Datura pharmacognosy. Datura ordinary: a photo of a plant and a description of this herb

An annual plant of the Solanaceae family.

It is found on loose, moist soils near home, in fields, along slopes and ravines. It grows on the territory of Ukraine, in particular the Crimea, in the Caucasus, western Siberia... Among the people there are other names for the herb like: drunk cucumbers, bloodworms, stupor grass, thistle, durnopyan, etc.

The plant sometimes causes very strong hallucinations.

Since ancient times in India shamans have used for their rite. In ancient times, in some countries, the herb was used as a narcotic substance.

Description: Although the homeland of Datura is Asia, it is well adapted to the climate of Central and Eastern Europe. Grown in gardens like ornamental plant... Has a highly developed root system... Shaped powerful root white... Flower height reaches 120 cm. Straight stem and large leaves with an unpleasant odor. The flower itself is considered poisonous.

Datura leaves are pointed at the end, ovoid, narrowed at the petiole, dark green on the front side, lighter on the underside.

Datura has large, single, white, or purple, funnel-shaped flowers. Flowers appear from June to September and have an unpleasant odor (especially at night). Flowers reach 12 mm in length.

The fruit is in the form of a rounded erect capsule, which is covered with sharp thorns up to 1 cm long. One box contains over 500 seeds.

Seeds are black matte, slightly flattened, large.

Datura is propagated by seeds. The sowing period is early spring, the seed ripening period is from June to October. Datura ordinary blooms: June - September.

Datura ordinary: planting and leaving

Datura - (another name for the flower) is easily grown from seed. Seeds can be found in any garden store. Germination rate is almost 100%, but the first shoots appear no earlier than a month later.

Seed preparation: Previously for several days, the seeds are soaked in a growth stimulator, or in ordinary cold water, this will soften the hard, dense peel that covers the seeds.

You can use zip bags. Pour some water, place the seeds and wait for piercing, then you can safely plant in the ground. Seeds are sown in the ground in mid-May. But for fast flowering, seedlings are used.

Growing seedlings: The seeds are sown in bowls, after 3 weeks, the first shoots should appear, after a while they are dived into separate containers.

Seeds are sown on the surface, lightly sprinkled on top with soil up to 1 cm.It is necessary to water abundantly through a sprayer.

After sowing, the containers are covered with a glass flask and the temperature is kept at 20 degrees, periodically removing the flask for ventilation. With the emergence of seedlings, the sprouts are provided with a fairly strong diffused light and abundant watering. To do without diving, only one seed is planted in one pot.

Stabbing: With the appearance of the first 2-3 leaves, young shoots must be stabbed. At first, they are taken out for 1 hour in the open air, but after a few days, the time is gradually increased.

In a month, if the night temperature does not drop below +10 degrees, the seedlings can be left outside overnight. Upon reaching 15-20 cm in height and the presence of 15-20 degrees of air temperature, the seedlings are transferred to open ground, planted with a step of 30 cm, but the root collar cannot be buried in the ground.

Soil: Choose a nutritious, loose soil, it should conduct air and water well and be rich in organic matter.

Terrain: On open ground choose a sunny area without drafts and wind, otherwise the dope branches will break, bend over, and the buds fall off.

Watering: Pay particular attention to watering. It should be plentiful, but don't overdo it. Use soft, settled water.

If the watering regime is violated, the dope will drop leaves and buds.

Top dressing: During the period of active growth (flowering), it is necessary to apply organic fertilizers: manure, compost 2 times a month.

Medicinal properties of dope ordinary

The plant is used in pharmacology, for the preparation of herbal preparations. The content of the levorotatory alkanoid - hyoscyamine, the drug acts on the smooth muscles of the bronchi, reduces pain in the respiratory tract.

Datura reduces the tone of smooth muscle organs, reduces sweating, reduces the secretion of the pancreas and salivary glands, reduces the vagal effect on the heart.

The powder is used to prevent respiratory infections, for bronchitis, as an antispasmodic agent, for wound healing, in cosmetology, and for hemorrhoids.

According to its chemical composition, the herb contains alkaloids: gustamine, atropine, datarin. From leaves and seeds, essential oil and various tannins are obtained.

Datura is a part of tobacco products as one of the means of causing hallucinations.

Self-application strictly prohibited, the plant is poisonous and should only be consumed under medical supervision.

The plant is used in folk and traditional medicine at:

• depression,
• nervous seizures (mental breakdowns),
• disorders of the nervous system
• rheumatism
• whooping cough
• bronchitis (bronchial asthma)
• conjunctivitis
• nymphomania
• bradycardia
• stomach and duodenal ulcer
• spastic constipation
• colitis

The essence of freshly squeezed leaves is used for manic conditions and triple nerve neuralgia.

Collection of leaves is included in the preparations "Astmatin", "Astmatol", which is used for bronchial asthma.

The oil is used for external treatment, and is a part of "Saliniment", "Complex liniment" for neuralgia, rheumatism, inflammation of the joints and muscular rheumatism, arthritis, arthrosis.

From the collection of flowers, decoctions are prepared for epilepsy, cough, bronchial asthma.

Datura ordinary: use in traditional medicine

On the basis of ordinary dope, prepare alcoholic tinctures, decoctions and powder.
A powder is made from the dried leaves for the treatment of cough and shortness of breath.
At the tip of a spoon (very small dose) 3 times a day, take the powder inside.

Treatment of bronchial asthma

1. When running chronic illness, the patient needs to breathe smoke from burnt leaves.
2. 2 tbsp. tablespoons of crushed leaves, pour a glass of water, put in a water bath for 5 minutes, then inhale the vapor through your nose for 20 minutes.

Treatment of the psyche, seizures, epilepsy

Preparation of infusion:

1. 1 teaspoon of crushed seeds, pour 250 ml. boiling water.
2. Cover and let it brew for 20 minutes.
3. Take 3 times a day for 1 teaspoon.

For stomach cancer, the infusion helps to relieve pain.

For external use

Decoction preparation:

1. For 1 glass of water, add 1 tsp. crushed leaves.
2. Bring to a boil and let it brew for 30 minutes.
3. Then 1 teaspoon of the finished broth, diluted with 100 mm water and used as a lotion for external use for arthritis, arthrosis, eye inflammation, rinsing with toothache.

A decoction of ordinary dope flowers is taken for epilepsy and angina pectoris.

Treatment of hemorrhoids and uterine prolapse

Prepare a warm sitz bath. Chopped dry raw materials 1 tbsp. spoon, pour a glass of boiling water and let it brew for 30-40 minutes. Dilute the concentrate in 10 l hot water and take a warm sitz bath 2-3 times a day for up to 10 minutes, until the water cools.

How to get rid of unnecessary hairline

Women often develop hair that is undesirable and needs to be removed. For cooking, you need 200 grams of crushed dry raw materials, pour 1 liter of boiling water, put on a small fire and stir constantly until a homogeneous mass is formed. Then let the gruel cool and apply a thin layer on the necessary areas of the skin.

Decoction for enemas and douching

Recipe: 1 teaspoon. pour 0.5 l of dry powder. water, put on low heat and cook for 5 minutes. Remove and let it brew for 30 minutes, then strain. Apply the broth once a day for 2 weeks. But first consult your doctor.

Datura oil

The oil is prepared from the seeds of the plant. Used to get rid of unwanted hair. The oil is applied to the surface of the skin, penetrating deep into the hair follicle, destroying it. Before applying, it is necessary to do epilation, when the pores are still open, apply to the surface, otherwise the oil will not get inside the skin.

Superficially used for radiculitis, arthritis, eczema.

They use dope ordinary oil inside when removing stones from the gallbladder and intestines (fecal stones). It also acts as a sedative for nervous stress and seizures.

Collection and procurement of raw materials

V medicinal purposes use Datura seeds and leaves.

From the moment of flowering until mid-autumn, the leaves are plucked and dried in dry weather. Wet leaves after rain, or with dew, quickly darken. In one year, you can collect up to 3, 4 fees.

First, the lower petals are plucked. Dry in a well-ventilated area out of direct sunlight, or use an electric dryer. The temperature during drying should not exceed 40-50 degrees. As soon as the main vein is dry and breaks down well, the grass is collected and kept in glass jars, or tightly closed bags.

After touching the leaves, be sure to wash your hands well. Shelf life is 2 years.

Seeds are harvested starting in autumn, from ripe fruits. Like the leaves, they are dried and placed in jars for storage.

Contraindications

Through the toxicity of the flower, any self-medication can lead to overdose and poisoning. Some people deliberately smoke or inhale the smoke from burning leaves to get hallucinations, this is extremely dangerous and leads to poisoning.

Poisoning symptoms:

• Difficulty swallowing
• Dry mouth
• Bloody diarrhea
• Nausea and vomiting
• Disruption of the central nervous system
• Impaired coordination of movements
• Disorientation
• Dilated pupils
• Partial memory loss
• Hyperreflexia
• Partial paralysis

If you experience any of the above symptoms, call an ambulance immediately.

Datura ordinary as a botanical species was described by the Swedish botanist and physician Karl Linnaeus in the 18th century. But before that, of course, the plant was widely known among the people - primarily for its poisonous properties. This can be judged by the number of popular names for dope. The ancient Aztecs called this plant "tlapatl" and indicated that the herb makes a person insane. They were afraid not only to use it inside, but also to smell it.

Features of a medicinal plant

Datura is a highly poisonous plant. Its seeds, which contain many alkaloids (tropanes), are especially dangerous.

Area

Datura ordinary. Botanical illustration from the book "Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen", 1887.

The homeland of the herb is Mexico and eastern North America. In Russia, it is distributed in the southern regions and the middle lane. It is often found in Ukraine, Belarus, the Caucasus, Crimea, Central Asia. Refers to weeds. Likes to grow along roads, building walls and fences. More often found in wastelands and in the open steppe zone.

Datura decorative view

The scientific name for fragrant dope is datura, brugmansia. it decorative view a plant that has many varieties. It is a powerful, evergreen shrub that can reach a height of 5 meters. Its flowers are fragrant, large, pink, white, yellow color... Datura is planted in tubs and large pots. In summer, the flower stands on fresh air, in the winter it is transferred to the room. Also refers to the species poisonous plants, but not used for medicinal purposes.

Botanical characteristic

What does datura grass look like? Annual herbaceous plant which is growing extremely fast. On good soils, grass heights can be up to 1 m or more.

Blank

The top of the stem, leaves and seeds are used as medicinal raw materials. Datura flower is not usually harvested, it is used only in homeopathy.

• Collection. Leaves are harvested only in dry weather, during the flowering period, from June to October, until the first frost. The seeds are harvested in the fall after they are fully ripe.
• Drying. The grass is laid out in the shade, under awnings, in attics. Stir frequently during drying. Do not dry next to other medicinal plants!
• Storage . Raw materials are stored in a tightly closed container, separately from other medicinal plants. Shelf life is 2 years.

Healing action

What are medicinal properties dope herb?

• Antispasmodic.
• Antitussive.
• Calming.
• Pain reliever.
• Narcotic.
• Anti-inflammatory.

What's in the chemical composition?

• Many alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine).
• Carotene.
• Tannins.
• Essential oil (leaves).
• Fatty oil (seeds).
• Organic acids.

Indications

For what diseases and symptoms is the herb prescribed?

The properties of the plant are well studied in toxicology and are applied in neurology. The alkaloids of this herb are allocated in a separate group. They are used to make drugs with anticholinergic, atropine-like action - they relieve spasms of smooth muscles, and act on the central nervous system. Moreover, the alkaloid scopolamine - relaxes nervous system and hyoscyamine is exciting.

What are the contraindications for dope herb? It is strictly prohibited during pregnancy, lactation, glaucoma, increased intracranial, intraocular pressure, in childhood. The effects of a plant on the central nervous system can be unpredictable. The use of dope without consulting a doctor is strictly prohibited.

Features of preparation and use

What is the use of Datura in folk medicine? What methods of preparation of this plant are there? And how is it safe to use the various dosage forms of Datura?

Broth, infusion, alcohol tincture

Due to its narcotic properties, the Datura plant is not sold in the pharmacy. But its leaves, seeds, as well as the finished oil are freely sold on the Internet. Also, herbal preparations can be made from raw materials harvested by yourself.

Making a decoction from seeds

1. Take 1 tsp. grass seed.
2. Pour a glass of boiling water over.
3. Boil for 1 minute.
4. Insist 30 minutes.

The broth must be filtered. Applied externally for rinsing, douching, enemas, lotions, compresses. It is also added to therapeutic baths for rheumatic, muscle pains, prolapse of the colon and uterus.

Preparation of infusion from leaves

1. Take 20 g of dry leaves.
2. Pour a glass of boiling water over.
3. Breathe over the steam.

Vapors of this infusion are inhaled through the nose for 10 minutes with asthma and whooping cough.

Preparation of alcoholic tincture from seeds

1. Take 1 part crushed seeds.
2. Fill with 5 parts alcohol (70%).
3. Insist 7 days.
4. Strain.

The tincture is taken orally in a strict dosage - 2 drops 3 times a day, diluted in a tablespoon of water. The recipes are taken from the "Herbalist" by V. V. Reshetnyak, I. V. Tsigura, from the book "Treatment with Plants" by A. V. Reshetnikov, E. I. Semchinskaya.

Read more about hair removal with Datura oil

Datura oil for hair removal is perhaps the most popular home remedy for hair removal. Many articles are devoted to this topic, and even individual forums on the Internet. For hair removal, alcohol tinctures, decoctions and infusions are used, but more often an oil extract from plant seeds is used. There are a variety of reviews about the dope oil tincture for hair removal.

Today, dope for hair removal is "promoted" in the networks, like many other products. One gets the impression that this is a commercial project. Does beauty require sacrifice or attention to your own health? The question is rhetorical.

Overdose Signs and Emergency Treatment

With prolonged, uncontrolled use and overdose, the following signs of poisoning may appear:

• sore throat and hoarseness;
• severe dryness of the mucous membrane of the eyes and mouth;
• thirst;
• strong nervous excitement;
• paralysis;
• dilated pupils;
• fast pulse;
• redness of the skin;
• headache;
• speech disorder;
• hallucinations;
• coma.

Providing emergency care:

• call a doctor immediately;
• before the arrival of an ambulance, wash the stomach with a weak solution of potassium permanganate;
• drink sorbents (the simplest is activated carbon).

In a medical institution, medications are prescribed that block the action of alkaloids, carry out symptomatic therapy, and restore the work of vital organs and systems.

Security measures:

• do not take dope without a doctor's prescription;
• if the drug is prescribed by a homeopathic doctor, there should be feedback;
• do not increase the dose and course of treatment;
• when rinsing, do not swallow the broth, spit out saliva;
• be careful to apply Datura externally, since its vapors are considered poisonous.

Datura herb in folk medicine is used narrowly - to relieve spastic cough with bronchial asthma and whooping cough, with stomach cramps. Also in homeopathy, tincture is used to treat nervous excitement. It is used externally as a pain reliever for neuralgia, bruises, sprains.

Syn .: stinky dope, divderevo, stupid drink, stupid potion, stupid herb, crazy grass, prickly apples, badura, thistle, cocklebur.

An annual herb with an unpleasant odor. Known as a poisonous and medicinal plant, it has anticholinergic, antispasmodic and analgesic properties.

The plant is poisonous!

Ask the experts

Flower formula

Datura common flower formula: * CH5L5T5P2.

In medicine

For medicinal purposes, leaves are mainly used, preparations from them are used to treat bronchial asthma, respiratory diseases, accompanied by spasm of the muscles of the bronchi, they are used to prepare anti-asthma drugs (asthma, asthmatin), as well as Asthmatin cigarettes. The leaves are part of anti-asthma preparations for smoking in bronchial asthma. Datura oil is a part of liniment used for rubbing with rheumatism and neuralgia.

All parts of the plant are highly poisonous, especially the seeds!

The main symptom of poisoning: dilated pupils, dryness of the oral mucosa, hoarseness, frequent pulse, headache, hyperemia of the skin of the face and neck, severe thirst, motor excitement, hallucinations, incoherent speech, up to a coma. There are frequent cases of poisoning of children who tried to feast on the seeds of dope.

Help with poisoning - gastric lavage with weak solutions of potassium permanganate, the appointment of anticholinesterase and cholinomimetic substances (eserin, proserin, pilocarpine), morphine, the appointment of adsorbing agents followed by gastric lavage, and then the implementation of symptomatic restorative therapy.

In floriculture

Despite the plant's poisonous properties, dope can often be seen in flower beds. However, gardeners know this plant as "datura", the word comes from the Latin name - "datura". Its beautiful large bell-shaped flowers are loved by many. The flowers of the plant open in the evening and exude a strong intoxicating aroma. The scent of datura (dope) is very attractive to insects, which pollinate it. By the way, this plant is absolutely harmless for insects. There are many varieties of dope, differing appearance flowers. There are varieties with double flowers, as well as with different colors of the corolla - yellow, purple, purple.

Datura (dope) is an easy-to-care culture, which is distinguished by the duration of flowering and an abundance of flowers. The flowering of the plant lasts from July until the end of summer, and sometimes even before the onset of frost.

Datura grows on well-drained soil rich in organic matter. This is especially important when planting seeds. The plant thrives in the sun and in partial shade. During the growth and flowering of the plant, it must be watered, especially in hot weather, and sometimes fed.

Classification

Datura ordinary or stinking dope (lat.Datura stramonium L.) belongs to the genus Datura (Latin Datura) of the Solanaceae family (Latin Solanaceae). The genus dope unites 25 species, which are native to the tropics and subtropics.

Botanical description

Annual unpleasantly smelling plant 100-120 cm high. Branched root, fusiform. Stems glabrous, erect, forked. Branches, leaf petioles and veins are soft-haired. Leaves are alternate, petiolate, ovate, pointed, tapered to the base. Young upper leaves are strongly pubescent. Leaf blade up to 25 cm long, up to 20 cm wide. The upper side is green, the lower one is light green with strongly protruding veins. Flowers, large (8-10 cm long), solitary. The calyx is half as long as the corolla, five-toothed. Corolla is white, up to 12 cm long, tubular-funnel-shaped, with a folded, wide, five-lobed limb. Datura common flower formula: * CH5L5T5P2. The fruit is an ovoid capsule with numerous hard and thick thorns, opening with four valves. Seeds are 3-3.5 mm long, black, small, rounded-reniform, laterally compressed. Blooms for a long time, from June to autumn. Fruiting in July.

Spreading

Datura ordinary is the only species of the genus that grows in the south and in the middle zone of the European part of Russia, in the Crimea, in the North Caucasus, in the northern regions - rarely. The homeland of the common dope is the tropics and subtropics, where the other 10 species grow. Prefers rich, loose, fairly moist soils. It often grows in small groups near dwellings, in vegetable gardens, on wastelands, dumps, dung heaps, along the edges of roads, along rivers. Cultivated in the Krasnodar Territory.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

Datura leaves are mainly harvested, starting from the flowering phase and the beginning of fruit formation until autumn, during the growing season 3-4 times as the plant grows. Freshly harvested leaves are quickly dried in dryers at a temperature of 40-50 0 C. Raw materials are harvested only from cultivated plants in our country - in the Krasnodar Territory.

Chemical composition

All organs contain alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine: in leaves - 0.23-0.37%, stems - 0.06-0.24%, roots - 0.12-0.27%, flowers - 0 , 13-1.9%, seeds - 0.08-22%. In addition, dope ordinary leaves contain up to 0.04% essential oil, up to 0.1% carotene and 1.7% tannins. Datura seeds contain 17-25% fatty oil, which contains linoleic glycerides - 45%, oleic - 40%, palminic - 12%, stearic - 2% and lignoceric acids.

Pharmacological properties

The therapeutic effect of Datura ordinary is due to the anticholinergic, antispasmodic effect of hyoscyamine and other alkaloids. Preparations based on common dope leaves are effective for convulsive coughs and for relieving spasms of the muscles of the bronchi.

Application in traditional medicine

Datura has long been known as a poisonous and medicinal plant. Already in the Middle Ages, dope leaves were used in Europe as a pain reliever. In folk medicine in many countries of the world, it was used for mental and nervous diseases, chronic and acute rheumatism, neuralgia, as well as for shortness of breath.

Historical reference

Datura has many names among the people: stinking dope, divderevo, stupid drink, stupid potion, stupid grass, crazy grass, prickly apples, badura, thymus, cocklebur. All these names are associated with the poisonous properties of the plant.

It has been used as a medicinal plant since the 16th century. People have long paid attention to the effect of the poisonous substances contained in dope, they rubbed horses with it from gadflies, and contagious patients were fumigated with dope. Datura was used as a hallucinogenic drug. Datura was spread throughout Europe mainly by nomadic peoples. In the 16th century, Datura appeared in the wild in the vicinity of Innsbruck and Vienna. In vegetable gardens and garden plots he became a "great miracle", his seeds were thrown on hot coals, inhaling toxic smoke, people fell into the bliss of stupefaction. In France, the dope was called “Herbe aux sorciers”. Arab peoples mixed dope into smoking tobacco and drinks to induce euphoria. In history, there are many facts of intoxication of many people who have become victims of political conspiracies or fraudsters.

Literature

1. Blinova KF et al. Botanical-pharmacognostic dictionary: Ref. allowance / Ed.

K.F. Blinova, G.P. Yakovleva. - M .: Higher. shk., 1990. - S. 187. - ISBN 5-06-000085-0.

2. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Eleventh edition. Issue 1 (1987), Issue 2 (1990).

3. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004.

4. Ilyina T.A. Medicinal plants Russia (Illustrated Encyclopedia). - M., "EKSMO" 2006.

5. Zamyatina N.G. Medicinal plants. Encyclopedia of the Nature of Russia. M. 1998.

6. Medicinal plants: A reference guide. / N.I. Grinkevich, I.A. Balandin, V.A. Ermakova and others; Ed. N.I. Grinkevich - M .: Higher school, 1991 .-- 398 p.

7. Medicinal plants of the State Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacognosy. (Ed. By I.A. Samylina, V.A. Severtsev). - M., "AMNI", 1999.

8. Medicinal herbal raw materials. Pharmacognosy: Textbook. allowance / Ed. G.P. Yakovlev and K.F. Blinova. - SPb .: Special. Lit, 2004 .-- 765 p.

9. Lesiovskaya E.E., Pastushenkov L.V. "Pharmacotherapy with the basics of herbal medicine." Tutorial. - M .: GEOTAR-MED, 2003.

10. Mannfrid Palov. "Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants". Ed. Cand. biol. Sciences I.A. Gubanov. Moscow, "Mir", 1998.

11. Mashkovsky M.D. "Medicines". In 2 volumes - M., New Wave Publishing House, 2000.

12. Nosov A.M. Medicinal plants in the officinal and traditional medicine... Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005 .-- 800 p.

13. Plants for us. Reference manual / Ed. G.P. Yakovleva, K.F. Blinova. - Publishing house "Educational book", 1996. - 654 p.

14. Plant resources of Russia: Wild flowering plants, their component composition and biological activity. Edited by A.L. Budantsev. T.5. M .: Partnership of scientific publications KMK, 2013. - 312 p.

15. Sokolov S. Ya. Medicinal plants. - Alma-Ata: Medicine, 1991. - S. 118. - ISBN 5-615-00780-X.

16. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Handbook of medicinal plants (herbal medicine). - M .: VITA, 1993.

17. Turova A.D. "Medicinal plants of the USSR and their application." Moscow. "Medicine". 1974.

18. "Phytotherapy with the basics of clinical pharmacology" ed. V.G. Kukesa. - M.: Medicine, 1999.

Quarantine organism

Family: Solanaceae (Solanaceae)

Genus: Datura

Biological classification

Definition

Datura ordinary- a late annual spring weed with an unpleasant odor. Taproot. The stem is forked-branched in the upper part, straight, up to 120 cm high. The leaves are alternate, ovate, with uneven teeth at the edges.

White, solitary, large, tubular-funnel-shaped flowers are located in the forks of branches and stems. The fruit is a round, ovoid, multi-seeded capsule with thorns, opening into four valves. Seeds are flattened, irregularly reniform, black or black-brown. It blooms from June to late autumn, bears fruit from August to November. The range covers a large territory of Eurasia, the species is found on other continents. (Trukhachev V.I., 2006) (Fisyunov A.V., 1984) (Shishkin B.K., 1955) (Gubanov I.A., 2004)

Morphology

Datura seedlings are distinguished by their intoxicating smell and unpleasant bitter-salty taste. Seedlings, like the whole plant, are poisonous. The subcotyledonous knee is greenish, 20-25 mm long, 1.25 mm wide. The supra-cotyledonous area is either undeveloped or about 5 mm long, slightly thickened. The cotyledons are linear-lanceolate with an extended lower part and a narrowed upper part. The petiole is 7 - 10 mm. The length of the cotyledon itself reaches 35 cm, width is 5 mm.

The first and second leaves are arranged alternately. The first is oblong, slightly ovoid, the apex is sharp, the base is wedge-shaped, the lower part is narrowed into a petiole. The length of the first sheet is up to 50 mm, the width is 10 - 15 mm. The second leaf is morphologically similar to the first, only with a slightly wavy edge. The third is also similar to the first two, but larger and in the lower half with a wavy-toothed edge. (Vasilchenko I.T., 1965) (Fisyunov A.V., 1984)

All parts of an adult plant are poisonous and have an unpleasant odor. Height up to 120 cm. The stem is simple with a forked-branched upper part. The surface is green, without pubescence. WITH inside fluffy hairs are visible on the branches. (Shishkin B.K., 1955)

The leaves are large, up to 20 cm long, petiolar. The shape is ovoid, pointed. The edge of the leaf blade is notched-toothed. The flowers are single, large, located in the leaf axils and branches of the stems. The perianth is double, five-membered. The calyx is pentahedral tubular. Corolla funnel-shaped, white, up to 12 cm long, with a long narrow tube and a wide folded limb. (Gubanov I.A., 2004)

The fruit is an ovoid, rounded polyspermous spiny box, measuring 3 - 4.5 x 2 - 2.5 cm. It opens into four parts. Seeds are round, strongly compressed, irregularly reniform, slightly convex in the middle part with a rounded back and an almost straight or slightly concave abdomen. The surface of the seeds is uneven, wavy, coarse, matte. Color - black or sulfur-brown with a grayish-yellow seed scar. Seed sizes: 3 - 3.5 x 2.5 - 3 x 1.5 - 2 mm. Weight 1000 pieces - 5 - 6 g. (Dobrokhotov V.N., 1961)

The underground part of the plant is a cylindrical, fusiform white taproot with thin branches. (Keller B.A., 1935) (Trukhachev V.I., 2006) (Shishkin B.K., 1955)

Biology and development

Datura ordinary- an annual spring weed herb. Propagated by seeds. Prefers moist, nitrate-rich soils. For germination requires high temperatures... Mass emergence of seedlings is observed at a temperature of + 24 ° C - + 28 ° C. The minimum temperature value for germination is + 10 ° C - + 15 ° C.

Seedlings appear during the entire growing season, but autumn ones do not winter. The vegetation of the plant lasts until the first frost. On average, 100 days pass from emergence to the beginning of fruiting. The species blooms from June to late autumn. Fruiting from August to November. The maximum fertility of one plant is 45,500 pieces. Seeds are capable of sprouting from a depth of no more than 12 cm. (Fisyunov A.V., 1984) (Shlyakova E.V., 2008) (Keller B.A., 1935) (Gubanov I.A., 2004) (Terekhin A. A., 2014)

Spreading

Habitat in nature

Datura ordinary- a traditional inhabitant of ruderal plots, dung heaps, cattle yards. It is often found under fences near dwellings, along the banks of water bodies in roadside ditches. (Gubanov I.A., 2004) (Shishkin B.K., 1955)

Geographic spread

Datura ordinary widespread in all plant regions of Europe south of Scandinavia. The species range covers Central Asia, Northwest China, India, Pakistan, Nepal. Found in many tropical and temperate regions of the Earth. (Nikitin V.V., 1983) (Shishkin B.K., 1955)

Harmfulness

Datura ordinary–Ruderal plant, which simultaneously infests crops of many crops, in particular, cereals, vegetables, row crops. In the zone of the extreme south of deciduous forests in cultivated crops it is accidental, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones it is rare. The formation of weed thickets in the fields leads to:

• to the shading of cultivated crops;
• to reduce soil temperature;
• to increase the removal of nutrients;
• to a decrease in the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilization measures;
• to create favorable conditions for development pathogenic microflora and harmful insects;
• to the violation of aeration of the root-containing soil layers;
• to a decrease in the productivity of workers and agricultural machinery during manual weeding, mechanized care and harvesting. (Masters A.S., 2014) (Dobrokhotov V.N., 1961) (Shlyakova E.V., 2008) (Vasilchenko I.T., 1965)

Control measures

Agrotechnical:

• purification of seed material from admixture of dope seeds;
• high-quality tillage;
• compliance with regional agrotechnical recommendations for growing cultivated plants;
• a complex of mechanized care and manual weeding for crops during the growing season;
• mowing of ruderal areas with weed thickets (Masterov A.S., 2014)

Chemical

Treatment with herbicides of the group of aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acids, carbamates, sulfonylureas, glyphosates and other substances (Masterov A.S., 2014) (State catalog, 2017)

Botanical characteristics. Biennial soft-pubescent, sticky herb with an unpleasant odor. In the first year of life, only a rosette of basal long-petiolate oblong-ovate or elliptical leaves with a few large teeth is formed, in the second - a single branched stem 50-100 cm high, with alternate sessile semi-stem-embracing leaves. Stem leaves are oblong-lanceolate, notched-lobed or incised, with triangular lobes. The flowers are slightly irregular, five-membered, with a double perianth, almost sessile, gathered in an inflorescence curl, which unwinds and lengthens as the fruit is formed. Corolla of dirty yellow color with violet veins, almost wheel-shaped. The fruit is a jug-shaped, multi-seeded capsule enclosed in a cup remaining with the fruits, opening with a lid. The seeds are small, round, brownish-gray, with a fine-meshed surface (Fig. 10.6). Blooms almost all summer. The seeds ripen in August - September.

Rice. 10.6. Black henbane - Hyoscyamus niger L.

Spreading. It is widely distributed in the European part of the country, in the Caucasus, in Siberia. Does not form thickets, grows scattered or in small groups.

Habitat. Ruderal and weed plant. It grows on streets, garbage places, along roads, in orchards and vegetable gardens, in fields, borders and pastures, near dwellings. Cultivated in Ukraine and in the Krasnodar Territory (Russia).

Blank. Rosette leaves are cut with knives or sickles, stem leaves are cut by hand in the flowering phase. It is allowed to harvest henbane grass, which is harvested during the period of the end of flowering and the beginning of fruiting. It is not allowed to pick leaves affected by powdery mildew, as well as dirty and damp from dew or rain. The leaves are placed in a container loosely so as not to cause blackening during drying.

The plant is poisonous, therefore, precautions must be taken when collecting and drying raw materials.

^ Security measures. It is not allowed to pull out wild plants by the roots.

Drying. In attics with good ventilation, the raw materials are laid out in a thin layer (1-2 cm) and periodically stirred. Drying in dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 40-45 ° C is possible. The yield of dry raw materials of leaves is 16-18%.

Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, Art. 17.

External signs. ^ Whole raw materials. Whole or partially crushed leaves of an oblong-ovoid, ovoid or elliptical shape, pinnately cut, pinnate or whole with an unevenly serrated edge. Basal leaves with a long petiole, on both sides covered with thick, long, soft hairs; stems - without petioles, less pubescent, hairs are located mainly along the veins and the edge of the leaf blade. The length of the leaves is 5-20 cm, the width is 3-10 cm. The median vein is whitish, flat, strongly expanding towards the base. The color of the leaves is grayish green. The smell is weak, peculiar, intensifying with moisture. The taste is not defined (!). Shredded raw materials. Pieces of leaves of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. The color is grayish green. The smell is weak, peculiar, intensifying with moisture. The taste is not defined (!).

Microscopy. The cells of the epidermis of the leaf on the upper side with slightly winding walls, on the bottom - with more winding. The stomata are numerous on both sides of the leaf, surrounded by 3 (less often 4) peri-stomatal cells, of which one is usually smaller than the others (anisocytic type). The hairs are numerous, of two types: simple and capitate. Simple hairs are thin-walled, some of them are 2-3-celled, small, others are multicellular, very large. Capitate hairs with a long multicellular stalk and a 4-8-cell (occasionally 1-2-cell) glandular head. The leaf mesophyll contains single prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; often in late-harvested leaves there are crystals in the form of cruciform aggregates or blunt-pointed druses. Large veins have elongated oval cells filled with crystalline sand. Young leaves contain only small, barely noticeable prismatic crystals located near the veins (Fig. 10.7).

Rice. 10.7. Helen leaf microscopy:

A - the epidermis of the upper side; B - the epidermis of the lower side: 1 - simple hairs; 2 - capitate hairs; 3 - crystals of calcium oxalate.

^ Chemical composition. The henbane leaves contain the amount of tropane alkaloids (0.04-0.16%): the main of them is hyoscyamine, as well as hyoscine, apogioscine, scopolamine, apoatropine; flavonoids - spireoside, quercitrin, hyperoside, rutin. Vitanolides are found in henbane seeds.

Storage. In a dry, well-ventilated area, according to list B, separately from other raw materials. Whole raw materials are packed in bales, cut - in bags. Shelf life is 3 years.

^ Medicines.

1. 
   The henbane leaves are part of the anti-asthma collection.
2. 
   Bleached oil, oil for external use (oil extract). Pain reliever, irritant.
3. 
   Bleached oil is a part of combined liniment ("Saliniment", "Kapsin", compound methyl salicylate liniment, etc.).

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group ... Antispasmodic, M-anticholinergic, analgesic, local irritant.

Pharmacological properties. The henbane preparations have an M-anticholinergic effect associated with the presence of tropane alkaloids in the plant. The drugs reduce or stop spasms of the smooth muscles of the intestines, biliary and urinary tract, to a lesser extent affect the smooth muscles of the bronchi. They inhibit the separation of lacrimal fluid, mucus and gastric juice.

Application. Helen leaves are part of the anti-asthma collection; are used to obtain an oil extract, which is used externally as a distracting and analgesic agent for neuralgia, myositis, rheumatoid arthritis.

^ Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials... The amount of alkaloids in terms of hyoscyamine, determined titrimetrically, is not less than 0.05%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 20%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 10%; yellowed, brownish, blackened leaves no more than 3%; other parts of the plant (stems, flowers, fruits) not more than 5%; crushed particles passing through a sieve with holes 3 mm in diameter, no more than 8%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%. Shredded raw materials... The amount of alkaloids in terms of hyoscyamine is not less than 0.05%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 20%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 10%; yellowed, browned and blackened pieces of leaves no more than 3%; other parts of the plant (flowers, fruits, pieces of stems) not more than 5%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 8%; particles passing through a sieve with holes of 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ DURMAN LEAVES - FOLIA STRAMONII

Datura ordinary - Datura stramonium L.

Sem. nightshade - Solanaceae

Other names: stinky dope, stupid potion, stupor, thorns, bloodworms, stupid herb

^ Botanical characteristics. An annual herb up to 100 cm high with an unpleasant odor. The stem is erect, succulent, glabrous, hollow, forked-branched in the upper part. Leaves are alternate, paired in pairs, petiolate, ovate, irregularly large, serrate-toothed, almost lobed, 7-20 cm long, 5-15 (20) cm wide. Flowers are solitary in the forks of the stem and its branches, regular, five-membered, with a double perianth. The calyx is tubular, pentahedral, 4-6 cm long, the corolla is white or bluish, tubular-funnel-shaped, 6-12 cm long. The fruit is a polyspermous erect egg-shaped capsule, covered with hard rigid thorns, with the remainder of the calyx at the base, opens with four valves. Seeds are flattened, rounded kidney-shaped, dull black (Fig. 10.8; 10.11, A). Blooms in June - September; bears fruit from July.

Rice. 10.8. Datura ordinary - Datura stramonium L.

Spreading. It is distributed quite widely, it is found mainly in the middle and southern zone of the European part of the country, in the Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Central Asia and the Caucasus. Cultivated in specialized farms in Ukraine and in the Krasnodar Territory (Russia).

Habitat. Ruderal plant. It grows in wastelands, vegetable gardens, along roads, near dwellings, in cities. Usually grows in clumps, less often scattered.

Blank. Datura leaves are harvested from the flowering phase to the end of fruiting, always in dry, clear weather. Leaves are harvested by hand without petioles. When collecting raw materials, you must take precautions: do not touch your eyes, lips, nose with your hands. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Drying. The collected leaves are dried without delay, spreading them out in a thin layer (2-3 cm), in attics under an iron roof, in a room with good ventilation or outdoors in the shade, with frequent stirring. The best quality raw materials are obtained by drying in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C. Drying is complete when the midrib becomes brittle. The yield of dry raw materials is 12-14%.

Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, Art. 24.

External signs. ^ Whole raw materials. Whole or partially crushed leaves, ovoid, glabrous, pointed at the apex, mostly wedge-shaped at the base, unevenly coarse serrated-toothed or deep-lobed at the edge; petioles are cylindrical. The venation is pinnate. Weak pubescence is noticeable along the veins on the underside. Veins, main and lateral first order, strongly protruding from the underside, convex, glabrous, yellowish-white. The length of the leaves is up to 20 cm, the width is up to 20 cm. The color of the leaves is dark green on the upper side, and somewhat lighter on the lower side. The smell is weak, specific, intensifying when the leaves are moistened. The taste is not defined (!). Shredded raw materials. Pieces of leaves of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. Green color. The smell is weak, specific, intensified with moisture. The taste is not defined (!).

Microscopy. When examining the leaf from the surface, epidermal cells are visible: on the upper side - with slightly winding walls, on the lower side - with more winding ones. The stomata on both sides of the leaf, there are more of them on the underside, are surrounded by 3-4 peri-stomatal cells, one of which is much smaller than the others (anisocytic type). Hair of two types: simple and capitate. Simple hairs are large, of 2 (less often 5) cells with thin walls and a coarse-warty surface, located mainly along the veins and along the edge of the leaf. The capitate hairs are smaller, with a multicellular (less often unicellular) rounded or obovate head on a short, slightly curved unicellular stalk. Young leaves have much more capitate hairs than old ones. In cells, parenchyma is visible in a large number blunt druses of calcium oxalate (Fig.10.9).

Rice. 10.9. Datura leaf microscopy:

A - the epidermis of the upper side; B - the epidermis of the lower side; B - epidermis above the vein: 1 - simple hairs; 2 - capitate hairs; 3 - druses of calcium oxalate; 4 - cells with crystalline calcium oxalate sand.

^ Chemical composition. Datura leaves contain the amount of tropane alkaloids (0.23-0.27%), consisting mainly of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. In addition, the leaves contain tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids.

Storage. The leaves are hygroscopic, quickly damp, so they should be stored in a well-packed container, in a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life 2 years. Raw materials are stored according to the B.

Medicines.

1. Leaves are part of the anti-asthma collection.

2. Dummy oil, oil for external use (oil extract). Irritant, pain reliever.

3. Dope oil is a part of combined liniment ("Saliniment", "Kapsin", compound methyl salicylate liniment, etc.).

^ Antispasmodic, M-anticholinergic, local irritant.

Pharmacological properties. Datura ordinary is characterized by M-anticholinergic properties due to the presence of tropane alkaloids. Hyoscyamine has a pronounced bronchodilatory effect, tones up and stimulates the respiratory center, lowers the tone of smooth muscle organs, reduces the secretion of sweat, salivary and gastric glands and the secretion of the pancreas, and reduces the influence of the vagus nerve on the heart.

Application. Datura leaves are part of the anti-asthma collection. Oil extract from the leaves is used as an external irritant, pain reliever for rubbing with neuralgia, rheumatism.

^ Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials. The amount of alkaloids in terms of hyoscyamine, determined titrimetrically, is not less than 0.25%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 20%; blackened and yellowed leaves no more than 5%; other parts of the plant (stems, individual fruits, flowers) no more than 2%; crushed particles passing through a sieve with holes 3 mm in diameter, no more than 4%; organic impurity no more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%. Shredded raw materials. The amount of alkaloids in terms of hyoscyamine is not less than 0.25%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 20%; pieces of yellowed and blackened leaves no more than 5%; other parts of the plant (pieces of stems, individual fruits, flowers) no more than 2%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 8%; particles passing through a sieve with holes of 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

^ INDIAN DURMAN SEEDS - SEMINA DATURAE INNOXIAE

FRUIT OF DURMAN INDIAN - FRUCTUS DATURAE INNOXIAE

Datura Indian - Datura innoxia Mill.

Sem. nightshade - Solanaceae

Botanical characteristics. A perennial (annual in cultivation) herb with a forked-branched reddish-purple thick stem. Leaves are alternate, broadly ovate, shallowly notched, densely pubescent, on long petioles, with a strong stupefying odor. The flowers are single, regular, five-membered, with a double perianth. The calyx is tubular, green, the corolla is tubular-funnel-shaped, white, up to 20 cm long. The fruit is a drooping, almost spherical capsule, densely set with soft spines, with the remainder of the calyx at the base. Seeds are numerous, flattened, kidney-shaped, bright yellow in color (Fig. 10.10; 10.11, B). Blooms in July - October; bears fruit from August.

Rice. 10.10. Datura Indian - Datura innoxia Mill.

Spreading. The homeland of the Indian dope is Mexico. It is cultivated as an annual crop in the Krasnodar Territory (Russia), the Crimea (Ukraine), Moldova and the Chimkent Region (Kazakhstan).

Blank. The boxes are cleaned by hand. Juicy unripe fruits are harvested in two or more periods as they develop.

Drying. The boxes are cut on straw cutters and dried either in the sun or in dryers at a temperature of 40-50 ° C. After drying, the seeds are separated from the capsules on sieves, since the technological processes for extracting alkaloids are different (the seeds require preliminary degreasing).

Standardization. FS 42-612-72 (fruits); FS 42-1005-90 (seeds).

^ External signs. Fruit. The raw material consists of a mixture of pieces of capsules of various shapes and sizes, seated with dense, sharp, thin, heavily pubescent thorns up to 1 cm long, parts of placenta with papillae. The smell is weak, peculiar. The taste is not defined (!). Seeds 4-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, reniform, flattened, with a depression on the ventral side and a tuberous ridge on the dorsal side. The surface of the seeds is shallow. Color from grayish-brown to yellowish-brown, matte. The smell is weak, peculiar. The taste is not defined (!).

Rice. 10.11. Datura ordinary (A) and Indian dope (B):

1 - fruit; 2 - sheet.

Microscopy. Epidermal cells boxes polygonal, straight-walled, with numerous hairs. The hairs are capitate of two types: on a multicellular stem with a unicellular head, on a short unicellular stem with a large multicellular head. On the epidermis of the calyx remnants, there are capitate hairs and simple multicellular branched hairs. In the cells of the parenchyma, there are bag cells with crystalline sand.

On a cross section through the central part seed the seed coat and endosperm are visible. Closer to the ventral suture is the root, and to the dorsal - the cotyledon. The outer epidermis of the seed skin has lenticular thickenings on the lateral walls of the cells. Several layers of rounded parenchymal cells with intercellular spaces are visible under the epidermis. The inner epidermis is represented by one row of slightly elongated small cells.

^ Chemical composition. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids - scopolamine and hyoscyamine. The highest content of alkaloids is found in fruits and seeds. The content of scopolamine in unripe capsules is 0.55%, in seeds - 0.31%.

Storage. Fruits and seeds are stored according to list B. The shelf life of fruits is 1 year, seeds - 3 years.

^ Medicines.

1. 
   Scopolamine hydrobromide, powder (substance); solution 0.05%. Central and peripheral M-anticholinergic, sedative.
2. 
   Aeron, tablets of 0.0005 g (scopolamine camforate 0.0001 g and hyoscyamine camphor 0.0004 g). M-anticholinergic agent.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. Raw materials for obtaining scopolamine. M-anticholinergic agent.

Pharmacological properties. Determined by the content of the alkaloid scopolamine in the plant. Chemically, scopolamine is close to atropine: it is an ester of scopin alcohol and tropic acid, but has a number distinctive features... Scopolamine has a sedative effect on the central nervous system, inhibits motor activity, and can have a hypnotic effect.

By its effect on peripheral M-cholinergic receptors, scopolamine is close to atropine, causes a strong but short-term mydriatic effect and accommodation paralysis, accelerates the rate of heart contractions, relaxes the tone of smooth muscles, and reduces the secretion of the digestive and sweat glands.

Application. The fruits and seeds of Indian dope are used to obtain the alkaloid scopolamine, the preparations of which are used mainly in neuropsychiatric practice as a sedative. Scopolamine camphoric acid is a part of the "Aeron" preparation, which is used for the prevention and treatment of seasickness and air sickness, prevention and relief of attacks of Meniere's disease; to reduce mucus and salivation when plastic surgery on the face and during operations on the upper respiratory tract.

^ Numerical indicators. Fruit. The content of scopolamine, determined by the gravimetric method, is not less than 0.2%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 25%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 2%. Seeds. The content of scopolamine, determined by the gravimetric method, is not less than 0.2%; humidity not more than 12%; total ash no more than 5%; organic impurity no more than 1.5%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ COCA LEAVES (COCA LEAVES) - FOLIA ERYTHROXYLONI SOSAY

Coca bush (erythroxylon coca) - Erythroxylon coca Lam.

Sem. cocaine (erythroxylone) - Erythroxylaceae

Botanical characteristics. Evergreen densely leafy shrub 2-3 (5) m tall, with small white flowers in the leaf axils. Leaves are alternate, short-petiolate, whole-edged, elliptical with a pointed tip, thin, glabrous, 5-10 cm long and 2-4 cm wide. In budding, the leaf blade is folded longitudinally on both sides, and after unfolding, folds remain on the lower side in the form of two arcs parallel to the central vein; these collenchymal thickenings under the epidermis are the best diagnostic sign to recognize coca leaves (fig. 10.12).

Rice. 10.12. Coca bush - Erythroxylon coca Lam.

Spreading. The homeland of the coca bush is Peru, Bolivia and the eastern slopes of the Andes. Nowadays, it almost never occurs in the wild; it has long been introduced into the culture by the Indians. It is widely cultivated in all South American countries (especially in Colombia), in the tropical and partly in the subtropical zones. The culture has also been transferred to the countries of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, India) and some African countries.

^ Chemical composition. Coca leaves contain alkaloids, the total amount of which is 0.5-1.5%. Cocaines are the main ones in this amount of alkaloids. The structure of cocaine is based on ecgonine, a tropane derivative. The main derivative of ecgonine is a methyl benzoylecgonine double ester called cocaine. Cocaine in the amount of alkaloids contains up to 80%.

^ Medicines.

1. Cocaine hydrochloride powder (substance). Local anesthetic.

Application. Cocaine has a local anesthetic effect, which was first established in 1878 by the Russian pharmacologist V.K. Anrep. At a certain stage in the development of medicine, this property turned out to be extremely valuable for dental practice and small operations. 1-5% solutions of cocaine hydrochloride are used for local anesthesia of the conjunctiva and cornea, mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nose, larynx, dental pulp. Cocaine is being replaced synthetic means... The use of cocaine as a drug causes great harm to the body - cocaine users destroy their nervous system and quickly die.

Medicinal plant raw materials containing alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine group

^ HERBA SENECIONIS PLATYPHYLLOIDIS

Flat-leaved groundwort - Senecio platyphylloides Somm. et Levier

(= Adenostyles platyphylloides (Somm. Et Levier) Czer.)

Sem. Compositae - Asteraceae (Compositae)

Other names: auricular rootwort, flat-leaved adenostyles

^ Botanical characteristics. Perennial herb 50-150 (250) cm high with an erect unbranched single stem and a long horizontal rhizome with numerous roots. Basal and lower stem leaves are long-petiolate, very large, triangular-reniform with a deep-grooved base and a non-toothed edge, dense, glabrous above, dark green, lighter below, pubescent, at the base of the petioles of medium leaves, peculiar outgrowths-lobes (“ears” ); the middle and upper leaves gradually decrease and their petioles are shortened, the upper leaves are ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, almost sessile. Baskets are small, numerous, collected in an apical corymbose-paniculate inflorescence. All flowers (10-15) in the basket are tubular, bisexual, with a yellow corolla. The fruit is an achene with a tuft (Figure 10.13). Blossoms in June - August; fruits ripen in July - September.

Rice. 10.13. Flat-leaved groundwort - Senecio platyphylloides Somm. et Levier

Spreading. Flat-leaved groundwort is endemic to the Caucasus. The main part of its range is limited by the Greater Caucasus Range. In addition, three large fragments of the range are located in the Transcaucasus. The main region for the procurement of raw materials is Georgia.

Habitat. It forms thickets of various sizes near the upper border of the forest and in the adjoining subalpine belt at an altitude of 1600-2800 m above sea level. It grows in high-grass meadows (in some places it dominates in the herbage), in thickets of bushes, on the edges and glades of open woodlands, it enters under the canopy of thinned forests.

Blank. The herb is harvested during flowering, beginning with the budding phase. Cut at a level of 15-20 cm from the soil surface, trying not to damage the rhizomes, and immediately deliver to the drying site.

It is necessary to distinguish the flat-leaved rootwort from other species of the groundwort that do not contain platyphyllin, in particular from the morphologically similar species found in the same habitats - the rhomboid (Senecio rhombifolius (Adams) Sch. Bip. = Adenostyles macrophylla (Bieb.) Czer.). It is slightly lower in height (rarely reaches 100 cm), its leaves do not have "ears", baskets are 5-6-flowered.

^ Security measures. Harvesting in the same area is permissible no more than 1 time in 2 years. It is forbidden to pick off the grass with your hands, as this pulls out the rhizomes and roots, which leads to the death of plants and the destruction of thickets.

Drying. Heat drying at a temperature of 45-50 ºС. Either the whole raw material is dried, or before drying it is crushed in straw cutters into pieces up to 3 cm long.

Standardization. FS 42-602-87.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Whole or partially shredded leafy stems with inflorescences and single leaves. Stems are longitudinally ribbed, from 50 to 150 cm long. Basal and lower stem leaves are long-petiolate, triangular-reniform, pointed at the apex, deep-heart-shaped at the base, irregularly serrated along the edge, up to 20 cm long and up to 40 cm wide. leaves on short petioles, at the base have large "ears", similar in shape to the lower ones, but smaller. The upper leaves are lanceolate. All leaves are glabrous above, dark green, pubescent below. At the tops of the stems, there are corymbose inflorescences, consisting of small yellow tubular flowers enclosed in numerous baskets. The wrapper of the baskets is two-row, consists of 1-3 small subulate outer leaves and 5-8 inner ones. The smell of raw materials is weak, unpleasant. Taste is not determined (!). Shredded raw materials. Pieces of stems, leaves and inflorescences of various shapes up to 3 cm in size. The color of the raw material is dark or brown-green, a white core is visible on the break of the stem.

Microscopy. Simple multicellular thin-walled hairs of a characteristic scourge shape with a pointed apical cell, located along the veins and edge of the leaf, are of diagnostic value. The leaf denticles are extended at the end into a long narrow uvula - a hydatode with large aquatic stomata and a large conductive bundle.

^ Chemical composition. All parts of the flat-leaved rosemary contain alkaloids, derivatives of pyrrolizidine. The alkaloid platifillin predominates in the grass; the alkaloid senecyphylline and N-oxides of these alkaloids are found in small quantities. In the underground organs, the content of alkaloids is higher than in the grass, but due to the depletion of the wild thickets of the rhizome, rhizomes with roots are not currently harvested.

Storage. Raw materials are stored according to the list B. Shelf life 3 years.

Medicines.

1. 
   Platyphylline hydrotartrate, powder (substance); tablets of 0.005 g; solution for injection 0.2%. M-anticholinergic, antispasmodic, sedative.
2. 
   Platyphyllina hydrotartrate is a part of combined medicines ("Tepafillin", "Palyufin", etc.).

3. Diplacin dichloride, solution for injection 2%. Muscle relaxant.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. M-anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent.

Pharmacological properties... Platyphyllin has an M-anticholinergic effect. By its effect on peripheral M-cholinergic receptors, it is close to atropine and scopolamine, but less active. Platyphyllin, to a lesser extent, excites the heart and inhibits the secretory activity of the glands, but more strongly than atropine, it acts on the M-cholinergic receptors of the autonomic nerve nodes. It has a moderate sedative effect on the central nervous system (vasomotor center). Platyphyllin, in addition to the M-anticholinergic action, has a myotropic antispasmodic effect.

Application. In medical practice, platyphylline hydrotartrate is prescribed for spasms of smooth muscles of organs. abdominal cavity, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, bronchial asthma; the drug also reduces spasms of blood vessels (with hypertension, angina pectoris), spasms of cerebral vessels. In ophthalmic practice, it is used to dilate the pupil. Compared with atropine, platyphylline causes moderate mydriasis for 5-6 hours without concomitant accommodation paralysis. To relieve acute ulcerative pain, as well as intestinal, hepatic, renal colic, platyphyllin is injected under the skin.

In the production of platifillin, the accompanying alkaloid senecifylline is isolated, which is used to obtain the drug "Diplacin dichloride" - an antidepolarizing muscle relaxant. By the mechanism of action, diplacin is similar to d-tubocurarine. Diplacin is used to facilitate tracheal intubation during endotracheal anesthesia and for more complete relaxation of the muscles during surgical interventions under anesthesia with artificial ventilation. It is also used to immobilize the eyeball in ophthalmic surgery.

^ Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials. The content of platyphyllin-base, determined photocolorimetrically, is not less than 0.3%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 11%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%. Shredded raw materials... The content of platyphyllin-base, determined photocolorimetrically, is not less than 0.3%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 11%; particles over 3 cm in size no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Medicinal plant raw materials containing alkaloids of the piperidine group

^ ESCAPES ANABASIS - CORMI ANABASIDIS

Leafless anabasis - Anabasis aphylla L.

Sem. haze - Chenopodiaceae

Other names: leafless barnyard, it-segek