. However, after that, the soil should be dug to the depth of the shovel bayonet and treated with a 5% solution of copper sulfate. That is, to disinfect the soil. The service life of such a cellar can also reach 10-12 years.

Cellar without embankment

Cellar, built completely above ground level, like a regular outbuilding.

Building such a storage facility with your own hands, having some construction skills, is quite simple. You just need to follow the sequence of work:

1. Make a markup of the future ground cellar and remove the sod. Dig a hole no more than 50-60 cm deep, and collect the earth in a heap (it will still be needed). Then, align and properly tamp the prepared area.
2. Arrange a drainage pad made of expanded clay, fine gravel or coarse sand, that is, equip the cellar with the necessary waterproofing.
3. Create reliable protection from rodents: put a layer of 10-12 cm of well-soaked and mashed clay on a prepared pillow.
4. Lay (drown) red bricks flat in it. Moreover, the gap between them should be minimal.
5. Lay out the side walls with a brick (put on the edge). The binder is a mixture of sand, clay and lime. In this case, the masonry should rise above ground level on the bayonet of the shovel.
6. Make the ceiling and walls: to build a ground cellar, you need thick enough boards (forty or fifty). They should be sewn in 2 rows, each laying with heat-insulating material (expanded clay, foam, moss and others).
7. Sheathe with roofing material finished walls- this will avoid the occurrence of undesirable drafts in the vegetable store.
8. On one of the end sides of a self-built ground cellar, arrange a manhole with inner and outer doors. With the onset of severe cold weather, insulation must be laid between them. It is also necessary to build a small vestibule, which would contribute to more reliable thermal insulation of the storage facility. Install a ventilation pipe on the same side.
9. Build a roof: it can be single or gable. Any material will serve as a material for it. roofing material: slate or roofing material.
10. Dig around the perimeter of a self-built ground cellar drainage ditch up to 50 cm deep and equip a blind area (1 m wide) with a slight slope from the storage. This will protect it from flooding.

Ground wall cellar

A good solution that saves the area of ​​the site is to build a cellar near load-bearing wall at home. Moreover, with minimal material costs (subject to do-it-yourself work).

Scheme for the construction of a wall storage.

The order of work is as follows:

1. Designate the perimeter of the future building (its size is selected individually).
2. Lay out the walls of the storage: the material can be fired brick or monolithic concrete; masonry is performed in 1 brick using sand- cement mortar in a 3x1 proportion. Internal and external walls must be thoroughly plastered with cement mortar.
3. Outside the cellar, apply 2 layers of bituminous grease, that is, create a reliable waterproofing.
4. Make the floor - level it well earth surface, clean it up and make a concrete substrate with a thickness of no more than 20 cm.
5. After the concrete has completely hardened (after 7-10 days), pour cement-sand mortar 5-6 cm thick, that is, finally create the floor in the cellar. At the same time, in order to avoid the occurrence of unnecessary stresses in the building, all concrete works should be done in one day. So the mass will solidify evenly over the entire area.
6. Build a multi-layer roof using slab, clay and 2 layers of roofing material.
7. Embankment with dry (preferably fertile) soil and sow it with stunted perennials.
8. Along the entire perimeter of a self-built ground cellar, make a blind area with a slight slope to the side of the building and dig a shallow (20-25 cm) groove to drain rain or melt water.
9. Equip with shelves and all kinds of necessary containers for storing vegetables and home preservation.

Important! You should not neglect any of the systems (waterproofing, ventilation, insulation, drainage), since they are all equally important, interrelated and support each other.

Any outbuilding can be beautifully decorated.

It should be remembered that the best time for the construction of a cellar, it is summer, when the level of ground (ground) waters is at its lowest.

Thus, a ground cellar built according to all the rules with your own hands will bring only benefit and satisfaction to its owners for many years.

Any private plot it is quite difficult to imagine without such a type of building as a cellar. It greatly assists in the storage of many foods by ensuring the optimum temperature and humidity.

At the same time, not everyone knows how to properly build a cellar on the site, so that it correctly performs all the functions that are entrusted to it. It is not very difficult to build this structure, considering all aspects and features of this process.

In order to dig a free-standing cellar, on a plot or in a garden, it is best to use environmentally friendly, natural materials... They will not be toxic to the products that will be stored in the facility.

If this is not terrible for preservation, then this factor can be very unfavorable for vegetables and fruits in open boxes. They are able to absorb certain odors, as well as some substances. Experts also do not recommend using metal when building a cellar. It can serve as a conductor of cold, which violates the optimal storage temperature for food in the winter season.

In order to build a cellar with your own hands, you will need the following materials:

1. For the construction of walls, you will need either brick or foam blocks. Concrete slabs can be used whenever possible.
2. The floor is filled with cement mortar. For non-use directly cement itself, sand, water, crushed stone and reinforcement.
3. As a basis for floors, either ready-made concrete slabs are used, or they are filled with pouring. For it, you will need the appropriate wooden formwork, reinforcement and concrete itself.
4. As you can use, geomembrane, and roofing material attached to the walls with mastic.
5. For the roof, you will need both the appropriate wood (bars and boards) and roofing material.
6. inside the cellar can be equipped with two plastic pipes.
7. For openings in the form of a hatch and a door, they are most often used Various types lumber, or buy finished products.
8. As interior decoration walls experts recommend using either plaster mixes, or wooden planks... They can sheathe both the walls themselves and the ceiling.

The internal structure of the cellar is equipped with appropriate elements - shelves, shelves, drawers, etc. For their manufacture, wood is most often used. In certain cases, the structure is made of metal, after which it is sheathed with boards.

It is worth being prepared for the fact that all wooden elements will need to be properly processed. For this, various antiseptics are used to protect the material from various microorganisms, mold, decay, etc.

Preparation of the pit and pouring the foundation

The bottom of the pit itself should be tamped down and strewn with sand and gravel. This is necessary so that the structure itself does not sink. The drain pad should be about 30 centimeters thick. Sand takes up 20 centimeters, while gravel needs to be laid on top of it. This material should be tamped very hard from above so that it penetrates deep inside. (About drainage at the site)

Reinforcement should be laid on top of the sand and gravel layer. It is best to use rods with a diameter of about 8 millimeters. They can be connected to each other, either with a wire, or connected using welding equipment. From above, the resulting layer must be poured with concrete. To prepare it, it is not necessary to use any special formula - the sand with cement should be diluted in a ratio of 3 to 1. This part of the cellar should harden for about one week, after which you can start laying the walls.

Near the foundation, you can dig a few tens of centimeters in breadth of the structure. This space will make it easier to build a cellar. After completion of the work, it should be filled with soil.

Waterproofing device

In fact, just digging a cellar is not enough, since you also need to pay attention to other types of work. First of all, this applies to waterproofing and foundations. As for the insulation from water that is in the ground or can penetrate into it, then special materials are used for this, which do not allow contact of the liquid, both with the floor and with the walls of the structure.

The cheapest and most common waterproofing material that is used to equip the cellar is roll roofing felt. Glue it in several layers going in opposite directions from each other. For good adhesion, a material such as tar is used. If you do it well, underground part the cellar (or rather, its floor) will be well protected from water leakage.

Instead of roofing material, you can use a modern material for waterproofing - geomembrane

Since the walls are also exposed to liquids, they, like the bottom of the cellar, should be covered with waterproofing. But it is worth starting this work after the walls have been erected. It is worth remembering that roofing material must be folded a little on them in this case. They cover the walls from above due to the fact that these places are quite vulnerable, being often directly at ground level.

Cellar wall construction

How to make walls correctly, many people do not know when building cellars. This is due to the fact that a wide variety of materials are used for this part of the structure, which implies certain differences in the implementation of the entire process. Most often, either concrete or brick or foam blocks are used for walls.

For those who are interested in the question of how to build a concrete cellar, there is a fairly simple answer. First of all, it is worth building a reinforcing cage. For it, two vertical rows of 10 mm reinforcement are used, connected to each other by a wire in a three-dimensional structure. On both sides, it is necessary to build a wooden formwork around it.

When it is created, you can start pouring this limited volume with pre-prepared concrete. In order not to form any voids in it, you need to use a special construction vibrator.

It is worth noting at what distance the elements of the wooden formwork of the walls should be from each other. A width of 10 centimeters is sufficient. This layer allows you to create a good microclimate in the food storage room itself.

The concrete walls should take about 2-3 weeks to gain strength. Only then can the wooden formwork be removed and proceed to further work.

If a cellar near a private house is built using bricks, then M200 grade cement should be purchased for the mortar. It is best to equip two layers of walls. For them, you need to use only solid brick. When the walls are built, do not forget about the waterproofing layer.

To do this, you can use a special substance with which the outer side is coated from the foundation to the very top. Roofing material should be glued on top of it. It is better to do just that, spending more money, than to redo the entire structure after just a couple of years due to leaks, the formation of mold and mildew.

The outer side of the walls can be additionally clad with clay. It is a fairly dense material that can trap liquid. Only a 10 cm layer protects the cellar well from negative impact groundwater.

Arrangement of the entrance

There are many different entrances that can be used for a cellar. Most simple option is an ordinary hatch with a manhole. Most often, they resort to this method of organizing the entrance in cases where there is a limited space, or as a result of the fact that the depth of the structure is very large.

It is worth noting that from the hatch cover to the ceiling directly indoor space must be at least 1 meter. Often, two types of coverings are equipped: one is external, the second is internal between the manhole and the cellar. To descend into the basement, use a regular basement staircase.

More complete is the entrance, equipped with a wide door overlooking the surface. Behind it there is a gentle staircase that allows you to gradually descend into the underground storage. Such an entrance to the cellar from the street can be appropriately ennobled, making it quite attractive and interesting.

It is worth remembering that the door must also be sheathed with waterproofing material from the inside. It is best if there is a vestibule behind it - a room into which air of street temperature can enter without getting directly into the room where the food is stored. In this case, the underground part of the structure will be quite large, but more convenient and functional. In addition, in this case, you can make a full-fledged staircase made of concrete or bricks with an angle of inclination of about 45 degrees.

Roof installation

Before you make a cellar in a private house or on the street, you should think about how all of its elements will look. First of all, this applies to those parts of the structure that will be visible to all people, that is, the exterior itself. You can cover the cellar different ways, each with advantages and disadvantages. It can be in the form of a lean-to or gable roof... From above it can be covered with turf or soil, thereby additionally creating thermal insulation for the room.

It is quite easy to equip a roof for a foundation. Initially, the beams should be laid, after which the floor itself in the form of boards should be arrived at them directly. You need to put it on top rafter system... It is necessary to fix the roof on it. A waterproof material should be used for it. In this case, the cellar will look like a small house. If you cover it with natural elements (soil, stones, landscape decorations), then it can quite easily dissolve in this environment.

Can be done without a visible roof. For this, a croaker is used. It should be laid in such a way that the flat side is underneath. It must be covered with plaster and then whitewashed with lime. From above, the structure is closed with roofing material. A straw-clay mixture is laid on top of it, on which soil is poured along with sod. It is best if you cover everything with grass on top.

Do not forget that it is worthwhile to provide space for two pipes in the roof. Their diameter should be 100 millimeters. One hole should go out directly from the very ceiling of the cellar. The other pipe should be positioned so that it does not reach the floor by 30 centimeters.

The excavated cellar, which is separate from the building, is not only a functional room, but also a rather stylish and beautiful element of the courtyard, which should not only be appropriately equipped, but also nicely ennobled.

Video: Basic principles of laying a cellar

Conclusion

Before making a cellar on the street (in a private house), you must carefully prepare. This implies buying necessary materials, creation of an appropriate plan, approximate scheduling of work. In this case, you can be prepared for all the nuances of the construction itself, carrying it out as quickly and correctly as possible.

Built cellar in full compliance with all recommendations experienced craftsmen, will function correctly for a long time, extending the shelf life of food in the personal plot.