Monolithic concrete belt. Armopoyas or brickwork, which is better

Having conceived to build a house from aerated concrete, he is faced with the need to manufacture an armored belt (it is also called a seismic belt). Armopoyas is a monolithic reinforced concrete tape poured along the entire perimeter of the walls (for example, between the first and second floors). Armopoyas is necessary for even distribution of the load and the connection of the walls together. This reduces the risk of cracking when the building shrinks unevenly. Also, the armopoyas is laid under the Mauerlat when installing the roof.

What you should pay attention to

It is impossible to fasten the timber (Mauerlat) directly to the aerated concrete on the studs. If this is done, then over time, under the influence of wind load, the mounts will loosen. In addition, for example, when the device attic floor with wooden floors, the armopoyas will redistribute the point load from the timber to the entire wall.

An example of a forum member with the nickname mad-max is indicative. He did not have time to fill the armopoyas under the Mauerlat, and the house went into "winter". Already during the cold weather, the arched openings under the windows in the house cracked exactly in the middle. At first, the cracks were small - about 1-2 mm, but gradually they began to grow and opened up to 4-5 mm. As a result, in the spring, the forum member poured the armopoyas 40x25 cm, into which, before pouring the concrete, he installed an anchor under the Mauerlat. This solved the problem of growing cracks.

I would like to add to this that the foundation for my house is tape - monolithic, the soil is stony, there was no movement in the foundation before I started building the house. I believe that the reason for the appearance of cracks was the lack of an armored belt under the Mauerlat.
So, an aerated concrete house, and even more so a two-storey aerated concrete house, needs an armored belt. When making it, you should remember the following rule:

The main condition for the correct "operation" of the armopoyas is its continuity, continuity and looping along the entire perimeter of the walls.

There are several options for the armopoyas device in aerated concrete house... The manufacture of an armored belt begins with the calculation of its cross-section and the choice of the type of formwork - removable or non-removable, as well as the "pie" of the entire structure.

From personal experience

I am building a house of aerated concrete 375 mm thick, with brick cladding and a ventilated gap of 35 mm. I do not want to use special factory-made U-blocks for filling the armopoyas. I saw the following scheme on our forum - a 10 cm thick partition block is installed on the wall block, then there is an insulation (for example, EPS), and a removable formwork is mounted from the inside of the house. I also saw an option when the insulation is pressed close to the brickwork. With this scheme, an armored belt of greater width is obtained. Where should I stop?

I was building a house of aerated concrete 40 cm thick. In my opinion, a ventilated gap between the wall and the cladding of 35 mm is not enough, it is optimal to leave a gap of 50 mm. As for the "pie" of the armopoyas, then, if you look from the inside out, it was as follows:

• removable formwork;
• concrete 200 mm;
• EPS 50 mm;
• partition block 150 mm.

The forum member recommends to make the formwork from sheet material. It can be plywood, OSB, DSP, etc., with an obligatory reinforcement along the upper edge with an inch board. You can fix the formwork by screwing it with self-tapping screws 75 mm long, directly into the aerated concrete block. From above, the formwork is additionally fixed with a board (bar) or punched tape, which is screwed to the outdoor block.

In addition, the ventilated gap must not be covered, otherwise it loses its meaning. Because water vapor, tending to the outside from the heated room, will not be able to evaporate and will be "locked" inside - between the brickwork and the aerated concrete wall. Therefore, it is not recommended to build a house for permanent residence from aerated concrete with a vapor-tight (or low-vapor-permeable) cladding, with an unventilated air gap or with brickwork located close to the wall.

Also, when arranging an armored belt, one should not be guided by the rule: the wider it is, the better. This often leads to unnecessary waste of materials and funds. The section of the armopoyas should be chosen not by eye, but guided by the calculation.

I once asked a person who is well versed in construction about the section of an armored belt. He answered me that in many cases it is enough to fill in an armored belt 10 cm wide and 15 cm high.
These figures do not cancel the preliminary calculation of the section of the armopoyas, because it is made for a specific task.
According to members of the forum, tk. the armopoyas is only necessary for tying all the walls, then it is inappropriate to make it the thickness of the entire wall. Therefore, the "pie" of the formwork (with a block thickness of 375 mm) can be as follows:

Outside, we put a block with a thickness of 150 mm.
We insulate the armopoyas to cut off the cold bridge. Instead of 50 mm polystyrene foam, you can use high-density mineral wool, which is used in the "wet facade" technology.
We put the reinforcement cage.
Inside, as a permanent formwork, we use a block of 50 mm, cut from a whole block. The remaining space is filled with concrete.

The advantages of this type of formwork include the speed of its installation, because to install (on glue) a block 50 mm thick several times faster than to mount a removable formwork. In addition, we get a flat and smooth surface from the inside, ready for finishing.

Experience shows that the thickness of a block of 50 mm (set on glue) is enough to withstand the load when pouring concrete, even if the mixture is poured from a concrete pump. To strengthen the structure, you can screw a tie from a bar of 25x50 mm on top of the partition, thus connecting the inner and outer blocks.

Another option for fixed formwork can be the method proposed by Dimastik25. To cut less from a whole block, you need to buy blocks of three standard sizes on a pallet:

Next, we put the blocks in the following order

1. Outside we glue a block with a width of 150 mm.
2. We put the block, sawn off to 170 mm.
3. We glue a block with a thickness of 50 mm inside the formwork.
4. We put insulation 50 mm thick.
5. We put 4 rods of reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm inside the box. We tie it every 30 cm.
6. My house is 11x12 meters, 1.5 m3 of concrete was used to fill the armopoyas. Moreover, to save money (workers from a neighboring construction site agreed to drag concrete for 5,000 rubles), they filled everything with buckets, because renting a concrete pump would cost 15,000 rubles.

You can also make a classic wooden formwork

I poured the armopoyas and made wooden shields for this. The formwork (on both sides) was screwed directly to the aerated concrete with 135 mm long self-tapping screws. Extruded polystyrene foam was laid on the inside from the outside wall. The top of the formwork panels was fastened with bars.

As for the reinforcement (tape with a section of 100x150mm), the following scheme can be recommended for reference. Above and below we put 2 rods with a diameter of 12 mm. For clamps, we take reinforcement with a diameter of 6-8 mm. When tying the frame, it is important to provide a protective layer of concrete. To do this, we leave a free space of at least 2.5 cm between the formwork wall and the reinforcement, as well as above and below.

Summarizing

When pouring an armored belt, the following formwork schemes are most often used:

"Pie" outside - inside.

Board (removable formwork board), for example - 150x25 mm, insulation 50 mm thick, reinforcing cage, board (removable formwork board) - 150x25.
Aerated concrete block 100-150 mm thick, insulation 50 mm thick, reinforcing cage, aerated concrete block (permanent formwork) 50 mm thick.
Aerated concrete block 100-150 mm thick, insulation 50 mm thick, reinforcing cage, board - 150x25.

If the armopoyas tape is poured without insulation, then later (if you do not plan to make a "wet facade" on expanded polystyrene) you will have to insulate the concrete outside. This can (due to the insulation protruding above the wall) complicate the finishing.

Based on the above schemes, you can come up with your own formwork "pies". It should be remembered that when laying concrete floor slabs, it is required to mount two armored belts:

Strapping. It is poured into the level of floor slabs.
Supporting. The floor slab directly rests on it.
You also need to take into account one nuance.

The floor slab should be supported on the aerated concrete block (for example, on a U-block or a block of permanent formwork) only through a damper pad. As an "elastic" gasket, you can use a strip of waterproofing 50 mm wide and 3-4 mm thick. At the same time, the depth of bearing on the armored belt of a conventional PC plate is at least 120 mm, the recommended one is 150 mm. And when using prestressed extruded hollow core slabs, it is enough to maintain a bearing depth of 7-8 cm.

Source: forumhouse.ru

Video

Armo-belt device on aerated concrete wall. Types, advice on how to make it, taking into account the type of foundation and the range of wall materials. The purpose and nature of the interaction of this structural element with the wall of aerated blocks.

One of the advantages of aerated concrete wall blocks is the large size of the element, which turns into the vulnerability of the masonry to uneven foundation settlements. In this case, not only the opening of the vertical seam can occur, but also the destruction of the blocks lying above, since aerated concrete very poorly resists bending and tensile loads.

What is a reinforced belt for?

This element of reinforcement of the wall array takes on the loads arising from uneven settlement of the building foundation. If the masonry is made of piece blocks connected by thin glue joints, then reinforced belt made of monolithic concrete, reinforced with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.

The concrete has a very high compressive strength and the reinforcement is excellent in tensile strength. Reinforced concrete is able to withstand colossal bending loads without deformations exceeding the standard. The wall located above the armored belt experiences loads corresponding to minor belt deformations, which do not lead to cracks and fractures.

How is it done on lightweight concrete blocks

The device of a belt reinforced with reinforcement on the walls, in which a piece stone is bonded with a thick layer of mortar, is quite obvious. But the aerated concrete wall is placed on a thin adhesive layer, into which it is impossible to sink thick reinforcement. Therefore, the reinforced belt is made in the form of a separate structural element that makes up a monolithic section of the wall made of blocks.
A problem arises with a significant difference in the heat transfer gradient between concrete and aerated block, due to which the monolithic belt will become not just a bridge, but a cold gate.

An important part of the armored belt on aerated concrete is the heat-insulating strapping on the outside, leading to a decrease in the width of the element. Aerated block manufacturers offer box-shaped elements designed specifically for this purpose, although traditional insulating materials can be dispensed with, for example:

• sheet expanded polystyrene;
• polyurethane foam;
• hard basalt or stone wool.

The minimum thickness of the insulation should be ten centimeters, with the lowest thermal conductivity. Thus, the width of the belt will be equal to the thickness of the wall minus the insulation.

Where is solid wall reinforcement made of aerated concrete

The most critical sections of the wall in the dimensions of one floor are the first row of blocks and the last one, on which the floor or roof elements are laid. A wall made of aerated concrete must have at least two reinforced belts, if a decision is made on their construction, as well as lighter structural reinforcement of the walls. The height of the section of the belt is taken depending on its design and soil conditions.

Using standard box-shaped elements, the height of the chord will be equal to their depth; in other cases, it should be taken into account that the greater the height of the section of the element, the greater bending loads it perceives without deformation. For example, the lower armored belt on aerated concrete along the strip prefabricated foundation can be made higher, twenty to thirty centimeters, and the upper belt, which mainly distributes the loads from the floor or roof elements, can have a minimum thickness sufficient for laying one layer of reinforcement.

If a monolithic reinforced concrete slab, a shallow foundation with upper and lower reinforcement, a reinforced concrete grillage of piles or a monolithic tape with a reinforcing cage in the upper section is taken as the base for the aerated concrete box, then there is no need to arrange the lower belt of wall reinforcement. It is enough to reinforce the upper cut under the floor ceiling.

The device of a monolithic concrete beam that is not a solid contour, for example, in the middle section of a wall, torn apart by window and door openings, also makes no sense. In these places, it is necessary to carry out constructive reinforcement of the masonry using a mesh, special frames for laying in a thin layer of mortar, or by sinking the reinforcement into the slotted pipes of gas blocks. Such reinforcement does not create a continuous belt, but significantly increases the resistance of the masonry to local loads and local deformations.

Armo-belt device on aerated concrete

The structure is made of concrete grade M-200 and above and reinforcing bars of a periodic profile, with a diameter of 12 millimeters. A frame is assembled from them, connected by transverse reinforcement with a diameter of 4-6 millimeters. The frame consists of an upper and a lower row of rods with a height gap of 10-15 centimeters. They are placed in the same plane with a step in the transverse direction of about ten centimeters. The rods are overlapped along the length with a knitting wire with an overlap of about fifteen centimeters, and it is also fastened with the elements of transverse reinforcement.

The belt can also be made from one layer of reinforcement, without assembling the lattice frame, but only by connecting the longitudinal reinforcement bars with the transverse ones. At the points of rotation and fracture of the wall contour, the rods overlap and are connected at the intersection points.

The frame is placed in the formwork or the cavity of the box block. In this case, it is necessary to provide a gap between the outer face of any reinforcing element and the inner face of the cavity or formwork. It must be at least three to five centimeters to create a protective concrete layer that prevents corrosion of the reinforcement. To facilitate this task, special plastic elements in the form of support tables and stars will help to fix the rods at the required distance from the formwork. They are available from all concreting suppliers.

Having installed a reinforcing cage in the formwork, and, if necessary, a heat-insulating facade layer, fill it with concrete, carefully tamping it. The use of the vibrator head is limited by the insignificant depth of the armored belt on aerated concrete. The required embedded parts can be installed in it, for example, for fastening the Mauerlat or the roof. The surface of the laid material is leveled using a rule and a trowel.

After the initial strength of concrete has been achieved for two to three days, the work cycle can be continued. After about a week, the formwork can be removed. In the heat, concrete is spilled with water several times and is protected with polyethylene, in freezing conditions it is sheltered from freezing.

In a similar way, monolithic lintels are made over window and door openings, with the only difference that instead of the underlying layer of masonry, the bottom of the formwork is used, which is fixed in the design position.

Its dimensions are determined by the length and width of the wall. For a single-layer masonry of 30 cm, the optimal thickness of an armored belt for aerated concrete is 25 cm... It is recommended to increase the thermal conductivity of the house and, as an additional protection from the cold, lay insulation on top of it and lay out another layer of masonry.

In order to strengthen the structure, the height of the armored belt is equalized with its thickness. Equilateral elements exhibit greater wear resistance than rectangular ones. The tape structure, following the contours of the walls along the perimeter, makes the building more reliable and resistant to atmospheric and mechanical stress. This applies to both a one-story building and a multi-story building.

There are several types of belts:

• grillage- the top of the pile foundation;
• armopoyas on aerated concrete, which serves as the boundary between the foundation and the wall (basement);
• seismic belt connecting the floors of the house along the upper wall row;
for unloading the roof.

Each of them has its own peculiarities of carrying out construction work in accordance with the instructions.

What functions does

Armopoyas is used in the construction industry to increase the resistance of the load-bearing walls of the house to external and internal influences... It facilitates the connection of individual parts of a building into a single structure, performing the following functions:

Armopoyas on aerated concrete satisfies the building's need for a supporting structure. It allows the material to safely transfer point loads of various nature, which prevents cracking, destruction of individual block elements and preserves the strength of the walls.

Formwork belt made on aerated concrete contributes to the formation smooth surface belt thanks to its even distribution. Its multifunctionality contributes to a high-quality result and effective conduct construction works.

Pros and cons of using

The belt installation technology has certain advantages and disadvantages. First of all, the quality of the material and the service life are taken into account.

The advantages of the armopoyas on aerated concrete:

• low cost price;
• ease of installation;
• frost resistance, fire resistance;
• stable resistance to deformation;
• uniform load distribution on the construction of the house;
• long service life.

The construction of a building, where aerated concrete is used as the main material, will cost three times less than the construction of a brick house. Aerated concrete blocks lightweight, resistant to climatic conditions and have good frost resistance due to its greater thickness than brick. The housing life will be at least one hundred years.

Flaws:

• the need for additional waterproofing of the surface to prevent its decompaction and destruction;
• waterproofing costs and thermal insulation.

Despite the additional costs, you can't do without an armopoyas... Against the background of the advantages of installing it, the disadvantages look not so significant.

Step-by-step instruction

Armopoyas on aerated concrete does not require a special device technology. It consists of several sequential operations:

1. installation reinforcement cage;
2. assembly and installation of formwork;
3. fill concrete.

Only the zone where the belt is located can affect the features of work, but in general, the installation manual has a standard form.

Formwork manufacturing

When one cannot do without an armored belt, the process of assembling and installing a frame under it from boards and their scraps begins. This way is pretty simple:

Such a structure is able to withstand the mass of concrete during pouring and not be damaged. If the frame is needed under the floor beams, then it is mounted along the outer surface of the walls, and the height is equal to 20-40 cm.To be able to accurately mask the insulation, if necessary, to use it, you can move the formwork deep into the walls. It is convenient to fill the formed niche with heat-insulating material.

Armopoyas brick on the walls: features + Photo. What is an armopoyas for? A reinforced belt is a monolithic type structure that is located along the entire perimeter of the building.

In order to provide a functional armopoyas, its structure must necessarily correspond to the following characteristics:

The main components of an armored belt are concrete mix, a frame made of reinforcement and blocks (or formwork). The purpose of the structure is:

• Protect the walls and foundations of the building from.
• Distribution of the load from the roof and additional floors to the walls, giving them strength.
• Increasing the stiffness of the building.

This design helps to ensure the reliability and strength of the load-bearing wall, as well as to increase the building's resistance to the effects of wind, seismic vibrations, temperature changes, shrinkage of the earth and the building itself.

Dimensions (edit)

The dimensions of the brick reinforcement belt will depend on the design features of the material to which the fastening will be made. Walls can be external and internal.

1. The internal structure must necessarily be reinforced with an armored belt, which has such indicators of the width that correspond to the thickness.
2. If we are talking about strengthening the house from the outside, the width of the belt must necessarily correspond to the width of the wall, excluding the formwork and insulation.
3. The minimum height of the structure should be 15 cm, and this figure cannot be greater than the width of the wall.

Manufacturing options

It is quite possible to install an armored belt for walls that are built of aerated concrete, and there are several ways for this:

1. When using wooden.
2. When using additional blocks.

If we compare both of these methods, it should be noted that the equipment of walls with the help of an armored belt with a wooden one is more difficult to carry out from a technological point of view. The second method, in which it is proposed to use additional blocks, is many times easier, but then you will have to invest more funds, since you will use expensive building material.

An unloading belt is not laid if:

If you use wooden floors, it will be enough to pour concrete platforms with a thickness of 5 cm under the beams, which will play a supporting role in order to reliably protect the building blocks from punching. In reinforced concrete structures, there is simply no point in making additional protection, since the existing load will be evenly distributed.

Creation using formwork

The formwork for the armopoyas is a frame made of wooden components. It is made from scraps of boards that are fastened together on the outside. When the complete formwork is being assembled, the lower part is fixed with self-tapping screws to the wall, and the upper part with the help of transverse board ties at intervals of 1.8 to 2 meters. The screed is required in order to impart reliability to the structure, otherwise it can be crushed or deformed when pouring concrete.

Tools and materials

Before starting the construction of the structure, try to worry about buying all the required building materials:

1. Edged boards, minimum permissible thickness 3 cm and wooden beams 40 * 40 in order to make the formwork.
2. Nails to attach the board to the wall.
3. Flexible wire to make the structure rigid.
4. Rebar rods, the diameter of which should be 1.2 cm.
5. Use as insulation material.

Before starting work on the manufacture of an armored belt from brick to aerated concrete, we advise you to draw a diagram of the future structure and indicate the planned dimensions. Based on the drawing, you can calculate the amount of building materials that may be required. From construction tools, in this case, you will need a hacksaw for metal and.

Construction technology

The process involves performing work in several steps:

• Prepare wooden shields.
• Place a layer of polystyrene between the wood panel and the wall of the house for insulation.
• Attach the structure to the wall using long nails or self-tapping screws.
• Perform additional fastening of the wooden structure using wire and self-tapping screws.
• Assemble the reinforcement cage. First, you should lay the reinforcement pins inside the wooden board. Use flexible wire to connect the reinforcement to the frame. We do not recommend fastening the reinforcement by welding, as the material may begin to rust inside the concrete.
• Filling with cement mortar.

As you can see, there are only 6 steps and the armopoyas is ready.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is made of reinforcing rods with a diameter of 0.8 to 1.2 cm.The process is as follows:

The tying of reinforcing rods should be done on the most. In the finished form, the reinforcement frame is quite heavy. When performing a separate assembly of the structure, it will be difficult to lift it and even more so to place it. We recommend laying a layer of brick or stone between the frame and the aerated concrete blocks of the reinforced belt.

Pouring concrete

When buying dry concrete mix pay attention to the marking, as it must be no lower than the M200.

If there is no such product in the store, you can make it yourself at home if you buy other components and mix them in the correct proportion:

• Crushed stone - 2.4 measures.
• - 0.5 measures.
• Sand - 1.4 measures.

To make the density of the composition higher, you can replace crushed stone with gravel. After the dry elements are mixed, you should start adding a little water in portions, and its amount should be 20% of the total mass of the mixture.

In the technology of pouring with concrete, there are certain standards of work that must be performed in order to obtain the desired functional result:

1. Pouring should be carried out in one cycle and should not be interrupted in any case, and also not to allow partial drying of the concrete layer.
2. Also try to avoid any voids or bubbles in the grout as they may reduce the structural performance in the future.
3. After pouring, we advise you to compact the concrete using a rotary hammer with a special nozzle. In order to eliminate voids in the solution, a special vibrating machine is used, and if it is not there, you will have to remove all air bubbles by stitching the solution with.

Creating an unloading belt from blocks

As formwork, you can use not only wooden structures, but also U-shaped aerated concrete blocks. But in this case, there is a necessary condition for the building material, namely the presence of an internal cavity, which will be required for laying the reinforcing cage and pouring concrete. Blocks of the trough variety should be laid with the same width as the walls. Such a belt will be conveniently arranged to the outer walls due to their additional function of insulation, while all cold bridges will be excluded.

Materials and fixtures

Since the method is quite simple, to create an armature belt made of bricks for walls and its reinforcement, you only need to buy building materials - additional blocks with a thickness of 10 cm.Before buying a material, you should perform calculations of the required amount of material for the planned structure height and perimeter object.

Manufacturing process using additional blocks:

1. Installation of additional elements on the wall as usual.
2. Reinforcement of the central part of the building material.
3. Pouring solutions.

Armopoyas made of bricks

The unloading belt can be made using brickwork, which will be reinforced with reinforcing mesh. It is slightly worse than concrete and can only be used for small outbuildings. In order to increase the strength indicators of a brick structure, it is advised to use a metal welded mesh or reinforcement.

The features of the structure are:

• When working with a reinforcing mesh with a cross-sectional diameter of 0.5 cm, it should be laid across 4 rows of bricks.
• The width of the structure must necessarily be equal to the thickness of the walls that have been processed.
• The height of the structure will depend on the type building material the walls of the house and the type of roof. According to the average size of structures for walls made of aerated concrete blocks, the indicator is 0.4 meters.

Strengthening the walls with bricks with a reinforcing mesh cannot replace the full-fledged imparting of reliability to structural elements using an analogue of reinforced concrete.

Warming

The most important feature of aerated concrete is that it has a low thermal conductivity, which will ensure the absence of the factor of freezing of the built structure even at the lowest temperatures. environment... For this reason, when constructing a reinforcing structure, it is important that they do not in any way violate the thermal insulation properties of the house. In winter, as well as in those periods when constant sharp drops in temperature are not uncommon, condensation may appear on the brick armopoyas. To avoid this, we advise you to carry out insulation work.

As elements for creating thermal insulation, you can use foam and mineral wool (mats). In some cases, you can use aerated concrete blocks that have partitions. Using mineral wool small ventilation gaps should be left between the cladding surface and the insulation.

Tips on organizational issues of object insulation

1. When creating a structure and planning its further insulation, work should be performed with an indent from the outer edge of the wall, and not only to its width.
2. The minimum width of the reinforcing belt should be 20 cm when using monolithic concrete and 25 cm when using bricks.
3. The resulting free space after pouring the unloading belt should be filled with insulation and closed, which should be cut out in advance to the desired size.

1. When pouring cement with mortar, make sure that the elements of the reinforced mesh do not touch the walls of the formwork.
2. To increase the functionality of the rebar unloading cage, install it on the surface using a building level.
3. For the strength of the concrete, moisturize it constantly after pouring it, especially in hot weather. We advise you to moisturize the structure daily for five years. The best effect will be when the surface is covered with plastic wrap after watering.
4. After a week, the formwork can be removed, but it will function as intended only after 14 days, when the cement mixture hardens completely.
5. If you plan to insulate a reinforced belt, then do not do it flush. Builders recommend shifting the formwork inward, and then filling the niche with heat-insulating insulation material.
6. There is no need to spend money on a reinforced belt if the foundation of the structure is solid and not saturated with water, and the walls are made of bricks. The same applies when erecting one-story houses with timber beams, not with panels of

Armopoyas is a structural element of a building, arranged at the level of the top of the walls, under the floor slabs. The purpose of the armopoyas is to ensure the joint work of the building structures with uneven deformations of the wall materials. Also, the reinforcement belt provides a reliable connection between the walls of the building. Providing such a connection is necessary, since. brickwork is an anisotropic material (the same can be said for laying from aerated blocks, foam blocks, expanded clay blocks, etc.), which cannot work equally well in compression and tension.

It is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of armopoyas (armoshov), armored brick belt, monolithic belt. Armoshov is a single row of reinforcing bars, protected by a layer of c. n. solution. The thickness of such an armored belt (armored belt) usually reaches 30 mm. Such a structural element is laid on top of the walls, under the support of the floor slabs. This type of armored belt should be provided on the first and last floor of the building, as well as through five floors throughout the entire height of the building.

Reinforced brick belt - a constructive inclusion in a brickwork made of monolithic reinforced concrete. Characteristics reinforced brick belts are as follows: it is arranged at the ends of floor slabs and not over the entire width of the wall. Reinforcement cages are installed between the ends of the floor slabs and along the perimeter of the building and are concrete.

Monolithic reinforced concrete belt. In terms of configuration and location, this structural element resembles an armopoyas (armoshov), but, unlike it, it is reinforced not with one row of reinforcing rods, but with several rows, as usually two, and has a height of 15 cm or more. The functional advantage of a monolithic belt lies in the distribution of the load from the floor slabs on the walls of the building, i.e., load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls are loaded approximately the same and, due to this, give approximately equal load on the foundation, and also have a smaller difference in deformations under load than walls without a monolithic belt. It is very important to arrange a monolithic belt when building a house from aerated concrete blocks. In low-rise construction, a Mauerlat is installed on a monolithic belt rafter roof... Also, in addition to evenly distributing the load between different walls, the monolithic belt protects the walls from the effects of local compression under the supports of the floor slabs (crushing), this is very important when building a house from aerated concrete and arbolite blocks.

A fairly common design solution is the use of a monolithic belt as lintels over a window or doorway. In this case, a monolithic belt is calculated as a beam on two supports (a conventional armored belt cannot work as a jumper). In the general case, the beam seems to be rigidly clamped at the ends, however, the decisions made in the design scheme must still be provided constructively. If the opening is in the middle of an extended wall along which a monolithic belt runs, then the design scheme of a rigidly clamped beam will be provided. However, if the opening is located too close to the edge of the wall, and has a large width (approximately 10-15 * H, where H is the height of the monolithic belt), then in this case it is worth calculating it as a hinged beam. Of course, it is possible to rigidly fix the monolithic belt in the brickwork, but this will require a number of structural calculations and constructive measures during construction, so it is better to reinforce the monolithic belt along its edges to install metal channels above the opening, which, by the way, will also serve as permanent formwork.

In the general case, the calculation of an armored belt is carried out for the action of loads from uneven settlement of the building. The reinforcement belt should prevent one part of the building from turning relative to another or from its parallel displacement in case of uneven precipitation.

When installing reinforcing and monolithic belts on brick walls, the question arises about the construction of ventilation ducts that will cross the armored belt through and through. Such solutions are very common in design practice, so that while maintaining the integrity of the working reinforcement (or part of the longitudinal bars) in the place of the ventilation duct device, the operation of the reinforcing belt will not be disrupted.

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The main types of unloading belts

Depending on the location of the armopoyas, it can have different names and take on certain functions:

1. Grillage - fits between the columnar or pile base of the house and the walls. However, they do not build it from bricks - it is too important a site.
2. The plinth is already the second level of unloading and reinforcement, which is used in the construction of houses on a foundation of concrete blocks. It provides the base with greater rigidity on moving soils and is also made of reinforced concrete. Although a fairly common option is brickwork, which performs the functions of permanent formwork for subsequent pouring.
3. Unloading is an intermediate armored belt under the floor slabs, which not only takes on their weight, but also ensures the rigidity of the building above one floor at each level. When building from lightweight concrete blocks, you cannot do without it, and here brick is the best way.
4. Support under the Mauerlat - required element houses made of aerated concrete or other porous blocks, which poorly perceive point and multidirectional loads. In addition, the fastening of the timber itself with the help of pins in such walls is unreliable even when using chemical anchoring. Here, a reinforced belt for walls made of aerated concrete turns into a kind of bundle between the blocks to which it is connected with mortar and the roof truss, reinforced through a Mauerlat beam.

Features of laying on aerated concrete

As a rule, a brick belt is made 4-7 rows high and in the width of the wall to be reinforced. Reinforcement must be performed in each horizontal seam using a steel mesh with a mesh of 3-4 cm or rigid wire with a thickness of at least 5 mm. Installation is carried out in the same way as in the case of conventional brick walls:

• with an offset of the seams in 1/3 of the length;
• with a bonded dressing in every third row.

If an armored belt for aerated concrete made of bricks serves as a support for the Mauerlat, vertical pins can be immediately bricked into the masonry - metal threaded rods with a diameter of 12-16 mm. They are installed with a step of 1-1.5 m, and the depth of their embedding will depend on the thickness of the timber - it should be twice as long as the free end for mounting the Mauerlat. However, many builders advise to immediately embed the cuttings to the entire height of the armopoyas.

After the mortar has set, roofing material or two layers of roofing felts are spread on the surface of the masonry. This is a waterproofing that will protect the timber itself and the brick superstructure from the accumulation of condensing moisture. Further, the Mauerlat is outlined and drilled at the desired points, strung on the studs and fixed on the reinforcement belt with nuts for wide washers.

Since ceramics have a higher thermal conductivity than the main wall material, it turns into a kind of cold bridge (although monolithic reinforced concrete in this case manifests itself even worse). To avoid any problems during the further operation of the building in the winter, you can try to "close" the contour of cellular blocks in parallel with the laying of bricks. To do this, from the side of the premises, a thin partition is removed from the GB, as if hiding the armored belt inside aerated concrete wall... If a gap has formed between the surfaces, experts recommend additionally insulating it.

Stages of erecting a belt for overlap

If a rigid contour under the roof plays the role of unloading and reliable support for the Mauerlat bar, it is enough to lay it around the perimeter of the box at home. However, the use of slabs for interfloor or attic floors will force the middle load-bearing wall to be closed with rows of bricks. Here, aerated concrete can also experience loads, so a rigid layer for its reinforcement is simply necessary.

No matter how light the floor slabs are, it is impossible to rely them directly on cellular or expanded clay concrete blocks. The masonry will be able to support their weight, but when the direction of the applied force changes, it will begin to collapse. In this case, the belt serves as a kind of buffer that distributes the pressure of the slab over the entire area of ​​the walls, preventing the supporting structure from being pushed through. It is possible to abandon a powerful layer of solid brick only when the floor is made of wood - here one or two blocks are used as a substrate for beams.

Otherwise, the armopoyas under hollow core slabs is built according to all the rules. The main stages of work:

• The first row is planted with a solution directly on aerated concrete. If the thickness of the main wall is standard (30 cm), the laying is done in two bricks, filling the gaps with "checkers".
• Installation of reinforcing mesh along the entire belt line.
• Laying the second row in the same way, followed by reinforcement.
• The third row of bricks is bonded. Here you need to focus on the inner plane of the wall. The gap remaining outside is filled with either quarters or pieces of mineral wool, if an insulated ventilated facade is being erected at the same time.

Under the upper row of aerated concrete, on which the belt is placed under the floor slabs, reinforcement must be laid in the grooves. This will add rigidity to the entire structure and provide additional protection against cracks for the walls. Otherwise, once they appear, they will crawl lower.

According to the above diagram, the armopoyas is laid out to the entire required height, after which you can fearlessly mount floor slabs on it. Anchoring is carried out in the standard way for brick walls - using L-shaped metal brackets. Corrosion protection fasteners are covered with a layer cement mortar.

stroitel-list.ru

Introduction

Aerated concrete is an excellent alternative to brick. However, unfortunately, the value of the strength index of aerated concrete blocks is much lower. The material does not hold fasteners well on its surface.

Aerated concrete block masonry has its own characteristics:

1. Walls must be erected on a solid foundation.
2. In the process of work, it is necessary to regularly check the evenness of the structure.
3. Along the entire perimeter of the building, the walls should be reinforced with a reinforced belt made of reinforced concrete.

When carrying out construction work in violation of technological rules, cracking of blocks may occur under the influence of roof pressure.

The value of the armopoyas

A reinforced belt is a monolithic structure located along the entire perimeter of the building. Armopoyas protects the walls of the house from destruction and deformation under the influence of loads. The technology of strengthening the wall surface of an object involves laying an unloading belt between the floors of each floor and at the place of roofing.

To ensure the functionality of the armopoyas, its structure should be:

1. Continuous.
2. In a ring style.
3. Closed.

The main components of the armopoyas:

• Reinforcing frame.
• Concrete mix.
• Formwork or blocks.

The purpose of the structure is:

• In the distribution of the bearing load from additional floors or roofs on the walls in order to give them strength.
• To protect the foundation and walls from cracks.
• Increasing the spatial rigidity of the building.

Designed for strength and reliability load-bearing walls, increases the resistance of the structure to the effects of wind, temperature changes, seismic vibrations, soil shrinkage and the construction object itself.

Armopoyas dimensions

The dimensions of the armopoyas depend on design features building material to which you want to attach it. The wall can be indoor or outdoor. For each category, builders consider their specific requirements for the size of the structure.

1. The internal structure is reinforced with an armored belt with a width value corresponding to the wall thickness.
2. When strengthening the house from the outside, the width of the protective belt should correspond to the width of the wall, excluding insulation and formwork.
3. The minimum height of the structure corresponds to one hundred and fifty millimeters. This indicator cannot be more than the width of the wall.

Options for creating an armored belt

It is possible to install an unloading belt for walls made of aerated concrete blocks in several ways:

1. With wooden formwork.
2. Using additional blocks.

When comparing these two methods, it can be noted that equipping the walls with an armored belt using wooden formwork is technologically more difficult to implement. The second method, with the help of additional blocks, is much easier, but you have to invest in it large quantity funds due to the use of expensive building material.

The unloading belt is not laid:

• For a one-piece reinforced concrete structure.
• Under wooden floors supported by blocks.

In the case of using wooden floors, it is enough to pour concrete platforms with a thickness of five centimeters under the beams, which play a supporting role, which will reliably protect the building blocks from pushing through.

Creation of an armored belt using formwork

The formwork for the unloading belt is a wooden frame. It is made from scraps of boards, fastened together on the outside.

After the complete assembly of the formwork, its lower part is attached to the wall with self-tapping screws, and the upper part - with transverse board ties with an interval of eighty to one hundred centimeters. The screed is necessary to make the structure more reliable, otherwise, when pouring concrete, it may be deformed or crushed.

Before erecting a structure, you should worry about purchasing the necessary building materials:

1. Edged boards, with a minimum thickness of three centimeters and 40x40 timber for the manufacture of formwork.
2. Nails for fixing the board structure to the wall.
3. Flexible wire for stiffening the structure.
4. Reinforcing rods with a diameter of twelve millimeters.
5. Expanded polystyrene for insulation.

Used construction tools:

1. Drill.
2. Hacksaw.

Formwork construction technology

The technological process involves the execution of work in several stages:

1. Preparation of wooden boards.
2. Laying a layer of polystyrene between the wall of the house and a wooden board for insulation purposes.
3. Fastening the structure to the wall with self-tapping screws or long nails.
4. Additional fastening of elements of a wooden structure using self-tapping screws and wire.
5. Reinforcement cage assembly. Initially, you should lay the reinforcing pins inside the wooden shields. Flexible wire is used to connect to the frame of the reinforcement. It is not recommended to fasten the reinforcement to each other by welding due to the rusting of the material inside the concrete.
6. Filling with cement mortar.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is made from reinforcement rods with a diameter of eight to twelve millimeters.

The principle of the process is:

1. In the horizontal laying of rods.
2. In fastening them with an overlap with a flexible knitting wire along the entire perimeter of the wall.
3. In tying the joints with rings of wire with a diameter of six millimeters.

The tying of reinforcing rods should be done directly in the formwork. When finished, the reinforcement cage is heavy. When the structure is assembled separately, it will be difficult to lift and place it. It is recommended to lay a layer of stones or bricks between the aerated concrete blocks and the frame of the unloading belt.

1. Pouring concrete

When purchasing a dry concrete mixture, it is necessary to use a material marking of at least M200.

In the absence of products of the required characteristics in the store, you can prepare it yourself using the following proportions in the ratio of the components:

• Crushed stone - 4.8 parts.
• Cement - 1 part.
• Sand - 2.8 parts.

To increase the density of the composition, crushed stone can be replaced with gravel. After mixing the dry elements, add water in small portions, the amount of which should correspond to twenty percent of the total amount of the mixture.

The concrete pouring technology provides for work performance standards, which, in order to obtain the desired functional result, should be performed:

1. Pouring must be carried out in one cycle without interruption, avoiding partial drying of the concrete layer.
2. It should be avoided in the solution for pouring bubbles with a void, which later, when the mixture dries, will reduce the strength characteristics of the structure.
3. After pouring, it is recommended to compact the concrete using a hammer drill with a special nozzle. Also, to eliminate voids in the solution, a vibrating machine is used, and if it is absent, it will be necessary to remove air bubbles by sticking the solution with fittings.

2. Construction of an unloading belt using blocks

The formwork can be not wooden structures, but blocks made of U-shaped aerated concrete. A prerequisite for such a building material is the presence of an internal cavity, which is necessary for laying a frame from reinforcement and pouring concrete.

Trough-type blocks are stacked the same width as the walls. It is convenient to arrange such a belt to the outer walls due to its additional insulating function, while excluding the formation of "bridges" of cold.

3. What is required

The method is simple and requires the preliminary acquisition of building material - additional blocks ten centimeters thick. Before buying, you should make a calculation the required amount material based on the planned height of the structure and the perimeter of the object.

The process of manufacturing an armored belt structure using additional blocks

1. Installation of additional blocks on the wall in the usual way.
2. Reinforcement of the central part of the building material.
3. Filling the resulting structure with cement mortar.

Armopoyas made of bricks

The loading belt can be constructed using masonry reinforced with mesh reinforcement. It is less reliable than concrete and is applicable only for small outbuildings. To increase the strength indicators of a brick structure, it is recommended to use reinforcement or metal welded mesh.

Features of the structure:

1. When using a reinforcing mesh with a cross-sectional diameter of five millimeters, it is recommended to lay it through four rows of bricks.
2. The width of the structure must correspond to the thickness of the wall of the building to be treated.
3. The height of the structure depends on the type of building material of the walls of the house and on the type of roof. The average size of a structure for a wall made of aerated concrete blocks is forty centimeters.

Strengthening the walls with bricks with built-in reinforcing mesh cannot fully replace the giving of reliability to structural elements using a reinforced concrete analogue.

The most important feature of aerated concrete is low thermal conductivity, which ensures the absence of the factor of freezing of the structure built from it, even at the lowest ambient temperature. Therefore, when constructing a reinforcing structure, it is important that it does not violate the thermal insulation properties of the house.

In the cold season, as well as during periods of sharp temperature changes, condensation may occur on the reinforced belt. In order to avoid this phenomenon, it is recommended to carry out work on the insulation of the structure.

Expanded polystyrene, polystyrene foam and mineral wool can be used as insulating heat-insulating elements. In some cases, aerated concrete blocks with partitions are used. When using mineral wool, a small ventilation gap should be left between the insulation and the facing surface.

Tips for organizational work for the insulation of the object:

1. When constructing a structure for the purpose of its subsequent insulation, it should be carried out with an indent from the outer edge of the wall, and not across its entire width.
2. The minimum width of the unloading belt should be twenty centimeters when using in-situ concrete and twenty-five centimeters when using bricks.
3. The resulting free space after pouring the armored belt should be filled with insulation and closed with a foam block, previously cut in accordance with the required dimensions.

1. When filling with a cement mortar, it should be ensured that the elements reinforced mesh do not touch the walls of the formwork.
2. To increase the functionality of the armored belt, the reinforcement frame is installed on the surface using a level.
3. The strength of concrete after pouring is promoted by periodic moistening, especially in hot weather. It is recommended to moisturize the structure every day for five days. The best effect is achieved by covering the damp surface with plastic wrap.
4. It is possible to remove the formwork in a week, but it will function as intended only after two weeks, when the cement mixture completely solidifies.
5. If you plan to insulate the unloading belt, then you should not do it flush with the wall. Experts recommend displacing the formwork inward with the further purpose of filling the resulting niche with a heat-insulating material.
6. You do not need to spend money on a reinforced belt if under the foundation there is solid soil not saturated with water, brick walls, as well as when building a one-story house with wooden beams, and not reinforced concrete panels.

orcmaster.com

Formwork for armopoyas. Types and methods of the device

Armopoyas is a monolithic reinforced concrete structure. The belt has an annular contour, settles on the walls, and has no breaks (gaps) in its body. The solution to the question: how to make the armopoyas correctly begins with the formwork device. The most affordable formwork material is board. The formwork for the armored belt is made either from separate boards, or from ready-made wooden panels, connected to each other from the outside by wooden scraps. From below, the boards are attached to the wall with self-tapping screws. On top, the opposite walls of the formwork are connected wooden ties(on nails). The step of the ties is 80 cm, but not more than 100 cm.

Armopoyas do it yourself

Performing an armopoyas with your own hands, you can use another option for its creation, in which not wooden structures, but U-shaped blocks of aerated concrete serve as formwork. Trough blocks are laid with the same width as the wall, and have a cavity inside for laying the connected reinforcement cage and concrete. It is especially advantageous to arrange a belt with such a "formwork" along the outer walls, because the side walls of the U-shaped blocks perform the functions of insulation and exclude the formation of cold "bridges". The disadvantage of tray blocks is the high price.

Armopoyas height

The geometric and technical characteristics of a monolithic structure are determined by calculation. Usually the width of the belt is equal to the width of the wall, 30-50cm. Since the support of a prefabricated or monolithic ceiling on the walls is only 120 cm (in practice - 150-200 cm), then based on this, the width of the belt can be taken as a smaller size. The recommended height of the armopoyas is 30cm.

In cottages where it is planned to create light floors, it is allowed to install a flat frame in the belt. The ladder frame is prepared directly on the wall, directly in the formwork. It consists of 2 rods (3 rods for a wide wall) of a periodic profile (calculated diameter), interconnected by transverse rods. The pitch of the rods is 50 cm. The armopoyas under the floor slabs bears higher loads. Therefore, the frame is made three-dimensional from 4 or 6 longitudinal reinforcing bars and tied with transverse wire clamps.

Armopoyas on aerated concrete

The frame on all sides must have a protective layer of concrete 4-5 cm. From below it is laid on props made of brick or concrete chips. It should be noted that an armored belt is arranged on aerated concrete not only along the outer walls, but also along the load-bearing inner walls. And if along the length of the wall, the transverse rods and clamps can be connected with a knitting wire, then at the corners of the structure and at the points of branching of the frame to the internal load-bearing walls, the connection of the longitudinal reinforcement and transverse elements is performed by welding. The level frame is set strictly horizontally.

When installing a roof truss structure, its lower row - a mauerlat, is attached to the load-bearing wall with special anchors and studs. The rafter system itself creates a bursting load, which can lead to deformation of the walls. Armopoyas under the roof provides wall strength, stable rigidity of the roofing system. It will be performed in the same way as for the installation of a monolithic belt under the floor. Armopoyas under the Mauerlat serves both to distribute the load on the entire surface of the wall, and to lay fasteners for the Mauerlat itself in it.

How to fill the armopoyas

The task: how to fill the armopoyas is solved at the final stage of the device of a monolithic structure. For pouring, you can use ready-made commercial concrete mix of the M200 (B15) brand. Another option is making concrete at the construction site. Cement M400, sand and crushed stone, are taken in a ratio of 1: 3: 5. All components are loaded into a concrete mixer, water is added to the desired consistency and mixed. It is important that the concrete is poured into the formwork continuously and not in parts. To remove air bubbles from the mixture, after pouring the concrete mixture, vibrate or intensively pierce the concrete along the entire length of the belt with a piece of reinforcement.

Armopoyas for brick aerated concrete

In practice, as an option for strengthening wall structures, sometimes an armored belt is made for aerated concrete from bricks. It is a conventional solid brick masonry, reinforced with reinforcement. Reinforcement is carried out with a masonry mesh made of wire: 4-5mm through each row of masonry in height. The mortar is used cement-sand in a ratio of 1: 4. The height of a brick belt is taken from 20 cm to 40 cm. The width of the belt can correspond to the width of the wall, but maybe narrower. Of course, an armored belt made of bricks cannot be called equivalent in strength characteristics to a reinforced concrete belt. However, it is reliable for the construction of houses in areas with low seismic activity or for the construction of auxiliary facilities and outbuildings.

To prevent the reinforced belt from becoming a "bridge" of cold and in order to avoid the formation of condensation on it, it is necessary to insulate the armopoyas. Therefore, a monolithic or brick belt, most often, is performed not over the entire width of the wall, but with an indent from its outer edge. It is important to maintain the minimum width of the reinforced belt equal to 20 cm for concrete and 25 cm for bricks. The resulting longitudinal niches are filled with heat-insulating material, which are aerated concrete partition blocks laid on spoons (10 cm), expanded polystyrene plates and other materials.

The reinforced monolithic or brick belt gives the building structures of the house made of aerated concrete blocks with increased strength. And for all household members, he becomes the guarantor of a safe, long and happy stay in a new home.

of-stroy.ru

How necessary is an armored belt?

Most often, a monolithic belt is a building necessity, but in some cases such a strengthening of the structure is not required.

You can do without armopoyas if:

• the foundation is poured below the level of soil freezing;
• the walls of the house themselves are made of bricks.

But even if these conditions are met, it is necessary that the floor slab extends to both sides of the wall by at least 12 cm, and the building itself is in a seismically safe area.

Armopoyas is necessary if:

• The house is multi-storey. In this case, the presence of monolithic belts is prescribed by the norms;
• The walls are made of porous materials such as cinder blocks or aerated concrete. Under the uneven pressure of the floor slab, these materials begin to crumple and quickly collapse;
• The building is being built on soft ground. In this case, there is a danger of the house sinking and, as a consequence, the formation of cracks in the walls. The monolithic belt will act as a tie and prevent cracks. Examine the old buildings in the neighboring lots. If they are covered with cracks going down from the roof and up from the ground and the corners of the windows, then the construction of a reinforced belt is definitely necessary;
• The foundation of the building is made of prefabricated blocks or shallow. Armopoyas will evenly distribute the pressure of the slabs along the entire perimeter of the foundation;
• The house is located in an earthquake zone.

How to build a reinforced belt?

A monolithic belt is a structurally simple element. A formwork is built along the perimeter of the wall, into which metal fittings are mounted. Then the structure is poured with concrete and insulated.

For the construction of a monolithic armored belt, the following materials are required:

• Plywood / boards;
• Fast installation;
• Self-tapping screws;
• Nails;
• Ribbed metal rods;
• Bricks / stones;
• Concrete / sand, cement, crushed stone;
• Cellophane film;
• Insulation (foam);
• Knitting wire.

And the tools:

• Welding machine;
• Screwdriver;
• Perforator;
• Concrete mixer;
• Building level;
• A hammer.

First stage: erection of the formwork

Most often, the formwork is assembled on the basis that the armopoyas will be about 15-30 cm in height, and in width there will either be narrower walls or the same size as it. In the second case, the formwork is shifted into the depth of the wall, which makes it possible to further fill the formed gap with insulation.

The optimal materials for formwork are plywood, OSB-plates, boards. The formwork must be assembled so that its upper part is in a perfectly horizontal plane. This can be achieved by adjusting the installation using the building level.

There are several ways to install formwork:

• Fastening by means of electric welding. In this case, the anchors are passed through the walls of the formwork, and the plugs are welded;
• Fastening with quick assembly. This method is much faster and easier to perform, but it requires some preliminary preparation. Installation practically does not hold in materials such as aerated concrete or cinder block. If the main part of the building was erected from similar materials, then the last rows under the proposed belt must be laid out of bricks.

Holes are drilled through the board attached to the wall at a distance of 700 mm from each other. A fungus is inserted into the holes and fixed with a screw. It is better to take a quick installation 6x100 mm, and a 6 mm drill. When removing the drill from the hole obtained, it must be shaken slightly in different directions. The hole will enlarge slightly and the wood fibers will not interfere with the installation of the fungus.

On the upper edge of the board we fix self-tapping screws at a distance of 1 m, and nails are similarly driven into the front brickwork. Self-tapping screws are tightened in pairs with nails using a knitting wire.

Second stage: manufacturing of fittings

For the manufacture of the reinforcement cage, it is necessary to use only ribbed rods. The concrete mortar is anchored to the uneven surface of the ribs and thus provides a high load-bearing capacity and tensile strength.

The rods should be 12 mm in diameter and 6 m long. For transverse fastening, rods of 10 mm in diameter are required. The transverse frame must be welded along the edges and along the central part, the remaining transverse rods are not boiled, but tied with wire. In the process of assembling the frame, it is necessary to reduce welding work to a minimum. The fact is that the welded seam becomes less durable due to overheating, and this is unacceptable when erecting a reinforced belt. Most of the parts should be assembled with knitting wire.

The wire can be taken of the smallest thickness, its function is to preserve the integrity of the frame shape during the pouring of concrete. The frame will not become stronger from the use of thick wire, and the installation of such a structure will require much more money and effort.

When the two parts of the frame are ready, they fit, forming a small space between them. Then they are welded in the center and at the edges, forming a finished frame, which in cross section has the shape of a square or rectangle. This is best done directly in the formwork, since the resulting part has a fairly large weight.

There must be a distance of at least 5 cm between the reinforcement and each side of the structure. To raise the reinforcement over a horizontal surface, bricks or stones are placed under the frame.

When assembling parts in a one-piece reinforced belt, there is no need to use welding, you can simply make an overlap of 0.2 - 0.3 m between the adjacent parts of the frame. The structure must lie flat inside the formwork; to achieve this condition, a building level must be used.

Stage three: pouring concrete

The concrete for pouring a monolithic belt must be strong, since the weight of the floor slabs will rest on it. If ready-made concrete is used, then it must be grade 200 and higher.

If the mixture is prepared independently, then you need to thoroughly follow the technology and preferably use a concrete mixer. Take 1 part of cement, 3 parts of sand and 5 parts of crushed stone. The resulting mixture must be mixed well and, gradually adding water, bring to the required consistency.

In no case should the concrete be poured in several layers. If it is not possible to fill the entire belt at once, it is necessary to make temporary vertical jumpers from aerated concrete or boards. Before pouring the next portion of concrete, the jumper must be removed, and the junction must be well watered.

When pouring a monolithic belt, it is necessary to constantly check the horizontal level of the resulting structure with a building level and eliminate the differences as much as possible. In the future, it will be much easier to install floor slabs on a carefully leveled surface.

When the concrete is already poured, it is necessary to pierce it with a special tool or just a piece of reinforcement. These simple steps will release air from the concrete and prevent possible voids.

The poured concrete must create conditions for hardening and strength gain. To do this, it is covered with a film so that the moisture does not evaporate too quickly, and in hot weather it is pre-watered.

The formwork can be removed after about 3 days - depending on weather conditions. This is done with a crowbar or nail puller.

Stage four: insulation

The monolithic belt, having become part of the wall, plays the role of a conductor of heat, and if you do not take measures to insulate it, "cold bridges" may appear. Front finishing works it is necessary to lay insulation in the recesses left after removing the formwork. Styrofoam of the right size is perfect.

A monolithic reinforced belt will protect the house from damage caused by many external causes. This element of the building frame is not difficult in calculations and assembly, it can be made by anyone who has at least once faced construction. When manufacturing a reinforced belt, one cannot save on materials. High-quality and properly made, it will justify its cost. In many cases, a strong armored belt is a guarantee of the strength and durability of the entire building.

1popotolku.ru

Armopoyas for the walls of the house made of aerated concrete

Often inexperienced, novice builders, do not even know why the walls of a one-story house should be poured concrete reinforced belt... And the need for its device lies in the following reasons:

Armopoyas dimensions

Monolithic is poured along the perimeter of the entire building, and its dimensions are tied to the width of the outer and inner walls.

In height, it can be poured along the upper level of the gas block or below, but it is not recommended to raise it above 300 mm - it will be simple unnecessary waste of material and increasing the load on the walls of the house.

The width of the armored belt for aerated concrete is made along the width of the wall, but it may be a little narrower.

Reinforcement of a concrete belt

For reinforcement, metal or fiberglass reinforcement is used. Usually its cross section does not exceed 12 mm. Most often, the reinforcing cage consists of four long bars, which stacked along the wall of the house... From them, with the help of brackets from reinforcement of a smaller section, a square or rectangular frame is formed. Long reinforcing bars, every 300 - 600 mm, are attached to the staples with knitting wire. It is not recommended to use welding to connect them in the frame, because the metal at the point of penetration is weakened, and at the same time, corrosion may appear at this point.

Do not allow the frame to come into contact with aerated concrete blocks. For this, special plastic linings with a height of about 30 mm are placed under it. As a last resort, you can put separate rubble stones.

Attention... In order to correctly make a frame for a reinforced belt, it is recommended to use only reinforcement with a ribbed surface, which provides rigid adhesion to concrete.

When you can do without an armored belt

Pouring a reinforced belt to strengthen the walls does not always make sense. Therefore, in order not to spend extra capital on the purchase of materials, you should know when you can do without a reinforced concrete belt:

• The foundation is located on solid rock.
• The walls of the house are built of bricks.

It is also not necessary to pour a belt of concrete over aerated concrete blocks, if a wooden floor will rest on them. To unload the floor, under the load-bearing floor beams, it will be enough to pour concrete on small supporting concrete platforms with a thickness of about 60 mm.

In other cases, when construction is carried out on peat bogs, clay, and other weak soils, it is necessary to make an armored belt. It is especially impossible to do without it when erecting walls from aerated concrete, expanded clay and other large-cell blocks, which are fragile materials.

Gas blocks are practically incapable bear point loads and are covered with cracks at the slightest subsidence of the foundation or when the soil moves.

How to fill the armopoyas with concrete correctly

When filling, the following rules must be observed:

1. The concrete should be placed in one continuous duty cycle... For a high-quality reinforced concrete belt, partially dried layers of concrete mass are unacceptable.
2. It should not be allowed that air bubbles remain in the concrete mass, which form pores, and thereby reduce the strength of the hardened concrete.

To prevent this from happening, freshly poured concrete must be compacted using a deep vibrator or a special nozzle using a perforator. In extreme cases, it can be sealed with a rammer or a metal pin.

Types of belts and their functions

Reinforced concrete belts are cast to reinforce structures such as:

Sometimes, when erecting small outbuildings, it is used reinforced brick belt on aerated concrete walls. To do this, 4 or 5 rows of building bricks are laid out on the walls, for its entire width. Between the rows, in an armopoyas made of bricks on the walls of aerated concrete, in the process of work, a metal mesh is laid on the mortar, welded from wire 4 - 5 mm thick with cells of 30 - 40 mm. From above, floor beams or a wooden Mauerlat for fastening the roof can be laid.

Reinforced armopoyas on aerated concrete

For a reinforced belt, which is poured over blocks of aerated concrete, it is used concrete mortar brand M 200. Carrying reinforcement with a cross section of 12 mm is fastened in a frame with transverse square or rectangular clamps with knitting wire. Clamps are made of smooth reinforcement with a diameter of no more than 4-6 mm. The supporting reinforcement is overlapped with each other with an overlap of at least 150 mm and is tied together with a soft knitting wire.

The belt can be made without a volumetric frame of 4 reinforcing bars. Sometimes a flat frame of two rods is enough, which is assembled in almost the same way as a volume one. Only in this case, not clamps are used for transverse ligation, but individual reinforcing bars.

The connected frame can be laid in a wooden formwork, which is made from planks. You can also use aerated concrete blocks of the upper row as formwork. But first you need to cut out from them inner part so that the block turns out to be something like a box without end walls. The blocks are stacked with the resulting shelves up, after which the frame is laid in them.

When laying the frame, make sure that there is a small space of about 20 - 30 mm between the reinforcement and the walls of the formwork, as well as the lower blocks.

After bookmarking in reinforcement cage formwork, you can additionally make and fix the necessary embedded parts that will be needed to fix the Mauerlat or other elements from the structure of the house.

A separate reinforced belt for a monolithic floor slab is not made. The slab itself distributes almost all vertical loads evenly onto the walls, and at the same time it is the main stiffener for the house and connects almost all the walls of the building with each other, combining them into one spatial structure.

It will be ideal if it occupies the entire width of the wall. But this is usually done if from the side of the facade insulation will be laid blocking the cold bridge that can form through the concrete. But in the case when only plastering is assumed outside, its thickness will need to be reduced within 40 - 50 mm for laying foam or other insulation.

To insulate the belt, you can also use thin (100 mm) partition blocks, which are installed and temporarily unfastened along the edge of the wall. A frame is laid between them and everything is poured with concrete. At the same time, partition blocks play the role of formwork and, at the same time, insulation.

Reinforced belt under a wooden Mauerlat

Since aerated concrete blocks have a fragile porous structure, it will not be possible to firmly attach to them rafter system roof of the house. Under the influence of the wind, the mountings will simply loosen over time and the roof can be deformed... And with a strong gusty wind, it can simply be demolished.

In addition, when the roof is loosened, when its fasteners are weakened, the upper rows of block masonry will also collapse over time. Therefore, a reinforced concrete belt for a strong connection of the roof with walls made of aerated concrete blocks is simply necessary.

The reinforced belt for mounting the Mauerlat can be smaller in width than its counterparts for the floor and foundation, since the vertical load on it is the lowest. Therefore, for its reinforcement, often to save money, a frame with two reinforcing bars is used.

For reliable fastening of the Mauerlat in the belt, vertical anchors are installed even before it is poured. bolts with external thread , which, together with the frame, are poured with concrete. In this case, the thread rises above the concrete by about 200 - 250 mm.

To firmly fix the Mauerlat, through holes are drilled in it, through which it is put on anchors, after which it is firmly pressed against the concrete with nuts.

Eventually- a properly made reinforced concrete belt can provide a house built from aerated concrete blocks with high strength and durable operation. At the same time, it will be able to protect the walls from deformation, the appearance of cracks, maintain the strength of the roof and extend the life of the house by 3-4 times.

Considering the fact that the price for the services of hired specialists is often equal to the cost of purchasing building materials, those who wish to build a house, garage or shed on their site are tempted to carry out masonry work with their own hands. And how to do this if there is no theoretical knowledge or experience? The search for the necessary information is usually carried out on the network, at requests such as: "SNiP brickwork of walls and partitions."

Note that there is no single document with such a name that regulates masonry work. There are norms according to which the design of stone structures is carried out, which will be hard to understand for an ignorant person. And there are technological maps (for each type of wall its own), which are a guideline for masons. For the convenience of the reader, we will summarize and compact the information contained in them, and accompany it for clarity with the video in this article.

The issues of organizing and ensuring the safety of work, SNiP, laying brick walls are given a lot of attention, since labor productivity, and the timing of construction, and the final result depend on them.

Ease of use is important

First of all, a bricklayer must be able to move comfortably within the boundaries of his plot, and work without unnecessary movements. Professional teams are usually divided into teams, each of which consists of 2-3 bricklayers with different qualifications. Which one - it already depends on the thickness of the masonry and its architectural complexity.

The plot is divided into three zones, which can be clearly seen in the photo below:

1. Working- this is a strip along a section of the wall, up to 70 cm wide, where masons work;
2. Material storage area- a longitudinal strip up to one and a half meters wide, on which an ordinary brick and mortar are placed. To perform masonry with simultaneous cladding, this zone should be twice as wide, since it also requires space for the front brick.
3. Auxiliary section- the area for the passage, takes a little more than 0.5 m.

When openings are provided in the wall, a container with mortar is placed opposite them, and it is more convenient to put a pallet with a brick on the line of the wall. If lightweight wall masonry is carried out, then the main materials alternate with reinforcement and loose aggregate, or other thermal insulation material.

Solution

All materials must be prepared in advance, and only the mortar is supplied immediately before laying. On the construction of a small private house, it is much more convenient to knead it on the spot using prefabricated masonry mixes, which many manufacturers call "sand concrete".

These are universal dry mixes M150, which are suitable not only for laying bricks, but also for pouring floors. Compositions of a higher grade are used for pouring the foundation, armored belt, monolithic lintels. Such packaging, as in the photo below, costs about 160 rubles. Colored mortars are usually used for decorative bricks.

Factory dry masonry mix

• If you think that buying ready-made mixtures is expensive, nothing prevents you from installing a concrete mixer and making a solution yourself. When brick walls are being erected, SNiP provides for the use of simple and complex masonry mortars.
• There is only one astringent in the composition of simple ones, in complex solutions there are at least two of them. In the first case, it is a cement or lime mortar, the second option: lime-cement or clay-cement. Lime and cement play the role of a modifying additive, and make it possible to obtain a solution with a higher plasticity.
• The most popular is cement mortar with a lime additive, as it is suitable for all types of bricks, except for raw clay stone (adobe). For him, he just needs a clay-cement mortar, which is also suitable for the construction of any outbuilding.

Instructions on the proportions of binders and fillers in solutions are presented in the table above. The first in the line is cement, then the second binder, and then sand. Water is added until the required consistency is reached, but usually its amount does not exceed 30% of the total mass. Sand can be used heavy (quartz) and light (pumice, slag).

Tools and fixtures

The set of equipment used in the work depends on the amount of work and the complexity of the task being performed. Some tools may not be needed to build a one-story house, but the basic set of tools should be as you see it in the table below.

instrument	Appointment
	There are many types of trowels, but this triangular option is ideal for a bricklayer. This shape allows you to pick up the solution in the corners, for which the tool nose is smoothly rounded. Its handle has a flat, sometimes even metal heel, so that it is convenient to tap the brick. The trowel should be made of stainless steel, and its edges are sharpened, which allows the brick to be suspended. On average, the shoulder blade is 16 cm long and 11 cm wide.
	This tool has a striker on one side and a flat extension on the other, which is called a pick. It is pointed, which allows you to divide the brick into halves, or quarters and three-quarters. It is also convenient to wield it if you need to beat off old plaster.
	Along with a tape measure, a meter may be needed in the work of a bricklayer. In some situations, it turns out to be more convenient to use it, since a second person is not required to measure the distance exceeding the length of an outstretched arm.
	With the help of the hydro level, the exact marks of the floor and ceiling are determined.
	This device allows you to control the position of structures and rows of masonry horizontally. If plastering work is coming, it is better to immediately purchase a rule with a built-in level.
	Tool for controlling deviations of the wall plane from the vertical.
	Control of the corners of adjoining structures.
	Container with mounting loops for supplying the solution to the floor with a crane.
	Device for work at height.
	With the help of a stretched cord, the horizontal rows are controlled.
	These are wooden or aluminum strips with graduations applied every 77 mm. This distance corresponds to the height of a single brick, plus the seams. The ordering ensures uniformity of their thickness.

Masonry work

The working operations performed during the masonry process are unequal in complexity. Accordingly, they are performed by masons of various qualifications. Depending on the task at hand, the composition of the links is determined.

• Bricklayers with a higher grade are engaged in setting up orders and mooring lines, laying out beacons, and performing face masonry (outer verst).
• Workers with low qualifications are engaged in laying bricks, spreading a mortar bed, laying backing rows, filling in the voids in the well masonry.
• The specific number of masons in the links, and the division of duties according to their rank, depends on the thickness of the wall and its design features.
• For example: for laying a wall of 2 bricks, five masons are required: one of the V or VI grade, one of the IV grade, and the rest are not lower than the III grade.

So, independent work is out of the question here. The partition is another matter - if there is a quick assistant, the owner may well build it himself. However, he still must have an idea of ​​the work performed by hired workers.

Features of lightweight walls

The main advantage of brick houses is their durability. Therefore, when a person wants to build, as they say, for centuries, he prefers this particular material. Moreover, in a low-rise building, even walls with a thickness of only one solid brick are able to withstand the loads from reinforced concrete slabs.

• The reliability of structures in this case depends only on the correctness of their installation and the quality of the masonry.
• The disadvantages of brick walls include only their solid weight, and low thermal performance. However, both of these disadvantages are eliminated through the use of lightweight masonry technologies.
• This is the use of hollow (slotted) bricks, and the device in the walls of wells filled with lightweight concrete inserts, liquid aerated concrete, foam or bulk insulation.
• These technologies allow not only to reduce the load on the foundation and make the walls warm, but also significantly reduce the cost of construction.

One brick wall with cladding and mineral wool insulation

To reduce the thermal conductivity of brick walls, masonry can be performed on warm mortars prepared not on quartz, but on perlite or pumice sand. At the same time, masonry technology with broadened seams is often used, which makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the walls as a whole.

In the process of such masonry, the thickness of the longitudinal-vertical seams increases significantly, and due to this, the brick is not laid flat, but on the edge. We only note that this version of lightweight walls is not suitable for independent work. It is carried out only according to the project, in which the required thickness of the seams is assigned.

• Masonry with layers of heat-insulating materials is always carried out with a gap corresponding to the thickness of the liner. Its place is between the front verst and the zabutovochny row.
• In such a design, the slab insulation must be provided with a tight abutment to the masonry, for which it is first put on glue, and then fixed with dowels with a disc head.
• By the way: today, there are not just dowels on sale, but basalt-plastic anchors, which allow the walls to be connected to each other simultaneously with the fastening of the insulation.
• One end of the anchor is mounted through the slab into the main masonry, and the other end, after installing the Belleville washer, is monolithic in the seams of the outer wall.

Note! If the insulation is mineral, a gap of 3-4 mm is provided between it and the cladding, and vertical seams are left unfilled in the bottom row of the wall itself. This ensures the drainage of condensate, and protects the mineral wool from decay. Polymer plates are not afraid of moisture, which means they do not need ventilation.

If the filling of the wells is carried out with concrete or foam, then usually in every fifth row, the outlets of the butt rows are arranged, which should play the role of anchors. When using bulk materials, the walls are connected with strips of fine-mesh steel mesh, which not only provides a rigid fixation of the walls, but also prevents the insulation from settling and straying at the bottom, leaving voids on top.

Constructive nuances of masonry

For the construction of external walls of low-rise buildings, almost all types of bricks that are currently offered by manufacturers are suitable. In addition to clay bricks: both solid and slotted, these are also hyper-pressed and silicate stones.

The limitations of the last two options apply only to the foundation and basement parts of buildings, as well as premises operated in high humidity conditions.

• According to SNiP: the brickwork of the outer walls, their thickness cannot be less than 250 mm - that is, the length of one brick. The minimum section of the pillars (columns) is 380 * 380 mm.
• As for the partitions (see), then when laying bricks flat, they will have a thickness of 120 mm. If the length of such a partition does not exceed 3m, then the masonry may not be reinforced.
• But there is also a technology for arranging brick partitions with a thickness of 65 mm, in which the brick is laid on the edge. In this case, every third row of masonry must be reinforced with steel wire.
• You should try to lay the outer masonry from the highest quality bricks, leaving those of them that have cracks and chipped edges on the back. If the walls are not supposed to be plastered, then it is better not to sort the ordinary brick, but to immediately buy the facing one.

Lighthouses

The thickness of ordinary (not widened) seams can be 8-15 mm. As a rule, a thickness of more than 10 mm is made in the case when reinforcement is laid in the seam or the ends of the anchors are monolithic.

Laying is carried out on a well-leveled surface of the foundation, and starts from the corners. On them, as well as in the zones of the location of the openings, tapering upward (sheltered) lighthouse strips up to 6 or 8 rows in height are preliminarily performed.

Note! You can still do without lighthouses when the building is small, and a large team is working on the construction of its walls. Otherwise, the bricklayers have to take breaks, and the penalties make it possible to firmly connect the fresh masonry with the masonry made earlier.

When the lighthouses are erected, a cord is pulled between them from the outside. Then they begin laying the outer verst, which is flush with the upper bricks of the shtraba. With a wall thickness of one brick, then an inner verst is made, which, like the outer one, will be spoon.

After 6 rows, two spoonfuls of versts are tied with a butt row. According to this principle, dressing is carried out according to a multi-row scheme. But there may be other options - for example: when artistic wall masonry is performed.

Jumpers

Of no small importance is the arrangement of jumpers over the openings of windows and doors. In houses with beamed ceilings, which are not as heavy as concrete slabs, they can be made of bricks. In cases where concrete floors rest on the walls, either prefabricated concrete lintels are placed, or a monolithic armored belt is poured over the opening (see).

• Since all lintels are structurally different, they do not rely on the masonry in the same way. Both in private and in large-scale construction, prefabricated concrete lintels are in high esteem.
• Slab-type lintels, that is, having a width greater than the height, and immediately overlapping the entire opening along the wall thickness, require support feet of minimum depth - 10-12 cm is enough.
• For bar lintels, which, having a height greater than their width, are not so stable, 25 cm are required for each end. At the same distance, lintels from a steel channel or corner are embedded in the masonry.

However, where the masonry does not bear any loads, except for its own weight - for example: in brick cladding, or in the fillings of frame-brick houses, it makes no sense to put concrete lintels. It is much more convenient and even cheaper to use rolled metal for this purpose. Its advantage is its low weight and the ability to cut to any length.

Brick lintels are arranged only on openings less than two meters wide. Although, today there is a technology with hinged consoles that reinforce the masonry above the opening, and allow brick lintels to be made over openings of any width.

If the lintels are to play the role of architectural decoration of the facade, then they should only be made of bricks. In any case, the openings of a triangular and arched shape cannot be blocked in a different way.

To cope with this task no "SNiP brick walls" will help. An excellent guide will be the technological map (TC) No. 95-04 for laying brick vaults and arches. But still, the best assistant is a video, and after watching several professional videos, it is quite possible to master the independent implementation of this masonry element.

The basic document for most construction work is SNiP for brickwork of walls. This set of standards and rules includes the most complete list of requirements both for materials and tools used in the construction of walls, and for the peculiarities of performing individual operations.

The key sections of SNIPs are based on the current regulatory documents, and therefore they must be followed without fail.

Normative base

Strictly speaking, there is no single SNiP "Brickwork of walls", since stone work requires compliance with a huge number of rules and regulations related to various aspects of the construction industry.

That is why, when discussing building standards regarding the construction of external and internal self-supporting walls, interior partitions and cladding, experts turn to a whole set of documents:

• Organization of construction. Organization of production in construction and architecture - SNiP 12 - 01 - 2004.
• Structures bearing and enclosing capital - SNiP 3.03.01 - 1987.
• Safety and labor protection in construction and production - SNiP 12 - 04 - 2992 (section IX), as well as SNiP 12 - 03 - 2001 (Part 1).

These standards contain information that regulates the entire process of production of works on the construction of walls and other architectural elements from brick or building stone. GOST for brickwork is mandatory for all permanent buildings without exception, therefore you need to study the requirements even if you plan to lay down a small shed on your site with your own hands.

Preparatory stage

Preliminary work

The laying of building blocks in accordance with building codes can only be carried out on specially prepared sites. Masonry begins either after the foundation has been erected (one-story construction or construction of the first floor), or after the completion of capital work on the previous floors.

In preparation:

• All work on the construction of the foundation or basement is being completed, interfloor ceilings are being installed, stairs and blocks of elevator shafts are being mounted.
• Geodetic survey and site marking are carried out.
• The control of the compliance of the erected elements with the plan or the results of the topographic survey is carried out.
• Delivery of building material and mortar is organized directly to the place of work.

Note!
The material can either be stored directly on the floor within walking distance from the work areas, or organize the delivery of bricks in pallets using a crane for each site separately.

• The plots are provided with everything necessary to carry out work with the proper labor productivity. The list of material support includes platforms with an adjustable platform height, tools, inventory and personal protective equipment.
• Subject to SNiP, the laying of brick walls should be carried out by specialists with certain qualifications and who have undergone appropriate instructions. The briefing includes familiarization with the general work plan, control of the assimilation of information on the technique of performing work operations, as well as familiarization and testing of knowledge on safety and labor protection.

Bricklayer's inventory

SNiP on bricklaying provides for the provision of each working team with devices and devices necessary to perform work at the proper technical level.

The list of tools includes:

• Mortar shovels.
• Trowels (trowels) for collecting and distributing mortar over the masonry.
• Duralumin rule for leveling the mortar and controlling the plane of the masonry.
• Hammers-picks for splitting the building block.
• Joints for decorating seams.
• A mop for cleaning cavities from the solution.

Note!
When working with a pick hammer, it must be replaced with a circular saw or angle grinder with a blade that matches the cladding material.

• Stainless steel brackets and beacons.
• Mooring cords. You can use a cord on a reel, but it is more rational to use models in cases with a reeling handle.

All tools must meet the requirements of GOST. The use of a faulty tool or improvised materials is not allowed.

Requirements for materials

An important step in preparation is to ensure construction crews materials that meet technical specifications and GOSTs for this type of work. For this purpose, acceptance and quality control of incoming building materials is organized at the facility.

The main materials used for the construction of walls and partitions are brick and building stone. As a rule, materials are delivered in batches on special pallets.

When a pallet arrives, its packaging is opened and control is carried out:

• Documentary- checking the compliance of the accompanying information about the batch with the data specified in the incoming documents.
• Instrumental- checking the dimension of the supplied building blocks.
• Visual- control of the conformity of the actually supplied material with the information specified in the invoices, as well as an assessment of the quality of bricks and the identification of the most pronounced shortcomings.

Note!
Use for construction itself load-bearing structures and partitions brick and building stone, for which accompanying documents have not been provided, are strictly prohibited.

As for the visual check, during its course the receiving specialist assesses the presence of the following defects:

• Chips on edges and edges of building blocks.
• Damage to the facial planes (spoon and butt faces) in facing brick.
• Changes in the shape of the block, the presence of depressions, cracks and bulges.
• Layering of ceramic material, which may indicate the so-called "underburning" - insufficient quality heat treatment.

• Salt stains on brick surfaces.

Separately, the amount of the so-called half-timber is determined - broken bricks or blocks that have cracks of more than 30% of the total length of the stone. The amount of half wood in a batch depends on the quality of the material, but the requirements for brickwork according to SNiP limit its share to 5% of the total number of blocks.

The quality of the solution is assessed separately:

• Mobility - 7 cm or more.
• The grade of the solution must correspond to the design.
• When carrying out work in the winter, a plasticizer (lye) is mandatory in the composition of the solution for more active air entrainment. The proportion of lye should be no more than 858 g per 1 kilogram of dry cement.
• Also, when laying at an air temperature below -15 0 С, the grade of the solution increases by one grade to ensure the required quality of the connection.

Requirements for structures

Erection of the main elements

According to SNiP 3.03.01 - 1987, the instruction for the construction of the main self-supporting walls (both internal and external) contains the following recommendations:

• The mortar for laying bricks and building stones is selected depending on the type of material and the operating conditions of the structure. The solution is supplied either automatically or in troughs using a truck crane.
• The basement elements of the building are erected from concrete slabs or using. The use of silicate blocks, as well as hollow stones, leads to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the building and is therefore not allowed.

• According to the requirements of GOST, brickwork should not contain holes, niches and cavities that are not provided for by the project and that reduce the mechanical strength of the wall.
• The masonry is done by hand, the elements are arranged according to the type of dressing approved in the project. To connect individual blocks, in addition to the solution, reinforcing parts (rods, mesh), as well as metal embedded parts, can be used.

Note!
When a forced rupture is formed, the masonry is located in the form of a straight or inclined line.
Appearance and the design of the shtrab are shown in the diagrams in this article.

• The joints between bricks of the correct shape must have a constant thickness: vertical - 10 mm, horizontal - 12 mm. The thickness of the horizontal seam increases if reinforcing material is inserted into the seam.

SNiP on masonry configuration

except general requirements, the standards also contain information on the procedure for forming the masonry itself:

• Dashed rows (i.e. rows that have a pushing brick edge on the front surface of the masonry) are necessarily stacked from whole blocks.

• Regardless of the type of dressing and masonry pattern, the butt row is formed in the lower and upper parts of the structure, at the level of cornices, window sills, cutoffs, etc.
• It is also obligatory to lay the butt row under the supports of rafters, beams, roofing Mauerlats, etc.

Note!
The support of these elements on the spoon rows is allowed only if a single-row chain dressing is used during the construction and masonry with alternating spoon and butt edges in one row.

• From a whole brick, pillars and piers are necessarily erected, the width of which does not exceed two and a half blocks.
• Half-timber is used for laying walls of lightly loaded structures, as well as for backing masonry. But even in this case, the share of halves should not exceed 10% of the total volume of material used.
• Reinforcement of lintels over window and door openings, as well as over other technological openings, is carried out using formwork. The lintels are placed in the mortar under the lower row of brickwork and embedded in the wall to a depth of 250 mm or more.
• The holding time of the formwork for installing the lintel depends on the air temperature and ranges from 5 days (+20 0 C and above) to 24 days (+5 0 C and below).
• When laying eaves, the overhang of each row should not exceed 1/3 of the length of the building block. The total removal of the eaves, not reinforced with additional metal elements, should not be more than half the thickness of the outer wall.

Advice!
The installation of the eaves is necessarily accompanied by the installation of temporary support structures.
They must be strong enough to support the cornice blocks until the mortar has completely solidified and not to deform.

Reinforcement of masonry with metal reinforcement

Reinforcement of masonry with metal bars or mesh is used when erecting partitions of small thickness, or when laying walls from energy-efficient hollow bricks. The use of steel inserts increases the operational characteristics of the structure, but the total cost of the object also increases, and significantly.

The requirements put forward by SNiP for reinforced masonry are as follows:

• The seam thickness is calculated as follows: a minimum of 4 mm must be added to the sum of the diameters of the crossing reinforcement. Thus, when reinforcing with a mesh of a 5 mm bar, the minimum joint thickness should be 5 + 5 + 4 = 14 mm.

Note!
The maximum admissible seam thickness is 16 mm.

• Reinforcement of a longitudinal seam involves the connection of reinforcing bars by welding.
• If a metal mesh is used, or the rods are connected mechanically, then the overlap should be at least 20 diameters of the metal element.

Quality and safety of work

Quality control

The final stage of any work is quality control of the erected masonry.

This procedure includes:

• Acceptance of works that preceded the execution of the masonry (preparation of the base, installation of partitions, foundations, etc.).
• Visual and instrumental assessment of the materials used for the work, as well as periodic inspection of tools and work fixtures.
• Operational control, which consists in monitoring the progress of the masonry and identifying inconsistencies with the work procedure approved in technological map.

The basis for acceptance control is the legally approved tolerances for masonry according to SNiP, which imply the following deviations:

• No more than 15 mm - according to the thickness of the wall being erected.
• No more than 15 mm - across the width of the wall.
• 20 mm - permissible displacement of the axes of adjacent window openings.
• 10 mm - permissible deviation of metal or reinforced concrete embedded structures.
• The vertical deviation is 10 mm or less within one floor.
• Deviation along the plane - no more than 10 mm (5 mm - for plastered walls) when applying a two-meter check rail.

Only after checking these parameters, the work is accepted, about which a corresponding entry is made in the acceptance certificate.

Occupational health and safety

When carrying out construction work, it is necessary to adhere to the requirements for the safe organization of the masonry process:

You only need to use special scaffolds

• Material must be delivered by trained and qualified slingers. Coordination of the work of the slinger and the crane driver is carried out using radiotelephone communication.
• All openings intended for the installation of translucent structures should be covered with wooden panels until glazing.
• Masonry scaffolds must be made of either metal profile or from wooden beam... It is strictly forbidden to use boxes, pallets, furniture or other improvised means as scaffolding.
• Each worker must be provided with overalls and footwear, as well as personal protective equipment. The mandatory list of tools includes a helmet and a mounting belt. The use of protective goggles and a respirator is essential when performing certain types of work.
• High-altitude work is carried out only if there is a correctly put on and secured mounting belt.

Construction waste generated on the site is regularly collected in containers for subsequent disposal.

Conclusion

Compliance with building codes when erecting brick or stone walls is a prerequisite to achieve an acceptable result. Only the brickwork of the outer walls and internal partitions made according to the requirements of SNiP will be sufficiently strong and reliable. Also, do not forget about another aspect, because adhering to the methods of performing work operations established in the standards, master masons increase the level of their own safety. In the video presented in this article, you will find additional information on this topic.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

7.1. The requirements of this section apply to the production and acceptance of work on the erection of stone structures from ceramic and silicate bricks, ceramic, concrete, silicate and natural stones and blocks. 7.2. Work on the construction of stone structures must be carried out in accordance with the project. The selection of the composition of the masonry mortar, taking into account the operating conditions of buildings and structures, should be carried out in accordance with reference Appendix 15.7.3. Brick plinths of buildings must be made of solid ceramic bricks. The use of silicate bricks for these purposes is not allowed. 7.4. The weakening of stone structures by holes, grooves, niches, mounting openings not provided for by the project is not allowed. 7.5. The masonry filling of the frames should be carried out in accordance with the requirements for the construction of load-bearing stone structures. 7.6. The thickness of horizontal joints of brick and stone masonry of regular shape should be 12 mm, vertical joints - 10 mm. 7.7. In case of forced breaks, the masonry must be performed in the form of an inclined or vertical line. 7.8. When breaking the masonry with a vertical line, a mesh (reinforcement) of longitudinal rods with a diameter of no more than 6 mm, from transverse rods - no more than 3 mm with a distance of up to 1.5 m along the height of the masonry, as well as at the level of each overlap, should be laid in the seams of the masonry. The number of longitudinal reinforcement bars is taken at the rate of one bar for every 12 cm of wall thickness, but not less than two for a wall thickness of 12 cm. 7.9. The difference in the heights of the masonry being erected on adjacent grips and when laying the abutments of the outer and inner walls should not exceed the height of the floor, the difference in heights between adjacent sections of the foundation masonry should not exceed 1.2 m. 7.10. The installation of fasteners in the places where reinforced concrete structures adjoin the masonry should be carried out in accordance with the project. Erection of stone structures of the next floor is allowed only after laying the supporting structures of the floors of the erected floor, anchoring the walls and grouting the joints between the floor slabs. 7.11. The maximum erection height of free-standing stone walls (without laying ceilings or coverings) should not exceed the values ​​indicated in table. 28. If necessary, erection is free standing walls higher heights, temporary attachments should be used.

Table 28

Wall thickness, cm	Bulk weight (density) of masonry, kg / m 3	Allowable wall height, m, with a high-speed wind pressure, N / m 2 (wind speed, m / s)
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600

Note. At high-speed wind heads having intermediate values, the permissible heights of free-standing walls are determined by interpolation. 7.12. When erecting a wall (partition) connected to transverse walls (partitions) or other rigid structures with a distance between these structures not exceeding 3.5 H(where H- the height of the wall, indicated in the table. 28), the permissible height of the wall being erected can be increased by 15%, with a distance of no more than 2.5 H- by 25% and no more than 1.5 H- by 40% .7.13. The height of unreinforced stone partitions, not secured by ceilings or temporary fastenings, should not exceed 1.5 m for partitions 9 cm thick, made of stones and bricks on an edge, 88 mm thick, and 1.8 m - for partitions 12 cm thick, made of bricks 7.14. When connecting partitions with transverse walls or partitions, as well as with other rigid structures, their permissible heights are taken in accordance with the instructions in clause 7.12.7.15. The verticality of the edges and corners of the brick and stone masonry, the horizontalness of its rows must be checked during the course of the masonry (every 0.5-0.6 m) with the elimination of the detected deviations within the tier. 7.16. After the end of the laying of each floor, an instrumental check of the horizontality and marks of the top of the masonry should be carried out, regardless of the intermediate checks of the horizontalness of its rows.

Masonry made of ceramic and silicate bricks, ceramic, concrete, silicate and natural stones of the correct shape

7.17. The stitch rows in the masonry must be laid from whole bricks and stones of all kinds. Regardless of the accepted system of ligation of the seams, laying the stitch rows is mandatory in the lower (first) and upper (last) rows of the structures being erected, at the level of cutoffs of walls and pillars, in protruding rows of masonry (cornices, belts, etc.). seams, the laying of bonded rows under the supporting parts of beams, girders, floor slabs, balconies, under Mauerlat and other prefabricated structures is mandatory. With single-row (chain) dressing of seams, it is allowed to support prefabricated structures on spoon rows of masonry. 7.18. Brick pillars, pilasters and piers with a width of two and a half bricks or less, ordinary brick lintels and cornices should be erected from selected whole bricks. The use of half-timber bricks is allowed only in the laying of backing rows and lightly loaded stone structures (sections of walls under windows, etc.) in an amount of no more than 10% .7.20. Horizontal and transverse vertical seams of masonry walls, as well as seams (horizontal, transverse and longitudinal vertical) in lintels, walls and pillars should be filled with mortar, with the exception of wasted masonry. 7.21. When laying with a washer, the depth of joints not filled with mortar on the front side should not exceed 15 mm in the walls and 10 mm (only vertical joints) in the posts. 7.22. Wall sections between ordinary brick lintels with walls less than 1 m wide must be laid out on the same mortar as the lintels. Steel reinforcement of ordinary brick lintels should be laid along the formwork in a layer of mortar under the bottom row of bricks. The number of rods is set by the project, but must be at least three. Smooth rods for reinforcing the lintels must have a diameter of at least 6 mm, end with hooks and be embedded in the piers by at least 25 cm. The rods of a periodic profile are not bent with hooks. 7.24. When maintaining brick lintels in the formwork, it is necessary to observe the terms indicated in table. 29.

Table 29

Jumper designs	Outside air temperature, ° С, during the holding of jumpers	Solution grade	Duration of holding the lintels on the formwork, days, not less
Privates and reinforced brick		M25 and higher
Arched and wedge

7.25. Wedge-shaped lintels made of ordinary bricks should be laid out with wedge-shaped seams at least 5 mm thick at the bottom and no more than 25 mm at the top. Laying must be done simultaneously from both sides in the direction from the heels to the middle. 7.26. Eaves should be laid in accordance with the project. In this case, the overhang of each row of brickwork in the cornices should not exceed 1/3 of the brick length, and the total removal of the unreinforced brick cornice should be no more than half the wall thickness. The laying of anchored cornices is allowed to be performed after the brickwork reaches the design strength, into which the anchors are embedded. the device of cornices after the end of the wall masonry, their stability must be provided with temporary fastenings. All embedded reinforced concrete prefabricated elements (cornices, belts, balconies, etc.) must be provided with temporary fastenings until they are pinched by the overlying masonry. The term for removing temporary fasteners must be indicated in the working drawings. 7.27. When erecting walls of ceramic stones in overhanging rows of cornices, belts, parapets, firewalls, where a brick is required, a full-bodied or special (profile) facing brick with frost resistance of at least Mrz25 with protection against moisture should be used. 7.28. Ventilation ducts in the walls should be made of ceramic solid bricks of a grade not lower than 75 or silicate grade 100 to a level attic floor, and above - from solid ceramic brick of grade 100.7.29. When reinforced masonry, the following requirements must be observed: the thickness of the seams in the reinforced masonry must exceed the sum of the diameters of the intersecting reinforcement by at least 4 mm with a seam thickness of no more than 16 mm; with transverse reinforcement of pillars and walls, the nets should be made and laid so that there is two reinforcing bars (of which the mesh is made) protruding 2-3 mm on the inner surface of the wall or on two sides of the post; with longitudinal reinforcement of the masonry, the steel reinforcement bars should be joined together along the length by welding; when arranging reinforcement joints without welding, the ends of smooth bars must end with hooks and tied with wire with overlapping rods by 20 diameters. 7.30. The erection of walls from lightweight brickwork must be carried out in accordance with the working drawings and the following requirements: all seams of the outer and inner layers of the walls of lightweight masonry should be carefully filled with mortar with facing the front seams and grouting of the internal seams with the obligatory implementation of wet plaster of the wall surface from the side of the room; slab the insulation should be laid with a tight abutment to the masonry; metal ties installed in the masonry must be protected from corrosion; backfill insulation or lightweight concrete filling should be laid in layers with each layer compacted as the masonry is erected. In masonry with vertical transverse brick diaphragms, the voids should be filled with backfill or light concrete in layers to a height of no more than 1.2 m per shift; the window sills of the external walls must be protected from moisture by installing ebb tides according to the project; in the process of work during the period of precipitation and during a break in work, measures should be taken to protect the insulation from getting wet. After their erection, the cut of the brick basement and other protruding parts of the masonry should be protected from the ingress of atmospheric moisture, following the instructions in the project, in the absence of instructions in the project - with a cement-sand mortar of grade not lower than M100 and Mrz50.

WALL CLADDING IN THE PROCESS OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

7.32. For facing work, cement-sand mortars on Portland cement and pozzolanic cements should be used. The alkali content in cement should not exceed 0.6%. The mobility of the mortar, determined by the immersion of a standard cone, should be no more than 7 cm, and to fill the vertical gap between the wall and the tile, in the case of fixing the tile on steel ties, no more than 8 cm. 7.33. When facing brick walls with large concrete slabs, performed simultaneously with masonry, the following requirements must be observed: the facing should begin with laying the supporting L-shaped row of facing slabs embedded in the masonry at the level of the interfloor overlap, then install ordinary flat slabs with their fastening to the wall; if the thickness of the facing slabs is more than 40 mm, the facing row should be installed before the laying is done, at the height of the facing row; if the thickness of the slabs is less than 40 mm, it is necessary to first lay the brickwork to the height of the row of slabs, then install the facing slab; installation of thin slabs before the erection of the wall is allowed only in the case of installing fasteners holding the slabs; it is not allowed to install facing slabs of any thickness higher than the masonry of the wall by more than two rows of slabs. 7.34. Facing boards must be installed with mortar joints along the contour of the boards or close to each other. In the latter case, the abutting edges of the slabs must be ground. 7.35. The construction of walls with their simultaneous facing, rigidly connected to the wall ( facing brick and stone, slabs of silicate and heavy concrete), at low temperatures, as a rule, it should be performed on a solution with antifreeze additive of sodium nitrite. Masonry with facing with facing ceramic and silicate bricks and stones can be made by freezing according to the instructions of the subsection "Construction of stone structures in winter conditions". In this case, the grade of mortar for masonry and cladding must be at least M50.

FEATURES OF MASONRY ARCHES AND VACKS

7.36. The laying of arches (including arched lintels in the walls) and vaults must be made of bricks or stones of the correct shape on a cement or mixed mortar. For laying arches, vaults and their heels, mortars on Portland cement should be used. The use of slag Portland cement and pozzolanic Portland cement, as well as other types of cements that slowly harden at low positive temperatures, is not allowed. 7.37. The laying of arches and vaults should be carried out according to the project containing working drawings of the formwork for laying vaults of double curvature. 7.38. The deviations of the dimensions of the formwork of double-curved arches from the design ones should not exceed: along the lifting boom at any point of the arch 1/200 of the rise, by the displacement of the formwork from the vertical plane in the middle section of 1/200 of the arch lifting boom, along the width of the arch wave - 10 mm. 7.39. Laying of waves of arches of double curvature must be carried out according to movable templates installed on the formwork. Laying of arches and vaults should be carried out from the heels to the castle on both sides at the same time. Masonry joints must be completely filled with mortar. The upper surface of the arches of double curvature with a thickness of 1/4 of the brick should be rubbed with mortar during the masonry process. With a greater thickness of vaults made of bricks or stones, the seams of the masonry must be additionally poured with a liquid mortar, while grouting the upper surface of the vaults with a mortar is not performed. The laying of double-curved vaults should be started no earlier than 7 days after the end of the arrangement of their heels at an outside air temperature above 10 ° C. At an air temperature of 10 to 5 ° C, this period increases by 1.5 times, from 5 to 1 ° C - 2 times. Laying of vaults with puffs, in the heels of which prefabricated reinforced concrete elements or steel frames are installed, is allowed to start immediately after completion devices 5.7.41. The edges of the abutment of adjacent waves of arches of double curvature are kept on the formwork for at least 12 hours at an outside air temperature above 10 ° C. At lower positive temperatures, the duration of keeping the vaults on the formwork increases in accordance with the instructions in clause 7.40. Loading of the stripped arches and vaults at an air temperature above 10 ° C is allowed no earlier than 7 days after the end of the laying. At lower positive temperatures, the curing periods increase in accordance with clause 7.40. Insulation along the vaults should be laid symmetrically from the supports to the castle, avoiding one-sided loading of the vaults. Tightening of the puffs in arches and vaults should be done immediately after the end of the masonry. 7.42. The construction of arches, vaults and their heels in winter conditions allowed at an average daily temperature of at least minus 15 ° C on solutions with anti-freeze additives (subsection "Construction of stone structures in winter conditions"). The waves of the vaults, erected at negative temperatures, are kept in the formwork for at least 3 days.

STONE AND BUTO CONCRETE Masonry

7.43. Stone structures made of rubble and rubble concrete are allowed to be erected using rubble stone of irregular shape, with the exception of the outer sides of the masonry, for which a bed stone should be used. Rubble masonry should be performed in horizontal rows up to 25 cm high with a stone trench on the front side of the masonry, chipping and filling the voids with a solution, as well as bandaging the seams. non-subsiding soils. 7.45. When cladding rubble masonry with brick or stone of the correct shape simultaneously with the masonry, the cladding should be tied with the masonry with a butt row every 4-6 spoon rows, but no more than 0.6 m. The horizontal seams of the rubble masonry should coincide with the dressing bonded rows of the cladding. 7.46. Breaks in rubble stone masonry are allowed after filling the gaps between the stones of the upper row with mortar. The resumption of work must begin with spreading the solution over the surface of the stones of the upper row. 7.47. Structures made of rubble concrete must be erected in compliance with the following rules: the concrete mixture should be laid in horizontal layers no more than 0.25 m high; the size of stones embedded in concrete should not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the structure being erected; embedded stones in concrete should be carried out directly behind laying concrete in the process of its compaction; erection of rubble concrete foundations in trenches with sheer walls is allowed to be carried out without formwork in the spur; breaks in work are allowed only after laying a number of stones in the last (top) layer of concrete mixture; resumption of work after a break begins with the laying of concrete mixture. For structures made of rubble and rubble concrete, erected in dry and hot weather, care should be taken as for monolithic concrete structures.

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTION OF WORKS IN SEISMIC AREAS

7.48. Masonry made of bricks and ceramic crevice stones must be carried out in compliance with the following requirements: the laying of stone structures should be carried out over the entire thickness of the structure in each row; the laying of walls should be carried out using a single-row (chain) dressing; horizontal, vertical, transverse and longitudinal joints of the masonry should be filled mortar completely with cutting of the mortar on the outer sides of the masonry; temporary (assembly) breaks in the masonry being erected should be completed only with an inclined line and located outside the places of structural reinforcement of the walls. The use of bricks and ceramic stones with a high content of salts protruding on their surfaces is not allowed. The surface of bricks, stones and blocks must be cleaned of dust and dirt before laying: for masonry on ordinary mortars in areas with a hot climate - with a stream of water; for masonry on polymer-cement solutions - using brushes or compressed air. 7.50. At negative outside temperatures, installation of large blocks should be carried out with mortars with antifreeze additives. In this case, the following requirements must be observed: before the start of masonry work, the optimal ratio between the value of preliminary moistening of the wall material and the water content of the mortar mixture should be determined; ordinary solutions must be used with a high water-holding capacity (water separation is not more than 2%). 7.51. For the preparation of mortars, as a rule, Portland cement should be used. The use of Portland slag cement and pozzolanic Portland cement for polymer-cement solutions is not allowed. For the preparation of solutions, sand should be used that meets the requirements of GOST 8736-85. Other types of small aggregates can be used after researching the strength and deformation properties of mortars based on them, as well as the strength of adhesion to masonry materials. In polymer-cement mortars, sands with a high content of fine-grained clay and dusty particles cannot be used. When laying on polymer-cement mortars, the brick should not be moistened before laying, as well as during the period of strength gain. The control of the strength of the normal adhesion of the mortar during manual laying should be carried out at the age of 7 days. The amount of adhesion should be approximately 50% of the strength at 28 days of age. If the adhesion strength in the masonry does not correspond to the design value, it is necessary to stop the work until the issue is resolved by the design organization. 7.54. When erecting buildings, it is not allowed to contaminate niches and breaks in walls, gaps between floor slabs and other places intended for reinforced concrete inclusions, belts and straps, as well as reinforcement located in them, with mortar and debris. It is forbidden to reduce the width of the anti-seismic joints specified in the project. The anti-seismic joints must be freed from formwork and construction debris. It is forbidden to close up anti-seismic joints with bricks, mortar, sawn timber, etc. If necessary, anti-seismic joints can be covered with aprons or glued with flexible materials. When installing lintel and strapping blocks, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of free passage of vertical reinforcement through the holes provided in the design in the lintel blocks.

ESTABLISHMENT OF STONE STRUCTURES IN WINTER CONDITIONS

7.57. The laying of stone structures in winter conditions should be carried out on cement, cement-lime and cement-clay mortars. The composition of the mortar of a given grade (ordinary and with antifreeze additives) for winter work, the mobility of the mortar and the terms of preservation of mobility are pre-determined by the construction laboratory in accordance with the requirements acting normative documents and corrects taking into account the materials used.For winter masonry, solutions with mobility should be used: 9-13 cm - for masonry from ordinary bricks and 7-8 cm - for masonry from brick with voids and from natural stone. Masonry in winter can be carried out using all dressing systems used in summer. When laying on mortars without antifreeze additives, a single-row dressing should be performed.With a multi-row dressing system, vertical longitudinal seams are tied at least every three rows when laying from bricks and every two rows when laying from ceramic and silicate stone with a thickness of 138 mm. Brick and stone should be laid with complete filling of vertical and horizontal joints. 7.59. The erection of walls and pillars along the perimeter of the building or within the limits between the sedimentary joints should be carried out evenly, avoiding breaks in height by more than 1/2 storey. When laying blind sections of walls and corners, breaks are allowed at a height of no more than 1/2 storey and are carried out by a puncture. 7.60. During breaks in work, it is not allowed to lay the solution on the upper row of masonry. To protect against icing and snow drifting, the top of the masonry should be covered during a break in work. Sand used in masonry mortars should not contain ice and frozen lumps, lime and clay dough should be unfrozen at a temperature of at least 10 ° C. 7.61. Structures made of bricks, stones of regular shape and large blocks in winter conditions can be erected in the following ways: with antifreeze additives on solutions not lower than the M50 brand; on ordinary solutions without antifreeze additives, followed by timely strengthening of the masonry by heating; freezing method on ordinary (without antifreeze additives) mortars not lower than grade 10, provided that sufficient bearing capacity of structures is ensured during the thawing period (at zero strength of the solution).

Masonry with anti-frost additives

7.62. When preparing solutions with antifreeze additives, one should be guided by reference Appendix 16. establishing the scope and consumption of additives, as well as the expected strength, depending on the time of hardening of the solutions in the cold. When using potash, clay dough should be added - no more than 40% of the mass of cement.

Laying on mortars without anti-frost additives, followed by strengthening of structures by heating

7.63. When erecting buildings on mortars without anti-frost additives, followed by strengthening of structures with artificial heating, the procedure for the production of work should be provided in the working drawings.

Table 30

Design air temperature, ° С		Wall thickness in bricks
outdoor	internal	Defrosting depth with heating duration, days

Notes: 1. Above the line - the depth of thawing of masonry (% of wall thickness) from dry ceramic bricks, below the line - the same, from silicate or wet ceramic bricks. 2. When determining the depth of thawing of frozen masonry of walls heated on one side, the calculated value of the weight moisture content of the masonry is taken: 6% - for masonry made of dry ceramic bricks, 10% - for masonry made of silicate or ceramic wet (autumn blank) bricks. 7.64. Masonry by heating structures must be performed in compliance with the following requirements: the insulated part of the structure must be equipped with ventilation that ensures air humidity during the heating period is not more than 70%; loading of heated masonry is allowed only after control tests and establishing the required strength of the heated masonry solution; temperature inside the heated part of the building in the coolest places - at the outer walls at a height of 0.5 m from the floor - should be at least 10 ° С. 7.65. The depth of thawing of masonry in structures when they are heated with warm air on one side is taken according to table. thirty; the duration of thawing of masonry with an initial temperature of minus 5 ° C with double-sided rewarming - according to> table. 31, when heated from four sides (pillars) - according to table. 31 with a decrease in data by 1.5 times; the strength of solutions hardening at different temperatures - according to table. 32.

Freezing masonry

7.66. By freezing on ordinary (without antifreeze additives) solutions during the winter period, it is allowed, with appropriate justification by calculation, to erect buildings with a height of no more than four floors and no higher than 15 m. Requirements for masonry made by the freezing method also apply to structures made of brick blocks, made of ceramic bricks of positive temperature, frozen to a set of blocks of tempering strength by masonry and unheated before loading. The ultimate compressive strength of masonry from such blocks in the thawing stage is determined from the calculation of the strength of the solution, equal to 0.5 MPa. It is not allowed to use the method of freezing rubble masonry from torn buta. 7.67. When laying by freezing solutions (without antifreeze additives), the following requirements must be observed: the temperature of the solution at the time of laying must correspond to the temperature indicated in table. 33; the work should be carried out simultaneously throughout the entire grip; in order to avoid freezing of the mortar, it should be laid on no more than two adjacent bricks when making a mile and no more than 6-8 bricks when backing up; at the mason's workplace, a stock of mortar is allowed no more than than for 30-40 minutes. The solution box must be insulated or heated. The use of a solution that is frozen or warmed with hot water is not allowed.

Table 31

Masonry characteristic	Heating air temperature, ° С	Duration, days, thawing of masonry with wall thickness in bricks
Red brick on mortar:
From silicate bricks on mortar:

Table 32

Solution age, days	Solution strength from brand,%, at hardening temperature, ° С

Notes: 1. When using mortars made on slag Portland cement and pozzolanic Portland cement, one should take into account the slowdown in the growth of their strength at a hardening temperature below 15 ° C. The value of the relative strength of these solutions is determined by multiplying the values ​​given in table. 32, by coefficients: 0.3 - at a hardening temperature of 0 ° C; 0.7 - at 5 ° C; 0.9 - at 9 ° C; 1 - at 15 ° С and above 2. For intermediate values ​​of the hardening temperature and age of the mortar, its strength is determined by interpolation.

Table 33

Average daily outside air temperature, ° С	Positive solution temperature, ° С, at the work place for masonry
	from bricks and stones of the correct shape		from large blocks
	at wind speed, m / s
Up to minus 10
From minus 11 to minus 20
Below minus 20

Note. To obtain the required temperature of the solution, heated (up to 80 ° C) water can be used, as well as heated sand (not higher than 60 ° C). Before the onset of a thaw, before the start of thawing of the masonry, all the measures for unloading, temporary fastening or strengthening of overstressed sections (pillars, piers, supports, trusses and girders, etc.) should be carried out on all floors of the building. It is necessary to remove accidental loads from the floors (construction waste, construction materials) that are not provided for by the project.

Quality control of work

7.69. Quality control of work on the construction of stone buildings in winter conditions should be carried out at all stages of construction. In addition to the usual entries on the composition of the work performed, the work production log should record: the outside air temperature, the amount of additive in the solution, the temperature of the solution at the time of laying and other data affecting on the process of solution hardening. 7.70. The erection of a building can be carried out without checking the actual strength of the mortar in the masonry, as long as the erected part of the building, according to the calculation, does not cause an overload of the underlying structures during the thawing period. Further construction of the building is allowed to be carried out only after the mortar acquires strength (confirmed by laboratory test data) not lower than that required by the calculation specified in the working drawings for the construction of the building in winter conditions. sample cubes measuring 7.07´7.07´7.07 cm on a water-suction base directly on the object. When building one-two-section houses, the number of control samples on each floor (except for the three upper ones) must be at least 12. With the number sections of more than two, there should be at least 12 control samples for every two sections. Samples, not less than three, are tested after 3 hours of thawing at a temperature not lower than 20 ± 5 ° C. Control samples-cubes should be tested within the time required for floor control the strength of the mortar during the erection of structures. Samples should be stored under the same conditions as To determine the final strength of the solution, three control samples must be tested after thawing in natural conditions and subsequent 28-day hardening at an outside air temperature of at least 20 ± 5 ° C. 7.71. In addition to testing cubes, as well as in their absence, it is allowed to determine the strength of the mortar by testing samples with an edge of 3-4 cm, made from two plates of mortar taken from horizontal seams. When erecting buildings by freezing on ordinary (without antifreeze additives) mortars, followed by strengthening the masonry by artificial heating, it is necessary to constantly monitor the temperature conditions of the solution hardening with fixing them in the log. The air temperature in rooms during heating is measured regularly, at least three times a day: at 1, 9 and 17 hours. The air temperature should be monitored at least at 5-6 points near the outer walls of the heated floor at a distance of 0.5 m from the floor. The average daily air temperature in the heated floor is determined as the arithmetic average of private measurements. Before spring approaches and during a period of long thaws, it is necessary to strengthen control over the state of all load-bearing structures of buildings erected in the autumn-winter period, regardless of their number of storeys, and to develop measures to remove additional loads, arrange temporary fastenings and determine conditions for the further continuation of construction work. ... During natural thawing, as well as artificial heating of structures, it is necessary to organize constant monitoring of the size and uniformity of the wall settlement, the development of deformations of the most stressed sections of the masonry, the hardening of the mortar. Observation must be carried out during the entire period of hardening until the solution is set to the design (or close to it) strength .7.75. In case of detection of signs of overstrain of the masonry in the form of deformation, cracks or deviations from the vertical, urgent measures should be taken to temporarily or permanently strengthen the structures.

Reinforcement of stone structures of reconstructed and damaged buildings

7.76. The performance of work to strengthen the stone structures of the reconstructed and damaged buildings is carried out in accordance with the working drawings and the project for the production of works. Before reinforcing stone structures, prepare the surface: visually inspect and tap the masonry with a hammer, clean the masonry surface from dirt and old plaster, remove partially destroyed (thawed) masonry. Reinforcement of stone structures by injection, depending on the degree of damage or the required increase in the bearing capacity of the structures, should be performed on cement-sand, sandless or cement-polymer mortars. For cement and cement-polymer mortars, it is necessary to use Portland cement of the M400 or M500 brand with a fineness of at least 2400 cm 3 / g . The cement paste should be of normal density within 20-25%. When making an injection solution, it is necessary to control its viscosity and water separation. The viscosity is determined with a VZ-4 viscometer. It should be 13-17 s for cement mortars, 3-4 minutes for epoxy mortars. Water separation, determined by holding the solution for 3 hours, should not exceed 5% of the total sample volume of the solution mixture. When reinforcing stone structures with steel clips (corners with clamps), the installation of metal corners should be carried out in one of the following ways: first, a layer of cement mortar of at least M100 grade is applied to the reinforced element in the places where the corners of the clip are installed. Then the corners with clamps are installed and a preliminary tension is created in the clamps with a force of 10-15 kN; the second - the corners are installed without mortar with a gap of 15-20 mm, fixed with steel or wooden wedges, tension is created in the clamps with a force of 10-15 kN. The gap is coined with a hard mortar, the wedges are removed and the clamps are fully tensioned up to 30-40 kN. With both methods of installing the metal clips, the clamps are fully tensioned 3 days after their tension. Reinforcement of stone structures with reinforced concrete or reinforced mortar clips should be performed in compliance with the following requirements: reinforcement should be performed with connected frames. Reinforcement frames should be fixed in the design position using brackets or hooks driven into the seams of the masonry with a step of 0.8-1.0 m in a checkerboard pattern. It is not allowed to connect flat frames into spatial ones by manual spot welding; for the formwork, a collapsible formwork should be used, the formwork panels should be rigidly connected to each other and ensure the density and unchangeability of the structure as a whole; the concrete mix should be laid in even layers and compacted with a vibrator, avoiding damage to the solid the reinforced masonry section; the concrete mixture should have a cone draft of 5-6 cm, the crushed stone fraction - no more than 20 mm; stripping the clips should be done after the concrete reaches 50% of the design strength. When reinforcing stone walls with steel strips in the presence of a plaster layer, it is necessary to make horizontal punctures in it with a depth equal to the thickness of the plaster layer and a width equal to the width of the metal strip 20 mm. When reinforcing stone walls with internal anchors, it is necessary to inject holes in the wall under the anchor with mortar. The main wells for the anchor should be staggered with a step of 50-100 cm with a crack opening width of 0.3-1 mm and 100-200 cm with a crack opening of 3 mm and more. In places where small cracks are concentrated, additional wells should be placed. Wells must be drilled to a depth of 10-30 cm, but not more than 1/2 of the wall thickness. When reinforcing stone walls with prestressed steel straps, the exact tension of the straps should be monitored using a torque wrench or by measuring the deformations with a dial indicator with a scale of 0.001 mm. When installing straps in winter in unheated rooms, it is necessary to tighten the straps in summer taking into account the temperature difference. The replacement of piers and pillars with new masonry should begin with the installation of temporary fasteners and the dismantling of window fillings in accordance with the working drawings and the project for the production of work. The new masonry of the wall must be done carefully, with dense upsetting of the brick to obtain a thin seam. The new masonry should not be brought up to the old one by 3-4 cm. The gap must be carefully coined with a hard mortar grade of at least 100. Temporary fastening is allowed to be removed after the new masonry reaches at least 70% of design strength. 7.85. When reinforcing the masonry, the following are subject to control: the quality of the surface preparation of the masonry; compliance of the reinforcement structures with the project; the quality of welding of fasteners after stressing the structural elements; the presence and quality of anti-corrosion protection of the reinforcement structures.

Acceptance of stone structures

7.86. Acceptance of completed work on the construction of stone structures must be carried out before plastering their surfaces. Elements of stone structures hidden during the production of construction and installation work, including: places of support of trusses, girders, beams, floor slabs on walls, pillars and pilasters and their embedding in masonry; fixing prefabricated reinforced concrete products in masonry: cornices, balconies and others cantilever structures; embedded parts and their anticorrosive protection; reinforcement laid in stone structures; sedimentary expansion joints, antiseismic joints; waterproofing of masonry; should be taken according to documents certifying their compliance with the project and regulatory and technical documentation. When accepting completed works on the construction of stone structures, it is necessary to check: the correct dressing of the seams, their thickness and filling, as well as the horizontal rows and verticality of the masonry corners; the correct arrangement of expansion joints; the correct arrangement of smoke and ventilation ducts in the walls; the quality of the surfaces of the facade non-plastered walls made of bricks ; quality of facade surfaces, faced with ceramic, concrete and other types of stones and slabs; geometric dimensions and position of structures. When accepting stone structures performed in seismic areas, the device is additionally monitored: a reinforced belt at the level of the top of the foundations; floor antiseismic belts; fastening thin walls and partitions to capital walls, frames and ceilings; reinforcing stone walls with inclusions in the masonry of monolithic and prefabricated reinforced concrete elements; anchoring of elements protruding above the attic floor, as well as the strength of adhesion of the mortar to the wall stone material. Deviations in the size and position of stone structures from the design should not exceed those indicated in> table. 34.

Table 34

Checked constructions (details)	Limit deviations, mm					Control (method, type of registration)
			foundation
	from bricks, ceramic and natural stones of regular shape, from large blocks		from rubble and rubble concrete
Thickness of structures						Measuring, work log
Reference surface elevations
The width of the walls
Opening width
Offset of vertical axes window openings from the vertical
Offset of structural axes from center axes						Measuring, geodetic executive scheme
Deviations of surfaces and masonry angles from the vertical:
one floor
on a building more than two storeys high
Thickness of masonry joints:						Measuring, work log
horizontal
vertical
Deviations of the rows of masonry from the horizontal by 10 m of the wall length						Technical inspection, geodetic executive scheme
Irregularities on the vertical surface of the masonry found when applying a 2 m long strip						Technical inspection, work log
Sectional dimensions of ventilation ducts						Measuring, work log

Note. The sizes of the permissible deviations for structures made of vibrated brick, ceramic and stone blocks and panels are given in brackets.

The main documents regulating the processes in the construction industry are collections of rules and regulations. If all SNiP requirements are met, the brickwork will be highly reliable and resistant to adverse environmental factors. Although SNiP II-22-81 * "Stone and reinforced-masonry structures" have practically not undergone any changes since their approval, they remain relevant to this day.

SNiP were developed by the Central Research Institute of Building Structures named after V.I. V.A. Kucherenko is a leading organization in the industry, therefore each of the points of the document is carefully substantiated by theoretical calculations and practical tests. Using the requirements of the regulation in private construction, you can increase the reliability and durability of brickwork, as well as avoid possible problems.

Characteristics of bricks and masonry

The main components of any type of masonry are cement mortar and brick blocks. The overall stability of the walls and the entire building depends on their mechanical properties. In order for the garage to withstand seasonal temperature changes, snow and wind loads, and the weight of the roof and at the same time remain stable for many years, it is important to choose the right building materials with optimal characteristics.

Building codes clearly regulate what properties certain materials should have. Additional, more detailed information is indicated in State standards designed specifically for each type of product. GOST 530-2012 “Ceramic bricks and stones. General Specifications ”lists the following product specifications:

1. Strength is a parameter that determines the stability of a building. Strength is indicated by an alphanumeric index (from M25 to M1000), while the second part displays the pressure in kg / cm 2 that the block can withstand without breaking.
2. Frost resistance - the minimum number of consecutive cycles of freezing and defrosting, during which the brick remains intact. The symbol of frost resistance is the Latin letter F, next to which the sum of the seasonal cycles is indicated.
3. The average density class depends on the number and total volume of voids placed inside a single block. Under natural conditions, voids are filled with air, which is the simplest, but at the same time effective heat insulator. The more insulated air chambers a brick has, the higher its thermal performance.

Erecting the walls of the garage

What bricks are best for masonry? The garage usually does not have high requirements in terms of thermal insulation. The exception is when the building is directly adjacent to a residential building. In such cases, active heat exchange of the garage walls with the external environment will take place, which can negatively affect the heating efficiency in the dwelling.

In the conditions of the climate of our country, the thickness of the garage walls should be from 0.5 to 2.5-3 bricks. The best option, providing reliability and economy, is 1.5 blocks, but to reduce costs, the thickness is often reduced to single masonry or a half-brick wall.

Calculating the amount of materials required is an important stage prior to construction. The standard brick consumption per 1 m 2 of the wall is:

• 100 blocks and 75 liters of mortar when laying in one brick;
• 50 blocks and 35 liters of mortar when laying 0.5 bricks.

During construction, it is important to ensure reliable waterproofing of the walls from the concrete foundation, otherwise the lower part of the garage will constantly get wet, and in winter, cracks from ice that have got inside the cavities will appear. Isolation is made from ordinary roofing material, which is laid on the foundation surface previously coated with molten bitumen.

In order to facilitate the masonry process, you can use the following technique: bricks without mortar are laid along the future wall, while the optimal thickness of the joints between them is set - 10-12 mm. The required portion of the solution is scooped up with a trowel and put in place of the first brick, having previously lifted it. After that, the block returns to its place, and the operation is repeated for the next one. Having in front of your eyes a finished layer of brick installed in this way, you can easily comply with the specified parameters for the next rows.

Do I need to additionally strengthen the walls of the garage? Reinforcement may be necessary if the projected load is significant, such as a second storey or high garage height. The support of the lintels of window and door openings, in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents, must be carried out on walls with a thickness of at least 200 mm.

It is recommended to use silicate blocks for the construction of internal walls and partitions. They are cheaper than ceramic ones, but at the same time they meet all the reliability requirements of SNiP.

When designing a garage, private house, summer cottage or outbuilding in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory documents, you will ensure their high reliability and resistance to external factors.

SNiP II-22-81 * "Stone and reinforced masonry structures" contains all the basic instructions that relate to the calculation of structures, requirements for the mechanical properties of blocks and cement mortar, as well as issues of ensuring thermal performance.

When it comes time to build a brick wall, it is worth remembering a number of guidelines that must be followed. SNiP lays out the brickwork on the shelves, how and according to what indicators the construction should take place, what standards should be met.

Before starting any brickwork, a number of preparatory work must be performed:

1. It is required to completely complete all construction work related to the non-residential floor.
2. The geodesy and all schemes were checked and the construction of the floors was completed.
3. All building materials near the construction site must be prepared.
4. It is necessary to prepare for work construction tools, protective equipment for workers and first aid equipment.
5. All workers involved in the project must be familiar with the construction scheme, as well as safety precautions.

There are a number of guidelines for storing and storing materials and construction equipment. Upon receipt of building materials, the documents are reviewed to determine the quality of the material. After that, the data in the "passport" is compared with visual inspection... Only then can this material be used.

A number of indicators that should be checked include:

1. The name and address of the supplier's business.
2. Serial number, as well as the date of issue of the document certifying the quality.
3. Marking of the delivered goods and the number of products received.
4. The date on which the material was manufactured.
5. The quality of the material obtained and compliance with GOST.

Installation technology

The whole process of laying a brick wall must be carried out in accordance with the norms and according to the drawing. It is recommended to use grade 2-5 bricklayers. The work is carried out in strict sequence, in accordance with the established norms:

1. Wall marking, installation of wooden openings on the base.
2. Installation of an ordering rail (if necessary).
3. Pulling the cord along which the wall will be erected.
4. Preparing bricks for laying.
5. Preparation of cement slurry.
6. Laying bricks on mortar ().
7. Post-construction check.
8. Installation of channels above wooden openings to reduce the load on the tree.

Specialists of different categories are involved in the construction process. Specialists K1 and K2 carry out the laying of the outer wall and its further cladding. Bricklayers of the 2nd and 4th categories carry out the laying of internal walls, resorting to the help of K3. Pulling the cord is done only by bricklayers the highest category, since the quality and slope of the building depend on them.

They often resort to reinforced wall masonry. It should be noted that this method is only appropriate for external walls. A reinforcing mesh is made from reinforcing wire by welding, which is placed between each level of the brick.

Laying of internal walls and partitions

The construction of an internal load-bearing wall and partitions implies a number of specific actions. In general, the technology does not differ significantly from the masonry of the outer walls. It is only worth noting that ceramic bricks are used for partitions.

The berth should be stretched individually for each row of masonry. In places where two load-bearing walls intersect, both must be erected at the same time. Unlike outside walls, reinforcement can be done every 3-4 rows. The mortar must be evenly applied to the surface of the brick in order for the joints to be of the same thickness. The verticality of the edges and the observance of the accuracy of the corners of the masonry must be checked at each level without fail.

Installation of the channel as a lintel over windows and doors is carried out using construction equipment. A solution is applied to the brick base in advance. When installing them, you should pay attention to the vertical and horizontal marks, to the support of the jumpers. In addition, reinforcement must be installed to support the face of the brick.

Wooden formwork should be removed no earlier than after 5-6 days. Concerning winter period, then experts recommend waiting 2 weeks.

Safety engineering

Every worker and project manager must be familiar with all safety regulations. All of them are clearly spelled out in SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction" section 1. Basic requirements. It is worth highlighting the basic rules:

Wall arrangement

1. All lifting of building materials should be carried out using special lifting equipment and packing material to help prevent them from falling.
2. Workers who are involved in lifting and receiving construction material must be trained in slinging. In addition, keep in touch with the crane operator at all times.
3. All openings must be barred to avoid accidents. A safety net should be attached to the lower tiers to prevent workers and construction materials from falling.
4. When carrying out construction work, it is forbidden to stand with your feet on fresh masonry or even lean on it. The structure is too unreliable and may collapse.
5. The space between scaffolding and the masonry should not exceed half a meter so that the worker does not fall out. Scaffolds should be regularly cleaned of debris that could cause a worker to fall or be injured. Garbage is packed in bags and lowered by a crane. It is strictly forbidden to dump production waste down.

Failure to comply with safety regulations is a threat not only to the offender, but also to others. Each violation should be reprimanded, systematic violations should be suspended from work and fines written out.