How to make a subtle under the foundation. The maintenance device of the road from the PGS (sand-gravel mixture) and OHPS Sand Gravel Flood

The foundation is not only the basis of any building, but also the guarantor of durability and strength of the construction. It is the right choice and compliance with the strict sequence of work, as well as the competent selection of the materials used in the construction of the foundation guarantee its reliability and compliance with the required quality standards. The main goal of this part of the house is reduced to ensuring the future structure of a stable and strong platform. Properly prepared and laid sandy-gravel pillow under the foundation is able to provide it to a lesser degree with precipitation. Thus, a reliable cushion helps significantly improve its quality indicators.

In the event that the construction of the foundation is carried out without compliance with the necessary building standards and in incision with existing and proven rules, the building built in a very short time can be completely unsuitable for living. There are cracks on the surfaces of the walls, the window frames are pulled out, the doors stop closing tightly. All this leads to the appearance of mold, damp, drafts.

Made repair and decoration of premises lose their appeal. Owners of such unsuccessful buildings have to invest additional funds, time and money in unforeseen repair work.

Avoid disappointment will help compliance with all the requirements for the construction of the foundation. And its correctness depends on the exactly the sandy-gravel pillow under the foundation was made. It is rightfully considered the key to a strong and solid foundation. The pillow provides a complete absence of contacting construction materials and construction objects with the foundation itself, which, in turn, eliminates the emergence of various deformations. Due to the presence of a competently selected and prepared pillow, the building (in its own bottom) is highly rising in relation to groundwater.

A mixture of sand and gravel is one of the most popular and frequently used building materials. Both of these components mixed in accurately compliance with the recommended proportions are very often used to build residential buildings, shops and other buildings. This seemingly simple composition refers to one of the most better options Basics. It guarantees the strength of the mortar from concrete or cement.

Why do you need a pillow under the foundation?

Those who think about making the foundation for the construction, should pay attention to clearly formed construction rules regarding this issue. First of all, it is important to comply with all the requirements for this stage of work, as a sand-gravel cushion device. In addition to the cushion from the combination of sand and gravel, the pillows are common under the foundation from concrete and from the crushed stone. As a rule, the concrete pillow is required only when performing under the FBS blocks reinforced belt Or with additional expansion of the foundation walls.

Sand-gravel pillow is made on construction sites with a weakness of the ground. It is important to remember that in no case cannot be used for its formation sand dust or fine-grained sand. Ready to use the mixture is obliged to consist of gravel and sand, which have the average dimensions of their particles. After the pillow from this composition is laid, it will give a minimal shrinkage, to ensure which it is necessary to make a thorough rambling. Such a base for the foundation will greatly withstand the load not only the mid-size house built from framework materials materials, a bar or logs, but also the buildings of a large area, for example, with the attic or the second-third floor.

When building a sandy-gravel support, you can use this option:

1. dig a trench of the desired width and depth up to the level of dense layers of soil;
2. in the ditch, which in this way, it turns out, it is necessary to fall asleep the river sand of the coarse grade;
3. sand should be covered with layers and small portions. Each layer must be a thickness of 15 cm;
4. after laying each new layer, it is necessarily spilled by water;
5. all layers are tamped by special tamping technology;
6. the finished support should have a 10 mm width greater than the planned width of the future building.

The need for a sandy-gravel cushion during construction not only to low-rise, but also larger, is caused by its relatively affordable cost, a high degree of durability and the ability to work by their own efforts, without the help of professional builders. However, it should be noted that such trifles like purification of trenches after an excavator, flowing down buckets or a wheelbarrow and gravel, manual watering of all layers of water will demand from workers to invest serious physical efforts. Completely justified can be attempting to draw household or friends to the process.

Sand-gravel pillow with her own hands

About what a sandy-gravel pillow needs every experienced master builder. A similar foundation under the foundation is capable of providing a subsequently built full-fledged functioning without defects and damage. It must be remembered that the layers of sand-gravel mixture are stacked in layers, but in different thickness of each such layer. The fact is that this issue is principled for each individual type of soil. In no case by the layer of sand and gravel should not be in thickness less than 5 cm. Many builders do not welcome the thickness of the pillow more than 25 cm.

The pillow is preferably equipped under the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe building. It is this method of laying that provides the most uniform sediment of the structure. The width of such a pillow should be wider than the width of the foundation base is not less than 30 cm. Thus, the design support is provided on the entire area of \u200b\u200bits surface. When laying a sand-gravel pillow, it should be tamped so intensively so that it gains the density of 1.6 g / cm3 from the density of the soil layers.

Making such work on their own, follow the quality of the building materials used. So, for example, the presence is not even large number Clay impurities in the sand can lead to serious unpleasant consequences. If water falls into such a pillow, it will start to worry. Therefore, control the composition and state of the materials used, as well as, be sure to follow the recommendations and step by step instructions At all stages of work.

About when and how to make a sandy-gravel pillow with their own hands, many beginner builders are conceived. The solution to this task is quite accessible to master each wishes. And since the basis of the base is the first step towards the construction of any building, it is necessary to implement a serious and responsible approach. The depth of the foundation primarily determines the level of water flow in the soil. With great depth, the base laying is not without a sandy-gravel pillow.

Deciding with what a sand-gravel pillow is, you can start it with its installation, which, mostly, is reduced to the following:

• it resembles a kind of "pie" with sand and gravel layers (crushed stone can be used);
• the first layer in the dug trench (pit) is a boot that will provide additional strength;
• the second layer is a large river sand, which, after distribution over the entire surface, need to be aligned, pour water and tamper;
• the third layer, a thickness of at least 20 cm, is gravel. Its after laying is tamped by vibrating plates;
• finished already layers are covered with a layer of sand, equal to 20 cm. After it is watered with water, it produces a precipitate on gravel.

This technology must be followed by a layer under the layer until the wet sand has nowhere to settle. After the completion of the work on the manufacture of the pillow, you can proceed to the construction of the foundation.

Subtleties of the construction of a small-breeding foundation

A small-breeding foundation is a monolith ribbon, mainly from reinforced concrete. The height of such a tape is from 40 to 60 cm, and its width is 35 - 50 cm. These indicators depend on the thickness of the walls and those materials from which they are built. Laying of such a base under the building is carried out under all external and internal bearing walls.

Highly an important point Building such a foundation can be called the installation proper pillowwhich should be used exclusively affordable components. The ideal components for her will be sand and gravel. In this case, the ratio of these components may be approximately as follows:

• sand of river large fractions - 60%;
• gravel - 40%.

Such a mixture replaces the soil and stacked on the bottom of the prepared trench. Most often, the depth of the trench is about 50 cm. All laid materials are exposed to the trimmer. This subftip reduces the impact on the foundation for the forces of heating during frosts. The sandy-gravel mixture neutralizes and springs the impact that is based on the basis of the structure below.

The benefits of a small-breeding foundation relates its low cost and the lack of high laboriousness. However, with such a choice, the size of the future building is limited, for example, the walls should not exceed 7 m. As for the device of basement, then, with this type of foundation, they are not envisaged.

The sandy-gravel mixture is one of the most common inorganic materials used in the construction sector. The composition of the material and the size of the fractions of its elements is determined to which species refers to the extracted mixture, which is the main functions of which it is more suitable for use.

The sandy-gravel mixture is used in construction for fuses in the lower layers of various bases., for example, asphalt or other road coat, and for the manufacture of various building solutions, such as concrete with the addition of water.

Features

This material is a universal ingredient, that is, it can be used in different types Activities. Since its main components are natural materials (sand and gravel), it suggests that the sand-gravel mixture is an environmentally friendly product. Also, PGS can be kept for a long time - the shelf life of the material is absent.

The main condition for storage is to find a mixture in a dry place.

If there is a moisture in PSA, there is a smaller amount of water (for example, in the manufacture of concrete or cement), and when the sand-gravel mixture is necessary only in dry form, then it will first have to dry it carefully.

The high-quality sandy-gravel mixture due to the presence of gravel should have good resistance to temperature drops and not lose its strength. One more interesting feature This material lies in the fact that the remnants of the used mixture are not subject to disposal, and may further be used for the purpose (for example, when laying the track to the house or in the manufacture of concrete).

Natural sand and gravel mixture is distinguished by a low costwhereas the enriched PGS has a high price, but this is compensated by the durability and quality of buildings from such an environmentally friendly material.

Specifications

When acquiring a sandy-gravel mixture, it is necessary to pay attention to such technical indicators:

• grain composition;
• volume of content in a mixture of sand and gravel;
• grain size;
• the content of impurities;
• density;
• sand characteristics and gravel.

The technical characteristics of sandy gravel mixtures must match the accepted state standards. General On sandy-gravel mixtures can be found from GOST 23735-79, but there are also others regulationsRegulatory specifications Sand and gravel, for example, GOST 8736-93 and GOST 8267-93.

The minimum size of sand fractions in PGS is 0.16 mm, and gravel is 5 mm.The maximum value for sand according to standards is 5 mm, and for gravel, this value is 70 mm. It is also possible to order a mixture with a gravel size of 150 mm, but no more than this value.

In the enriched PGA, the amount of gravel content on average is 65%, the clay content is minimal - 0.5%.

In a percentage of gravel content in enriched PGS, materials are classified for such types:

• 15-25%;
• 35-50%;
• 50-65%;
• 65-75%.

Important characteristics of the material are also the indicators of strength and frost resistance. On average, PGS should withstand 300-400 cycles of frost-defrost. Also, sandy-gravel composition cannot lose more than 10% from its mass. The strength of the material affects the amount of weak elements in the composition.

Gravel is divided into strength categories:

• M400;
• M600;
• M800;
• M1000.

Gravel Category M400 has a weak strength, and M1000 is high strength. The average strength is present at the gravel categories M600 and M800. Also, the amount of weak elements in gravel category M1000 must be contained no more than 5%, and in all other - no more than 10%.

PGS density is defined in order to find out which component in the composition is contained in larger quantities, and determine the scope of the use of the material. Average specific gravity 1 m3 should be approximately 1.65 tons.

It is of great importance not only the size of the sand, but also its mineralogical composition, as well as the size module.

The average sealing coefficient of PGS is 1.2. This parameter may vary depending on the amount of gravel content and the dummy method of the material.

Not the last role is played by the AEF coefficient. It is deciphered as the coefficient of the total specific effectiveness of the activity of natural radionuclides and is available in the enriched PGG. This coefficient means the radioactivity rate.

Sand-gravel mixtures are divided into three classes of safety:

• less than 370 BC / kg;
• from 371 BC / kg to 740 BC / kg;
• from 741 BC / kg to 1500 BC / kg.

The safety class also depends on which area of \u200b\u200bapplication is suitable for this or that PGS. The first class is used for small construction actions, such as the manufacture of products or repair of the building. The second class is used in the construction of automotive coatings in cities and villages, as well as for the construction of houses. The third security class participates in the construction of various platforms with high load (they include sports and playgrounds) and large highways.

The enriched sand-gravel mixture is practically not subject to deformation.

Views

There are two main types of sandy-gravel mixtures:

• natural (PGS);
• enriched (OPGS).

Their main difference is that the enriched sand-gravel mixture is not found in nature - it turns out after artificial processing and adding a large amount of gravel.

The natural sand and gravel mixture is mined in quarries or from the bottom of the rivers and seas. At the place of origin, it is divided into three types:

• mining
• lake-river;
• sea.

The difference between these types of mixture lies not only at its production site, but also in the field of further use, the amount of volumetric content of the main elements, their size, and even forms.

The main features of natural sandy-gravel mixtures:

• the shape of gravel particles - the most pointed angles have a mining mixture, and in the sea GS, they are missing (smooth rounded surface);
• the composition is the minimum amount of clay, dust and other polluting elements are contained in the marine mixture, and in mining, they prevail in large quantities.

The lake-river sandy-gravel mixture is distinguished by intermediate characteristics between marine and mining GPS. In its composition you can also find IL or dust, but in small quantities, and its angles have a slightly rounded form.

In the OPGS from the composition you can eliminate gravel or sand, and instead of add gravel crushed stone. Gravel crushed stone is the same gravel, but in the processed form. This material is obtained by crushing more than half the source component and has sharp corners and roughness.

Gravel crushed grows grip building Compositions And perfectly suitable for the construction of asphalt concrete.

Crushed stone compositions (sand-rubber mixtures - fox) are divided by fractions of particles for such varieties:

• C12 - up to 10 mm;
• C2 - up to 20 mm;
• C4 and C5 - up to 80 mm;
• C6 - up to 40 mm.

Fixes with rubble have the same characteristics and features, as well as compositions with gravel. Most often used in the construction of a sand-chicken mixture with a fraction of 80 mm (C4 and C5), since this species provides good strength and stability.

Scope of application

The most common types of construction, in which sand-gravel mixtures are used are:

• road;
• housing;
• industrial.

Sand-gravel mixtures are widely used in construction for backfilling of catlots and trenches., leveling of the surface, road construction and styling of the drainage layer, the production of concrete or cement, when laying communications, swelling the bases for various platforms. Also used in the construction of the base of the railway canvase and the landscaping of the territory. This accessible natural material Participates in the construction of single-storey and multi-storey houses (up to five floors), bookmark the foundation.

The sandy-gravel mixture as the main element of the coating of the automotive route ensures the resistance of the road to mechanical effects and performs water-repellent functions.

In the manufacture of concrete (or reinforced concrete) in order to eliminate the possibility of the formation of empty spaces in the construction, used precisely enriched PGS. Its fractions different sizes Perfectly fill empties and the reliability and stability of structures are determined. The enriched sandy-gravel mixture allows you to make a concrete of several stamps.

The most common type of sandy-gravel mixture is PGS with gravel content in an amount of 70%.Such a mixture is characterized by high strength and reliability, it is used in all types of construction. Natural PGS is much less common, as due to the content of clay and impurities, its strength properties are underestimated, but it is ideal for filling trenches or pita due to the ability to absorb moisture.

Most often, Natural PGS is used to arrange entry into the garage, pipelines and other communications, the construction of the drainage layer, garden tracks and arrangement of household territories. The enriched composition participates in the construction of road highways and houses.

How to make a pillow for the foundation from a sandy-gravel mixture, see below.

The company "Iso Altair" proposes to buy a sandy-gravel mixture relevant requirements GOST 23735-2014. We deliver your own fleet, 7 days a week, without holidays and weekends. We supply up to 2,000 cubic meters of sandy-gravel mixture per day.

Under the order we will make the desired Sand and Gravel ratio.
The price of PGS in your parameters is discussed individually. Call!

Price on the sand-gravel mixture

The table below shows the basic prices of the company "Iso Altair" on the sandy-gravel mixture.

Photo	Name	3 m3.	10 m3	15 m3	20 m3.	100 m3
	PGS enriched	3350	1050	1000	950	900
	Natural PGS	3250	1000	950	900	850

Altair has concluded dealer relations with quarries, where the sandy-gravel mixture is produced, and therefore has established the minimum possible prices on this non-metallic material. The cost of the cubic meter of a sandy-gravel mixture depends on the volume of purchase. The more PGS orders the client, the more profitable the price turns out. The numbers are reflected in the table.

ISO "Altair" is equipped with a car park. Therefore, the car with cargo leaves from the warehouse immediately after payment of the order. Transport department and orders work around the clock. The client receives a sandy-gravel mixture at the specified address after a few hours after ordering. Each Party of PGS is certified.

This material is a mixture of gravel with sand. The fractionality of sand-gravel mixture is heterogeneous: the diameter of the grains and pebbles is not the same here.
Sand-gravel mixture is an environmentally friendly natural material. Mined open way In quarries using excavators. This construction mixture is rough, its use is limited. ISO "Altair" among non-metallic building materials implements in Moscow and the region and the sandy-gravel mixture.

Characteristics of PGS.

The ratio of sand and gravel in the sandy-gravel mixture is not equally.

• Natural PGS is a rough material with impurities. No additional processing of mass after its production is done. Such a mixture is divided, depending on the place of production, on the mountain-rap, lake-river or sea. Natural PGS is used in land construction and road construction for the drainage layer intake. The natural mixture company supplies customers in the form in which the raw material was mined in a career. The size of the pebbles in this mixture exceeds 5 mm in diameter, and their total mass is not more than 10%.
• The enriched sand-gravel mixture is an artificial material consisting of sand and granite crumbs of the specified size. The quality of the material depends on this. The varieties of the mixture differ in the ratio of sand and gravel and the size of the pebbles. The in-demand brand of PGS is the one in which the content of granite crumb is 70%, and the sand is 30%.

The enriched PGS is divided into 5 types:

• 1 group - from 15 to 25% gravel;
• 2 group - from 25 to 35% gravel;
• 3 group - from 35 to 50% gravel;
• 4 group - from 50 to 65% gravel;
• 5 Group - from 65 to 75% gravel.

Application of PGS.

The sandy-gravel mixture is used when laying communication lines, when conducting foundation, when dripping, catlovanov, as well as in construction and in the laying of roads. It is purchased for submail road roads, strips of drainage collectors and even sometimes for the preparation of mortars. True, the latter are made only with the use of enriched PGS.
The Moscow region is very rich in the deposits of this natural material. His mining is well debugged here, and therefore the cost of Natural PGS is small. It is difficult to find in the region PSG prices are cheaper than in Altair.

5 reasons to buy PGS in ISO "Altair"

1. PGS is delivered to the customer on the day of payment, since this provides a sufficient number of dump trucks and loading and unloading equipment. In addition, on the transshipment bases in stock of this material.
2. The company implements only certified PGS.
3. On an ongoing basis, there is a system of discounts for permanent and wholesale buyers.
4. The departments of the company work around the clock and without days off.
5. ISO "Altair" offers the cheapest price for PGS and accepts payment convenient for the buyer.

The foundation laying at home is the first and responsible stage of construction, but this is preceded by the preparation of the foundation under the entire stain development on the site.

The type of foundation, its design and characteristics depends on the carrying capacity of the soils at the construction site, as well as the strength of the house, which will be erected subsequently.

Even at the design stage, it is necessary to determine the properties of the soils and determine which fading under the foundation of sand or crushed stone will be relevant as preparation.

Several not correct to raise the question of choosing a subfolder under the foundation from sand or rubble. The key to a solid and sustainable house is a solid and reliable basis, which must match a number of requirements:

• High strength and soil density capable of withstanding the distributed load of further development;
• The groundwater should not be lingering under the base, because the high drainage ability of the soil is important;
• With wetting or drying, the base should not lose its basic characteristics.
• It should not be organically active ingredients;
• The presence of flammable or plant residues capable of rotting.
• It is not allowed cold toach soil;
• It is not allowed uneven shrinkage or deformation.

In progress construction work The base should not be deformed even under the cargo of involved construction equipment or builders' activity.

The strength of the surface layer should be enough to accommodate all the necessary elements, such as reinforcing frame, formwork, etc.

device submail

Since the type of soil on the site will not be able to do in advance, you should work with what is in fact. If the soil does not meet the specified requirements - the subftip under the foundation from:

• sand;
• gravel;
• sand-gravel mixture (PGS);
• dresses (crushed rock fragmentation type);
• crushed stone;
• skinny concrete.

Since the properties of each of the listed materials are different, as well as ways to use, then the selection of the subftitude must be carried out on the basis of the final requirements for the base under the foundation.

The main conclusion: the subflink under the foundation from sand or gravel is needed to adjust the properties of the soil on which the house will be erected. It is part of measures to prepare the foundation and are not an unconditional component.

Anyway according to the type of soil at first determined optimal type foundation (ribbon, pile, monolithic stove, etc.) and after that it is selected if necessary, the type of subwoofing that will be required.

High-quality preparation for a ribbon foundation or monolithic slab is the fill of the bottom of the bottom concrete for leveling the level and preparation of a solid base. Sand or gravel is mostly cheap alternative to reduce total construction costs.

Sand

A simple and fairly efficient subfest option under the foundation. A well-striking sand cushion is capable of taking the same strength and density as the main soil, and at the same time it is easy to form to compare all the irregularities of the bottom of the bottom.

Benefits of sand for submissions:

• With high-quality traam, it is possible to achieve the strength of the base equal to the initial value for the soil;
• Well fills all the irregularities of the pit and transmits uniformly load;
• Sand retains draining properties;
• Easily molded and levels into the level;
• Does not require the involvement of severe construction equipment.

Disadvantages:

• Weak mechanical strength of the transverse point load.
• Sand over time is washed out with groundwater.

The ideal variant of the sand for a subfolder is in the case of using ready-made reinforced concrete blocks and plates, allowing you to transmit the load evenly throughout the base.

Sand for subfolder is selected by a large and medium fraction without clay inclusions. Even with a complete traam, the drainage properties of the base are preserved, and the cold meal almost does not affect the strength of the base.

The thickness of the subfolding can be from 10 to 60-70 cm Depending on the properties of the soil. The depth of the primer of the soil in many regions of the country exceeds 30 cm, and the cold meal can manifest itself even under a well insulated foundation during the protracted winter cooling.

The optimal height of the sandy sand is considered to be 45-60 cm. Such a layer of sand is difficult to ravage at a time, therefore, they fall asleep the material gradually layers with a thickness of 5 cm and gradually tamping and mandatory moisture.

It is quite difficult to determine the required amount of water to moisten the sand. A frequent error is excessive sand moisturizing, from which the whole mass acquires plasticity and more diverges on the sides of the tamper than compacted.

It should be determined to determine the volume of fluid individually so that the sand is easily frozen in the hands, keeping the shape of the pellet. On the other hand, during the mechanical rambling, water should not perform over sand.

Pretty simply determines the degree of mumbling of sand. If there is no traces on the prepared sandy pillow when walking on it, then the basis is ready for further work.

Gravel

For submits, gravel is medium and large fraction In those situations where, under the base of the foundation, maximum bandwidth of the drainage layer in combination with distributed drainage systemfocused on the removal of groundwater from the sole of the foundation.

Often gravel are used as a cheap substitute for skinny concrete when preparing and enhancing the soil under the foundation. It will be ground and stirred with a soil mechanically or manually.

However, it is not the best decisionSince without a binder, in the role of which cement can act, such a base is subject to the blurring of groundwater with the subsequent loss of bearing strength.

PGS is more often in demand - a sandy-gravel mixture for the formation of a smooth area under the foundation. In combination with sand, the mixture is easier to give density and durability comparable to that of the maternal soil at the construction site, while the drainage abilities of the subfolder are preserved.

Advantages of gravel subfolders:

• Low waterproof substrate, the liquid is weakly held in it, and the surface area of \u200b\u200bgravel for wetting is much lower than in the sand;
• Content strength and high load capacity and resistance to erosion or lateral loads.

Disadvantages:

• At large loads, even distributed, gravel subftip can "drown", reducing your own strength and strength of maternal soil;
• It is difficult to deduce the surface of the subftitude;
• When pouring concrete, part of the cement milk is aimlessly lowered through the submission, weakening the main body of the foundation.

If gravel is used for submissions under a ribbon foundation or a monolithic slab, it is definitely to pre-insulate it to prevent the weakening of concrete. However, this is often more costs than when using the originally skinny concrete.

What is better than sand or crushed stone

The requirements for the preparation of the foundation of the foundation under the foundation are needed by strict instructions in the construction project on the basis of the analysis of the bearing capacity and properties of the maternal soil.

Best preparation for a ribbon foundation or monolithic slab is a skinny concrete And only in some cases is allowed to replace concrete on sand, gravel or PGS to reduce total costs. At the same time, sand has a large set of advantages and is more practical.

Gravel is suitable only in cases when high bandwidth If it is necessary to arrange the drainage layer with low water consumption. At the same time, it is difficult to insulate a subftitude from the volume in which the foundation will be poured.

The gravel rack is perfectly combined with the pile foundations, where it is enough to remove excessive moisture from under the founding of the house, and at the same time there will be no significant load on the submetage itself.

Under the ribbon foundation

The subference from the sand is needed by definition only in the case of the use of ready-made reinforced concrete plates and blocks to distribute uniformly load on the base plane.

With the help of sand, it is easier to compare the bottom of the pit, and the trimmer gives the sand the necessary density and carrying ability.

However, this is relevant only if it eats the opportunity to place in the trench massive vibrating plastic for the mechanical sanding of the sand. In most cases, it is more reliable to use a sweeping of skinny concrete to align the base and preparation.

The sand is also relevant in the case of significant height differences along the bottom of the prepared trench. To reduce costs and reduce the volume of the solution for the sublimaton, the subflink of sand or rubble with layer-by-layer tamper and moisture is used.

Under the monolithic slab

It is important to strictly remove the plane of the base of the pit and prepare the ground to install the reinforcing frame and fill. It uses either a skinny concrete or a rammed layer of sand.

stages of construction monolithic foundation

Sands are predominantly used in cases where it is necessary to significantly raise the bottom of the bottom of the foundation after the sample of the entire fertile layer of the soil before the base of the maternal soil.

When forming a subpoction, it is important to distribute the trays for removing the water, the supply of communications that will pass through the foundation plate, as well as note the required plane of the future base.

According to the requirements under the monolithic slab, the base is formed not strictly in the same plane, but with a minor elevation in the center of the construction and with a bias of 2-3% in all directions, to effectively remove moisture from the substrate of the future foundation.

Special attention is paid to the quality of sand ram. So the density of the subfolding under the foundation should be from 1.65 t / m3 and preferably no less than the density of the maternal soil with an error in the range of 0.05 t / m3.

The height of the subfolder is defined as the difference between the level of the bare base of the soil after removing the fertile layer and the project level of the foundation.

Under the pile foundation

The subference primarily performs the function of the drainage for the removal of groundwater, and also acts as a substitute for the fertile layer of the soil to remove from under the foundation the volume of material with the content of organic or combustible inclusions.

device subfolding for pile foundation

For these purposes, it is best to use large and medium gravel, crushed stone. Frequently used clay slopes, which additionally increase the thermal insulation properties of the base.