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Sewerage and cleaning wastewater In private country house

Country houses located in country partnerships, rural areas and even in a number of cottage villages, do not always have the ability to connect to a centralized sewage network. The optimal solution of the problem is the use of a local sewage treatment plant - Los

From cesspool - to los

Modern technologies in the field of engineering equipment are walking with seven-world steps, and today has developed a lot of types of installations for the purification of household wastewater. Recall how history has evolved private sewage.

First - village YamaIt is then its upgraded version - septicch and finally the installation in which the full cycle of wastewater is carried out. The latter is called differently: stations (systems) of deep biological purification, wastewater treatment plant (WSAIS), local treatment facilities (LOS), etc.

In order not to get confused in these names, in fact denoting the same, we will use the abbreviation Los.

But I'll talk about Los a little later, and now we will discuss the question: Sepage is already the past or not yet?

Since the consumer inexperienced in the problems of private sewage is sometimes incorrectly interprets the meaning of this term, it will not be superfluous to remind you that septic industrial production It is a large capacity (most often - made of plastic) located in the ground and the connected supply pipe with the sewer release from the house.

The simplest septic is essentially a large barrel, more complex models are separated into two or three sections or consist of two-three separate containers. In the septhet, the drains are not simply accumulated, there are their primary decomposition on heavy, stepwise deposited down, and light, pop-up to the surface. Thanks to this purification method, which is called mechanical, the drains are cleaned by 60%, which is a very low degree of purification, and therefore they are forbidden to reset the relief.

The technologies of the ten-year prescription assumed the device on the adjacent portion of the filtration fields - the DRET fields, according to which the soil impact was originated from the septic. Today it is an outdated way. However, the septic tissue itself cannot be discounted. Sometimes it helps solve certain tasks. For example, if we are not talking about the country house year-round living, but about the country where the family is seasonally or periodically. Since septic is suitable for processing a relatively small volume (1 -3 m 3 / Sug.) Household wastewater and fecal masses, it will have to cause an assession machine from time to time. To reduce the filling rate of the container, the drains can be divided into "gray" (water after washing dishes, bathing, washing) and "black" (revenues from the toilet) and send only "black" to septic tank.

In any case, for the home of the periodic stay septicch will be the most economical solution. Sometimes it has to be installed for other reasons. For example, in water protection zones, which is forbidden to use even the LOS, cleaning the drains by 94-98%. Actually, this is all the information you need to know about the septica of a private developer to make a choice in favor of septica or los.

Waste Waters

a) Watering of purified water by self in an existing drainage network
b) the discharge of the effluent into the intermediate well, in which the drainage pump is installed
c) Pressure discharge in road dial
d) samotane wastewater discharge in filtering (drainage) well

Principles of Aeration Los

Individual sewer installations on the Russian market is presented a great set. Some of them, called differently, are actually almost "twins". And therefore it makes no sense to describe each model separately and engage in comparison. It is much more important than the future user to understand the fundamental constructive difference between the systems from each other.

Conditionally, all installations can be divided into two types: aeration and complex. In the first, the purification of stocks is due to the operation of aerobic bacteria, which are used for its livelihoods contained in the air oxygen. How does it enroll in the Los container? Aeration (saturation of water oxygen) is forcibly: for this, compressors (pneumatic aeration) or pumps (ejector aeration) are used, connected to the installation.

The method of recycling, used in such equipment, is biological, therefore, this type of los is also called biological cleaning systems (less often - bioseptics). Constructively, the device is a capacity (as a rule, made of polypropylene) with technological hatches separated by partitions into several sections: septic, anaerobic bioreactor, aerothenec I steps - bio filter, sump, aerotenk II steps, secondary sump - contact tank, pumping compartment. The number of camec compartments different models May be different.

The general is their purpose - to consistently clean the household drains to the parameters specified in the technical passport. This is done as follows. Wastewater is sent to the septic chamber, where they are fermented, separation of suspended substances, settling sand and other insoluble inclusions. After that, partially clarified drains fall into an anaerobic bioreactor, where they are purified by anaerobic il (microorganisms community). The process proceeds without access of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria converts hard-fastened organic compounds into easily octile. Then there comes a phase of treatment in the aerotane I stage with the effects of oxygen (with the help of forced aeration). Here the drains are mixed with an active il absorbing and oxidizing pollution. After the wastewater enters the aerotenk II of the stage, where the bioflighter from microorganisms formed on the loading of artificial algae at a continuous small-pushed aeration is filled (by oxidation and adsorption). Next, in the secondary sump, there is a deposition of active yals and return it to a septic tank with an erlift, and the waste water purified to 98% is discharged into a reduced relief location. So the Los is the first type - aeration.

Integrated wastewater treatment plants in a private house

The second type LOS is complex installations in which the purification of the effluent occurs in three ways: mechanical, biological and chemical-physical (coagulation). Structurally, they differ significantly from aeration plants. Complex Los consists of vertical sump with partitions (septica) and a bioreactor located above it. In the septic, the sediment and anaerobic cleaning is settled. In bioreactor - aerobic (with oxygen) purification of already clarified effluents. Bacteria are attached to the biotage of the reactor, forming an active bioflightener. The settings include precipitating chemical (coagulant) in the form of tablets. It binds phosphorus, significantly reduces its concentration in drains and accelerates the process of precipitation. The coagulant is located in a plastic container, which is suspended on the bowl of the toilet. With each wash, the particles of the substance fall into the system together with the drains.

What do you need to know the consumer?

Aeration VOCs do not allow volleune discharge of waste (more than 100 l / h). For example, if there are guests in the house, the wastewater flow (taking a bath, soul, etc.) increases sharply, due to which the colony of bacteria, with which cleaning is carried out, partially (or completely) is washed away. And therefore, for some time after a volley reset, the installation will not be able to clean the drains to the indicators specified in the passport. Prolonged electricity disconnection also negatively affects the operation of the first type systems, namely, leads to partial or complete death of the bacteria colony. True, some manufacturers "forget" notify the buyer about this. Others convince that this is not a significant disadvantage of devices, because it is necessary to only be placed in the container purchased in the bacteria store for septic, and the installation will start functioning in the same mode. This is true, but the exit to the manufacturer declared by the manufacturer will occur in this case not earlier than in two or three weeks.

But the complex los is neither a volley reset, nor the disabling of electricity is not threatened with negative consequences. The reason for this is in constructive differences Installations of the first and second type. The fact is that in aeration los aerobic and anaerobic processes proceed in one volume, where, at the expense of aeration, there is a constant mixing of active ral. In complex Los, the deposition of the sludge occurs in a separate chamber, where it is in the state of relative rest, and since bacteria live in such systems not only in water, but also in the bioreactor, the washing out of the non-normalized runoff they are not threatened, as well as death due to shutdown Electricity. Even with a long break in the power supply of the bacterium on the biofilter is alive for three months. Exit to the manufacturer declared mode occurs 4-10 days after the installation is started.

Household waste should not fall into aeration units ( toilet paper, Hygiene objects), as this can lead to blockage of pumps that provide the station. In addition, it is not desirable to drain the chemical household detergents there, worsening the conditions necessary for the vital activity of bacteria. But the complex installations are more "loyal" to these factors, mainly due to their constructive features. Household debris (toilet paper, napkins, food remains, pet wool, polymer films) remains in a sump chamber and cannot penetrate the section where the pumps are located. A small amount of chlorine-containing drugs ( washing powder, bleaching), which, together with water, entered the second type Los, will also not lead to the loss of system performance.

Both types of devices are energy-dependent - compressor (pump) must function in continuous mode. However, complex Los electricity consumption is slightly lower due to the fact that they are not a compressor, but a timer pump (15 min / incl. - 15 min. / Off).

The Russian market presents systems of various complexity of both domestic and foreign manufacturers. In some of these, the cleaning process controls the programmable controller, changing the operation mode of operation based on the number of incoming drains. If there are few of them, the controller translates the system into an economical mode, with a slotted discharge - in forced. Although the automation simplifies the operation of the system, but significantly increases the price of LOS and its further service.

Where to remove the estones in the country house

When installing the equipment, one of the main is the question of where water purified in the installation is received. The easiest option is to lead it to a self-shot. After cleaning in the Los, the drains are reset directly on the relief or to the drainage network (trench, roadside ditch) depth of at least 80-90 cm, protected from flood flooding. The second option is the filter well used in cases where the removal is impossible.

From the LOS at a distance determined by the project, the reinforced concrete well of a depth of about 3 m. At the bottom of which crushed stone poured (in order to increase system performance). The bandwidth of the well depends on the type of soil.

In sandy soil, it is 80 l / day. On 1 mg of the area of \u200b\u200bthe outer surface of the filtering cylinder of the well, in the suctioned - 40 l / day. In clay soils or at a high level of groundwater, this scheme does not work. In these cases apply drainage pumps. To pump purified water from the LOS, submersible devices with a conditional passage (maximum impurities) are 10-12 mm. The pump can be installed directly in the Los latest chamber either in an additional intermediate well, should be sealed. It is necessary that the pump does not pump also sorate water.

When installing a wastewater treatment system, it is important to consider that it should be at a distance of 3-5 m from the cottage so that in winter, the drains do not freeze on the way to Los

Prices

The cost of installations manufacturers indicate differently. Some call the price only on the equipment itself, others are "turnkey" system, that is, taking into account the installation.

When choosing a device for cleaning the drains, it is better to focus on a full range of services. On average LOS + Delivery to the Customer's section + installation will cost from 80,000 rubles. (The installation volume is designed for four users) to 140,000 rubles. (for ten users).

For some systems, monthly service events may be needed, the cost of which per year sometimes reaches 20% of the price of equipment.

The general rule for all installations is the cleaning of the sump chamber on average once a year from the accumulated excess ile with an assessing machine. The cost of services of the assessing agents - 750-800 rubles / m 3.

What is the volume of wastewater installation to choose

Choosing a household cleaning plant for specific construction conditions is a complex multifactoric task. First of all, it is necessary to calculate the performance of the equipment, since it depends the size of the capacity.

The specific rate of drainage (SNiP 2.04.01 -85) is from 200 to 300 liters per person per day and includes the use of a toilet, bathroom, shower, kitchen sink and washing machine. A family of three or four people on average spends a day on the wash, wash the dishes and washing 200 liters of water, the toilet accounts for another 200 l, for shower and bath - 400 l.

Total is 800 liters. The size of the capacity is chosen taking into account its working volume superior to the daily rate of water consumption three to five times. Consequently, in our example, a reservoir is 4 m 3.

Installation of aeration station (LOS) do-it-yourself - Photo

a) Preparation of the subsystem of the subsystem b, c) the installation hull is placed in the kittle, r, d) inserts of underwater and taping highways in the body of the sewage seal E, g) Installation of electrical equipment, filling the installation with water and sprinkling sand, h) Outdoor part of the aeration station

Septic, Biaseptic or Biological Cleaning Station - Select for a private house?

Previously, to organize in the countryside "Life support" on urban standards it was more difficult than in space. Fortunately, times have changed, the question is solved and where the connection to the centralized water supply and sewage is the case of an unrealistic future. It is simply solved locally for one or several households - drilling of the artesian well and the choice of an autonomous sewage system.

What preferred is septic, bioseptic or biological cleaning station?

All variants of local sewage systems (LOS) have both "pros" and cons. Let's deal with!

Local principles

To start a little science. It should be understood that any modern device, a decisive "toilet" problem (by the way, including a relay), works through microorganisms. As a result of the vital activity of these invisible faces of creatures, the processes of biological oxidation go. The solid fraction of waste decomposes, other organic compounds are formed, and water is defended. Everything is simple, but there is a nuance. Biological oxidation is two types: aerobic (when the process comes with oxygen access) and anaerobic (without access).

And the bacteria in these processes take part different. When aerobic, the degree of cleaning is taken for the case, corresponds to the current hygienic standards; When the anaerobic works - does not match, and the doochetics are required.

What is septicchik

In fact, septic is a storage tank of sewage waste with anaerobic bacteria. Structurally, it is a reservoir - a hermetic or non-bottom. There are models consisting of non-

how many tanks conjugate with each other nozzles and overflows. Heavy particles fall on the bottom, the most liquid fraction successively flows from the chamber to the chamber. Defending this way, plums are gradually cleaned.

Theoretically, the larger the septicity of cameras (tanks), the better and more reliable. But in practice in complex systems above the risk of breakdowns, their operation is more expensive, since many components require periodic maintenance. In addition, as a rule, the greatest number The sediment remains in the first section. So it is too complicated to complicate the septic tank, three tanks are optimistic.

Part of a large whole

Septic - device is incompatible. Thanks to the anaerobic processes, plums will leave in it somewhere 65% of pollution. Where to delably far from the ideal state, bad smelling moisture? It is drained into the drainage well or lead through the so-called "field of filtration" (section of the earth, equipped far from the house in a special way for the purification of water by filtration through the soil). Therefore, it is necessary to have this drainage well or place sufficient to organize the "Filtering Field" on its land. What to do with accumulating at the bottom of the chambers with a precipitate? It is periodically absorbed. Alas, without an asserenitator there is no need to do. So, it is necessary to ensure the free entrance of the car of the asserenitator to the septic. These moments will have to be taken into account when choosing a system of autonomous sewage.

"Pluses" and "Minuses" of Septics

Preserving performance after long interruptions to use.

Some models do not need to connect to electricity.

Low degree of wastewater treatment - up to 65%.

There are unpleasant odors near the installation.

For installation requires a significant space on the plot.

For maintenance requires access roads.

Complex installation of bulk and heavy equipment.

Septic N. the best decision With a high level of groundwater and if the plot is clay.

What is bioseptic

This type of septica in which the cleaning process is reinforced by regular loading of bacterial preparations.

Its design provides a bio filter - a small reservoir with a chemically inert, resistant to rotting. It may be, for example, foam balls, shungizite, ceramzite or shell. The backfilling is an excellent environment for the growth of bacterial colonies and at the same time plays the role of a mechanical filter - delays solid fragments of sewer plots. The degree of cleaning in the bioseptic is slightly higher than in the usual, and the precipitate on the bottom of the chambers is formed less. That is, with other things being equal, the assessing agent will have to be less common.

What is aerotenk

In general, the tank was originally called an aerotank, in which the cleaned drains are mixed with active il - biocenosis of microorganisms capable of absorbing the organic. Today, the aerotank is often called the installation of deep biological purification, including this tank. Variety of bioseptics? Probably, you can say so. But, definitely, the difference between aerotank and a septic with a biofilter is fundamental: other bacteria are used, aerobic.

The operation of the system is based on biological oxidation with air access, which pumps the compressor. Due to the aeration, the oxidation process occurs evenly throughout the volume. "The final product" - not having smell IL - is fed into a special compartment. Filtered water does not need to clean!

ON A NOTE

Any Los is designed for a certain number of users. To calculate the volume of wastewater treatment plant, it is recommended to proceed from 200 l / day per person. The volume of simultaneous discharge of the effluent is important ("volley reset"). This indicator is able to strongly affect the quality of cleaning. The bigger bandwidth Los per day, the more Nego should have a stock for simultaneous reception of discharges from various sanitary nodes within an hour.

"Pros" and "Cons" Aerotenka

The high degree of cleaning of wastewater is the product at the outlet of the odor.

The ability to install in the ventilated basement. Aerotenk is not necessary to bury in the ground, like a septic tank (the riser is required!).

Saves place on the site - "Filtering field" is not necessary.

In winter, the aerotenk is more effective than septic (aerobic processes occur with heat release, anaerobic - with absorption).

The water supply is an integral part of modern comfort, and where there is water supply, there must be drainage there. But what to do with accumulated runoff? There are now many options for solving this problem, ranging from primitive disposal to a complete cleaning of a polluted fraction from technical water. This article discusses the most common methods of wastewater treatment, the principle of their work, the main advantages and disadvantages of such systems.

Wastewater treatment methods

First you need to figure out what wastewater is? This category includes any desires that contain any impurities and pollution. These include:

1. Household sewage sector sector. Here are mainly contained products of vital activity, biological waste of animal origin, such as fat and food particles. Wastewater treatment technology can be carried out by a local or global method;
2. Industrial estates contain waste production, chemical elements, polymers or petroleum products. The processing of such pollution differs from cleaning domestic sewage, this process is more complex and includes a set of activities with several levels. Such installations are capable not only to recycle the drains, but also provide the enterprise with water for production needs.

Thus, based on the type of sewage drain, it is possible to determine the type of cleaning structure, which will be the most acceptable to achieve the desired result and purification level.

Ways to clean stocks can be classified into three types:

1. Mechanical wastewater treatment methods.As a rule, this stage is considered preparatory, as this is the most primitive method in which there is no other, except for the physical, influence on pollution from large fragments. Mechanical sewage treatment is carried out in several ways:

• Straining. At this stage, the drains are passed through a steel or plastic lattice, which holds large elements and fibers. Most often, such a mechanism is equipped with an electric drive, it rotates the grid in the process of supplying water, and at the top point, all pollution is removed for disposal;
• Settlement. The setting mechanism is based on the physical property of the material to settle at the bottom of the tank. Since water is easier than the main types of pollution, all the elements are lowered down and accumulate in the thickness of the water. After falling into the sediment, the contamination is removed from the sump by its emptying or drain through the bottom of the channel;
• Filtering is carried out using a sealing grid with a shallow cell. This method is justified in cases where there are no major contaminants or as an intermediate phase of cleaning;
• Separation or centrifugation. One of the most modern types Departments of water from dirty stocks. The principle of operation of this device is based on the water movement along the spiral in a special drum, in the process of such a rotation, a large and suspended particles are separated from technical water.

This method is one of the main methods for cleaning wastewater.

1. Chemical wastewater treatment methods. This method is intended to separate the substances that have dissolved in the drains from the main mass by adding special reagents, which, when entering the contaminated medium, react with the liquid and contribute to the loss of harmful substances into the sediment. Chemical wastewater treatment, depending on the additives used, is divided into two subsections:

• Neutralization with acids and alkalis. At this stage, chemicals are added to the drain, which bring liquid to the required value and weight of hydrogen. Most often, this method is used in the textile and other industry;
• Oxidation using chemical reagents, which can be liquefied chlorine and other derivatives. The main direction in the processing of such an installation is to purify the drains with a high content of heavy metals.

1. Physico-chemical methods of wastewater treatment. This is one of the most advanced ways to dispose of a polluted fluid, which includes several stages on the separation and inside of fine-dispersed and difficult soluble organic and non-organic elements. As well as the previous flow processing methods, this process is a few species:

• Coagulation is an action based on enlargement by sticking of small particles when reactions with added reagents. Amone, copper and iron salts are most often used. In domestic conditions, it is rarely applied due to high costs and large equipment dimensions;
• Flotation. In this case, a special installation is necessary in which the sewage stocks fall, and natural or chemically created flotators are added, for example, butter or by-oil rods. So that the cleaning process was continuous, in the separated chamber under high pressure Compressed air is supplied, which passing through the drains, forms a foam emulsion. Flotation forms oxygen bubbles that capture molecules from the total composition and raise it into the upper layers. As a result, aggregation of elements in dense foam occurs. This method is used in the production of metal for the separation of useful ore from the remaining fossil. Also, flotation is used in modern urban treatment facilities;
• Sorption cleaning of household wastewater. The most advanced cleaning method, it uses major sorbents of natural or chemical origin. Contaminated drains are mixed with porous material, and after sedation, the filter is extracted from the container, and the technical fluid can be used again. The cleaning level with this method reaches a degree of 95%. The main disadvantage of sorption is the high cost of components and equipment;
• Simple and reverse Osmus. In such a device, the purification of economic wastewater occurs as a result of extruding water through contaminated drains and membrane or the return process with passage dirty water Through the filter element and separation of waste molecules. The principle of operation in both directions is the same, it is based on a mechanical delay in particles that are more water molecules in a special grid. After the filter is filled, it must be removed and change or clear.

All physicochemical methods of wastewater treatment are mainly used on an industrial scale for large enterprises and plants. Production I. household method Different with the equipment used and the number of processes. But some units are also applied in private sectors, such as flotation or Osmus.

1. Biological method of cleaning sewage sewage. Most often, this method is used in the device of waste disposal for individual housing with autonomous system Communications. Its principle of operation is based on the processing of contamination by creating a nutrient medium for special bacteria intended for wastewater treatment. Two types of microorganisms suitable for drafting drainage:

• Anaerobic bacteria - live in a polluted airless sewage environment and feed on biological waste. Anaerobic wastewater treatment has a by-product in the form of a gas of methane, so the tank must be equipped with a gas-conductive channel. Another bacteria colonies are called useful il, as they live on the sand particles contained in the water medium;
• Aerobic bacteria, in contrast to the previous ones, need permanent air supply, since for normal livelihoods they need oxygen. Waste containers should be equipped with a compressor installation and pipe supply to enrich effluents.

Often, successively, both options are used to achieve the desired result, then the cleaning level of sewage drain can reach 98%. Such water cannot be eaten, but for household needs it is suitable, for example, for watering plants or cleaning. Often the aerobic scheme is used together with another oxygen method, which is called flotation.

Note! Regardless of the selected method of cleaning household wastewater, its design and installation should be engaged in qualified employees, as it is possible to calculate the required power only with a detailed study of all communication parameters.

Stages of wastewater treatment, stages and autonomous septic

Cleaning household wastewater in the enterprise and in the private sector is very different from each other. In individual housing, a combined cleaning system is often used, which includes several stages of fluid processing to the state of the technical water. The construction of such a structure begins with the calculation of the power and determination of the location. As a rule, Septic is at some distance from the residential building closer to the departure from the site. This is done so that in the process of operation does not arise problems with the export of waste material and waste.

The next stage will be a digging of a container. Many manufacturers make tanks made of hard plastic with integrated partitions and overflow, filtering and processing compartments. Such a product is much more expensive than reinforced concrete rings, as its production requires high costs, but has an advantage by simplicity of installation and maintenance, as well as saving space. Warranty on plastic capacity for more than fifty years.

It is important to observe the sizes of the pit so that it was 20-30 cm more around the perimeter, it will facilitate installation and prevent the destruction of the walls of the pit.

A geotextile is stacked on a sandy-gravel pillow, which will prevent the sebacing under the influence of greater weight. After tamping the foundation, the septic is mounted, it can be factory production or made alone from the railway rings. If a plastic reservoir is used, then it is necessary to place weighting on the bottom to be placed so that the capacitance does not fall out when the precipitate is dropped.

The sawmaker of the sewer pipe is carried out along the top cover so that the air layer was between the accumulated drains and the incoming fluid. To prevent an unpleasant smell from entering the septica, it is recommended to install check valvewhich only works in one direction by adjusting the streams.

Most often, the first stage of water purification is natural filtration from large fragments of nebiological origin. To do this, the capacitance is provided with a transfidory threshold with a sandingler, which eliminates the elements unsuitable for processing from the bulk.

In the following compartment there are anaerobic bacteria that purify liquid from large inclusions, which are contained in the column of stock. Recycling the main pollution and turning them into carbon dioxide and methane, the bacteria are partially dying, to comply with the necessary number, it is necessary to periodically update their population.

After overflow, the recycled water enters the aeration fields. Here are inhabited by bacteria that feed on biological waste when enriching them with oxygen. Therefore, to ensure the process, it is necessary to continuously feed oxygen into the chamber, without it, all microorganisms will die.

The sewage device in the absence of a centralized system is a complex engineering task. The sewage scheme is due to the type of equipment for the toilet, the total "gray" wastewater from washbasins, baths, washing machines, pools. As well as geological features of the area: groundwater depth, soil filtering abilities, the presence of water intakes in the immediate vicinity of sewage treatment facilities.

Wastewater entering the sewer network may contain garbage of mineral origin (sand, clay, slag particles dissolved in salt water, acid, alkali); rotting organic substances (animal and vegetable origin); Difficult bacteria, harmful chemicals. Wastewater treatment methods used in local sewage systems can be divided into three main types: mechanical, chemical and biological.

Chemical cleaning method Wastewater is based on the use of various reagents that translate dissolved impurities into a hard-soluble state. Next, the deposition of these substances occurs. This method is mainly used to purify production wastewater.

Mechanical cleaning It is to remove the garbage from the waste liquid of mineral origin, which are in it in undisturbed, and partly in suspension, as well as from foreign objects floating in wastewater. When using a mechanical cleaning method, settling and sewage filtering occurs. One of the cons of this method is that water does not occur from dissolved organic pollution. Therefore, the structures of mechanical cleaning (sumps, sandballs, lattices and sieves) are most often the pre-step in front of biological cleaning.

IN biological cleaning Bacteria is involved, which, depending on their relationship, are divided into two groups: aerials (using oxygen dissolved in water) and anaerobes (developing in the absence of free oxygen).

Anaerobic (without air access) Cleaning It is carried out in closed containers (methyentes, septhes, bunk septicles), where the organic pollutants are fermented using methan-forming bacteria-anaerobes.

For aerobic (with air supply) cleaning Draining fields, filtering wells, biological filters and aerotanes, in which the purification process occurs, is used. Oxygen required for the livelihood of microorganisms comes from the surrounding air or injected by special compressors (blowers). A large number of organic substances contained in wastewater serves as a favorable nutrient medium for aerobs, which are capable of absorbing various organic substances in the process of their livelihood. During biological cleaning, active IL is created. Sewer drains are mixed with active il, significantly speeding up and improving oxidation processes. As a result, the pathogenic microbes are absorbed by active il, die either become its active agents or their disintegration occurs. Due to this, the water loses the tendency to shut down, becomes transparent, its bacterial contamination is reduced.

In modern sewage treatment plants, both types of bacteria are used with biological cleaning: anaerobes and aerobes. First, the sewer flow enters the container with anaerobes and is oxidized there for 2-3 days, then it passes the process of peeling in tanks with aerobs or in natural conditions. The waste liquid during biological purification is almost completely freed from organic substances and harmful bacteria.

Fig. 24. Bituitaluet

For the summer house, you can choose a cheaper option: to make cleaning for the flow of gray water from the shells and the soul and use the beyatuette (Fig. 24). This is an intermediate option for those who do not want to install expensive sewers and at the same time wishes to "exhaust the place" to be more convenient for "needle" - backlash- or Poo-close.

The urbanization process and in particular the expansion of utilities complicates the tasks of serving urban organizations. The fight against wasteial pollution in this regard is particularly important, since the waste of consumption of household liquids has a direct impact on the hydrological system of terrain. In this regard, more developed effective means Minimizing the negative processes of environmental impact. Today, wastewater treatment is organized with several factors to eliminate harmful microorganisms. The main method of water treatment is still the arrangement of mechanical filtering stations, but more and more complex installations that are performed and high-quality biological preparations are also appeared.

Features of modern wastewater treatment

Engineering equipment is developing in general directions that are focused on improving ergonomics and reliability. Therefore, modern sewage drains is characterized by multifunctionality, efficiency and convenience in control. And industrial, and household filtering systems are equipped with a wide range of settings control panels.

In addition, the developers of sewer and septic system projects are striving to the maximum rationalize communication networks, optimizing and energy resources. In other words, cleaning of effluents in some nodes can be connected with complex systems Managing engineering at home or enterprise. And this is not to mention the increase in the main operational capabilities of the cleaning equipment, which is achieved through the use of high-tech

Mechanical cleaning

The entire cleaning process is divided into several stages that have essential technological differences. The mechanical filtering step is primary and at the same time multi-stage. The simplest mechanism of such cleaning can be observed on the streets in the form of metal, concrete or plastic lattices, which delay trash, foliage, stones and other large elements. In the future, the drains can be directed through the sewer channel into special centrifuges and hydrocyclones. Also, a special focusing is used to delay microscopic particles - in essence, this is a filtering station of purification. Stoke thanks to such equipment can be cleaned of elements of up to 0.25 mm. In the aggregate, the cleaning steps to this time make it possible to eliminate about 80% of foreign bodies in the waste fluid.

Biological cleaning

Tools of this kind of cleaning are commonly used as a continuation of mechanical filtering. It can be said, the basic cleaning of the filler prepares the liquid for the deeper processing of biological stations. At the same time both methods work according to various principles. That is, it is wrong to assume that mechanical filtering is delayed by large particles, and biological installations are small. The second version of the main focus does on environmental disposal of water that does not cause chemical harm In the process of content and after its release in the reservoirs. To date, the biological waste purification is the main goal of eliminating the organic or its processing. As a result, the composition of the liquid medium retains only dissolved nitrates and oxygen. In practice, this purification is sold in two ways - natural or artificial. In the first case, the wastewater is scattered on and in artificially, cleaning is performed in special aerotanks, which produce environmentally friendly water in the reservoirs.

Chemical and thermal methods of cleaning

From the point of view of the elimination of negative decomposition processes in the waste medium, one of the most effective ways is a chemical agent. As a rule, this group of methods is based on oxidative reaction reactions, which in essence cancel some reactions, replacing them with other, ecologically less dangerous. But the most effective method of combating pollution in wastewater is the thermal impact. This method is carried out using furnace installations and burners in which fluid is fluid. Practicing and cleaning of the effluent without the use of furnace structures. Technologically, this method involves spraying a liquid in fine state into a special torch formed by burning gaseous fuels. As a result, water evaporation occurs, at which harmful connections are eliminated.

Disposal dispute

New technologies due to which the complete elimination of decomposition products is ensured, while not all sewage facilities are used. Moreover, it is not always that principle justifies itself to economically. Therefore, traditional cleaning channels are still common, whose work leaves precipitation. New technologies in such processing processes show themselves at the final phase of recycling residues. In particular, methyenks are used. These are massive reinforced concrete tanks, in which biogas is formed by fermentation. As a result, methane fuel is formed, which can continue to be used in boiler houses instead of the traditional fuel. Also, complex wastewater treatment with the liquidation of the sediment involves the use of mechanical dehydration methods using special devices - centrifuges, ribbon or chamber pressing installations. In the future, products of such processing depending on chemical composition Can be used in agriculture as a fertilizer.

Conclusion

At this stage of the development of sewer systems, many manufacturers solve the problem of the complete transition to one of the cleaning methods. This is due to the fact that the technical organization of several stages of processing polluted fluid is expensive and requires the connection of large resources in the service process. Alternatively, the biological waste purification station is considered, in which mechanical processing functions are also envisaged, but only as auxiliary stages. However, this option cannot be called universal, since biological aerometers lose on the effectiveness of eliminating harmful particles to the same thermal cleaning. Therefore, it is still advisable to approach the problem of wastewater treatment, through the development of projects that take into account the individual conditions and the requirements of the work of the cleaning equipment.

The drainage systems are the necessary component of any private home ownership. The sewage is initially designed so that it is excluded for the formation of traffic jams and congestion, which create an unpleasant smell and are able to disrupt the drainage device. To this end, the sewage system is complemented by special devices providing and pipes. If you correctly design and implement such an infrastructure, it will last for many years without emergency situations.

Sewer device

To date, the main material for the sale of drainage on the site are plastic pipes (PVC) high density. They became popular due to ease and resistance before corrosion processes, and their strength in these operating conditions is not inferior to metal counterparts. In addition, the means for cleaning the sewage in such systems are easier implemented. However, it is advisable to apply cast iron pipes, but they cost more.

In the finished system on the site, the movement of water through pipes is carried out independently. To ensure self-chapter pipes are packed under a certain bias. Usually, the sewage is in favor of a binding element between the zones of waste collection zones and an external tank or manifold.

Mechanical way to eliminate blockages

A tool for performing cleaning operations This way can be found in each house - it is Vanuts and a plumbing cable. Before using these devices, you should try to get rid of corks with boiling water. It acts well on due to which pipes are clocked. If this method does not help, you can apply vestus. By simple manipulations, the sewage is cleaned, the pipes of which must be filled with water before it, otherwise the effect will be minimal.

Plumbing cable has a special handle for rotation and a spiral tip. There are also models with the end in the form of a rash and brushes. But it is important to remember that too coarse cleaning of the sewage pipes with rigid elements is able to damage some types of rubber and plastic products. In the course of cleaning, it is possible to intuitively determine the nature of the blockage - as a rule, the cable allows you to physically eliminate the plugs of any complexity.

Chemical cleaning

In servicing plumbing communications chemicals Not unusual. They are effective and easy to use, but you should adhere to the application instructions so as not to get burns.

In addition to folk recipes in the form of soda and vinegar, you can try special preparations Based on alkali and caustic sodium. The advantage of such a combination is to effectively clean the sewage by dissolving all common types of salts, acids and fats, the concentration of which and provokes the formation of traffic jams. By cons of such a chemical applies the risk of damage pVC pipes. But the drug is allowed for servicing specialized compositions used for sewage from plastic, developed on the basis of hydrochloric acid. Such means are coping with limestorms, fat, remove hair and food residues.

Hydrodynamic clearing sewage

This is a modern method of getting rid of congestion in sewage pipes, which is more often used in private houses. The principle of operation of this technology is based on water exposure under high pressure. Accordingly, the hydrodynamic sewage cleaning involves the use of special equipment. A few years ago, complex installations on the automotive chassis were involved in such operations. At the moment, the development of sanitary equipment allows you to produce small hydrodynamic units, which are easily eliminated by plugs in pipes with a diameter of 5 cm. The deficiencies of the break is determined by the power of the machine.

Absorbent wells and primer filtration

Recently, such wells have become the most in demand when ensuring a removal storm sewers. By design, this construction is a concrete (or plastic) ring-shaped system with a diameter of 1 m, immersed in the ground. Cleaning is directly implemented due to drainage flooring, including sand, gravel or sandy-gravel layers. The upper part of the absorbent well is closed by geotextiles. When such a structure, it is important to comply with the rules for the location of septics - the minimum distance from the house is 2 m.

Cleaning with application natural materials and the participation of the soil layer does not seem complex in installation and provides nice results When filtering. To understand her work, it should be recalled that the estimates fall into a special sump, where they settle, separated and subjected to fermentation. Next takes place in the soil. At this stage, the principle of soil filtration is performed. The system of the system is used by a layer of washed rubble and geotextile. The rest of the infrastructure is also performed from drainage pipes and connecting components. In the process of cleaning, organic and mineral elements are dissolved - at this stage, bacteria is delayed, and the filtered strokes go further to groundwater.

Biological septic cleaning

If the conditions on the site do not allow to implement the cleaning system on natural filtering principles, then one option remains - the installation of a biological septicity, for example, aerobic. In most cases, sewage, sewage treatment of which is performed in this way, serves longer thanks to high-quality pre-filtration.

The object is located underground and in the finished form is a closed capacitance divided by cameras. In one of them, the presence of a frame with useful (in terms of filtration) aerobic bacteria is envisaged. With the help of a special compressor in a septicch, air flows, which is sprayed by a diffuser. This occurs biological wastewater treatment by finelyopubular aeration.

In suburban households, this approach is advisable to use if it is assumed permanent accommodation. This is due to the fact that in septhes of aerobic type, active ilter is used, which in the absence of wastewater loses its functional qualities.

Ponds and ponds in the sewage system

The collection of rain and melting waters can be organized in an artificial water branch, after which it is used in watering. In addition, part of the effluent will naturally evaporate. The slopes and bottom of the reservoir must be provided by waterproofing.

In case the surface of the soil is low-relocated (there is a layer of clay with zl), the waterproofability will be saved without third-party intervention. If the bottom and walls of the pond from a sandy basis, have to create artificial insulation layers - you can use the same clay or airtight film. It happens that the sewage system is arranged on a plot with elevated groundwater. For this reason, during periods of intense rainstones, it is important to monitor the reservoir level - it should not be overdimed.

Where to position the sewage treatment plant?

The optimal option will be the smooth and free platform, which marks a low level of water and the water-permeable soil. These are ideal conditions for creating a waste drainage. But in most cases it has to deal with problem areasWhat, in fact, causes the diversity of approaches to sewage filtration.

Planning where to install drainage or septic tank, it is important to take into account the configuration in which the sewage is made. Cleaning at the same time should exclude the risks of contamination of the drinking well and residential facilities. To minimize such a probability, it is desirable to leave a few meters from the construction to the toilet, the garden and at home. As a last resort, it is necessary to make sure the reliability of the filtering system itself.