Level the hollow core slabs and bricks. DIY installation of floor slabs

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The question of how to carry out the installation of floor slabs becomes relevant during the construction of any premises. At first glance, it may seem that installation is quite simple, but there are some nuances that need to be taken into account when building and erecting a building.

Floor slabs are reinforced concrete products intended for the arrangement of interfloor floors.

To understand how to lay slabs, you need to know the technology and rules for laying floor slabs. You can divide reinforced concrete structures as follows:

  • hollow-core ceilings;
  • tent (ribbed);
  • long ribbed.

Some people prefer to use monolithic reinforced concrete slabs during construction, but this option is more expensive. The most common types that are used for floors are reinforced concrete hollow cores. They have good thermal conductivity and sound insulation.

Floor slab installation technology

For installation, you must have:

  • round-hollow reinforced concrete slabs;
  • truck crane;
  • cement mortar (cement, water, sand);
  • Master OK;
  • grinders or autogen;
  • sledgehammers;
  • level;
  • scrap;
  • steel brush;
  • tow;
  • gypsum solution;
  • lime-gypsum solution;
  • thermal insulation material;
  • welding machine.

This is not to say that the installation of floor slabs is an easy process; on the contrary, it is considered quite time consuming and risky.

Any foundation is not even and smooth, therefore, before installing reinforced concrete floor slabs, it will be correct and advisable to make the foundation even, for example, lay out a brick row on a concrete base. You can check how flat the surface is using a level, level. It is possible to put floor slabs only on the most even surface, the further service life of the entire building depends on this.

It is necessary to take care of the strength of the foundation, because due to the heaving of the soil, its deformation can occur, and regardless of how responsibly the builders approach the installation and how the floor slabs will be laid, the building will slope over time.

You can fix the foundation with the usual reinforced mesh, on which a concrete solution is subsequently applied and floor slabs are installed. The cement must be at least grade 100. The height of the cement layer must be at least 20 cm.

Before installing reinforced concrete floor slabs, you need to prepare them.

If there are flaws, protrusions or chips on the surface, they must be eliminated.

To understand how to lay slabs, before installing and installing reinforced concrete floor structures, you need to calculate the width in such a way that they occupy the entire perimeter and no uncovered parts remain. The calculation scheme is quite simple.

Before the installation process, the substrate is laid out from concrete mix... It is possible to lay floor slabs only with the help of a truck crane, since their weight is quite large. Having hooked reinforced concrete slabs to the hinges, they are lifted and put in the right place. Moreover, it will not work alone to carry out the installation, for this process a team of 3-5 people is needed. During installation, you need to make sure that each plate lies flat, all elements should adhere to each other as much as possible. Due to the fact that the cement footboard does not freeze immediately, the plates will remain mobile for some time, and you can correct installation inaccuracies by straightening them with a crowbar.

Laying the floor slabs is only necessary on the main walls of the future room. The installation of internal partitions and walls is carried out after the installation of the floor slabs, and they should rest on the wall by 12 cm. Fasten the adjacent slabs with each other with mounting loops. For laying, it is better to use a cement-sand mortar, it must be liquid, the sand is carefully sifted, otherwise, even if small debris gets in, it can lead to deformation of the floor and ceiling.

After the installation of the floor slabs has been carried out, seams remain between them, which must be repaired. All seams must be cleaned with a steel brush. The gaps between the elements of the reinforced concrete structure are filled with tow, previously soaked in a gypsum solution. The tow layer must be compacted. When the gypsum mixture dries, its volume increases, thus, the tow will be pressed against the walls as much as possible. After that, the cracks are covered with lime-gypsum mortar.

The present ends also need to be sealed so that the slabs do not freeze during the cold season.

To do this, you can use mineral wool, concrete mortar or backing brick.

Force majeure situations can arise in any construction process, for example, slabs can burst if the unloading rules are violated or they were stored incorrectly.

But throw it away so dear construction material impractical. They can be installed on 3 main walls. Or they can be monitored attic space, in this place the load is the smallest.

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Laying floor slabs: important points

For the accuracy of the design, you need to draw a diagram with all dimensions, so you can avoid gaps and lack of slabs. If, nevertheless, large gaps are present, they can be filled with cinder block, and small gaps and cracks can be filled concrete mortar.

When installing hollow core slabs, make sure that they are laid with the smooth side down. They should be located as close to each other as possible - even the smallest gaps should be avoided. They need to be laid by adjusting to each other along the bottom edge.

When installing floor slabs on a foundation, it is very important to know that they should only be installed on 2 walls, with short, not long sides. This method of installation is needed in order to prevent possible deformation and displacement if the foundation "sags".

The thing is that in such cases, the entire weight of the structure moves to the third, long side, and cracks or gaps may appear on the short sides, but this cannot be allowed. Also, one should not forget that the short sides of reinforced concrete blanks should not be completely installed on the walls - by 11-15 cm. This will help reduce heat loss in the further operation of any room.

You should immediately think about where the communications will go in order to leave gaps for them between the floor slabs.

After installing reinforced concrete structures, it is imperative to tie them with reinforcing rods for the strength and strength of the future room. For this, rods with a diameter of 9-12 mm are suitable, you can use class A1 wire rod (when loads arise, it will stretch, not break). The rods are welded with one end to the loop, and the other to the loop of the adjacent floor blank. It is impossible to connect several reinforced concrete slabs at once - only two slabs are connected to each other. From the outside, the slabs are fixed with anchors.

Be sure to pay attention to the rules of transportation, unloading and storage of reinforced concrete structures and materials so that they do not undergo deformation. Between the reinforced concrete slabs, be sure to place at the same distance and in the same places wooden beams otherwise they may burst under load.

In some cases, when reinforced concrete slabs are in the cold for a long time, they can freeze, then due to the moisture that will be in reinforced concrete structures, fungus and mold can form. To avoid this, you need to make small holes in each workpiece at a distance of 25 cm from each other and blow into them polyurethane foam... Thus, reinforced concrete structures will not absorb moisture.

Floor slabs are reinforced concrete products that are produced for the construction of various structures. They are made of crushed stone and concrete with powerful reinforcement.

The ceilings are made of crushed stone and concrete with the use of powerful reinforcement.

Laying floor slabs, like any technology, has its own characteristics and rules that you need to pay attention to.

It is important to familiarize yourself with the main stages of work in advance in order to avoid mistakes during the construction process.

In private construction, floors are most often used from reinforced concrete hollow core slabs. They are popular for their benefits that differentiate them from other types of flooring. Thanks to the voids that are filled with air, they perfectly retain heat and increase sound insulation. Unlike some other similar products, they are significantly lighter, which reduces the load on the supporting structures.

Necessary tools for work: trowel, hammer, tape measure.

To carry out the work, you will need the appropriate tools and equipment:

  • truck crane or tower crane;
  • loop capture;
  • steel box for mortar;
  • construction steel scrap;
  • electrode holder;
  • Bulgarian;
  • shovels: mortar and picking;
  • trowel;
  • cam, crowbar;
  • steel wire brush;
  • hammer and chisel;
  • - bucket;
  • roulette, level.

The following materials will be needed:

  • overlapping;
  • cement-sand mortar;
  • electrodes;
  • expanded polystyrene.

Change of size

Hollow core slab scheme.

Hollow ceilings are manufactured to order in any size, but sometimes situations arise during the installation process when it is necessary to reduce their width or length, cut the desired shape. In this case, the stove must be chopped using a grinder and a crowbar.

There are two cutting options: lengthwise and crosswise. In order to cut the material across, the following scheme is used:

  • the overlap is located horizontally with linings laid under it;
  • the necessary markings are applied for shortening;
  • the structure is cut with a grinder along the marked lines;
  • with the help of a cam, strikes are made on the voids near the cut line along the entire width;
  • the bottom wall of the pipe is broken through with a crowbar, and the fittings under it are cut by a grinder with a disc installed for metal.

Roughly the same pattern is used to cut lengthwise. But this will take more time, since the length is greater than the width. The stages of work will be as follows:

  • it is necessary to outline a line and make a longitudinal cut along it with a grinder;
  • break the wall of the void that runs along the slab with a cam;
  • break through the bottom wall of the pipe with a crowbar.

During cutting, reinforcing mesh rods are encountered in the concrete layer, which can also be cut with a grinder.

Insufficient width stacking

Floor slab installation diagram.

In the process of laying the slabs, it may turn out that the dimensions of the room do not correspond to their dimensions. As a result, gaps arise between the floor elements or between them and the wall. Exists simple circuit elimination of this problem.

The size of the gap must be divided into two equal parts. In this case, the first slab is laid at a certain distance from the wall, which is equal to the width of one of the parts obtained. All other structures are mounted end-to-end. As a result, a gap forms between the slab and the last wall, where it is necessary to poke the cinder block. It is securely fixed, as it rests with a poke against the plate. It is necessary to lay the cinder block so that its holes are directed to the sides, and not down or up. The outer wall of the building will additionally secure it. This design may seem unreliable at first glance, but in reality it is quite durable.

There is another technology for bridging the gap, when its size is distributed between the plates. Then a board is tied under each gap, which serves as a formwork, into which reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured.

Cracked structure

Sometimes during construction it is discovered that it has cracked even before it was laid. This defect is caused by improper storage or transportation. This building material must be stored in a certain way, observing the basic rules.

Structural elements must be stacked without touching the ground. Under the bottom one should put a non-soaking and non-decaying base, sufficiently high and durable. It is advisable to lay the boards in a horizontal position and install wooden strips between them. The distance from the rail to the edge of the product should be 20-40 cm.

If all the necessary conditions observed, if there is a solid foundation, the stack can have 8-10 rows, but should not have a height of more than 2.5 meters.

Broken slab laying

If the slab is cracked, can it be used as a floor? Builders quite often use flooring materials with similar defects during construction, they fit, provided that the cracks are not too large. In this case, it is important not to load them too much and additionally fix them.

There are several options for where it is better to install cracked slabs.

  1. Let it run on the outer or load-bearing wall by 0.1-0.15 m. Such a laying scheme assumes that the slab will simultaneously rest on three walls not only with its short edges, but also with its long side. It is reliably pressed by the higher walls, thereby providing additional fastening.
  2. You can lay the slab where the brick partition is installed, which will support it.
  3. There is another installation scheme, when the burst material is mounted between two integers. During installation, rustic patterns are formed between the structures, which must be carefully sealed with mortar in order to create an almost monolithic overlap.
  4. The deformed board can be laid in a place where there is a minimum load. For example, for an attic floor, but it is important that the structural elements of the roof do not rest on it.
  5. If the cracks are quite large, about 4-10 mm or there are many of them, it is necessary to cut off the damaged part and use only the whole one.

Sealing joints

A joint or rust is where the long sides join. To get a solid and solid overlap, all the rustication must be filled with mortar. Hollow core flooring materials have locks on the sides that look like circular recesses. In the process of pouring the rustic stones, the recesses are filled with concrete and the slabs are securely connected to each other.

Sometimes you come across defective products with incorrectly made sides with locks. When they are connected, the notch is at the bottom, and at the top they fit tightly. As a result, it seems that it will be difficult to fill such rust with concrete. In reality, the scheme of work is quite simple. To close up the defective rust, it is necessary to connect the floor elements not end-to-end, but to leave a small gap - 2-3 cm. It should be located in the upper part. At the bottom, along the length of the rust, you need to tie wooden board, which will serve as a formwork for pouring concrete. A solution that is not thick in consistency is poured into the rust through the upper gap. After the solution hardens, the work can be considered completed.

Installation technology

Prefabricated floor slab diagram.

Plates are stacked and lifted by a truck crane. A device is attached to its main hook, which has four cables of the same length with hooks, which are connected to mounting loops located on the floor. This arrangement prevents rotation during lifting and keeps the product in a horizontal position.

The technology provides for laying the material on a mortar, which will prevent the formation of cracks and contribute to a strong adhesion of building elements. Therefore, within 10-20 minutes, it is allowed to move them using a crowbar to give the desired position. Plates must rest on load-bearing walls and go on them at about 0.12-0.15 m.

A steel bar is inserted into the mounting loops, which are located nearby, and its protruding edges are bent inward, and then connected using welding. As a result, the adjacent slabs are firmly held together.

It is important that the laying of the floor is carried out in the most comfortable conditions. For example, you can place dishes with a solution on the first installed structure so as not to be distracted from work and not to waste time and effort, each time going down after it.

The laying scheme after the completion of their installation provides for the sealing of the ends to prevent freezing. These actions will help to additionally retain heat in the house, since the cold will not be able to get inside.

Sealing the ends

There are several ways to seal the ends of the slabs.

  1. You can use mineral wool and fill the voids of the pipes with it by about 0.2-0.3 m in depth.
  2. Fill the voids 0.12-0.25 m with light concrete mortar or close them with concrete plugs.
  3. To fill the voids, use a backfill brick with mortar and seal the surface with mortar.

Sometimes the slab is very close to the front masonry. If there is no insulation between them and the ends are not sealed, the overlap will begin to freeze and ice in the room. The stove will become a source of cold, and when the heating is turned on, "dew" forms on its surface due to the sharp temperature drop. To get rid of this problem in an already finished house, the following scheme of actions will do.

  1. It is necessary to drill a hole in the frozen pipes with a puncher from the underside of the slab.
  2. Insert a tube inclined towards the outer wall into the resulting recess and blow out the polyurethane foam through it.
  3. As a result, a cork of foam should be obtained, penetrating to a depth of 01, -0.2 m, which will act as a heat insulator.

The ends must be sealed not only for slabs resting on the outer walls, but also for those that rest on the inner ones.

Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most common types of floors. They provide high strength and allow the assembly of a rigid structure in the shortest possible time. Installation of floor slabs is a demanding task that requires certain knowledge in the field of construction. Everything in order.

Floor slab types

Before starting to mount a horizontal structure, you must select the type. Reinforced concrete prefabricated structures are produced in the form:

  • hollow;
  • flat (PT);
  • hip panels with perimeter ribs;
  • with longitudinal ribs.

Most often, the use of reinforced concrete hollow-core... They are available in two types, depending on the manufacturing method:

  • hollow-core (PC);
  • continuous molding (PB).
Scheme of a hollow-core slab with holes

Hollow-core slabs are time-tested products that have been used in construction for several decades. Many have been developed for them. normative documents and installation rules. Thickness - 220 mm. Products are installed according to serial dimensions, which creates inconvenience for individual construction.

The manufacturing technology of these slabs involves the use of reusable casting molds, and before the manufacture of atypical products, you first need to prepare the formwork. Therefore, the cost of the required size can increase significantly.... Typical PC slabs have a length of 2.7 to 9 meters in 0.3 m increments.

Scheme of reinforced concrete products with dimensions

The width of reinforced concrete products can be:

  • 1.0 m;
  • 1.2 m;
  • 1.5 m;
  • 1.8 m.

Structures with a width of 1.8 m are extremely rarely purchased, since, due to the large weight, the process of installation in the design position is greatly complicated.

PB are used in much the same way as the previous type. But the technology of their manufacture allows you to give the product any length. Thickness - 220 mm. The width is the same as the PC series. The disadvantage is a little experience of use and the lack of processing of regulatory documents.

As additional elements for hollow-core slabs, flat PTs are often purchased. They are available in 80 or 120 mm thick and are smaller for overlapping narrow corridors, pantries, bathrooms.

Supporting the plates

The laying of floor slabs is carried out after the preparation of the project or the scheme on which the products are laid out. Overlap elements must be selected so that they are sufficiently supported on brick wall or expanded clay concrete blocks and laying without gaps in width.

The minimum support for the PB and PC series depends on their length:

  • products up to 4 m long - 70 mm;
  • products longer than 4 m - 90 mm.

A visual diagram of how to correctly and how incorrectly to carry out the support of floor slabs

Most often, designers and constructors take the optimal value of support against the wall 120 mm. This value guarantees reliability with small deviations during installation.

It will be correct to pre-arrange the load-bearing walls of the house at such a distance that it is easy to lay the slabs. The distance between the walls is calculated as follows: length of standard slabs minus 240 mm. Series PK and PB must be supported on two short sides without intermediate supports. For example, PK 45.15 has a size of 4.48 m, 24 cm is subtracted from it. It turns out that the distance between the walls should be 4.24 m. In this case, the products will lie with the optimal amount of support.

The minimum support for the PT series products on the wall is 80 cm. Installation of such reinforced concrete slabs is possible with the location of support points on all sides.

The support must not interfere with the passage of the ventilation ducts. The optimum thickness of the bearing internal brick wall is 380 mm. 120 mm on each side goes under the reinforced concrete ceiling, and 140 mm remains in the middle - the standard width of the ventilation duct. In this case, it is necessary to lay as correctly as possible. Displacement of the product towards the ventilation opening will lead to a decrease in its section and insufficient ventilation of the premises.

Summarizing what was said:

  • the PK and PB series up to 4 m are supported on both sides by at least 7 cm;
  • series PC and PB more than 4 m - not less than 9 cm;
  • PT series - on two, three or four sides at least 8 cm.

Storage of boards

Warehousing schemes different types

After the scheme has been developed and the products are purchased, they need to be located on the building site for convenient installation in the design position. There are rules for storing materials:

  • you need to lay the elements under a canopy;
  • the storage place should be located in the access zone of the crane;
  • lining is provided under the support points.

Failure to comply with the last rule will lead to a rift in half. PC, PB and PT products work in such a way that the appearance of intermediate supports or a solid base leads to cracks. Laying is performed in the following order:

  • laid on the ground wooden blocks or boards under the edges of the slab;
  • with a crane from the machine, I transfer the floor element to the boards;
  • boards or bars are again placed on the laid plate;
  • unload the second plate from the machine;
  • repeat points 3 and 4, the maximum storage height is 2.5 m.

Masonry requirements


Calculation scheme for floor slabs

In order to correctly install floor slabs, it is necessary to ensure that special requirements for a brick wall are met:

  • evenness of the masonry at the place of laying the floors;
  • laying in three rows until the overlapping of reinforcing meshes with a cell of 5 by 5 cm from a wire with a diameter of 3-4 mm;
  • top row of masonry with inside should be bonded.

If the slabs are mounted on expanded clay concrete blocks, they are additionally arranged under the floors monolithic belt... Such a design will help to evenly distribute the load from heavy floors on expanded clay concrete blocks with less strength. Construction technology provides for pouring a monolithic tape of concrete 15-20 cm thick onto blocks.

Floor laying

To carry out the work, at least three people will be required: one performs slinging, and two install them in the design position. If the installers and the crane operator cannot see each other, when installing the slab, another worker will be needed to give commands to the crane.


Reinforced concrete product laying scheme

Fastening to the crane hook is performed with a four-branch sling, the branches of which are fixed at the corners of the slab. Two people stand on both sides of the support and control its evenness.

When installing a PC, pinching into the wall is carried out in a rigid way, that is, bricks or blocks are placed both above and below the slab. When using slabs according to the PB series, it is recommended to perform hinged fastening. For this, the plates are not pinched from above. Many builders mount the PB series in the same way as PCs and buildings stand, but it's not worth the risk, because the quality of the installation load-bearing structures human life and health depends.

Another important feature of the use of products from the PB series is that it is forbidden to make technological holes in them.

These punches are needed for conducting heating, water supply and sewerage pipes. Again, many builders neglect this even when building multi-storey buildings. The difficulty is that the behavior of this type of floor under load over time has not been fully understood, since there are no objects built for a long time yet. The ban on punching holes has reasons, but it is more of a preventive measure.

Slab cutting

Sometimes, in order to install a slab, you need to cut it. The technology provides for work with a grinder with a disc on concrete. It is impossible to cut the PC and PT slabs along the length, since they have reinforced reinforcement in the support zones. If you support such a cut slab, then one edge will be weakened, serious cracks will go along it. It is possible to cut PB slabs in length, this is due to the peculiarities of the manufacturing method. A bar or board is laid under the cut site, which will facilitate the work.

The division along the length is performed along the weakened part of the section - the hole. This method is suitable for PCs, but not recommended for PBs, since the width of the walls between the holes is too small.

After installation, the holes in the zones of bearing on the walls are poured with lightweight concrete or clogged with mineral wool. This is necessary to provide additional strength in the pinch points in the walls.

What to do if it was not possible to evenly spread the product across the width

Sometimes the dimensions of the room do not correspond to the width of the products, in this case, all the gaps are brought together into one. This space is covered with a monolithic section. Reinforcement occurs with curved meshes. In length, they lean on the top of the floor and seem to sag in the middle of the monolithic section. for floors, concrete is used at least B 25.

The precast floor technology for bricks or blocks is quite simple, but requires attention to detail.

At first glance, laying floor slabs on a foundation may seem like a rather complicated process. In fact, it is quite possible to deal with this matter with your own hands, without resorting to the services of builders. For this, in addition to materials and tools, several assistants and a small crane are required.

How to cut costs

There is a way to save money on board delivery and unloading. To do this, you need to plan in advance how and where the materials will be unloaded. You also need to decide where the installation will start from. This will be required so that the desired plate does not suddenly appear at the bottom of the stack. All this will allow not to shift the slabs from place to place, and, consequently, save on the time of renting a crane.

In addition, costs can be reduced by starting the work on the day of receipt of the material and immediately placing the slabs brought from the machine. This requires that the crane is already in place in advance.

What is required

  • slabs - the size and quantity depend on the parameters of the structure under construction;
  • lifting crane;
  • level;
  • construction tape and chalk to make markings;
  • cement-sand mortar for laying - it is better to prepare in advance so as not to fuss;
  • mortar of cement or concrete for sealing joints and voids;
  • brick or cinder blocks for filling voids;
  • foam for insulation;
  • fittings - if an armored belt is provided.

About types of plates

Reinforced concrete slabs are divided into monolithic and hollow. There are also ribbed ones, but they have a specific purpose - they are used where it is necessary to withstand extremely high loads. Monolithic ones have increased rigidity, but, in general, are more expensive, have low noise insulation and assembly work they are not cheap.

Therefore, hollow core slabs are most commonly used. They have a cost lower than others, have good sound insulation, installation work with them can be done quickly and inexpensively. In addition, hollow core slabs are manufactured only in factories, which ensures their reliability.

Leveling the foundation before starting work

The foundation must first be prepared, its surface must be carefully leveled. First, the highest and lowest places are found, after which, based on the differences in the transition, the way in which the alignment will be carried out is selected.

  • With a small difference of no more than 5 cm, a sand and cement screed and reinforcement with a special mesh are used.
  • When the difference in the difference is significant, the surface can be leveled using the refilling of the belt from concrete or with the help of bricks.
  • If floor slabs are laid on foundation blocks, reinforced concrete sheathing is used - composite or monolithic.

It is worth remembering that it is better to build the foundation as accurately as possible, as this will avoid difficulties with leveling work. For convenience, it is better to make markings on the foundation - mark the edges of the position of the slabs so as not to make mistakes during installation, since everything must be accurate. The support of the slab depends on the composition of the material from which the foundation is made and the alignment belt. The plates should be supported on two or three sides. For brick walls, the depth should not be less than 12.5 cm, for reinforced concrete - not less than 6 cm. The dimensions of the slabs are factory standard.

Styling solution

Floor slabs are laid on the foundation using a cement mortar; during its preparation, several points must be taken into account:

  1. It is necessary to sift the sand well for the solution, because even a small pebble threatens to create a skew of the structure.
  2. The solution must be made of medium density.
  3. The mortar layer on the surface should not exceed 20 mm.
  4. The task of the mortar is to evenly distribute the load coming from the slabs.

Installation work

After graduation preparatory work you should go directly to the installation. Since this is a fairly responsible business, it is necessary to strictly follow the SNIP regulations (building codes and regulations). Installation work must be carried out using a crane suitable for the lifting capacity. Before starting the installation, it is important not to forget to seal the factory voids in the slabs.

The very technology of laying floor slabs is as follows.

It is worth remembering that the longer the process takes, the more money will have to be paid for renting a crane, therefore, it makes sense to act promptly. However, there is no need to rush too much to avoid making mistakes.

In case of problems with dimensions

In the process, it may be necessary to shorten the slab. This is done with a grinder, crowbar and hammer. The slab is placed on a lining, a marking is applied to the place of the cut, along which a cut is made in the upper part of the grinder. Then you need to tap the plate with a hammer to cut it. Insert a crowbar between the parts and punch through the bottom of the plate. Then cut the reinforcement from below with a grinder.

There is another way that does not require cutting - leaving gaps on the sides. To do this, the extreme slabs are placed with support on two sides, and the indent from the third is 25 cm. The rest of the slabs are placed close to each other, without gaps. The voids are closed after installation.

Elimination of voids and seams

When the installation work is completed, the stage of sealing the seams begins. This process should be carried out especially carefully, since the cracks threaten with freezing and loss of heat. Seams can be repaired with cement mortar or concrete mix if the width of the joints is large enough. Often the joints are insulated with foam.

This work must be carried out immediately after laying the plates, otherwise the seams are clogged with small debris, which is difficult to remove. This can impair the insulation of the joints. In order to eliminate voids, they can be concreted by pre-installing formwork. You can also lay empty spaces with bricks or blocks.

Strengthening with an armored belt

Often, the rules for laying floor slabs also prescribe the creation of an armored belt. This part of the structure contributes to stability and prevents cracks. Reinforced concrete armored belt is created around the perimeter, around the slabs. This is done like this: the formwork is attached, the reinforcement is laid out, the concrete is poured.

However, if an armored belt is not needed, the perimeter can simply be bricked and insulated using foam for laying between bricks and slabs. A reinforcing mesh is installed on top of the brick, after which a fixing layer of cement mortar is poured. Such an overlap is considered very long-term and stable, unlike wooden structures, it is almost not subject to destructive effects, which means that the structure will last much longer.

The correct laying of floor slabs will allow you to get a stable and durable base for the building, while there are points to remember so that everything goes well.

  1. Plates must be ordered in advance, as this is a fairly hot product and it is not made to the warehouse. A month is the optimal time for making the material.
  2. There are rules for the transportation and storage of slabs that must be followed. The presence of a backing and gaskets is mandatory. All this is done to avoid damage to the plates.
  3. The quality of the fixing solution is important, it should not be too thick and contain foreign objects.
  4. To reduce costs, it is best to lay down immediately after receiving the material, by which time the crane should also be in place. Or, you can plan the unloading of the material properly.
  5. It is important not to forget to patch up the voids.
  6. All work should be carried out in accordance with safety requirements, with special care and observing the laying technology.

When building a residential building, you will have to face the problem of laying the floor. When building brick, concrete or stone buildings, as a rule, reinforced concrete floors are used, which are distinguished by their strength and durability, fire resistance and even floors, however, they have a large mass. Therefore, such floor slabs (description) can only be installed using a special arrow crane.

Reinforced concrete floors have a large mass, so they are laid using a small crane.

To put the floors, you, in addition to a crane, will need the following tools and materials:

  • compressor station;
  • electric welding machine;
  • hammers;
  • scaffold;
  • levels,
  • trowels;
  • hacksaws;
  • crowbars;
  • jackhammers;
  • container for mixing the solution;
  • formwork;
  • fittings;
  • concrete solution;
  • floor slabs.

Safety engineering

Floor laying can begin only after all builders are familiar with safety precautions.

Before starting installation, it is necessary to familiarize all builders with safety precautions.

First of all, all cranes, lifting mechanisms and other equipment required in order to carry out the installation of the ceiling must be in good order. Only qualified specialists who have undergone a routine medical examination and who have turned 18 years old can lay the floors and perform the related work.

Workers who lay down without scaffolding should wear non-slip footwear and harnesses. Welders and crane operators need to undergo appropriate training, after which special certificates are issued. It is forbidden to lift plates that do not have mounting loops. Cleaning of structures from dirt is carried out before lifting to the object. It is forbidden for people to stay on equipment and structures during the movement of the latter. The slabs are placed in an area insulated with special portable fences, i.e. it is imperative to install a visible guardrail. Unslinging structures during loading / loading can be performed only after checking for stability, and during installation - only after fixing. On the scaffolding and scaffolding, structures can only be assembled, adjusted and laid. It is impossible to carry out installation of floors and other high-rise work in foggy weather, icy conditions, thunderstorms.

Installation work on the device of the subsequent tiers of the building is carried out only after the structures of the previous tier have been fixed.

Installation on the device of subsequent tiers is carried out only after fixing the structures of the previous one.

The installation of the ceiling is carried out at a height using special equipment, and this must be taken into account during work. Lifting and laying is carried out using a truck crane. The overlap is laid on the mortar, therefore, within 10-20 minutes, the structure can be easily moved with a crowbar until they take the required position.

It is very important to create the most comfortable conditions during installation. For example, a dish with mortar can be lifted onto the first installed ceiling so as not to constantly go down after it. The same solution is used for filling rustic materials. Such seemingly insignificant moments very often take a lot of effort and time and interfere with efficiently laying slabs.

Overlapping the foundation

Before laying the slabs, the foundation surface must be leveled. Before covering the foundation of a building with slabs, be sure to make sure that all corners of the foundation are on the same horizontal level plane. You can use a level to check the foundation for evenness. The foundation is leveled with cement mortar.

It is also necessary to properly prepare the foundation for the overlap. The next stage is the preparation of the so-called bed, layer cement-sand mortar height 20-50 mm.

Preparation of the bed: a layer of cement is poured onto the reinforcing mesh previously laid on the foundation.

First, a masonry mesh can be laid locally on the foundation, after which a layer of cement of the required height can be quickly poured onto it. It will be most convenient to fill and level the bed with a couple of wooden blocks. They are laid on the outer sides of the wall and removed just before they are going to cover the foundation.

Next comes the most crucial moment of the procedure - it is necessary to put reinforced concrete slabs on the prepared foundation. Plates can only be laid with a crane, because depending on the dimensions, the structure can weigh up to several tons.

It must be laid strictly horizontally and evenly. To check how well the foundation is covered, each element must be checked with a level.

It is very important to correctly install the floor slab on the foundation. They should rest on only two walls, and not with long, but with short sides. This is done only to exclude the possibility of displacement of the overlap, if the foundation gives an uneven settlement.

The overlaps should not completely go into the wall, but only 10-13 cm. It depends on how the foundation is arranged. Such an arrangement of the ceiling allows you to reduce the percentage of heat loss during the operation of the house, because it will be possible to fill (insulate) the cracks.

In order for the foundation to be truly reliably covered with slabs and the structure is a single whole, the floor elements are connected with rigid reinforcing plates. Each such loop should connect only two adjacent ones and is fastened by welding. As a rule, for such a screed, a reinforcing bar with a diameter of 8 mm or more is used. For such work, the A1 class wire rod is best suited, because it does not break under extreme loads, but stretches. One end of the rod is welded to the ceiling mounting loop, the other to exactly the same loop of the adjacent slab. It is recommended to install the anchors on external walls. The result is a very robust and reliable design.

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The next stage is the processing of joints and gaps. At this stage of installation, you will no longer need a crane and other special equipment, because the work ahead is not so much hard, but simply requiring attention and time. First you need to lay out a layer of brick around the perimeter of the walls. It is the brick that will further protect the building from heat loss and give the façade its integrity. Then between reinforced concrete slabs and brickwork a layer of heat-insulating material is laid, for example, mineral wool or cement-bonded particle board or various kinds of complex materials: styrosol, isolone, penofol, etc.

After laying the communications, processing of both internal slots and gaps is performed. Narrow gaps must be paved with tow and poured with concrete. If the gap is very wide, a monolithic section is arranged between the ceilings, reinforcement is laid, formwork is built under the ceiling and the gap is poured with concrete.

The calculation for the installation of floors must be done before laying the foundation, at the design stage.

It is logical that the installation, carried out with the exact adherence to the classical technology, makes it possible to obtain a completely acceptable result, however, in order for the installation of the floor elements to be carried out as efficiently, efficiently and correctly as possible, it is necessary to pay attention to a number of organizational points.

First of all, before ordering reinforced concrete structures, you need to draw a detailed plan for the installation of floors, indicating all sizes. Such a scheme will help not only to correctly determine the number and dimensions of all elements required for overlap, but also make it possible to choose the most suitable way of placing them, taking into account the necessary gaps, wall entry and other nuances. Although it is better to do all these calculations at the design stage, before laying the foundation.

It is best to order reinforced concrete structures in advance, for example, a few weeks or even a couple of months before the intended installation. The fact is that manufacturers are trying not to occupy warehouses with finished products, but to immediately sell them, so, most likely, there will be neither the required quantity nor the appropriate size of overlap in stock.

It is also better to think about the procedure for unloading reinforced concrete structures and the method of their storage in advance. It is most convenient if the floors are numbered. It is better to put the structures in such a way that they can be used in order and not be moved from place to place, looking for the required element in the stack.

As for storage, you need to store it on a specially prepared base - two high supports, on which the structure will rest with narrow sides. It is better that all the slabs in the stack are in a horizontal position, and there are wooden slats between them. In this case, the slats of all levels must be located one under the other, otherwise the plates can simply crack and become unusable without waiting for installation.

Sealing joints and ends

To ensure reliable adhesion, the recesses are poured with concrete.

Highly important point- embedding of rustic stones. Rust is where the long sides of two adjacent slabs meet. To obtain a solid and durable overlap, all rustic materials must be filled with mortar. Hollow cores have special locks on the sides, made in the form of circular recesses. When pouring the rusts, these recesses are poured with concrete, providing reliable and high-quality adhesion. A prefabricated floor like this works almost like a monolith.

Among the reinforced concrete ones, you may well come across defective specimens with incorrectly made sides with locks. When connected to each other, the recess will be at the bottom, while at the top, the structures are tightly joined to each other. As you might guess, it is problematic to fill such rust with concrete at first glance. However, in practice, not everything is so complicated. To close up the defective rustic stone, the adjacent slabs must not be joined end-to-end, but with a small gap of 2-3 cm. The gap must be made in the upper part of the floor, where they can join. From their lower part along the length of the rust, you need to tie up a wooden board - a formwork for pouring concrete mortar. The building mixture is poured into the rust through the top mortar.

After the installation of the ceiling is completed, it is necessary to seal up their ends to protect them from freezing. If the slab rests on outer wall, butt sealing will also reduce heat loss and prevent cold from entering the house.

Sealing the end of the floor is necessary to protect the house from freezing.

To seal the ends of reinforced concrete structures, you can use one of the following methods: fill the voids of pipes with mineral wool approximately 20-30 cm in depth; close the voids with a backing brick on the mortar, and then seal the surface with a mortar; fill voids pipes to the lung concrete solution 12-25 cm deep, or install concrete plugs; you can also insert a one-and-a-half brick into the hole.

In some cases, the overlap is too close to the front masonry. If there is no insulation between them, and the ends are not sealed, the structure will freeze in cold weather, covered with ice in the room. Such a stove will be a source of cold in the room, and when the heating is on, "dew" will appear on its surface due to a sharp temperature drop. If the finished house already has similar slabs, you can solve the problem without dismantling the walls. To do this, using a perforator, a hole is drilled in the frozen pipes from the underside of the problem floor. In the resulting hole, insert the tube with an inclination to outside wall through which the mounting wall should be blown out. In this case, a foam cork should be obtained, penetrating to a depth of about 10-20 cm. It will act as a heat insulator.

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It is necessary to close up the ends not only for those slabs that rely on the outer walls, but also for those that rely on capital interior walls... In accordance with building codes, the ends are sealed starting from the third floor and below. For example, two-storey house has three floors: between the attic and the second floor, between the second and first floors, between the first floor and the basement. In this case, it is necessary to seal the ends in attic floor to reinforce a structure that takes a significant load from above. The ends should be poured with concrete or laid with one-and-a-half bricks. It is more convenient and easier to do this before the installation is performed. Good luck!

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