Conifers and their fruits. We study the most common conifers in Russia

Deciduous and coniferous trees are always appropriate in decorating your summer cottage. In summer, they go well with flowers and lawns, leaving them in the shade, and in winter they save the garden from dullness with their bright colors. They give fresh air and aroma due to the content essential oils... Modern gardeners no longer see their garden without green plants. There is a huge assortment of species of conifers, so there is plenty to choose from.

Evergreen spruce

Conifers with the name "spruce" look very effective in the garden, both singly and in frequent plantings. Some gardeners build living fences from them. Spruce nowadays is not only a huge culture with dry branches at the bottom and a narrow crown at the top, as we are used to seeing it. The number of thorny trees is regularly replenished with different varieties. In summer cottages spruce trees are most in demand, eg:

• Acrocona. Attains maturity 3 m high and 4 m wide;
• Inversa. Barely this variety is up to 2 meters wide and up to 7 meters high;
• Maxwellii. A small tree with a width and height not exceeding 2 meters;
• Nidiformus. A compact tree in width and height of about 1.5 m;
• Glauca. Blue spruce.

Fir from the Pine family

The dark green needles of the fir are very soft. Young animals grow for a rather long time, but at the age of 10 years, development is much accelerated. Fir is a very popular tree, but many cannot answer whether it belongs to coniferous or deciduous. Among gardeners Fir varieties are in special demand:

• Columnar fir;
• Prostrale;
• Nana. Fir reaches a height of half a meter, and a meter wide, flattened crown;
• Argenta. Silvery needles with a white tip;
• Glauca. Blue fir, wax bloom on the needles;
• Veriegata. There are yellow spots on the needles.

Juniper from the Cypress family

Juniper in the list of conifers is famous for its bactericidal and medicinal properties, some varieties have fruits in the form of berries. The plant appeared in the world about 50 million years ago. There are about 80 varieties.

Among the variety of junipers there are both 20 cm dwarfs and 40-meter giants... Each such plant has its own characteristics, not only with regards to the shape of the crown, but also in the rules for care. In summer cottages, varieties are most often found:

• Gold Cone. About 4 m high and a meter wide, the branches form a narrow conical shape;
• Hibernika. It reaches a height of about 4 m, a crown with a diameter of a meter, columnar and very narrow, has blue inedible berries;
• Green Carpet. A dwarf tree up to 50 cm high, in a volume of one and a half meters;
• Suecica. It stretches in height up to 3.5 m, in width up to a meter, columnar crown.

Junipers are better plant away from fruit trees, because they are carriers of rust. Other crops are separated by tall plants for the sake of prevention. Disease-affected areas of the branches are either cut off or treated with various fungicides.

Cedar trees

Cedars are most often found in the parks of English estates, it is a large southern tree. By them decorate the front door or a large lawn in front of the estate. These trees create a homely atmosphere.

Cedars in their natural form are bulky and rise on the mountains. In height such species grow up to 60 m. No one can say for sure how many species of cedar there are.

Some scientists are convinced that all individuals are the same and recognize only the Livonian breed, others also distinguish the Atlas, Himalayan and short-coniferous varieties. In the "Catalog of Life", which includes all types of plants and animals, a description of all varieties is given, except for the short-coniferous.

The cedar has many varieties for design, which differ in color and dimensions:

• Glauca. A tree with blue needles;
• Brevaramulosa. The cedar has long and sparse branches;
• Stricta. The tree has dense short branches;
• Pendula. Branches falling down;
• Tortuosa. The difference is the twisting branches;
• Nana and Nana Pyramidata. Dwarf trees, the latter variety is distinguished by branches tending upward.

Stunted cypress

The evergreen plant resembles a cypress in appearance, it grows up to 80 meters in height. Scientists are trying to develop new varieties to delight summer residents.

In landscape design, low varieties are often used to create fences, medium trees are planted singly, and dwarf trees are settled in mixborders or rock gardens. The cypress has very soft and fluffy needles. The needles are not prickly at all, they are pleasant to touch.

The most popular are dwarf trees below 4 meters. Among them stand out:

• Ericoides. Shovel-shaped cypress up to 2 m high;
• Nana Gracilis. Round crown, tree grows up to half a meter;
• Ellwoodii. Pyramidal crown, the trunk grows up to 2 meters;
• Minima Aurea. Dwarf plant, with a pyramidal rounded crown;
• Compacta. A small, compact tree with dense branches.

Dwarf cypress varieties do not winter well. They do not freeze under the snow, but they can dry out. Be sure to monitor the density of the snow cover.

Cypress varieties

In the wild, cypress appears to be an evergreen crop with a crown in the form of a pyramid or a cone, a very thick bark at the trunk, foliage pressed against branches. About 30 species of cypress are known, of which about eight are highly popular in landscape design... Each variety has its own care conditions and growing rules. The most common varieties:

• Benthamii. Graceful hat and bluish needles;
• Lindleyi. He has large cones and bright green needles;
• ristis. Downward-growing branches, columnar crown;
• Aschersoniana. Stunted view;
• Compacta. Shrub with bluish needles;
• Сonica. The crown is like a pin, bluish needles with a haze, which cannot stand frost;
• Fastigiata. Bluish needles on a stocky tree;
• Glauca. Column-like cap, silver-colored needles.

Slender tree - larch

Larch, judging by the name, like linden, is often attributed to deciduous. But she refers to conifers, namely to pine family... This is a rather tall tree, it sheds needles.

IN good conditions for growth, the tree can grow to a height of about 55 m, and in diameter reach a meter.

The bark is very thick, covered with brownish grooves. The branches grow chaotically upward, forming a cone-shaped cap. The needles are very soft, green in color, as long as a spruce. There are 15 types of wood. Among them are especially popular:

• Weeping;
• Corley. Cushion tree;
• Kornik. Spherical larch;
• Blue Dwar. A short tree with blue needles;
• Diana. Grows under two meters, spherical crown, branches in the form of spirals, green needles with a haze;
• Stiff Weeper. Elongated sprouts creep along the soil, needles with a bluish tint;
• Wolterdinger. Dense cap, dome-shaped, the development of the tree is very slow.

Mountain pine

There are approximately 120 species of pines known in the world. Pine trees differ from other conifers by their fragrant needles, which are located on the branches in bunches. The types of pines are determined according to the number of needles.

The roots of the tree air dry in about 20 minutes. It is best to plant them in the early fall or spring.

Scientists have bred many miniature trees for the garden. Huge varieties can be found in forest and park areas. And in the summer cottages, undersized species of pines look spectacular. Green bushes can be planted in rock gardens and mixborders. The most popular are the varieties of mountain pine:

• Pine Dwarf, which grows up to 2 meters in height and crown diameter;
• Columnaris. The bush grows three meters in height and in width, it has thick and rather long needles;
• Mops. Due to the branches at the crown, a ball shape is formed;
• Mini Mops. The bush is cushion-shaped;
• Globosa Viridis. The bush is egg-shaped, needles up to 10 cm long.

Decorative thuja

Small conifers found in many public gardens and parks. Plants are cultivated for decoration. Gardeners note the resistance of trees to dry weather, frosty periods and decay.

Thuja has thick roots, branches growing upward, which form pyramidal or columnar shapes, dark leaves and small bumps that ripen very quickly. Breeders bred creeping, dwarf and weeping species. Of these, the leader is western thuja(occidentalis), which grow very quickly, reach a height of about 8 m and a diameter of about 2 meters. An evergreen shrub, only the Sloth of Gold variety with orange needles has differences, in winter with copper branches. These are best grown in the shade with neutral soil.

In Europe, thuja appeared and became popular thanks to French king Francis the First. He loved unique plants and constantly planted them in his garden. He called Tuya the tree of life and planted large areas around his estate with it. Two hundred years later, the plant was cultivated in the east of Europe. In the wild, thuja can grow up to 40 m, so gardeners were sad, growing a tree from seeds and getting huge individuals.

The medium-sized Columna produces a dense, narrow crown. It can be seen from afar by the dark green shiny needles, which do not change all seasons. The tree is frost-resistant and low maintenance.

Holmstrup is ideal for small gardens: it is small, with a lush conical crown and rich green color. The variety is resistant to frost, tolerates cutting of branches well. In young specimens, they form into a narrow cone, but straighten out with age. The needles are green, glossy. When leaving, you will need a constantly moist soil.

Cryptomeria - Japan's national tree

Occurs on mountain slopes, in wild forest areas and in park alleys. Cryptomeria belongs to conifers, it can grow up to 60 m, and the trunk in girth reaches 2 meters.

The needles have a dark or light shade, the branches create a lush, thick cap. The needles are sometimes colored with a red or yellow tint. They look like an awl, but do not prick when touched. They have small brownish bumps. Cryptomeria belongs to the cypress family, it has no varieties. The tree's connections with the east are explained by its other name.

People among themselves call the tree "Japanese cedar", although no general properties they do not have among themselves. The tree is royal in nature, very majestic, so it is difficult to imagine it as a shrub grown on summer cottage or in the apartment space. But scientists who are engaged in the creation of new varieties have taken care of this. There are now many dwarf forms of cryptomeria that do not grow above two meters.

When choosing evergreen decorations for your summer cottage, you need to know the types of existing trees, understand their rates of development and the required care. Indeed, instead of decorating on your personal plot, you can get an unnecessary huge tree that will shade all the plants in the circle.

Sometimes, looking at evergreen conifers, people think: why does a person have such a short life on earth? Intelligent beings who can think, feel and create, on average, live 70-80 years, and ordinary trees- more than a thousand. Perhaps someday the dream of eternal life will come true, and then people will be able to enjoy environment fully. Until that time has come, it is worth getting to know better different kinds conifers to decorate your summer cottage with them.

It is these evergreens that harmoniously fit into any landscape design. Their austere and sophisticated forms stand out clearly on the green lawn in summer. And in cold weather, they refresh Vacation home rich greenery and pleasant resinous aroma. Many gardeners grow evergreen beauties on their plots, because their diversity is truly impressive. They are tall and dwarf. They are found in the form of a pyramid or cone. Therefore, the unforgettable landscape of coniferous trees remains in the hearts of grateful people forever. Let's take a closer look at the most popular types.

Among the huge number of coniferous centenarians, unique specimens are especially impressive: the Old Tikko spruce in Sweden (more than 9 thousand years old), the Methuselah pine in the USA (about 5 thousand). In general, there are up to 20 such trees on the planet.

National favorite - spruce

Probably, there is no person on earth who has not heard about this tree. Many poems and songs have been composed about him, pictures and fairy tales have been written. The plant is associated with various holidays, customs, and sometimes with bad omens... Because of this, the plant suffers from excessive felling, which brings a lot of grief to connoisseurs of nature.

Spruce is an evergreen coniferous tree that belongs to the Pine family, capable of growing up to a height of 35 meters. It has a pyramidal or triangular crown shape, ending with a sharp top. Branches are located along the entire trunk, so it is practically invisible from the side. They grow dark green needles with glossy shiny finish which are much shorter than pine.

The tree is found almost everywhere in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the main component of the Russian taiga, where it grows next to oak, pine, hazel, etc. In nature, there are about 50 types of spruce. Some of them successfully take root on lawns country houses... The following types are especially widely used.

Spruce roots are close to the surface of the soil, so a strong hurricane wind can knock it down. Therefore, the tree should not be planted near living quarters.

Akrokona

This type of spruce is characterized by a wide conical crown with hanging branches. It is considered slow growing. For 30 years it grows up to 4 meters in height. Plant diameter about 3 m. Prefers shaded areas. Spruce tolerates cold temperatures well. IN summer heat needs watering.

Inversa

The tree has a columnar crown and flowing weeping branches, which, like a train, touch the ground. Grows up to a maximum of 8 meters. The diameter of an adult plant is about 2.5 m.

European Maxwelli

A dwarf shrub in the form of a wide cone. It tolerates winter frosts and shaded places without problems. It grows up to one meter in height. The diameter of an adult shrub is 2 m.

Glauka Globoza

The famous spruce stands out with blue needles. It grows up to 2 meters in height. Used in many countries to decorate urban and suburban landscapes. Due to the fact that the tree lends itself to shearing, original blue balls are made from it, which delight their fans all year round.

Fir - a tree with purple cones

Evergreen representative of the genus "Pine". It differs from its close relatives in the features of the needles:

• softness;
• shine;
• flat shape.

White stripes are visible on the underside of each needle, which gives the plant a festive look. The fir tree is decorated with purple cones, which is its main highlight. It grows slowly over 10 years, after which growth accelerates. Lives for about 400 years. Breeders have developed decorative varieties that are used to decorate urban and suburban areas.

Since the needles of a tree have healing properties, growing a fir in a summer cottage is a great idea. It helps in the fight against colds, sciatica and wound healing.

Columnaris

The tree has a straight trunk and a narrow crown resembling a column. Grows up to 10 meters. The dense branches point upwards, giving the tree a majestic character.

Prostrata

This fir is famous for its long branches outstretched above the ground, which can reach 2.5 meters in length.

Argenta

The variety is characterized by original silvery needles, the tips of which are painted in a whitish color. Every spring, shoots of a yellow color of a luminescent nature emerge from its buds. This unusual combination creates a stunning view of the site. country house... And it lasts almost a whole month.

Nana

A dwarf tree that grows only up to 50 cm. The diameter of an adult plant is 1 m. The crown is rounded, slightly flattened. It takes root wonderfully in small areas.

Majestic cedar

Since time immemorial, these trees have been considered a symbol of greatness. In their natural environment, they grow at an altitude of 3 km above sea level and resemble real giants. They grow up to 50 meters. They live for more than two centuries.

Despite its greatness, it is a unique tree, as it can decorate any garden landscape. If you put it at the front door, it creates an atmosphere of some kind of celebration. On spacious lawns - home comfort.

Some dwarf varieties are used to grow bonsai plants. To create original landscapes, species are widely used that differ:

• the color of the needles;
• the length of the needles;
• the size of the tree.

By picking up suitable view it is advisable to first get acquainted with the plant. For home cultivation use the following varieties:

Mysterious larch

Many people think that if a tree is called larch, then it is not a coniferous species. In fact, this is not the case. The plant is a representative of the Pine family, but unlike its relatives, it loses its needles in the fall.

Larch grows up to 50 m in height. In this case, the trunk reaches 1 m in diameter. The branches grow in a chaotic manner, with a barely noticeable slope. As a result, a cone-shaped crown is formed. The needles are noticeably flattened, soft to the touch, bright green in color. In the natural environment, there are 14 different varieties. For garden design the following types are used:

This variety allows you to create magnificent landscapes on the territory of summer cottages.

Dignified pine

Biologists count over a hundred different varieties of such an evergreen. Moreover, a distinctive feature is the number of needles on one bundle. The pine tree often grows up to a height of 50 meters. The straight trunk is covered with reddish-brown cracking bark. Long needles are located on the spreading branches of the tree and have a rich aroma. Pine lives for about 600 years and perfectly tolerates cold and summer heat.

Planting a pine tree should be done quickly, as its roots can dry out in a quarter of an hour. Such a plant does not take root in a new territory.

For garden decoration, breeders have created original miniature species:

Without a doubt, such evergreen living decorations are suitable for creating landscape rock gardens or mixborders. In any case, a pine tree can become the hallmark of a summer cottage.

Her majesty - thuja

An evergreen tree of this type is almost always used to decorate city parks and green areas. Recently, this plant has been widely used to decorate home gardens. It is prized by gardeners for its ability to withstand severe winter frosts, drought and high humidity.

The thuja tree is distinguished by lush branches, on which are scaly leaves of a dark green color. Each year, the plant is covered with miniature bumps that resemble scattered beads on green cloth. In addition to traditional forms, thuja are:

• dwarf;
• weeping;
• creeping.

Most often for design personal plot use seedlings called "Occidentalis". The tree can grow up to 7 m in height, and create a crown of about 2 m. Another type - "Sloth of Gold" - has a golden shade of needles. It takes root well in shady areas of the garden.

Medium-sized variety - "Columna" amazes with its dark green needles with a glossy sheen. It does not disappear even in winter, for which it is highly valued by lovers of green spaces. "Columna"

Compact type of thuja tree - "Holmstrup" has a conical shape, despite its height - 3 m. It tolerates cold winters wonderfully, lends itself to pruning and is used as hedge... Another giant - "Smaragd" - grows to about 4 m. The diameter of an adult tree is up to 1.5 m. The needles are juicy, dark green in color with a shiny sheen. Such a beauty will surely decorate the countryside landscape of connoisseurs of greenery.

Having got acquainted with the majestic conifers, it is easy to find the right option. And let the suburban area turn into a green oasis of joy, where hardy conifers grow.

Conifers in landscape design - video

Conifers - different kinds trees and shrub forms, which differ in needle-shaped foliage. Most of them are woody and belong to evergreens. There are about four hundred species in the world, which are mostly concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere. Most of them are used as building materials, the basis for the furniture industry, as well as in medicine, and even in cooking - cedar nuts are incredibly tasty and healthy.

Characteristics of conifers

Multiple characteristics of the most common coniferous crops:

• Spruce is the most common type of coniferous tree. In addition to the usual spruce, the most appreciated are blue, prickly, and Canadian. The culture is unpretentious in its care, perfectly withstands frosts, is able to survive in conditions of urban gas pollution. Prefers sunny places, but can grow in shaded areas. Due to their shearing ability, they are highly valued in landscape design, used as hedges and specimen plants.
• Cedar is a large species of coniferous trees, which, due to its high decorative properties, is widely used in landscape design in alley plantings and group plantings. The most popular are the Himalayan, Atlas and Lebanese varieties. The culture is famous for its delicious, healthy and nutritious nuts.
• Cypress is an evergreen, exclusively decorative type of coniferous crops. Due to its unusual pyramidal shape, the tree looks very impressive and is widely used in parks, both for creating alleys, and in single and group plantings.

• Larch - belongs to deciduous coniferous crops, in our climate only this coniferous tree drops needles on winter period... Because of this peculiarity, larch is used in a different way in landscape design, often planting in alleys and mixed compositions. The strength and durability of these trees is also known. These conifers have long been used not only for construction, but also for the manufacture of ships. Due to the strength and high resin content, larch products are able to retain their original properties for centuries even under the influence of moisture. So, St. Petersburg still stands on piles of larch, driven into the river bottom even during the reign of Peter the Great, and the use of this wood in the construction of Venice, where the material also showed its best side, has been proven. And in Moscow, a durable and high-quality cycling track surface is made of this breed.
• Microbiota - in this genus there is only one species that naturally grows in the Far East of Russia, but due to its beauty it is widely used in landscaping throughout the middle lane. The undersized shrub has soft drooping shoots and is similar in appearance to a juniper. Due to its shape, it is used as a ground cover crop and looks very impressive in rock gardens, fences, along lawns and on steep slopes. The winter culture is resistant, unpretentious in care and is not of interest to pests.

• Juniper is a very popular coniferous shrub, which is not only perfect for creating picturesque groups and border plantings, but also has high pharmacological properties. Resins and volatile substances released by the culture perfectly clean the surrounding air from pathogenic bacteria and kill all infection. Since ancient times, juniper groves have been used to treat pulmonary patients. For this, people with bronchitis, pneumonia and even tuberculosis were evicted to the landing area and regularly brought them food, not being allowed to go out until they recovered completely. Surprisingly, only the air filled with the aroma of juniper healed even the most hopeless patients, without the use of antibiotics and other drugs. Therefore, planting a juniper on your site, you can not only decorate green spaces with an unusual ground cover bush, but also improve your health. Shrub, depending on the variety, may have different shapes from a gentle mound to a candle-shaped bush. unpretentious in care, resistant to external influences and decorative. It is often used as a single planting and in mixed groups.
• Fir is a beautiful and majestic tree that requires special care and suitable conditions. Due to their large size, species varieties are grown only in parks and gardens of large areas, but now it is possible to use small varieties of cultivars, ideal for group planting. The most decorative varieties of blue and undersized fir, distinguished by large and abundant cones.
• Pine is a familiar coniferous tree species, ubiquitous in our latitudes. The most common pine is Scots pine, which covers mountains and endless forests. Often it is used to create garden plantings, but more often they choose more compact and decorative varieties - mountain, Crimean, cedar, Weymouth.
• Yew - this genus includes many evergreen shrubs and trees. Most often, berry yew is used in landscaping, which has a dense fluffy crown. Species varieties have the appearance of a spreading bush, and those bred can be in the form of a candle, a sphere, a cone or a ground cover bush. The culture tolerates a haircut well, therefore it is used as a hedge and creating green compositions. But it must be remembered that most varieties of yew are very poisonous, especially berry, its bright red fruits look attractive and can cause poisoning of children and animals.

• Hemlock is an evergreen species common in North America and the Asian part of the continent. Especially appreciated in landscaping for the weeping flexible branches that form a dense canopy. Due to its slow growth, hemlock is suitable for small gardens, moreover, it pleases its unpretentiousness and resistance to frost, shade and disease.
• Pseudo-slug is a breed of evergreen tree brought from the north of the American continent. A plant similar from a distance is similar to a blue spruce, but upon closer examination it stands out with unusual cones. There are varieties with flexible weeping branches and miniature types of pseudo-leisure, which are widely used for decorating a rock garden and single plantings.
• Thuja - has a strong aroma and a characteristic shape of needles. Of all the varieties, only western thuja is suitable for our climate, characterized by high frost resistance and unpretentiousness. Breeders have bred a lot decorative species, which differ in the shape of the tree, the height and even the color of the foliage - the most common are thuja with juicy green needles, but there are also varieties with bright sunny needles.

Coniferous wood species

These cultures have long been used not only for landscaping gardens, courtyards and park areas, but also for building houses, ships, making furniture and other household items. After all, the forests in our latitudes are huge and there has never been a shortage of material. Strong hardwoods were often used, but conifers were also held in high esteem, for example, pine and larch were used as piles and ship rigging.

The popularity of coniferous wood still exists, and there are a lot of explanations for this:

• Spruce and pine have a high resin content, which protects the wood from the harmful effects of moisture, fungi and insects that cause irreparable damage to the more delicate hardwood of the boards.
• perfectly amenable to grinding, which makes it easier to work with them and speeds up the cutting process.
• Due to the pliability of wood, such species are easy to process, which is why pine and spruce wood is often chosen for creating small and complex structures, for example, railings, stairs, balconies.

• Low density allows boards and bars to be well impregnated with protective substances, which increases the durability, strength and beauty of wood.
• Even sawdust of coniferous trees is for the good, for example, they make technical hydrolysis alcohol, and in compressed form they are used to make cheap furniture, and they are often used for heating.
• The house, built of pine and spruce, is guaranteed to last up to 50 years, but more noble varieties wood, for example, cedar, will last for centuries. In addition, not only are they made of cedar Construction Materials but also musical instruments.
• Wood is also valued for its low thermal conductivity, because wooden wall 10 centimeters thick retains heat in the same way as brickwork half a meter.

As in every production, there are certain standards for wood harvesting and woodworking enterprises so that the resulting boards and beams meet national and international requirements. For this, special GOSTs have been developed, considering various characteristics of wood.

For conifers, GOST 8486-86 and GOST 24454-80 are used, according to which all sawn wood is divided according to compliance with technical requirements for grades - 5 for boards and timber (selected, 1, 2, 3 and 4 grades) and 4 for beams (1 , 2,3,4 grades).

It should be noted that GOST 8486-86 is used to assess wood that is subsequently intended for use in our country and for export sales, but for aviation wooden building materials, more stringent GOSTs are used.

All lumber can be divided into bars, beams, edged and not edged boards, these definitions and features of types are regulated by GOST 18288.

According to GOST 8486-86, indicators are clearly prescribed:

• - types of wood (according to GOST, pine, spruce, fir, larch and cedar are used for the manufacture of lumber)
• - lengths and permissible deviations from them, depending on the further purpose (for containers, beams, domestic market, export);
• - humidity - depending on the customer's requirements, dry (humidity up to 20%), raw (22% and higher) and impregnated with antiseptics (antiseptic treatment is carried out according to GOST 10950);
• - width and tolerances;
• - the number and type of knots;
• - the presence and type of cracks;
• - the presence and size of the core;
• - the presence and size of fungal infections, mold, rot, wormholes, etc.

Thus, GOST ensures that lumber meets all well-thought-out standards and requirements, which ensures a long service life of products from coniferous trees. In addition, checking the compliance of products with the prescribed standards saves the buyer from purchasing low-quality wood at inflated prices.

Coniferous bushes and not only have long been very appreciated and widely used both as green spaces and for construction, furniture making, musical instruments and even treatment. Various varieties of rocks become chic decorations for garden plots, while others become indispensable elements in any construction, which is why conifers are so popular and widespread.

Conifers are mainly evergreens, woody or shrubby, with leaves in the form of needles. The needles are needle-shaped, scaly or linear leaves. Conifers belong to the class gymnosperms... There are about 600 species of coniferous plants in total. It is difficult to list the names of all conifers, but you can imagine a list of the most famous and common conifers in our band.

Pine is an evergreen coniferous tree that grows throughout the entire territory of Russia, it is distinguished by long needles and unpretentiousness to natural conditions. Sunny pine groves are a real natural sanatorium.

- a coniferous ornamental tree from the cypress family, many varieties of thuja are widely cultivated for landscaping parks and private farms.

- in wildlife grows in the tropical zone, it is also successfully bred as an ornamental tree or shrub, foliage differs from all previous conifers, leaves on upward-directed shoots are arranged spirally, on horizontal shoots - linear. Yew is very poisonous, only seedless berries are edible in it.

- a coniferous shrub of the cypress family, used for ornamental gardening.

- a mighty tree of the North Ocean coast of America of the cypress family. Long-lived trees of this genus live for several thousand years.

Is a beautiful coniferous tree that grows wild in the mountains of China.

The above list of conifers describes plants, each of which has many species - these are just the most common conifers.

In addition to those listed, conifers include: cypress, hemlock, ginkgo, araucaria, elicedrus, pseudo-tsuga, cunningamia, cryptomeria, sciadopitis, sequoiadendron and many others.

This lesson will cover the topic “Deciduous and Coniferous Trees”, which will help students learn about the two groups of trees - deciduous and coniferous. Let's consider their distinctive features.

Lesson: Deciduous and Coniferous Trees

As you know, each tree has its own distinctive features. Leaves are one of these signs. Sheet- This is one of the main organs of the plant that performs the function of respiration and nutrition. The leaves of trees are very diverse in shape and size.

The birch has small carved leaves.

Linden leaves are shaped like a heart.

Oak leaves will expand at the top of the leaf.

Maple has a wide sheet plate with pointed ends.

Rowan has a complex leaf, on the central petiole there are up to 15 small leaves.

Composite leaf and chestnut. Slightly pointed leaves are joined at the top of the main petiole.

Birch, mountain ash, oak, maple, linden are deciduous trees. They have their own distinctive features.

1) The presence of leaves.

2) In autumn, the color of the leaves changes.

3) All deciduous trees shed their foliage. This phenomenon is called leaf fall.

A large number of treesform a deciduous forest.

Let's get acquainted with some representatives of deciduous trees.

The most powerful tree in the forest is considered oak... Our ancestors believed an oak tree sacred tree... The oak is about 50 meters high and has a lifespan of 500 years. But there are also centenarians for more than a thousand years. In autumn they ripen on oak trees acorns.

These are hearty and nutritious fruits. The squirrel loves to feast on acorns, and will hide it in a hollow in reserve. The forest bird, the jay, is also a lover of delicious fruits. Wild boars also rush after acorns, because they need to accumulate fat in order to survive the winter.

Our ancestors knew: a lot of acorns on an oak - by a harsh winter. Sowing wheat is necessary when the oak leaves unfold. And the oak is also considered a symbol of power and strength. The bravest warriors were awarded with oak wreaths.

People say about cowardly people: "It trembles like an aspen leaf." In reality, the aspen leaf trembles from the slightest breath of wind. This is due to the structure of the petiole ... The stalk of the aspen is very thin and long, even in calm weather, the leaves of the aspen quietly rustle... In the spring, before the leaves appear, catkins appear on the aspen. People say: "The fluff flew from the aspen, go into the forest for the aspen boletus."

These are mushrooms that love to grow under the aspen. The caps of these mushrooms resemble the autumn coloration of aspen leaves.

What tree is this riddle about?

It takes from my flower

Bee is the most delicious honey.

And everyone offends me

The thin skin is removed.

This is Linden. The fragrant, fragrant linden flowers attract bees. And it's not for nothing that bees produce linden honey, it has healing properties. Our ancestors went to the linden tree for bast. This is inner part bark. Thin strips were removed from the tree and bast shoes were woven. Linden wood is very soft and white. Furniture, dishes and musical instruments are made from it.

The second group of trees is conifers. Needles are modified leaves. Conifers include spruce, pine, cedar, fir, larch. A forest consisting of coniferous trees is called coniferous... Unlike deciduous trees, conifers do not shed their needles in autumn, therefore their other name is evergreen.

Spruce is an evergreen coniferous tree. The crown of the tree goes down to the ground, so it is dark and damp in the spruce forests. Spruce forests are called spruce forests... Spruce roots are located close to the surface of the earth. Therefore, spruce trees fall from a strong wind, forming impassable thickets and windbreaks. It looks like a spruce branch with cones. Cones are oblong.

Spruce is very interesting and useful tree... Its wood is used to make musical instruments and paper. Conifers emit special substances, they fill the air with a pleasant aroma and purify it. How much joy the green beauty brings to the house under New Year!

Pine is a coniferous tree. The crown of the tree is at the very top, so it is light in the pine forests. Such a forest is called pine forest... The pine has strong roots, so strong winds are not afraid of it. Pine can also grow on rocks and ravines. It looks like a pine branch with a cone.

The pine needles are longer than those of the spruce. The needles grow on a branch two at a time. Cones are short, rounded.

Among conifers there is a tree with unusual properties - this larch... Like spruce and pine, larch has needles; in autumn, larch turns yellow and sheds needles like leaves, which is why it is called larch. In the spring, young needles appear again from the buds.

If there are both coniferous and deciduous trees in the forest, such a forest is called mixed.

Trees are the lungs of our planet. By absorbing harmful substances, trees emit air and oxygen. Leaves trap fumes and soot. Trees must be protected.

In the next lesson, the topic "Autumn in the life of plants" will be considered. In the course of the lesson, we will learn about the most important seasonal changes that occur with almost all plants. Let's see how autumn manifests itself, and then we will find out the role of autumn in plant life.

1. Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world around us 1. - M .: Russian word.

2. Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around us 1. - M .: Enlightenment.

3. Gin A.A., Fire S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around you 1. - M .: VITA-PRESS.

1. Describe deciduous trees.

2. Describe conifers.

3. Guess riddles.

1. I have a longer needle than the tree.

I grow very straight - in height.

If I'm not at the edge

Branches only at the crown. (Pine)

2. You will always find her in the forest -

You go for a walk and meet:

It is prickly like a hedgehog

In the winter in a summer dress. (Spruce)

3. Into this sleek carton

Bronze color

A small oak tree is hidden

Next summer. (Acorn)

4. Who knows what kind of tree it is?

A relative has a Christmas tree

Thornless needles.

But unlike the tree -

Those needles are falling. (Larch)

5.Takes from my flower

Bee is the most delicious honey.

And they still offend me,

Thin skin is ripped off. (Linden)